epa energy savings plus health guideline (1)
TRANSCRIPT
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Energy Savings Plus Health:
IndoorAirQualityGuidelinesforSchoolBuildingUpgrades
Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)
United StatesEnvironmental ProtectionAgency
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IntendedAudience
ThisGuideiswrittenprimarilyforschoolfacilitymanagers,energymanagers,riskmanagers,buildingoperators
andschooladministratorstohelpthemcollaborativelymanagetherelationshipsbetweenenergyefficiencyupgrade
activitiesandindoorairquality(IAQ)inschools.
OtheraudiencesthatmayfindthisGuideapplicabletotheirworkincludearchitects,designengineers,andcon
structioncontractorswhocanapplytheprinciplesofthisGuideduringdesignandconstruction;commissioning
authoritieswhocanensurethatthedesign,construction,andtestingareappropriatetomeetenergyefficiency
andIAQ-relatedgoalsandrequirements;sustainabilitycoordinators;otherdecisionmakerswhohelptooversee
anddirecttheworkofbuildingmanagersandotherpractitionersinschools;andparentsandothersintheschool
community.
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EnergySavingsPlusHealth| INDOORAIRQUALITYGUIDELINESFORSCHOOLBUILDINGUPGRADES
TableofContents
Section1:IntroductionandHowToUsetheGuide
Purpose 3
Background 3
FundamentalPrinciplesofIAQ 4
HowtheEnergySavingsPlusHealthGuideIsOrganized 4
TheBusinessCaseforIntegratingEnergyEfficiencyandIAQ 17
Section2:AssessmentProtocolsandRecommendedActions
IntegratedProcess 23
1.0ProjectPlanning/IntegratedDesign 23
2.0Commissioning 26
MoistureandMold 29
3.0MoistureControlandMold 29
HazardousMaterials 33 4.0Asbestos 33
5.0Lead 36
6.0PolychlorinatedBiphenyls(PCBs) 37
OutdoorContaminantsandSources 39
7.0Radon 39
8.0BelowgroundVapor-FormingContaminants(ExceptRadon) 41
9.0VehicleExhaust 42
10.0LocalandRegionalAmbientAirQuality 44
11.0Pests 45
12.0Tracked-InPollutants 47
IndoorContaminantsandSources 48
13.0BuildingProducts/MaterialsEmissions 48
14.0VentedCombustionAppliances 51
15.0UnventedCombustionAppliances 53
16.0OzoneFromIndoorSources 54
17.0EnvironmentalTobaccoSmoke 55
Heating,Ventilation,andAirConditioning(HVAC) 56
18.0HVACEquipment 56
19.0OutdoorAirVentilation 58
20.0ExhaustVentilation 60
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Safety 61
21.0BuildingSafetyforChildrenandOtherOccupants 61
22.0ProtectingIAQDuringConstruction 63
23.0JobsiteSafety 65
AbbreviationsandAcronyms 66
References
67
Section3:Appendices
AppendixA:ProjectPlanningandDevelopingaProjectTeam 75
AppendixB:CommunicationandEducation 81
AppendixC:WorkerProtection 98
AbbreviationsandAcronymsUsedinAppendices 102
ReferencesCitedinAppendices 103
Section4:MasterVerificationChecklist 109
TableofContents
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Section 1
IntroductionandHowToUsetheEnergySavingsPlusHealthGuide
Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)
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Section1:IntroductionandHowToUsetheEnergySavingsPlusHealthGuide
Purpose
TheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)developedtheEnergySavingsPlusHealthGuidetoprotectandimproveindoorairquality(IAQ)inschoolsduringbuildingupgrades,particularlyener
gyefficiencyupgradesandbuildingrenovationactivities.EnergymanagementandprotectionofIAQbothshouldbecriticalprioritiesforschoolfacilitymanagement.Asschooldistrictspursueenergycostsavingsandoccupanthealth-protectiongoals,therecanbeamistakenimpressionthatthetwogoalsareatoddswitheachother.Infact,whenenergyefficiencyandIAQprotectiongoalsareintegratedandaddressedholistically,schoolscanachievestrongresultsinbothareas.Alternatively,ifcarefulattentionisnotpaidtotheinteractionbetweenenergymanagementandIAQ,occupanthealthcansuffer.
BackgroundAschool’sindoorenvironmentcanhaveasignificantimpactonhealthandlearning.Children,inparticular,aremorevulnerabletothenegativehealthandperformanceeffectsofpoorenvironmentalconditions,includingIAQ.Childrenoftenaremoreheavilyexposedtotoxicsubstancesintheenvironmentthanadultsbecausetheyspendmoretimeonthegroundandengageinmorehand-to-mouthbehavior.Childrenalsobreathemoreair,drinkmorewater,andeatmorefoodperpoundofbodyweightthanadults(AmericanAcademyofPediatricsCouncilonEnvironmentalHealth,2003).Achild’srespiratory,immune,nervous,reproductive,andskeletalsystemscontinue
todevelopthroughoutchildhood.Exposurestoenvironmentalcontaminantsthatoccurearlyinlifecancauseadversehealthimpactsinchildrenthatcanhaveimplicationswellintoadulthood(EPA OfficeofResearchandDevelopment,2007).Furthermore,somechildrenwithdisabilitiesfaceuniquechallengesthatmightmakethemparticularlyvulnerabletotheeffectsofanunhealthyschoolenvironment(EPAStateSchoolEnvironmentalHealthGuidelines,2012).ExamplesofsymptomscausedbypoorIAQincluderespiratoryirritation,sorethroat,asthmaattacks,drowsiness,headachesandinabilitytoconcentrate.
StudiesdemonstrateassociationsbetweenIAQand
thehealthandperformanceofstudentsandstaffmembersinU.S.schools.TheresearchlinkingpoorIAQtochildren’shealthproblemsandreducedacademicperformanceshowsthecriticalrolethataschool’sindoorenvironmentplaysinstudentachievement.For example, goodphysicalconditionsintheschoolandadequateoutdoorairventilationcanreduceabsenteeismandimprovetestscores.For moreinformation,examplesandsupportingreferences,
seethesectionofthisGuideentitledTheBusinessCaseforIntegratingEnergyEfficiencyandIAQ .
Itisimportanttoincorporatebestpracticesforhealthyandsustainableschoolsintoenergyefficiencyupgradesandbuildingrenovationactivitiesatschools.
Schoolscanbenefit,frombothfiscalandfacilitymanagementstandpoints,bytakingadvantageofthecomplementarynatureofmanyIAQandenergy-efficientbuildingpractices.Integrating energyefficiencyandIAQimprovements—whethertheyinvolvethebuildingstructure,equipmentorongoingmaintenanceandoperations—helpstostreamlinefacilitymanagementandsavesstaffmembers’time.Typically,manyofthesamepersonnelareinvolvedinplanningandimplementingenergyefficiencyandIAQprogramsatschools.Schoolenergymanagers,facilitymanagersandIAQcoordinatorsshouldworktogetherthroughouttheentirebuildingupgradeprocess,fromthedesignphasesthroughconstructionandoccupancy.
EnergymanagementandprotectionofIAQbothshouldbecriticalprioritiesforschoolfacilitymanagement.Asschooldistrictspursueenergycostsavingsandoccupanthealth-protectiongoals,therecanbeamistakenimpressionthatthetwogoalsareatoddswithoneanother.Infact,whenenergyefficiencyandIAQprotectiongoalsareintegratedandaddressedholistically,schoolscanachievestrongresultsinbothareas.Alternatively,ifcarefulattentionisnotpaidtotheinteractionbetweenenergymanagementandIAQ,occupanthealthcansuffer.Energymanagementactivitiescandisturbhazardousmaterials,suchasasbestos,leadandpolychlorinatedbiphenyls(PCBs);create
dust;introducenewcontaminantsandcontaminantpathways;createoraggravatemoistureproblems;andresultininadequateventilationinoccupiedspaces.
ThisGuidefocusesprimarilyonopportunitiestoprotectandimproveIAQduringbuildingupgradesbypreventingandcontrollingexposureofoccupantstocontaminantsthatmaybedisturbedorintroducedduringupgradeprojects,controllingmoisture,andensuringthatoccupantsareprovidedwithadequateventilationtopromotehealthandcomfort.ThisGuidedoesnot(1)setnewEPAregulatoryrequirementsorinanywaymodifyorsupersedeexistingEPAregulatoryrequirements,(2) provideguidanceondiagnosingoccupant
healthproblemsorbuilding-relatedillness,(3)addressemergingissuesthathavenotbeenlinkedtoadversehealtheffects,(4)maketrainingortrainingdocumentsunnecessary,(5)providedetailedimplementationguidanceonhowtoachievetheintentofeachrecommendationinallsituations,(6)identifyfundingavailabilityorwhichprogrammaticfundingsourcesshouldbeused,or(7)provideguidanceforprioritizingbuilding-specificprojectsduringtheupgradeprocess.Portionsofthis
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• Providingadequateoutdoorairventilation.Important Basic Considerations forProtecting IAQ During Building Upgrades • Providingfiltrationandaircleaningtosupplement
pollutantsourcecontrolandventilation.
SeveralenergyretrofitandbuildingupgradeactivitiescancauseoraggravateIAQproblemsasdescribedindetailthroughoutthispublication;however,theseimportantbasicconsiderationsmustalwaysbekeptinmind:
• Occupants’ and workers’ exposure to airbornecontaminants generated during and after energyretrofits and building upgrades activities should beminimized.
Energy retrofitsandotherbuildingupgradescandisturbexistingcontaminantsknowntocausehealthproblems.Someofthesecontaminantshavespecificregulatoryrequirements(e.g.,asbestos,lead)thatmustbefollowed.
• Reducing air leakage across the building envelopeshould not be performed without ensuring that therewill be adequate venting of combustion appliancesand outdoor air ventilation to dilute and removepollutants from within the building after the projectis completed.
Modificationsthatincreasetheairtightnessofabuilding’senvelopeincreasethepotentialforelevatedlevelsofcontaminantsindoors.Caremustalwaysbetakentoensurethattheseactivitiesdonotcauseimproperventingofcombustionappliancesandincreaseoccupantexposuretocombustionby-products,includingcarbonmonoxide;introduceincreasedindoorexposurestootherpollutants,includingradon;orintroduceorexacerbatemoistureandmoldproblemswithintheschool.
Guidesummarizecertainregulatoryrequirements,buttherequirementsthemselves,notthesummariesinthisGuide,govern.
FundamentalPrinciplesofIAQ
TheguidelinesinthisdocumentareintendedtoencourageIAQprofessionalstointegratehealthprotectionsintoenergyefficiencyandbuildingrenovationprojectsbyundertakingthefollowingactivities:
• IntegratingstrongIAQprotectionsintothedesign,renovationandconstructionprocesses.
• CommissioningkeyenergyandIAQsystemsto
ensurethattheyoperateasdesigned.• Controllingmoistureinbuildingassemblies,
mechanicalsystemsandoccupiedspaces.
• Limitingentryofcontaminantsfromoutdoors.
• Limitingcontaminantsfromindoorsources.
• Capturingandexhaustingcontaminantsfrombuildingequipmentandactivities.
• Protectingbuildingelements,occupantsandworkersduringconstructionprojects.
• Ensuringthatthereisastrongcommunicationsplaninplacetosharetheproject’sIAQgoalswithoccupantsandotherstakeholders,withaclear
processforaddressingfeedbackandconcerns.Thisincludes,forexample,ensuringthatbuildingoccupantsareawareoftheavailabilityoftheAsbestosHazardEmergencyResponseAct(AHERA)ManagementPlan,LeadSafetyPlanandMaterialSafetyDataSheets.
• EducatingbuildingoccupantsabouttheactionstheycantaketoprotectIAQintheirschool.
ThefollowingreferencesprovideexpandedinformationontheseprinciplesandmaybevaluableresourcesforusersofthisGuide:
• EPA: IAQToolsforSchools ActionKit,
http://www.epa.gov/iaq/schools/actionkit.html.• EPA: IAQDesignToolsforSchools ,
http://www.epa.gov/iaq/schooldesign/index.html.
• EPA: E NERGY S TAR ® BuildingUpgradeManual (2008),http://www.energystar.gov/ia/business/ EPA_BUM_Full.pdf?77f4-4b9b.
• EPA: MoistureControlGuidanceforBuilding Design,ConstructionandMaintenance (2013),http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pdfs/moisture-control.pdf.
• American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Con-ditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE): IndoorAirQuality Guide:BestPracticesforDesign,Constructionand
Commissioning (2009),http://iaq.ashrae.org / .StatesandschooldistrictsinterestedinadvancingthisEnergySavingsPlusHealthGuidefortheirK–12schoolsystemscanconvenecross-disciplinaryworkgroupsofeducation,health,environmentalandenergyrepresentativestodevelopstate-specificguidance,includingavailableincentivesorreimbursements.ArecentreportpublishedbytheLawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratory,FinancingEnergyUpgradesforK–12SchoolDistricts:AGuidetoTappingintoFundingforEnergyEfficiencyandRenewableEnergyImprovement s(BorgesonandZimring,2013),canalsobeusedasaresource.
How the Energy Savings Plus Health Guide IsOrganized
TheEnergySavingsPlusHealthGuidecovers23specificpriorityissuesandaddressescommoncontaminantsassociatedwithbuildingupgradesandcriticalbuildingsystemsthataffectIAQ.Eachtopicisorganizedinthreesections:
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Assessment Protocols:MeasurestoidentifypotentialIAQconcernsinschoolsundergoingbuildingupgrades.
Minimum Actions: Criticalactionsintendedtocorrectdeficienciesidentifiedduringtheassessments,includeminimumIAQprotections,andensurethatworkdoesnotcauseorworsenIAQorsafetyproblemsforoccupantsorworkers(i.e.,“DoNoHarm”).SomeoftheMinimumActionsidentifiedoverlapwithregulatoryrequirementsbutnotallregulatoryrequirementsarelisted;othersarerecommendationsforadditionalsteps
toprotectandimproveIAQduringbuildingupgrades.Applicableregulatoryrequirementsmustbefollowedandtheregulations,notthesummariesinthisGuide,establishtheapplicablerequirements.Recommendedstepsarenotmandatory.
Expanded Actions: Additionalactionstopromotehealthyindoorenvironmentsthatcanbetakenduringbuildingupgrades.EPArecommendsconsideringtheseimprovementswhenfeasibleandsufficientresourcesexist.
TheAssessmentProtocols,MinimumActionsandExpandedActionsaredesignedtoincorporategoodIAQpracticesintoavarietyofenergyefficiencyandother
buildingupgradeprojects.Tobeeffective,therecommendedprotocolsandactionsshouldbebuiltintotheearlieststagesofprojectconceptualizationanddesign.Workingasateam,energymanagers,facilitymanagers,IAQcoordinatorsandriskmanagerscanusetheguidelinestobetterunderstandtheinterrelationshipsbetween
energyefficiencyandIAQgoalsandidentifyopportunitiesavailableduringtypicalenergymanagementtaskstoprotectandpromotehealthyindoorenvironments.
Relevantstandardsandguidancedocumentsforeachpriorityissueareprovidedinanabbreviatedformat.More detailedinformationcanbefoundintheReferencessection.
ThefollowingiconsareusedintheEnergySavingsPlusHealthGuide:
IndicatesanissuethatreferencesAppendix B: Communication and Education
foradditionalinformationandimportantconsiderationsbefore,duringandaftertheprojectiscomplete.
Indicatesanopportunitytocommunicateimportantmessagesviaasignorplacardinthebuilding;thissymbolisusedexclusivelyin AppendixB.
Indicatesanissuethatreferences
Appendix C: Worker Protectionforrecommendedactionsandadditionalresourcestominimizehealthandsafetyrisksforworkersperformingthebuildingupgrades.
How To Use the Energy Savings Plus Health Guide
TheentireEnergySavingsPlusHealthGuidecanbeusedasacomprehensiveresource.To streamlineusability,examplesoftypicalschoolenergyefficiencyandbuildingupgradeprojectsareidentifiedinTable1.The followingapproachissuggested:
1. UseTable1toidentifythetype(s)ofenergyupgradeandotherbuildingrenovationworkbeingconsidered.
2. UseTable1toreviewIAQ/healthrisksandopportunitiesthatmaybeencountered.
3. Usethe“E nergy Saving Plus Health Checklist Generator ”tool,aMicrosoftExcelfile,todevelopacus-tomizedverificationchecklist,alongwiththespecificassessmentprotocolsandrecommendedactions,tailoredtotheproject.
Note: Whenusingthe“EnergySavingPlusHealthChecklistGenerator,”itmaybenecessarytoenablemacrosforfunctionality,dependingontheuser’sExcelsettings.
1. IdentifyYour 2. ReviewIAQ/HealthRisksand 3. Usethe“Energy Saving Plus
Project(s) Opportunities Health Checklist Generator ”to
CreateYourCustomVerification
Checklist,AssessmentProtocols
andRecommended Actions
Examples of Projects
With Energy Savings Plus
Health Objectives
Examples of IAQ/Health Risks and Opportunities Potentially Applicable Priority Issues
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Table1:ExamplesofSchoolEnergyEfficiencyandUpgradeProjects
Examples of ProjectsWith Energy Savings Plus
Health Objectives
Examples of IAQ/Health Risks andOpportunities
Potentially ApplicablePriority Issues
LIGHTING
LightingUpgrades IAQ/HealthRisks 1.0ProjectPlanning/IntegratedDesign
• De-lamping:Removing
unnecessarylightbulbs/fixturestosaveenergy• Re-lamping:Replacing
andcleaninglightingcomponentsandfixtures
• Upgradingballasts• Othermodificationsor
upgrades(e.g.,fixturelenses,specularreflectors,occupancysensors)
• Asbestos-containingmaterial,leadpaint
orPCBsmaybedisturbedduringlightingreplacement.PCBsmaybepresentinolderflorescentlightballaststhatarenotlabeled“NoPCBs”or“electronic.”
• Mercuryvaporormercury-containingpowderfrombrokenfluorescentbulbsorimproperuseofdrum-topcrushersmaybepresent.
• Lightingupgradeslikelywillreducesensibleheatloads,whichmayaffectmoistureremovalperformanceoftheHVACsystem.
2.0Commissioning4.0Asbestos
5.0Lead6.0PCBs13.0BuildingProducts/Materials
Emissions18.0HVACEquipment21.0BuildingSafetyforChildrenand
OtherOccupants22.0ProtectingIAQDuring
Construction23.0JobsiteSafety
Opportunities
• Removeandreplaceoldfixturescontaininghazardousmaterialswiththosethatcontainlesshazardousmaterials.
• ProperlydisposeoflampscontainingmercuryandfixturescontainingPCBs.
BUILDINGENVELOPE
RoofandCeilingAssemblies IAQ/HealthRisks 1.0ProjectPlanning/IntegratedDesign
• Repairingorreplacingtheroof
• Upgradingroofandceilinginsulation
• Upgradingmoistureprotection
• Upgradingairsealing
• Asbestos-containingmaterial,leadpaint,PCBsormoldmaybedisturbed.
• Installingspray-polyurethanefoammaygenerateindoorcontaminants.
• Moisturemaybetrappedbehindsprayfoaminsulationwheninstalledunderalowpitchwoodenroofdeck,creatingthepotentialforhidden,structuralroofdamageandmold.
• Moisturemaybetrappedininsulationinstalledbelowdrainageplanes,vaporbarriersorroofmembranes(incoldclimates).
• Sealingthebuildingenvelopemayincreaselevelsofindoorcontaminants,includingradon,combustionby-products,moistureandmold,andvolatileorganiccompounds(VOCs).Adequateventilationmustbeprovidedtodiluteandremoveindoorpollutants.Radonmitigationsystemsmaybecomenecessary.
2.0Commissioning3.0MoistureControlandMold4.0Asbestos5.0Lead6.0PCBs7.0Radon8.0BelowgroundVapor-Forming
Contaminants9.0VehicleExhaust11.0Pests13.0BuildingProducts/Materials
Emissions14.0VentedCombustionAppliances15.0UnventedCombustion
Appliances18.0HVACEquipment19.0OutdoorAirVentilation20.0ExhaustVentilation21.0BuildingSafetyforChildrenand
Opportunities
• Controlformoisturebyselectingmoisture-resistantinsulation,properlyinstallinginsulationmaterials,andensuringsurfacesandassemblieswithcondensationpotentialareproperlysealedandinsulatedtoavoiddew-pointconditions.
• Sealunwantedopeningsandleaksinthebuildingenvelopetoreduceinfiltrationandconditionsconducivetopestentry.
OtherOccupants22.0ProtectingIAQDuring
Construction23.0JobsiteSafety
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Table1:ExamplesofSchoolEnergyEfficiencyandUpgradeProjects(continued)
Examples of ProjectsWith Energy Savings Plus
Health Objectives
Examples of IAQ/Health Risks andOpportunities
Potentially ApplicablePriority Issues
WallAssemblies IAQ/HealthRisks 1.0ProjectPlanning/IntegratedDesign
• Repairingandsealingwallpenetrations
• Upgradingwallinsulation
• Replacingwindows• Addingwindowfilm
covering• Repairingwindows• Sealingwindows
• Asbestos-containingmaterial,leadpaint,PCBsormoldmaybedisturbed.
• Installingspray-polyurethanefoammay
generateindoorcontaminants.• Sealingthebuildingenvelopemayincrease
levelsofindoorcontaminants,includingradon,combustionby-products,moistureandmold,andVOCs.Adequateventilationmustbeprovidedtodiluteandremoveindoorpollutants.Radonmitigationsystemsmaybecomenecessary.
2.0Commissioning3.0MoistureControlandMold4.0Asbestos5.0Lead6.0PCBs7.0Radon8.0BelowgroundVapor-Forming
Contaminants9.0VehicleExhaust11.0Pests13.0BuildingProducts/Materials
EmissionsOpportunities
• Controlmoistureandcondensationpotentialonsurfaces;installmoisture-resistantinsulation;andensureproperexteriordrainageandwatermanagement(e.g., includeheaderandpannedwindowsillflashingduringwindowreplacement).
• Sealunwantedopeningsandleaksinthebuildingenvelopetoreduceinfiltrationandconditionsconducivetopestentry.
14.0VentedCombustionAppliances15.0UnventedCombustion
Appliances19.0OutdoorAirVentilation20.0ExhaustVentilation21.0BuildingSafetyforChildrenand
OtherOccupants22.0ProtectingIAQDuring
Construction23.0JobsiteSafety
ConcreteFloorSealing IAQ/HealthRisks 1.0ProjectPlanning/IntegratedDesign
• Repairingandsealingfloorpenetrations
• Sealingcracksandjointsinfloors
• Applyingfloorsealer/paint
• Asbestos-containingmaterial,leadpaint,PCBsormoldmaybedisturbed.
• Sealingthebuildingenvelopemayincreaselevelsofindoorcontaminants,includingradon,combustionby-products,moistureandmold,andVOCs.Adequateventilationmustbeprovidedtodiluteandremoveindoorpollutants.
3.0MoistureControlandMold4.0Asbestos5.0Lead6.0PCBs7.0Radon8.0BelowgroundVapor-Forming
Contaminants9.0VehicleExhaust
11.0PestsOpportunities
• Understandandappropriatelymanagemoistureemissionratesandselectsealants/adhesiveswithlow-VOCorno-VOCcontent/emissions.
• Reduceinfiltrationandconditionsconducivetopestentry.
• Sealcracksandjointsinfloors,whichmaybeanintegralpartofaradonmitigationsystem.
13.0BuildingProducts/MaterialsEmissions
14.0VentedCombustionAppliances19.0OutdoorAirVentilation21.0BuildingSafetyforChildrenand
OtherOccupants22.0ProtectingIAQDuring
Construction23.0JobsiteSafety
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Table1:ExamplesofSchoolEnergyEfficiencyandUpgradeProjects(continued)
Examples of ProjectsWith Energy Savings Plus
Health Objectives
Examples of IAQ/Health Risks andOpportunities
Potentially ApplicablePriority Issues
MoistureBarrierforGround- IAQ/HealthRisks 1.0ProjectPlanning/IntegratedDesignlevelSlabs,BasementandCrawlspaceFloors
• Addingnewmoisture
barriers• Modifyingorrepairing
existingmoisturebarriers
• Asbestos-containingmaterial,leadpaint,PCBsormoldmaybedisturbed.
• Uncovereddirtfloormaycontributeto
excessivemoisturemigrationintothebuilding.• Installingcarpetorfloortileoverconcrete
floorthathasapersistentcondensationorwaterpoolingproblemwilllikelyleadtomoldgrowth.
• Anexistingmoisturebarriermayalsobeanintegralpartofaradonmitigationsystemorotherbelowgroundcontaminantmitigationmeasuresandshouldnotbedisturbed.
• Uncovereddirtfloorsmayintroducepestpopulationsandwillpromoterodenthabitats.
3.0MoistureControlandMold4.0Asbestos5.0Lead
6.0PCBs7.0Radon8.0BelowgroundVapor-Forming
Contaminants9.0VehicleExhaust11.0Pests13.0BuildingProducts/Materials
Emissions14.0VentedCombustionAppliances19.0OutdoorAirVentilation21.0BuildingSafetyforChildrenand
OtherOccupantsOpportunities
• Providesealedmoisturebarrieroverdirt
foundationfloors.• Providemoisturebarrierbeneathconcreteslabs.
• Selectsealants/adhesiveswithlow-VOCorno-VOCcontent/emissions.
• Selectexposedpolyfilmswithproperflameandsmokeratings.
• Incorporateotherradonmitigationandbelowgroundcontaminantmitigationmeasuresasneeded.
22.0ProtectingIAQDuringConstruction
23.0JobsiteSafety
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Table1:ExamplesofSchoolEnergyEfficiencyandUpgradeProjects(continued)
Examples of ProjectsWith Energy Savings Plus
Health Objectives
Examples of IAQ/Health Risks andOpportunities
Potentially ApplicablePriority Issues
HEATING,VENTILATIONANDAIRCONDITIONING(HVAC)SYSTEMS
Ducts,FanCoilsandUnit IAQ/HealthRisks 1.0ProjectPlanning/IntegratedDesignVentilators
• Addingorreplacingducts• Sealingandinsulatingairducts
• Alteringorcleaningfancoilandunitventilators
• Asbestos-containingmaterial,leadpaint,mold
orotherdebrismaybedisturbedduringductinstallation,sealingorreplacement.
• ImpropercondensatedrainagecanpresentanopportunityforLegionella ,bacterialormoldgrowthinunitswithcoolingcoils.
• Humidclimatesmayrequireadditionaldehumidificationwhentheoutdoorairsupplyisincreased.
• Ductworkthatisnotproperlysealedandinsulatedcanleadtocondensationproblemsifitpassesthroughunconditionedspaces.
• ImpropermodificationstoHVACsystemscancauseunbalancedflowsandpressuresthatcanleadtoincreasedintrusionofmoisture,radon
andotherbelowgroundcontaminants.• Excessivemoisturepromotespestinfestation.• HVACcomponentsmaybecontaminatedwith
PCBsifPCBshavemigratedviaindoorairfromcaulkand/orlightingballaststhatcontainPCBs.
• Noisyventilationsystems,particularlyunitventilators,maybeturnedoffbystaffiftheyinterferewithlearning,whichwillnegativelyaffectventilation.
2.0Commissioning3.0MoistureControlandMold4.0Asbestos5.0Lead6.0PCBs7.0Radon8.0BelowgroundVapor-Forming
Contaminants9.0VehicleExhaust10.0LocalandRegionalAmbientAir
Quality11.0Pests13.0BuildingProducts/Materials
Emissions14.0VentedCombustionAppliances15.0UnventedCombustion
Appliances16.0OzoneFromIndoorSources18.0HVACEquipment19.0OutdoorAirVentilation20.0ExhaustVentilation21.0BuildingSafetyforChildrenand
OtherOccupants22.0ProtectingIAQDuring
Construction23.0JobsiteSafety
Opportunities
• Containanddonotdisturbareasofsignificantmoldcontaminationuntiltheseareascanberemediated.
• Reduceentryofairbornecontaminantsintothebuilding;maintaininteriorhumiditylevels.
• Selectlow-VOCandformaldehyde-freeproducts.
• Providesealedandenergy-efficientducts.• Provideproperventilation;properlybalanced
HVACsystemscanmaintainpositivepressurizationindoorstoreduceintrusionofmoistairintothebuildingenvelopeandinteriorzonesandbelowgroundcontaminantsandradonintothebuilding.
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Table1:ExamplesofSchoolEnergyEfficiencyandUpgradeProjects(continued)
Examples of ProjectsWith Energy Savings Plus
Health Objectives
Examples of IAQ/Health Risks andOpportunities
Potentially ApplicablePriority Issues
OutdoorAirVentilation IAQ/HealthRisks 1.0ProjectPlanning/IntegratedDesign(upgradesormodifications)
• Outdooraireconomizersandcontrols
• Dedicatedoutdoorairsystems
• Filtrationofoutdoorventilationairandmakeupair
• Localexhaustforindoorareaswithstrongsourcesofpollutants
• Demand-controlledventilationforintermittentlyoccupiedareas
• Additionaldehumidification,as
neededforhumidclimates
• Asbestos-containingmaterialorleadpaintmaybedisturbedduringwall,rooforceilingpenetrations.
• Somelocationsmayhavestrongsourcesofoutdoorairpollutionandrequirespecialdesigns.
• Inappropriateuseofairsideeconomizerscanleadtocoolandclammyconditionsandcondensationoncoldsurfaces.
• Humidclimatesmayrequireadditionaldehumidificationwhentheoutdoorairsupplyisincreased.
• Excessivemoisturepromotespestinfestation.• Smokingnearoutdoorairventilationintakes
canincreaseindoorexposuretoenvironmentaltobaccosmoke.
• InmanypartsoftheUnitedStates,gross
overventilationofspacesmayleadtoextremelydryindoorconditionsduringtheheatingseasonandmoistureissuesduringthecoolingseason,inadditiontowastingenergy.
• Noisyventilationsystems,particularlyunitventilators,maybeturnedoffbystaffiftheyinterferewithlearning,whichwillnegativelyaffectventilation.
• Outdoorairventilationmaybeanintegralpart
2.0Commissioning3.0MoistureControlandMold4.0Asbestos
5.0Lead7.0Radon8.0BelowgroundVapor-Forming
Contaminants9.0VehicleExhaust10.LocalandRegionalAmbientAir
Quality11.0Pests13.0BuildingProducts/Materials
Emissions14.0VentedCombustionAppliances15.0UnventedCombustion
Appliances16.0OzoneFromIndoorSources
17.0EnvironmentalTobaccoSmoke18.0HVACEquipment19.0OutdoorAirVentilation20.0ExhaustVentilation21.0BuildingSafetyforChildrenand
OtherOccupants22.0ProtectingIAQDuring
Construction23.0JobsiteSafety
ofaradonmitigationstrategy.
Opportunities
• Ensurethatoutdooraircontrolsareworkingproperly,whilecontrollingformoisture.
• Usesuitableeconomizercontrols.• Ensuretheproperlocationofoutdoorairintakes.
• Provideoutdoorairtreatment(e.g.,filtrationandaircleaning)inareaswhereNationalAmbientAirQualityStandardsforparticulatematterorozoneareexceeded.
• Ensurethatalloccupiedspacesareprovidedwithenoughoutdoorairandenoughtotalaircirculation.
• Ensurethatfilterstatuspressuresensorsandswitchesarecalibratedregularly.
• Planforongoingcommissioningofsystemsthatprovideexhaustandsupplyventilationtotheschool.
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Table1:ExamplesofSchoolEnergyEfficiencyandUpgradeProjects(continued)
Examples of ProjectsWith Energy Savings Plus
Health Objectives
Examples of IAQ/Health Risks andOpportunities
Potentially ApplicablePriority Issues
HeatingandCoolingSystems IAQ/HealthRisks 1.0ProjectPlanning/IntegratedDesign
• Boilerreplacement.• Steamtrapreplacementor
maintenance
• Pipemodifications:Convertingfromone-pipetotwo-pipesteamsystemsORConverting fromtwo-pipetofour-pipeheatingandcoolingsystems
• Systemmodifications:Convertingfromsteamtohot-watersystems
• Controlvalves:Maintenanceandadditions
• Combustionequipmentreplacement
• Airconditioningsystem
replacement
• Asbestos-containingmaterial,leadpaintormoldmaybedisturbedduringsystemorcomponentreplacement.
• Improperlyventedcombustiongasesandoccupantexposuretocarbonmonoxidearepotentialrisks.
• MoistureormoldmaybepresentwhentheHVACsystemisturnedoffforextendedperiodsoftime.
• Poorhumiditycontrolduringcoolingsystemoperationcanresultinmoldgrowthandpresentopportunitiesforpestinfestations.
• Inappropriateuseofchilledwaterresetorairsideeconomizerscanleadtocoolandclammyconditionsandcondensationoncoldsurfaces.
• Indooraircanbecometoodryforoccupant
comfortandhealthduringtheheatingseason,particularlyinnorthernandhigh-altitudelocations.
• Inadequatehumidifiermaintenancecanleadtomicrobiologicalproblems.
• HVACcomponentsmaybecontaminatedwithPCBsifPCBshavemigratedviaindoorairfromcaulkand/orlightingballaststhatcontainPCBs.
2.0Commissioning3.0MoistureControlandMold4.0Asbestos
5.0Lead6.0PCBs7.0Radon8.0BelowgroundVapor-Forming
Contaminants9.0VehicleExhaust10.0LocalandRegionalAmbientAir
Quality11.0Pests13.0BuildingProducts/Materials
Emissions14.0VentedCombustionAppliances15.0UnventedCombustion
Appliances
16.0OzoneFromIndoorSources18.0HVACEquipment19.0OutdoorAirVentilation20.0ExhaustVentilation21.0BuildingSafetyforChildrenand
OtherOccupants22.0ProtectingIAQDuring
Construction23.0JobsiteSafety
Opportunities
• Properlyventcombustiongasesandensurethatmechanicalroomswithcombustionequipmenthaveadequatemake-upairand
ventilation.• Installandmaintaincarbonmonoxidedetectionandwarningequipment.
• Ensurethatsteamtraps,combustionequipmentandboilersareinstalledcorrectlyandthatmake-upairregistersarenotblocked.
• Ensurethatairconditioningsystemsareproperlysizedandcontrolledtoavoidhumidityandmoistureissues,particularlyunderpart-loadconditions,andproperlysizedforbothcoolinganddehumidification.
• Ensurethatwell-maintainedhumidificationequipmentandcontrolsareinplacetopromoteoccupantcomfortandhealthduringtheheatingseason,asneeded.
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Table1:ExamplesofSchoolEnergyEfficiencyandUpgradeProjects(continued)
Examples of ProjectsWith Energy Savings Plus
Health Objectives
Examples of IAQ/Health Risks andOpportunities
Potentially ApplicablePriority Issues
HVACControlstoMonitor/ IAQ/HealthRisks 1.0ProjectPlanning/IntegratedDesignMaintainIAQ(upgradesormodifications)
• Temperatureandhumidity
controls:Installation,replacementand/orcalibration
• Directdigitalcontrolsystemswithsensor-basedcontrolpointsforhumidity,temperature,carbondioxide orpressure
• Buildingautomationsystemthatcontrolsoutdoorairandexhaustflowrates
• Airfiltrationpressuresensors
• Occupancysensors
• Asbestos-containingmaterialorleadpaintmaybedisturbedduringwallorceilingpenetrations.
• Mercuryfromremovalofoldmercurybulbthermostatsmaypresentarisk.
• SensorsthatarenotregularlycalibratedmayleadtoIAQproblems.
• Poorhumiditycontrolduringcoolingsystemoperationcanresultinmoldgrowthandpresentopportunitiesforpestinfestations.
• Inappropriateuseofchilledwaterresetorairsideeconomizerscanleadtocoolandclammyconditionsandcondensationoncoldsurfaces.
• Indooraircanbecometoodryforoccupantcomfortandhealthduringtheheatingseason,particularlyinnorthernandhigh-altitude
locations.• Inadequateoperationandmaintenanceof
humidifiercontrolscanleadtomicrobiologicalproblems.
• ImproperHVACcontrolscancauseunbalancedflowsandpressuresthatcanleadtoincreasedintrusionofmoisture,radonandotherbelowgroundcontaminants.
2.0Commissioning3.0MoistureControlandMold4.0Asbestos
5.0Lead7.0Radon8.0BelowgroundVapor-Forming
Contaminants9.0VehicleExhaust10.0LocalandRegionalAmbientAir
Quality11.0Pests13.0BuildingProducts/Materials
Emissions14.0VentedCombustionAppliances15.0UnventedCombustion
Appliances16.0OzoneFromIndoorSources
18.0HVACEquipment19.0OutdoorAirVentilation20.0ExhaustVentilation21.0BuildingSafetyforChildrenand
OtherOccupants22.0ProtectingIAQDuring
Construction23.0JobsiteSafety
• Improperlyventedcombustiongases;occupantexposuretocarbonmonoxide.
Opportunities
• Controlmoisturetoavoidmoldgrowthandpestinfestations,andoptimizeoccupant
comfort.• Ensurethatwell-maintainedhumidificationequipmentandcontrolsareinplacetopromoteoccupantcomfortandhealthduringtheheatingseason,asneeded.
• Monitorandmaintainoutdoorairflowrates.• Installandmaintaincarbonmonoxide
detectionandwarningequipment.• Properlydisposeofmercury-containing
thermostats.
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Table1:ExamplesofSchoolEnergyEfficiencyandUpgradeProjects(continued)
Examples of ProjectsWith Energy Savings Plus
Health Objectives
Examples of IAQ/Health Risks andOpportunities
Potentially ApplicablePriority Issues
HydronicSystems(upgrades IAQ/HealthRisks 1.0ProjectPlanning/IntegratedDesignormodifications)
• Chilledwatersystemoptimization
• Pipeinsulationupgrades(chilledwater,hotwater,steampiping)
• Hydronicorsteampipingsystemchanges
• Coolingtowersupgrades
• Asbestos-containingmaterial,leadpaintormoldmaybedisturbedduringsystemorcomponentreplacement.
• Moistureaccumulationoncoldsurfacescanleadtomoldgrowthandpestinfestations.
• Legionella bacteriacangrowinstagnantwater,includinghotwatertanks.
• PoormaintenanceofcoolingtowerwillallowLegionella bacteriatogrow,causingpotentialrisktomaintenancepersonnelandoccupants.
2.0Commissioning3.0MoistureControlandMold4.0Asbestos
5.0Lead7.0Radon8.0BelowgroundVapor-Forming
Contaminants9.0VehicleExhaust13.0BuildingProducts/Materials
Emissions14.0VentedCombustionAppliances
Opportunities
• Controlmoisturetopreventmoldgrowthandpestinfestationsandoptimizeoccupantcomfort.
• Managebuildingwatersystemsandcoolingtowerstominimizebacteriagrowthand
preventlegionellosis.
15.0UnventedCombustionAppliances
16.0OzoneFromIndoorSources18.0HVACEquipment19.0OutdoorAirVentilation20.0ExhaustVentilation
21.0BuildingSafetyforChildrenandOtherOccupants22.0ProtectingIAQDuring
Construction23.0JobsiteSafety
MATERIALSSELECTIONANDREPLACEMENT
AdhesivesandSealants IAQ/HealthRisks 1.0ProjectPlanning/IntegratedDesign
• Applicationofmaterialsusedduringenergyupgradesforairsealing
• Applicationofmaterialsusedforadheringandfasteningcomponents
• Asbestos-containingmaterial,leadpaintorPCBsmaybedisturbedwhenremovingpreviouslyinstalledadhesivesorsealants.
• Weatherizationandairsealingcanreduceairexchangeratesandresultinelevatedlevelsofcontaminantsindoorsifthereisinadequate
ventilation.
4.0Asbestos5.0Lead6.0PCBs13.0BuildingProducts/Materials
Emissions21.0BuildingSafetyforChildrenand
OtherOccupants22.0ProtectingIAQDuringOpportunities
• Alwaysselectsealantsandadhesivesforindoorusewithlow-VOCorno-VOCcontent/emissions.
• Selectoutdoorsealantsforlonglifetokeepoutwaterand,whenpossible,withlow-VOCorno-VOCcontent/emissions.
• Ensureadequateoutdoorairventilationafterweatherizationandairsealing.
Construction23.0JobsiteSafety
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Table1:ExamplesofSchoolEnergyEfficiencyandUpgradeProjects(continued)
Examples of ProjectsWith Energy Savings Plus
Health Objectives
Examples of IAQ/Health Risks andOpportunities
Potentially ApplicablePriority Issues
CarpetandFlooring IAQ/HealthRisks 1.0ProjectPlanning/IntegratedDesign
• Replacingexistingcarpet• Installingnewcarpetover
uncarpetedareas
• Replacingorrepairingexistingfloortiles
• Installingnewflooringoverexistingfloorsurfaces
• Asbestos-containingmaterial(manyfloortilesinolderbuildings,includingschools,weremadeofasbestos),leadpaint,moldorlarge
quantitiesofdustmaybedisturbed.• Carpetandflooringmaybecontaminatedwith
PCBsifPCBshavemigratedviaindoorairfromcaulkand/orlightingballaststhatcontainPCBs.
Opportunities
• Isolatetheworkareatoreducedustmigrationcausedbycarpetandflooringremoval.
• Selectlow-VOCmaterials,includingcarpets,resilientflooring,adhesivesandsealants.
3.0MoistureControlandMold4.0Asbestos5.0Lead
6.0PCBs12.0Tracked-InPollutants13.0BuildingProducts/Materials
Emissions21.0BuildingSafetyforChildrenand
OtherOccupants22.0ProtectingIAQDuring
Construction23.0JobsiteSafety
Painting IAQ/HealthRisks 1.0ProjectPlanning/IntegratedDesign
• Removingolddeteriorated
paint(scrapingandsanding)
• Repaintingexistingsurfaces
• Paintingnewsurfaces
• Asbestos-containingmaterial,leadpaintor
PCBsmaybedisturbed.• Indoorsurfacesmaybecontaminatedwith
PCBsifPCBshavemigratedviaindoorairfromcaulkand/orlightingballaststhatcontainPCBs.
Opportunities
• Selectpaintwithlow-VOCorno-VOCcontent/emissionsanddonotconductdrysandingwithoutrigorouscontainment.
4.0Asbestos5.0Lead6.0PCBs13.0BuildingProducts/Materials
Emissions21.0BuildingSafetyforChildrenand
OtherOccupants22.0ProtectingIAQDuring
Construction23.0JobsiteSafety
SuspendedCeilings IAQ/HealthRisks 1.0ProjectPlanning/IntegratedDesign
• Repairingorreplacingexistingceilingtiles
• Installingnewceilings
• Asbestos-containingmaterial(includingvermiculiteinsulation),fiberglass,mineralwoolorotherinsulationmaterialsmaybedisturbed.
• Ceilingtilesmaybecontaminatedwithleadpaintorleadpaintparticles.
• Removalofceilingtilesmayexposepestinfestations.
• Ceilingtilesmayhavewaterdamageand/ormoldgrowth.
• CeilingmaterialsmaybecontaminatedwithPCBsifPCBshavemigratedfromolder,leakinglightingballaststhatcontainPCBs.
Opportunities
• Selectlow-emissionmaterials,suchasformaldehyde-freeceilingtiles.
3.0MoistureControlandMold4.0Asbestos5.0Lead
6.0PCBs9.0VehicleExhaust11.0Pests13.0BuildingProducts/Materials
Emissions21.0BuildingSafetyforChildrenand
OtherOccupants22.0ProtectingIAQDuring
Construction23.0JobsiteSafety
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Table1:ExamplesofSchoolEnergyEfficiencyandUpgradeProjects(continued)
Examples of ProjectsWith Energy Savings Plus
Health Objectives
Examples of IAQ/Health Risks andOpportunities
Potentially ApplicablePriority Issues
OPERATIONANDMAINTENANCE
SystemsOperationand IAQ/HealthRisks 1.0ProjectPlanning/IntegratedDesignMaintenance
• Checkcontrolsystemsanddevicesforevidenceofimproperoperationonaregularschedule(e.g.,semiannually)andtakecorrectiveactions
• Calibrateandperiodicallyrecalibratesensors(e.g.,temperature,humidity,carbondioxide)
• Performcoolingunitdrainpanmaintenance
• Replacefilters• Cleansupplydiffusers,
returnregistersandoutsideairintakes• Keepunitventilators
andotherductopeningsclearofobstructions
• Asbestos-containingmaterial,leadpaint,PCBs
ormoldmaybedisturbed.• Deferredmaintenancecanleadtosystem
degradationandIAQproblems.• Improperlymaintainedanduncalibrated
sensorscanleadtopoorsystemperformanceandIAQproblems.
• Poorairfiltrationandmaintenancecanleadtocloggedcoilsandaneedforexpensivecleaningthatcanbeavoidedwithpropermaintenance.
• InadequatedrainpandesignormaintenancecanleadtoseveremicrobialcontaminationofHVACsystems.
• Inadequatelymaintainedcombustion
equipmentcanresultinimproperlyventedcombustiongasesandoccupantexposuretocarbonmonoxide.
Opportunities
2.0Commissioning3.0MoistureControlandMold4.0Asbestos5.0Lead7.0Radon8.0BelowgroundVapor-Forming
Contaminants9.0VehicleExhaust10.0LocalandRegionalAmbientAir
Quality11.0Pests13.0BuildingProducts/Materials
Emissions14.0VentedCombustionAppliances15.0UnventedCombustion
Appliances
16.0OzoneFromIndoorSources18.0HVACEquipment19.0OutdoorAirVentilation20.0ExhaustVentilation
(e.g., books,papers,other • Ensuretheproperoperationandventingof 21.0BuildingSafetyforChildrenand
items) combustionappliances. OtherOccupants
• Performregularsystem • Installandmaintaincarbonmonoxide 22.0ProtectingIAQDuring
operationalchecks detectionandwarningequipment. Construction
• Calibrateoccupancy • Controlformoisturebymaintaininghumidity 23.0JobsiteSafety
sensors levels.
• Calibratedaylightsensors • Ensurethatparticleremovalfiltrationsystemsareoperatingproperly.
• Repair oradjustdrainpanstodraincompletely.
• Ensurethatoccupancysensorsareoperatingproperly.
• Implementascheduledinspectionandcalibration/recalibrationprogram(e.g.,semiannually)formeasurementsensors,payingspecialattentiontothesystemsthatareintendedtosupplyadequateventilationtotheschool.
• Duringcommissioning,trainHVACsystemoperatorstorecognizewhensensorsareindicatingproblemswithHVACsystemfunctionthatmayleadtoIAQproblems.
• Maintaincomfortableindoortemperaturestofacilitatelearning.
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Table1:ExamplesofSchoolEnergyEfficiencyandUpgradeProjects(continued)
Examples of ProjectsWith Energy Savings Plus
Health Objectives
Examples of IAQ/Health Risks andOpportunities
Potentially ApplicablePriority Issues
BuildingOperationsand IAQ/HealthRisks 1.0ProjectPlanning/IntegratedDesignMaintenance
• Deepextractionsteamorhotwatercarpetcleaning
• Pestcontrol• Custodialoperations
• Asbestos-containingmaterial,leadpaint,PCBsormoldmaybedisturbed.
• Cleaningchemicalsandpesticidesmay
aggravateallergiesandasthma.• Moldandmoistureproblemsmayoccurif
carpetsdonotdryquicklyafterspillsorcarpetcleaning.
• Smokingnearoutdoorairventilationintakescanincreaseindoorexposuretoenvironmentaltobaccosmoke.
• Vehicleidlingnearoutdoorairintakescanincreaseindoorexposuretovehicleexhaustcontaminants.
2.0Commissioning3.0MoistureControlandMold4.0Asbestos
5.0Lead6.0PCBs7.0Radon8.0BelowgroundVapor-Forming
Contaminants9.0VehicleExhaust11.0Pests12.0Tracked-InPollutants13.0BuildingProducts/Materials
Emissions14.0VentedCombustionAppliances
Opportunities 15.0UnventedCombustion
• Minimizechemicalexposuretooccupantsand Appliances
staffbyusingtheleasttoxicmaterials. 16.0OzoneFromIndoorSources
• Reducecleaningproductusethroughbetter 17.0EnvironmentalTobaccoSmokeuseofcleaningequipmentandcleaning 18.0HVACEquipment
processimprovements. 21.0BuildingSafetyforChildrenand
• Minimizeexposuretopesticidesthrough OtherOccupants
integratedpestmanagementtactics. 22.0ProtectingIAQDuring
• Alwaysplanforthoroughdryingofcarpetsif Construction
steamorwetmethodsareused,especially 23.0JobsiteSafety
duringhumidweather.• Providewalk-offmatstoreducetrack-inof
pollutants.• Ensurethattheschoolhasapolicyontobacco
usethatprohibitstobaccouseonschoolpropertyandisconsistentwithlocal,stateandfederallaws.
• Ensurethattheschoolhasavehicleanti-idlingpolicy.• Periodicallyretestareasoftheschoolthat
havebeenmitigatedforradon.
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Table1:ExamplesofSchoolEnergyEfficiencyandUpgradeProjects(continued)
Examples of ProjectsWith Energy Savings Plus
Health Objectives
Examples of IAQ/Health Risks andOpportunities
Potentially ApplicablePriority Issues
SchoolBuildingSummer IAQ/HealthRisks 1.0ProjectPlanning/IntegratedDesignSchedule
• Reduceenergyconsumptionduring
extendedperiodsofnon-use
• Monitorindoorconditions(temperature,relativehumidityand,ifpossible,dewpoint)andadjust
• Indoormoistureandmoldproblemscanbecausedbylackofcoolingsystemoperationanddehumidificationandbyindoormoisture-
generatingactivities,suchascarpetcleaningandpainting.
• Draintraps,includingfloordrains,maydryoutifnotusedforanextendedperiod.
Opportunities
2.0Commissioning3.0MoistureControlandMold8.0BelowgroundVapor-Forming
Contaminants11.0Pests13.0BuildingProducts/Materials
Emissions15.0UnventedCombustion
Appliances
HVACsystemstomaintain • Controlmoisturebymonitoringtemperature, 21.0BuildingSafetyforChildrenand
indoorconditionsthat relativehumidityandcondensationand OtherOccupants
preventmoistureproblems specifyingHVACoperationtomaintain 22.0ProtectingIAQDuring
andmoldgrowth indoorconditionsthatpreventmoisture/mold Construction
• Considerincorporatingan problems. 23.0JobsiteSafety
alarmtodetectandalert • Usehigh-efficiencycommercialdehumidifiers
foranexcessiveindoor whenneededifairconditioningsystemsare
relativehumidityordew cycledoffassensiblecoolingloadsdecrease.
pointcondition • Usehigh-efficiencycommercialdehumidifiersduringandafter“wet”activities,suchascarpetcleaning,wallcleaningandpainting.
• Ifairconditioningisprovidedduringtheshutdownperiod,continuefiltermaintenanceduringthesummerifwarranted.
• Considerchangingfiltersaftertheairconditioningseasonorthehumidweatherseasonhasended.
• Ensurethatdraintrapsdonotdryout,eitherthroughscheduledmaintenanceorinstallationofautomaticdraintrapprimers.
The Business Case for Integrating Energy
Efficiency and IAQ
Inthecomingdecades,schooldistrictsarelikelytomakesubstantialinvestmentsinrenovatingexistingschoolbuildingsandperformingequipmentupgrades(alsocalledretrofits).BecauseU.S.schoolsspendmorethan$7.5 billionannuallyonenergytomaintainfunctioningclassroomsandbuildings(EPAENERGYSTAR®,2008),manyofthefutureimprovementswillaimtoreduceenergyuse,whileprovidingadequateventilationandsavingmoney.When-evernewschooldesignandconstruction,majorrenovationsand/or
targetedbuildingretrofitsoccur,orwheneverregularoperationsandmaintenancepracticesareimproved,schoolofficialshaveawell-timedopportunitytosimultaneouslyprotectIAQ,integratehealthypracticesandsavemoney.Throughup-frontplanning,coordinationandopencommunicationamongallstakeholders,schoolscanmakethisintegrationworksuccessfully.
Studieshavedemonstratedthatincreasedclassroom
ventilationratesareassociatedwithimprovementsinstudenthealthandperformance.AEuropeanstudyshowedthatadoublingoftheventilationratefrom
about7.5cubicfeetperminuteperperson(cfm/person)to15 cfm/personimprovedspeedof
academicperformancebyabout8percent(Wargocki&Wyon,2006).AU.S.studyinfifth-gradeclassroomsfrom100schoolsusedstudentperformanceinstandard
academictestsasthemeasureofperformanceandestimatedthattherewasnearlya3-percentincreaseinthe
proportionofstudentspassingstandardizedmathandreadingtestsforeach2cfm/personincreaseinventila
tionrateacrosstherangeof2to15 cfm/person(Haverinen-Shaugnessyetal.,2011).Arecentstudyalsodemonstratedthatforeach2.1cfm/personin
creaseinventilationrate,onaverage,theillnessabsenceofstudentsdecreasedby1.6percent(Men-delletal.,2013).In someschooldistricts,income
fromgovernmentsourcesislinkedtodaysofstudent
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18 EnergySavingsPlusHealth| INDOORAIRQUALITYGUIDELINESFORSCHOOLBUILDINGUPGRADES
attendance;thus,increasedventilationratesmayincreaseschooldistrictincome.Indoortemperaturealsocanaffectoccupantperformance.Forexample,onestudyshowedthattheaveragespeedofcompletingacademicwork,basedonmonitoringofperformanceofeightsimulatedschoolworktasks,decreasedbyapproximately1percentpereach1°Fastemperaturesincreasedfrom68°Fto77°F(Wargocki&Wyon,2006).A detaileddiscussionofhow
IAQparameterscanaffectstudenthealthandacademicperformance,withsupportingreferences,canalsobelocatedattheIAQ ScientificFindingsResourceBankwebsite,hostedbytheLawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratory.
Well-conceivedandcoordinated
ByunderstandingtherelationshipbetweentypicalenergymanagementactivitiesandIAQ,andbyfollowingtheguidancerecommendedinthisEnergySavingPlusHealthGuide,schoolscanpotentiallyrealizesubstantialimprovementsinIAQandcostsavings.
nationtoreceivetheIAQToolsfor
Schools NationalModelofSus
tainedExcellenceAwardfromEPA.
Similarly,inColoradoSprings
SchoolDistrict11,theintegra
tionofenergyefficiencyandIAQ
schoolenergyandIAQmanagementprogramscansavemoney.A report,GreeningAmerica’sSchools:Costsand
Benefits,reviewed30greenschoolsandconcludedthatgreenschoolscostonaverage2percentmorethanconventionalschools,butthefinancialbenefitsderivedareabout20timesgreaterthantheadditionalcosts(Kats,2006).“Green”schoolsweredefinedasnewschoolsbasedoneithertheU.S.GreenBuildingCouncil’sLeadershipinEnergyandEnvironmentalDesignprogram,theMassachusettsCollaborativeforHighPerformanceSchools,ortheWashingtonStateSustainableSchoolProtocolforHighPerformanceFacilities.ByunderstandingtherelationshipbetweentypicalenergymanagementactivitiesandIAQ,andbyfollowingtheguidancerecommendedinthisEnergySavingPlusHealthGuide,schoolscanpotentiallyreal
izesubstantialimprovementsinIAQandcostsavings.CostsavingsfromenergyefficiencyandIAQintegrationcanbesignificantandeasytoachieve.Forexample,theBlueValleySchoolDistrictinOverlandPark,Kansas,identifiedaleaderforitsIAQteamandbeganwith“quickwins”thatwouldimproveIAQwithminimaleffortandcost.Buildingonthesesmallsuccesses,thedistrictmovedontolargerandbroadergoals,makingstrategicconnectionsbetweenenergyefficiencyandIAQgoalstocombineresourcesandachievegreatersuccess.Anewmechanicalsysteminoneofitsschoolsresultedinnotonlyincreasedoutdoorairventilationbutalsocostsavingsof$23,000annuallyfromthereductioninenergyuse.Blue Valleycapitalizesonenergysavingsanddirectsmoneyintotheoperat
ingbudget,whichprovidesresourcesformoreenergy
efficiencyandIAQimprovements.Thedistricttracks
outcomesofbond-financedfacilityimprovements
anddemonstratescostssavingsthatthenareapplied
toIAQmanagementactivities.Thisisaneffective
strategywhenthedistrictdoesnothavethebudget
tomaketheinitialinvestmentinimprovementsand
ultimatelyhelpsprovidemoreresourcesforaddition
alprojects.In2006,BlueValley
wasthefirstschooldistrictinthe
hadremarkablebenefits.The
district’senergymanagement
program—builtonthecommit
mentofthesuperintendent,boardofeducation,and
afull-timecoordinator—hasresultedinanestimat
edannualenergysavingsofmorethan$928,000andsignificantIAQimprovements.IAQgoalshave
beenaccomplishedthroughenergy-efficientdesign,
propermaintenanceandcommissioningofHVAC
equipment,andtheuseofperformance-basedcon
tractingforimprovementsinexistingschools.Colo
radoSpringsSchoolDistrict11previouslywonthe
ENERGYSTAR®PartneroftheYearAwardin2005.
Therearemeasurablecostsfornotpromotinghealthy
schoolenvironments.Thecostsimposedbyenviron
mentallyattributablediseases—suchasasthma—on
children,familiesandschoolsareimmense(Landrigan
etal.,2002).AccordingtotheCentersforDisease
ControlandPrevention(CDC),theannualeconomic
costofasthma,includingdirectmedicalcostsfrom
hospitalstaysandindirectcosts(e.g.,lostschooland
workdays),amountstomorethan$56billionannually
(CDC,2011).Forstates,alargepercentageofthese
costscanbeattributedtohealthcareexpenditures,
lostschooldaysandlostproductivity(e.g.,parents
havingtostayhometocareforasickchild).Given
theamountoftimethatchildrenspendinschool
eachday,high-qualityschoolenvironmentsarecriti
callyimportantforensuringthatchildrenarehealthy
andabletoperformintheclassroom(EPAState
SchoolEnvironmentalHealthGuidelines,2012).
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EnergySavingsPlusHealth| INDOORAIRQUALITYGUIDELINESFORSCHOOLBUILDINGUPGRADES 19
AnIntegratedApproachtoEnergyEfficiencyandIAQ:
CaseStudiesofDemonstratedResults
Blue Valley School District, Kansas:
• Mechanicalretrofitofa260,000square-foot(ft2)buildingresultedinenergycostsavingsof18–20percentinthefirstyear.
• Replacementofaheatpumpinonebuildingwithanewventilationsystemresultedina30-percentdropinenergyconsumptionatthesametimeastheoutdoorairventilationratesincreased.
• Adistrictwideenvironmentalmanagementsystemcontinuallymonitors,identifiesandpinpointspotentialenergyandIAQissuesearly,reducingthecostsassociatedwithmaintenancestaffdiagnosingproblems.
• Themaintenanceofmodernequipmentisassociatedwithlowercosts.
• TherehavebeenfewerIAQcomplaintsandassociatedrepairs.
• Thelong-termgoalisthemechanicalupgradesof100percentoffacilitiestocaptureenergysavingsandimproveIAQ.
Formoreinformation,seehttp://epa.gov/iaq/schools/casestudies/Blue_Valley.pdf.
Colorado Springs School District 11, Colorado:
• Thedistrict’senergyprogramrealizes$1.8millioninannualenergycostsavingsincomparisonwithcostsbeforetheprogramwasestablished.
• $55.5millioninenergycostshavebeensavedduringthepast12yearsasaresultofenergyefficiencyandIAQimprovements.
• Allnewfacilitiesbuilthavethefollowingqualities:
oLowenergyconsumption:Energyuseintensityof25kBtu/ft2peryearorless.
oLowenergyuseforlighting:0.7Watts/ft2orlessofartificiallight.
oBrightandwell-litclassrooms:Maintain35foot-candlesinclassrooms.
• Ongoingcommissioningkeepsenergywaste,andthereforecosts,downwhileensuringIAQproblemsareidentifiedandremediedquickly.
• In2012,32ofthedistrict’sbuildingswerecertifiedENERGYSTAR®buildings,withlowenergycostsandhealthierindoorenvironments.
Formoreinformation,seehttp://www.energystar.gov/ia/business/k12_schools/ENERGY_STAR_Case_Study-Achieving_Healthy_Indoor_Environments_CG0807.pdf.
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Section 2
AssessmentProtocolsandRecommendedActions
Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)
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Section2:AssessmentProtocolsand
IntegratedProcess
IntroductoryNoteforPriorityIssues1.0Project
Planning/IntegratedDesignand2.0Commissioning
Awiderangeofschoolbuildingupgradeprojectsis
possible,fromsmall-scaleretrofitsofcomponents/systemstomuchlargerandmoreextensiveprojectsinvolvingmodificationstomultiplebuildingsystemsandmajorrenovationstotheschoolbuilding.Aproject’splanning,designandcommissioningprocesseswilldependonitsmagnitudeanduniquecharacteristics.ItisappropriateforusersofthisGuidetotailortheirrequirementsforPriorityIssues1.0ProjectPlanning/
RecommendedActions
IntegratedDesignand2.0Commissioning.Forexample,
simplerprojectswithlimitedgoalsandfundingmay
needalessformaldesignprocessandcommissioning
thanlarger-scalerenovationprojects.Projectteams
shouldbeawareofthepotentialbenefitsassociatedwithadequateprojectplanningandcommissioning
toensurethatbuildingsandsystemsaredesigned,
installedandoperatingasintendedandinlinewiththe
schools’expectationsandrequirements.Assessment
Protocols,MinimumActionsandExpandedActions
relatedtocontaminantsandbuildingsystemsbegin
withPriorityIssue3.0MoistureControlandMold.
PRIORITYISSUE1.0PROJECTPLANNING/INTEGRATEDDESIGN
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP) MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)EXPANDEDACTIONS
(EA)
AP1.1GatherFeedbackonIAQConditionsin MA1.1ConductCollaborativePlanningMeetings ThiscellistheSchoolBuilding intentionally
Collaborationduringrenovationprojectscanallowprojectblank.
Gatherfeedbackfromtheschool’sfacultyand teamstosolveproblemscreativelyandwithbetterout-staff,includingtheIAQcoordinator(ifone comesforthebuildingandoccupants.Thesecollaborativeexists),thecustodianandtheschoolnurse. meetingscanhelptoidentifysynergiesbetweenbuildingDeterminelocationsinthebuildingwithIAQ systemsthatcansignificantlyreduceenergyconsumpconcernsorcomplaintsandgainanunderstand tion,promoteIAQandprovidecostsavings.Forbestingofthecurrentbuildingstatustoinformthe results,establishcross-functionalteammeetingsfromtheprojectteam. verybeginningofprojectplanningandcontinuemeetings
regularlythroughprojectcompletion.Conductstakeholdermeetingsearly
intheprocesstofurtheridentify Forlargeprojects,thefirstteammeetingofteniscalledIAQconcernsandensurethatthe aDesignCharrette.Thisisameetingatwhichdesign
projectmeetsitsstatedgoals.Stakeholders professionalsmeetwithbuildingowners,occupantsandcouldinclude,forexample,teachers,adminis otherstakeholderstounderstandtheirgoalsandconcernstrators,nurses,maintenancestaff,community andbrainstormwaystoachievethesegoalswithintheleaders,parentsand/orstudents. overallprojectscope.Includetheschool’sIAQcoordina
tor,riskmanager,maintenancestaff,nursesandteachingUsetheinformationgatheredinthisstepto
staffinthisprocess,asstaffandotherbuildingoccupantsguidetheIAQ walkthroughinspectionofAP1.2.
oftenbetterunderstandabuilding’sIAQissues.
NotesMA1.2FormalizeProjectGoals
• Aschool’sIAQcoordinatorcouldbeany Forimprovementprojectsthatincludeseveralbuilding
ofseveralprofessionstypicallyfoundina systems,usetheresultsofthecollaborativeteammeet-
school,includingateacher,administrator,ingsand/orDesignCharrettetomoreformallydocument
nurseormaintenancepersonnel. IAQgoalsfortheprojectinanOwner’sProjectRequire• Ifdataonschoolspecifichealthmeasures mentsdocument,asoutlinedinMA 2.2.Formalizeproj
areavailable(e.g.,asthmaprevalence, ectgoalswithIAQconsiderationsasearlyaspossibleinabsenteeismrates),theymayhelpguidethe theprojectplanning/designprocesstoallowearlyconsid-IAQassessment.Somestatesrequireschools erationofalternativedesignconceptsandavoidproblemstokeepasthmaandallergyincidentreports, thatoccurwhenIAQistreatedasanafterthought.whichalsocouldbehelpful.
SeeAppendixB:CommunicationandEducation
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PRIORITYISSUE1.0PROJECTPLANNING/INTEGRATEDDESIGN(continued)
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP) MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)
EXPANDED
ACTIONS
(EA)
AP1.2PerformanIAQWalkthroughInspection
PerformabuildingwalkthroughinspectiontofurtherunderstandIAQandhealthconcerns.Revieweachspacethatwillpotentiallybe
includedintheproject.ConducttheIAQwalkthroughinspectionduringnormalschooloperatinghoursandoccupancyconditions.
Ifawalkthroughenergyauditisperformedtodetermineenergyconservationopportunities,includetheIAQwalkthroughinspectionasaconcurrent,integratedprocess.
TalktotheenergyauditorsandaskiftheyorotherprofessionalswithknowledgeofthebuildingcanassistwiththeIAQassessments.Ensurethattheauditor/inspectordetermineswhethertheoutdoorventilationratesaresufficientandcontrolsarefunctional.
EnsurethattheIAQwalkthroughinspectionincludesaspectsofpestmanagementtoevaluatepest-specificissues(e.g.,evidenceofinfestations,pestpopulations,pesticidestorage).SeePriorityIssue11.0Pestsforadditionalinformation.
EnsurethattheIAQwalkthroughinspectionalsoincludesaspectsofmoisturecontrol(seeAP3.1).
FormoreinformationaboutIAQwalkthroughinspections,refertoEPA’sIAQToolsforSchools
ActionKit,whichillustratescommonIAQproblemsfoundinschools.TheBuildingAirQualityguidecreatedbyEPAandCDCmay
alsobeusedasaresourceforIAQwalkthroughinspections.Chapter5oftheENERGYSTAR®BuildingUpgradeManual providesinformationonexaminingabuildinganditsenergy-consumingequipment.
MA1.3FinalizetheProjectTeam
IfafullprojectteamwasnotselectedduringAP1.3,selecttheremainingteammembers.RefertoAppendixAtoassembletheappropriateprojectteam.Makesurethat
thedesignandconstructionteamsincludeIAQexpertiseandthatarepresentativefromthebuildingoperationandmaintenanceteamisincluded.
MA1.4HoldRegularTeamMeetingsandCommunicate
WithStakeholders
Holdregularmeetingsthroughoutdesignandconstructiontodiscussprogress,synergiesandchallenges.Includetheprojectdesign
andconstructionteamsregularlyinmeetings,andensurethatrepresentativesfromtheschoolarepresentateachmeeting.RefertotheASHRAEIndoorAirQualityGuideSection1.1formoreinformationonthebenefitsofintegratedmeetings.Regularlycommunicateprojectplans
andprogresswithstakeholders(includingstaff,teachersandparents),andpromptlyrespondtoconcerns.
MA1.5HoldaConstructionKickOffMeeting
Beforeconstructionbegins,holdaconstructionkick-offmeetingwiththedesignteam,generalcontractorandsitemanagers
foreachtrade.UsethismeetingtoreviewtheoveralldesigngoalsrelatedtoIAQandenergyefficiency.Specificallydiscussmethodstheconstructionteamwillusetomeeteachgoalandanyrequirementsfortheconstructionteamstodocumenttheircompliance.Continueintegratedteammeetingswiththedesignteam,constructionteamandschoolrepresentative(s)regularlythroughoutconstructiontoensurethatanyconcernsor
questionsareaddressedquickly,andcontinuetoprovideupdatestostaff,teachersandparents.Ensurethattheplanforprotectingstudentsandotheroccupantsduringtheconstructionphasesisadequatelycommunicatedthroughouttheschoolcommunityandaformalprocessisfollowedforrespondingtocomplaintsandconcerns.
SeeAppendixB:CommunicationandEducation
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PRIORITYISSUE1.0PROJECTPLANNING/INTEGRATEDDESIGN(continued)
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP) MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)
EXPANDED
ACTIONS
(EA)
AP1.3DefineGeneralGoalsandDevelopaCommunicationsPlan
Generallydefinetheprojectscope,consideringIAQfindings,energyefficiencygoalsandprojectbudget.Determinewhethertheprojectwillbeamajorrenovationoraddition,whichwill
requirealargerprojectteam,orifitwillbeasmallersystem(s)upgrade.Ensurethattheproject’sspecificationsandprocurementdocumentation(e.g.,RequestforProposals)includethespecificIAQandenergyefficiencyrequirements.Developacommunicationsplantosharetheproject’sgoalswithoccupantsandotherstakeholders,withaclearprocessforacknowledgingandaddressingtheirfeedbackandconcerns.
AP1.4SelectaProjectTeam
Basedontheoverallgoalsoftheproject,formaprojectteamasoutlinedinAppendix A.Whenevaluatingproposals,ensurethattheproject’sIAQandenergyefficiencyrequirementsareadequatelyaddressed,andensurearchitects,engineers,commissioningagentsandconstructionteamshaveexperiencewiththetypeofprojectsbeingconsidered.Ensurethatproposalsincludespecificrequirementsforprotectingstudentsandotheroccupantsduringtheconstructionphases,particularlyifthebuildingisoccupiedduringconstruction.MakesurethatthedesignandconstructionteamsincludeIAQexpertise.
Includearepresentativefromeachgroupofstakeholdersinthebuilding,forexample,teachers,administrators,nurses,maintenancestaff,parentsandstudents,ifpossible.
Note
Includingschoolmaintenancestaffontheprojectteamhelpstoensure
thatdesigngoalstakemaintenancechallengesintoaccountandthatthe
maintenanceteamunderstandsthedesignobjectivesofanynewsystems.
Schoolmaintenancestaffoftencanservicefacilitiesmoreeffectivelywith
simplersystemsthatareeasilyaccessible.
ReferencesforPriorityIssue1.0ProjectPlanning/IntegratedDesign:
ASHRAEIndoorAirQualityGuide,Section1.1
ASHRAEProceduresforCommercialBuildingEnergyAudits
ASHRAEStandard189.1,InformativeAppendix HCDCNationalInstituteforOccupationalSafetyandHealth(NIOSH):DampnessandMoldAssessmentTool
EPAandCDC-NIOSH:BuildingAirQuality:AGuideforBuildingOwnersandFacilityManagers
EPAENERGYSTAR® BuildingUpgradeManual
EPAIAQToolsforSchools ,IAQCoordinator’sGuide:AGuidetoImplementinganIAQProgram
EPAIAQToolsforSchools,IAQReferenceGuide,Section3–EffectiveCommunication
EPAIAQToolsforSchools ,TheIndoorAirQualityToolsforSchools Approach:ProvidingaFrameworkforSuccessEPAIAQToolsforSchools ActionKit:VentilationChecklist
EPAIAQToolsforSchools ActionKit:WalkthroughInspectionChecklist
EPAStateSchoolEnvironmentalHealthGuidelines
NationalInstituteofBuildingSciencesWholeBuildingDesignGuide:PlanningandConductingIntegratedDesign(ID)CharrettesSheetMetalandAirConditioningContractors’NationalAssociation(SMACNA)IAQGuidelinesforOccupiedBuildingsUnderConstruction,
SecondEdition
SeeAppendixB:CommunicationandEducation
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PRIORITYISSUE2.0COMMISSIONING
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP) MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA) EXPANDED ACTIONS (EA)
AP2.1ReviewCommissioningOptions
Commissioningisaquality-focusedprocessintendedtoverifyanddocumentthatbuildingsandbuildingsystemsareconstructed,installed,configuredandperforminginamanner
consistentwiththedesignintent.Thereareseveraltypesofcommissioning:
• Commissioningfornewsystems,performedaspartofanimprovementornewconstructionproject.
• Recommissioning,coveringanypreviouslycommissionedsystemsandperformedafteranimprovementprojectiscomplete.
• Retro-commissioning,coveringexistingsystemsandperformedaspartofanimprovementproject.
ExamplesofschoolbuildingsystemsthathavesignificantpotentialtoimpactIAQ,andthusshouldbeconsideredduringcommissioning,includethebuildingenvelope,HVACsystemsandassociatedcontrols,kitchenequipment,andfumehoods.
MoreinformationaboutcommissioningisinAppendixA.
MA2.1DesignateaCommissioningAgent
Asappropriatefortheproject,designateorhireaCommissioningAgentearlyinthedesignprocess.Forsmallerprojects,itmaybeappropriateto
performcommissioningactivitieswithin-housestafforconsultants.Carefullyselectaprofessionalwithexperienceinstalling,maintainingormonitoringthetypesofsystemstobeupgraded,assomeonewithextensiveHVACcommissioningexperiencemaynotbeanexpertinbuildingenvelopecommissioning.RefertotheASHRAEIndoorAirQualityGuide,Strategy1.2,orEPA’sIAQDesignToolsforSchools ,CommissioningGuidance,forfurtherguidanceonselectinganappropriateCommissioningAgentforlargerprojects.
MA2.2DeveloptheOwner’sProjectRequirementsDocument
ClearlyoutlinetheIAQandenergyefficiencygoalsoftheprojectbydevelopinganOwner’sProjectRequirementsdocument.Thisdocumentwillbeusedthroughoutthedesign,construction,inspectionandtestingphasestoensurethatoverallgoalsaremet.
UseresultsfromthefollowingtodeterminetheIAQgoalstobeachievedbytheproject:
• AP1.1GatherFeedbackonIAQConditionsintheSchoolBuilding
• AP1.2PerformanIAQWalkthroughInspection
• MA1.1ConductCollaborativePlanningMeetings
ASHRAEIndoorAirQualityGuideStrategy1.2providesfurtherguidanceontheimportanceoftheOwner’sProjectRequirementsdocument.
EA2.1DesignforOngoingMeasurementandVerification
DesignforongoingmeasurementandverificationofIAQparametersbyincludingmeasurementdevices,suchasoutdoorairflowmeasurementdevices,
carbondioxidesensorsandhumiditysensors.ThesedevicescanhelpidentifyIAQproblemscausedbyoccupancyorbuildingoperationandhelptoquicklyidentifymalfunctioningsystems.
EA2.2PlanforRecommissioning
Assystemsage,operationalguidelinesmaynotbefollowed,andsystemsandtheirsequencesofoperationmaydegrade.IfsignificantIAQcomplaintsariseorenergyconsumptionsuddenlyincreases,considerperforminganauditofthebuildingHVACsystems
andhiringaCommissioningAgenttorecommissionanysystemsthatarenolongercalibratedproperly.RefertotheENERGYSTAR® BuildingUpgradeManual ,Chapter5.
EA2.3ConductFollowUpOperatorTraining
Conductfollow-uptraining(e.g.,6monthsor1yearaftertheinitialtraining).Thiswillreinforceoperatorskillsandknowledgeandprovideanopportunityforoperatorstoaskquestionsaftertheybecomefamiliar
withtheupgradedbuildingandsystems.Considerrecordingtrainingsessionsforfuturereferencebyoperators.
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PRIORITYISSUE2.0COMMISSIONING(continued)
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)EXPANDED
ACTIONS (EA)
ASSESSMENT
PROTOCOLS (AP)
MA2.3DevelopaBasisofDesignDocument
ABasisofDesigndocumentshouldbedevelopedbythedesignteamtooutlinehowthedesignwillmeettheOwner’sProjectRequirements.ForfurtherdetailsoncreatingaBasisofDesign,refertotheASHRAEIndoorAirQualityGuide,Strategy1.2,ortheCollaborativeforHighPerformanceSchoolsBestPractices,
VolumeV:CommissioningforHighPerformanceSchools.
MA2.4DevelopaCommissioningPlan
TheCommissioningPlanservesasaguideforthecommissioningprocessandinformsprojectstakeholdersaboutcommissioningactivities,responsibilitiesandmilestones.TheCommissioningPlanalsoidentifiesthesystemsthatmustbecommissionedandprovidesspecificationstointegrateintotheprojectdocumentation.
ProjectsthatincludemodificationstotheHVACsystem,buildingenvelopeandcoolingtowersandprojectsthatinclude“innovative”systems(e.g.,energyrecoveryventilation,under-floorairdistributionanddisplacementventilationsystems)canhaveanimpactonIAQandshouldbecommissioned.Evenminorsystemupgradesshouldincludeaqualitycontrolprocess,eveniffull
commissioningisnotperformed.ForHVACsystemcommissioning,refertoASHRAE’sGuideline0-2013,TheCommissioningProcess,andASHRAE’sGuideline1.1-2007,HVAC&RTechnicalRequirementsfortheCommissioningProcess.
Forbuildingenvelopecommissioning,refertoASTMInternational’sE2813-12,StandardPracticeforBuildingEnclosureCommissioning.
Ifexistingsystemswillnotbeupgradedintheimprovementproject,butwereidentifiedinthebuildingauditasmalfunctioningornotworkingefficiently,plantoperformretro-commissioningtocorrectoperationaldeficiencies,controlsequences,setpointsandotherneededcalibrations.Formoreinformation,seeENERGYSTAR® BuildingUpgradeManual ,Chapter5.
MA2.5CommissionSystems
Ifbuildingenvelopemodificationsoradditionsareincludedintheimprovementproject,theCommissioningAgentshouldreviewtheenvelopedesignandperformonsiteverificationbeginningduringtheearlystagesofconstruction.TheimportanceoftimingthecommissioningactivitiestoprotectIAQisoutlinedindetailintheASHRAEIndoorAirQualityGuide,Strategy 1.2.
TwovaluableaspectsofcommissioningareprefunctionalchecklistsandfunctionalperformancetestingthathavetraditionallybeenusedforcommissioningHVACsystems;thesecanbeadaptedtootherbuildingsystems.
Prefunctionalchecklistsverifytheproperinstallationofequipmentandhelpidentifydeficienciespriortofunctionalperformancetesting.Thesechecklistsareintendedtosupplement,notreplace,anymanufacturerstartupchecklistsordocumentation.
Thegoaloffunctionalperformancetestingistoassesscompletesystemoperation
andevaluatetheinteractionofindividualcomponents.Thescopeoffunctionalperformancetestingincludesautomatedcontrols,sequencesofoperation,andequipmentfunctionduringvariousmodesofoperation.TestingcriteriaincludetheOwner’sProjectRequirementsandBasisofDesigndocuments,manufacturers’requirements,andsequencesofoperation.
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PRIORITYISSUE2.0COMMISSIONING(continued)
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)EXPANDED
ACTIONS (EA)
ASSESSMENT
PROTOCOLS (AP)
MA2.6DeliveraCommissioningReport
IfaCommissioningAgentwashiredtoperformcommissioningactivities,acommissioningreportshouldbeprovidedtothefacilitymanager,theownerortheowner’srepresentative.Thereportshouldincludeanoverviewofthecommissioningprocess,prefunctionalchecksandfunctionalperformance
testingmethodsanddetailedresults,identifieddeficiencies,resolvedissuesandoutstandingproblems,includingequipmentinstallationandoperation.Thereportshouldincludedatesandtimesforallfunctionalchecksandperformancetests.Thereportshouldaddresstheadequacyoftheinstalledandcommissionedequipmentandsystemsinmeetingthecontract,Owner’sProjectRequirementsandtheBasisofDesigndocuments.Thereportshouldbeclearlywrittenandeasilyunderstoodbyallmembersoftheprojectteam.
MA2.7PostOccupancyCommissioning
Dependingonthefunctionalperformancetestingscheduleandresults,deferringcertainfunctionalperformancetests(orportionsthereof)totheappropriateseasonorweatherconditionsoftenisrequired.SeasonalordeferredtestingcancapturesystemperformanceduringtimeswhenIAQmaybemoreacutelyaffected(e.g.,whenoutdoorairventilationratesareatdesignminimumsduring
seasonaldesignweatherconditions).Also,performingadditionalcommissioningverificationbeforesystemwarrantiesexpiremayidentifyissuesthatcouldberesolvedunderwarranty.
MA2.8OperatorTraining
TheCommissioningAgentshouldprovidetrainingtothefacilitymanagerandotheroperationsandmaintenancestaffonallcommissionedsystems,whichmayrequireasignificanttimeinvestment.Operationsmanualscanbedifficulttounderstandandmaynotprovidealltheinformationonthebuilding’ssystems.TheCommissioningAgentmayhaveuniqueinsightintosystemdesignandcorrectoperationandshouldprovidethoroughtraininganddocumentationtofacilitystaffatprojectcompletion.TheENERGYSTAR® BuildingUpgradeManual ’sChapter5onretro-commissioningoutlinesthetypeofinformationthatshouldbeprovidedduringtraining.Documentattendanceforfuturereferenceandpotentialfollowup.
ReferencesforPriorityIssue2.0Commissioning:
ASHRAEGuideline0-2013,TheCommissioningProcessASHRAEGuideline1.1-2007,HVAC&RTechnicalRequirementsfortheCommissioningProcess
ASHRAEIndoorAirQualityGuide,Strategy1.2.(SeePartISummaryGuidanceandPartIIDetailedGuidance)
ASTME2813-12,StandardPracticeforBuildingEnclosureCommissioningCollaborativeforHighPerformanceSchoolsBestPracticesManual,VolumeV:CommissioningofHighPerformanceSchools
EPAIAQDesignToolsforSchools ,Commissioning
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MoistureandMold
PRIORITYISSUE3.0MOISTURECONTROLANDMOLD
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP) MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA) EXPANDED ACTIONS (EA)
EA3.1RetrofitCrawlspacesandDocumentResultsAP3.1InspectforMoistureProblems MA3.1RepairMoistureProblems
Repairmoistureproblemsidentified RetrofitcrawlspacessothattheyareInspecttheinteriorandexteriorofthe duringtheassessment(e.g.,plumbing sealed,insulated,ventilatedwithbuildingandthebuilding’smechanical leaks;rainleaks,includingleaksaround conditionedair,properlydrained
systemsforevidenceofmoisturewindowsandflashing;foundation
andwaterproofed(see EPAMoistureproblems.Examplesofmoistureand leaks).Itisimportanttocorrecta ControlGuidanceforBuildingDesign,moistureproblematitssource.moldproblemsincludethefollowing: ConstructionandMaintenance,and
the2012InternationalBuildingCode,• Waterdamageorstains(e.g.,on MA3.2FollowProfessionalGuidance Section 1203.3.2).Installahigh-
wallsorceilings) forConductingMoldRemediation capacity,energy-efficientdehumidifierConductanyre• Foundationcracksthatleakwater inthespaceiftheclimateconditionsquiredmoldreme warrant.• Signsofseepageorwicking(e.g.,diationfollowing
efflorescence,peelingpaint, EA 3.2 Perform Additional Moldprofessionalguidance,suchasEPA’sdelaminatingmaterials) Remediation ActivitiesMoldRemediationinSchoolsandCom
• Visiblemoldgrowth mercialBuildingsandInstituteofIn- Performadditionalspection,CleaningandRestorationCer activities,beyond• Moldgrowthinductworkandtification(IICRC)MoldRemediation thoserequiredforplenumsStandardS520.Donotdisturbmold thebuildingupgradeproject,to
• Wetordampspots growthwithoutfollowingprofessional remediateanyobservedmoldgrowth.
guidelines. FollowEPAorotherprofessional• Mustyodorguidance.
• Groundwater,surfacewaterand Noterainwaterintrusion EA3.3ConsiderVentilationApproachesEPAdoesnotrecommendroutine
ThatProvideBetterMoistureControl• Plumbingleaks samplingformold.If visiblemoldispresent,itisimportanttocorrect
• Condensationormoisturedamageon DedicatedOutdoorAirSystems(DOAS)thesourceofthemoistureproblem oraroundwindows
andcleanupthemold.For more Considerproperlydesignedand• Othercondensation(consider informationonmoldsampling,see controlledDOAStopreconditionthe
surfacetemperature,relative EPA’sMold RemediationinSchoolsand outdoorairandaddresstheventilationhumidityanddewpointtemperature CommercialBuildings . anddehumidificationloads,withwhenevaluatingthepotentialfor separatecooling/heatingunitsprovidingcondensationproblems) MA3.3AddressStandingWater temperaturecontrolintheoccupied
Problems zones,asdescribedintheASHRAEDocumenttheextentandlocationsofAddressstandingwaterproblems HumidityControlDesignGuidefor theproblemsandtheproposedrepairs.(e.g.,surfacewaterpoolingnear CommercialandInstitutionalBuildings ,thefoundation,waterthatdoesnot Chapters10and18.drainfromflatroofsandgutters).
Notes
• Buildingstaffandoccupantsmay Note Ensurethatthereisadequateslopebeasourceofinformationregarding anddrainageawayfromthebuilding.
DOASsystemsaretypicallydesigned pastandpresentmoistureproblems. Correctstandingwaterproblemsnear
toprovideairatalowdewpoint foundationsandcrawlspacesbefore
temperatureduringhumidseason • TheCDCNIOSHDampnessandinsulatingandweatherizing.
operationandcanhelpcontrolindoor
usefulresourceforinspectingand
MoldAssessmentTool maybeahumidity.DOASmaynotentirelyMA3.4ManageRainwateraddresslowindoorhumidityproblems documentingmoldandmoisture Managerainwaterinassembliesthat duringcold,dryseasonoperation.problemsintheschool. areincludedinthescopeofwork
(e.g.,drainageplanesandflashings). VariableAirVolumeSystemsEnsurethatthereisadequateslopeanddrainageawayfromthebuilding, Considerproperlydesignedand
particularlyfordownspoutsthatcarry controlledvariable-air-volumesystemsrainwaterfromtheroof. supplyingairwithalowdewpoint
temperature(e.g.,53to57oF)toMA3.5EnsureProperHVACDrainage providebetterindoorhumiditycontrol.EnsurethatdrainpansmeettherequirementsofASHRAEStandard 62.1.
SeeAppendixB:CommunicationandEducation SeeAppendixC:WorkerProtection
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PRIORITYISSUE3.0MOISTURECONTROLANDMOLD(continued)
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP) MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)EXPANDED
ACTIONS (EA)
AP3.2DetermineWhetherMoldRemediation
isRequired
Determinewhethertheprojectrequiresmoldremediationandadditionalmoisturecontrolmeasures(e.g.,asdeterminedduringthe
moistureinspectionofAP3.1ortheIAQwalkthroughinspectionofAP1.2).Remembertoidentifythesourcesofmoistureproblems.Isolateandcontainareasofsignificantmoldcontaminationuntiltheseareascanberemediated(seeMA3.2;seeEPAMoldRemediationinSchoolsandCommercialBuildingsandIICRCMoldRemediationStandardS520foradditionalinformation).
AP3.3DefineScopeforMoisture
Improvements
Documentwhichmoistureproblemscanbeaddressedaspartofthebuildingupgrade
projectandwhichmustberepairedbeforecertain,specificenergy-conservingmeasurescanbeimplemented.Workwithageneralcontractororotherexperiencedbuildingexpertstomakethesedeterminations.
AP3.4AssessforMoistureProblemsThatCan
NotBeResolvedUndertheProject
Significantcondensationorhumidityproblems(e.g.,condensationonmultiplewindows,condensationinattics,orsignificantmoistureormoldproblems)maynotbepossibletoresolveaspartofanenergyimprovementproject.Inthiscase,donotstartbuildingupgradeprojectsthatwillreducetheschool’sairinfiltrationrateorexacerbatethemoistureproblems.
MA3.6PreventCondensationintheBuilding
Enclosure
Airsealtheenclosureandmanageairpressurerelationships.
NoteAirsealingtheinterfacebetweentheceilingand
atticalsopreventsicedamsonroofsincold,snowy
climates.
Managewatervaporflowandcondensingsurfacetemperaturestoavoiddewpointconditionswithintheenvelopeoronothersurfaceswithinthebuildingwhosesurfacetemperatureisexpectedtofallbelowthesurroundingdewpointtemperature(achievedbyselectingmaterialswiththeappropriatecombinationofthermalresistance[knownastheR-value]andvaporpermeability).Strictlyfollowallapplicablebuildingcodesforvaporbarrierplacement.
Ensurethatallpiping,valvesandductworkwithcondensationpotentialareadequatelyinsulatedtoreducemoistureproblems.Performaqualitycontrolreviewofinsulationafteritisinstalledtoensurethatallsurfacesarecoveredwithairtight,vapor-impermeableinsulation,includingsurfacesthatwillpassthroughunconditionedspaces.
Controlhumiditysources.
• Provideadequateventilationandairmovement,payingparticularattentiontodampandwetareas.
• Ensurethatexistingexhaustfansinpotentiallywetareas(e.g.,lockerrooms,toiletrooms,kitchens)areoperatingproperlyandventedtotheoutdoors.
Ensuretheseexhaustfansareoperatedwhenneeded.
• Coverearthenfloorsinbasementsandcrawlspaceswithsealedvaporbarriersandsealsumpcovers.
• Ensurepropercrawlspaceventilation(e.g.,foundationwallvents),moistureandhumiditycontrolfortheclimatezone.
• Ensureproperatticventilation,unlesssealedorconditioned.
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PRIORITYISSUE3.0MOISTURECONTROLANDMOLD(continued)
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)EXPANDED
ACTIONS (EA)
ASSESSMENT
PROTOCOLS (AP)
MA3.7UseHVACSystemstoManageMoisture
UseHVACsystemstomanagemoistureinsidethebuilding.
• Ensurepropersizingwhenspecifyingneworreplacementairconditioningsystems.Besuretoaccountforallmoistureloadsinthecalculations,
includingoccupants,ventilationairandinfiltration.• Iftherelativehumidityormoistureintheindoorairishigh,evaluatewhethertheairconditioningunithasanoversizeddesign-sensiblecapacityoranundersizeddesign-latentcapacity.Design-latent(dehumidification)capacityofthesystemshouldbebasedondesigndehumidificationconditionsforthelocation(designdewpointtemperatureandmeancoincidentdrybulbtemperature)asdescribedintheASHRAEHumidityControlDesignGuidefor
CommercialandInstitutionalBuildings ,Chapter 10.• Schoolsinhumidclimatesmayneeddehumidificationthroughouttheentire
year.Ifconstant-air-volumeHVACsystemsareusedinclassrooms,providecontinuoushumiditycontrolbasedonaschemethatprovidesdehumidificationinresponsetoahumidistat,asdescribedinASHRAEHumidityControlDesign
GuideforCommercialandInstitutionalBuildings ,Chapter18.Alternatively,variable-air-volumesystemsoftencanprovidebetterindoorhumiditycontrolthantraditionalconstant-air-volumesystemswhenthedewpointatthecooling
coilremainssufficientlylowacrossarangeofsensibleloadconditions.Note
Inhumidclimates,temperaturecontrolforconstantairvolumeHVACsystemsisunlikelytoprovideadequatehumiditycontrolbecausetheventilationairoften
willintroduceasignificantmoistureloadwhenthereisaverysmallornegligiblesensibleheatload.Moistureproblemsoccurwhenathermostatcontrolssensible
capacitywithoutregardtolatentload(relativehumidityordewpoint).
• Maintainindoorrelativehumiditybelow60%,ideallybetween30%and50%,ifpossible,exceptinspacesinwhichoccupancyandfunctionalrequirementsdictateotherwise.
• Ensuretheregularlyscheduledmaintenanceofhumidificationequipmentinstalledtomaintainalowrelativehumiditylimit,toavoidmicrobiologicalproblems.
• Ensureproperindoormoisturecontrolduringallsummermonths.Schoolsarenotnecessarilyvacantduringsummermonths,assomeschoolshaveyear-roundactivities(e.g.,summerclasses,summerdaycamps).Ifthereisasummershutdownprogramfortheschoolbuilding,controlindoormoisturebymonitoringtemperature,relativehumidityandcondensationandspecifyingHVACoperationtomaintainindoorconditionsthatpreventmoisture/moldproblemsandmaintaintheindoorrelativehumiditywithinacceptablelimits.Considerincorporatinganalarmtoalertforanexcessiveindoorrelativehumidityordewpointcondition.
Note
Gymnasiumfloorsconstructedofmapletypicallyrequireanindoorhumidityrangeof35%to50%relativehumiditytopreventdamage.Althoughbriefexcursions
outsidethisrange(e.g., lessthan8hours)aretypicallyallowed,itisanimportantconsiderationforschoolbuildingsummershutdownprograms.
Formechanicallyventilatedbuildings,ensurethatbuildingmeetstheexfiltrationrequirementsofASHRAEStandard 62.1,suchthattheminimumoutdoorairintakeequalsorexceedsthemaximumexhaustairflow,allowingfortheexceptionsprovidedinthestandard.
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PRIORITYISSUE3.0MOISTURECONTROLANDMOLD(continued)
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)EXPANDED
ACTIONS (EA)
ASSESSMENT
PROTOCOLS (AP)
MA3.8UseNonporousMaterialsinMoistureProneAreas
Usemoisture-resistantmaterialsinareaslikelytobecomewettedfrequently,suchasareasarounddrinkingfountains.Ifpossible,useseamlessandslip-resistantmaterials.
NoteFloorcoveringmanufacturersspecifythemaximumwatervaporemissionrateof
concreteoverwhichcoveringssuchastileandcarpetcanbeinstalled.Installing
acoveringonconcretethatexceedsthemaximumemissionratemaycausethe
coveringtofail,promotemoldgrowth,andvoidthemanufacturer’swarranty.Itis
recommendedthatthewatervaporemissionrateofafloorbemeasuredbefore
coveringsareinstalled(evenwhentheinstallationoccurslongafterthebuilding
wasconstructed).
MA3.9ControlMoistureDuringRoofingModifications
Takeprecautionstocontrolmoistureduringroofingmodifications.Forexample:
• Protectopenroofareasfromrainduringconstruction.
• Designandconstructroofingsystemsandflashingdetailstoensureproper
moisturebarriers.• Repairroofleaksbeforeairsealingorinsulatingtheattic.
MA3.10ProtectOnsiteMaterialsFromMoisture
Protectmaterialsonsitefrommoisturedamage.Do notinstallmaterialsthatshowvisiblesignsofbiologicalgrowthresultingfromthepresenceofmoisture.Store andinstallallbuildingproducts,systemsandcomponentsinstrictaccordancewiththemanufacturers’printedinstructions.
ReferencesforPriorityIssue3.0MoistureControlandMold:
ASHRAEGuideforBuildingsinHotandHumidClimates
ASHRAEHumidityControlDesignGuideforCommercialandInstitutionalBuildings ,Chapters10and18
ASHRAEIndoorAirQualityGuide,Strategies 2.1-2.5
ASHRAEStandard62.1,Section5
ASHRAEStandard189.1,Section10.3.1.5.CDC-NIOSH:DampnessandMoldAssessmentTool
EPAIAQDesignToolsforSchools:MoistureControlEPAIAQToolsforSchools :IAQReferenceGuide,AppendixH:MoldandMoisture
EPAMoistureControlGuidanceforBuildingDesign,ConstructionandMaintenance
EPAMoldRemediationinSchoolsandCommercialBuildingsInternationalCodeCouncil,InternationalBuildingCode,2012Edition
IICRCS520StandardandReferenceGuideforProfessionalMoldRemediation
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HazardousMaterials1
PRIORITYISSUE4.0ASBESTOS
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP) MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)EXPANDED
ACTIONS (EA)
AP4.1ReviewSchool’sAHERAAsbestos MA4.1EvaluateConditionofACMandUse ThiscellisManagement Plan ProperlyTrainedandAccreditedPersonnelfor intentionally
AbatementorRepair blank.
Reviewtheschool’sAHERAasbestosmanagementplantodetermineareasoftheschoolthatalready SuspectedACMingoodconditioncanbe
havebeenidentifiedascontainingasbestos.A copy managedinplace,buttakecautionnottodisturb
oftheasbestosmanagementplancanbeobtainedby it.IfsuspectedACMisdamaged(e.g.,unraveling,
contactingtheschooldistrict’sAHERADesignated frayed,breakingapart),immediatelyisolatethe
Person.The AHERAasbestosmanagementplanis area(s)andconsultatrainedandaccredited
requiredtobehousedintheschool’sadministrative asbestosprofessionaltodeterminewhatcorrective
office.IfanAHERAasbestosmanagementplanisnot measuresshouldbetaken.Trainedandaccredited
available,seeAP4.2. asbestosprofessionalsmustseparatetheworkareainquestionfromoccupiedportionsofthe
Note buildingusingappropriatecontainmentpractices.ForsuspectedACMthatmustbedisturbedIfaschoolissubjecttoAHERAandanasbestosaspartoftheproject,contactanaccreditedmanagementplanisnotavailable,theschoolisinandproperlytrainedasbestosprofessionalforviolationoftheToxicSubstancesControlAct(TSCA).abatementorrepair,inaccordancewithfederal,stateorlocalrequirements.OnlyatrainedandAP4.2InspectBuildingforAsbestosContaining
Material accreditedasbestosprofessionalmayabate,repairorremoveACM.ContactyourstateasbestosVerifythatatrainedandaccreditedasbestosbuildingregulatoryagencyforinformationonhowtofindinspectorhasinspectedthebuildingforasbestos-anaccreditedasbestosprofessional.containingmaterial(ACM)or,fornewconstruction,
verifythatitwasdeterminedthatnoasbestoswasNotes
usedinthebuildingmaterials.Forschoolsbuiltwithoutasbestos,theAsbestos-ContainingMaterialsin • Moststatesrequirealicense.Insomestates,
however,atrainingcertificatefromanAsbestosSchoolsRulepursuanttoAHERA(40CFRPart763,ModelAccreditationPlancoursemaysuffice.SubpartE)doesnotrequireinspectionsifthebuilding
architect,projectengineerorinspectorsignsa • Typically,trainedandaccreditedprofessionalsstatementtobeincludedintheasbestosmanagement canrepairasbestosby—planthatnoasbestoswasusedintheconstructionof
o SealingorEncapsulating:Treatingthema-theschoolbuilding. terialwithasealantthatbindstheasbestosCaremustbetakenaroundallbuildingmaterialsthat fiberstogetherorcoatsthematerialsomaypotentiallycontainasbestos.Allschoolbuildings fibersarenotreleased.Pipe,furnaceandhavethepotentialtocontainACM.Asrequiredunder boilerinsulationoftencanberepairedintheAsbestos-ContainingMaterialsinSchoolsRule thismanner.pursuanttoAHERA(40CFRPart763,SubpartE)
o CoveringorEnclosing:PlacingaprotectivebesurethatanybuildingmaterialthatmaycontainlayeroveroraroundtheACMtopreventasbestoswastestedforasbestosorwasassumedtoreleaseoffibers.Exposedinsulatedpipingcontainasbestos.ThisinformationwillhelpinformmaybecoveredwithaprotectivewraporoccupantsandconstructioncrewsofanyACMpresentjacket.beforeworkisperformed.
o Removing:RemovingACMmaybeadvantageouswhenremodelingormakingmajorchangestoabuildingthatwilldisturb
ACMorifACMisdamagedextensivelyandcannotbeotherwiserepaired(bycovering,enclosing,sealingorencapsulating).
1. For the purposes of this Guide, “hazardous materials” refers to materials frequently found in older, existing buildings—such as asbestos, lead andPCBs—which are potentially harmful to human health and/or the environment and must be removed and disposed of by licensed professionals.
SeeAppendixB:CommunicationandEducation SeeAppendixC:WorkerProtection
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PRIORITYISSUE4.0ASBESTOS(continued)
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP) MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)EXPANDED
ACTIONS (EA)
AP4.2InspectBuildingforAsbestosContainingMaterial(continued)
PersonswhoassessACMmustbespecificallytrainedundertheAsbestosModelAccreditationPlan,inadditiontothosewhoinspectandperformresponse
actions.RefertotheEPAAsbestos:SchoolBuildings WebpageforadiscussionoftheAHERAregulatoryrequirements.
IfACMispresentintheschoolbuildingandthereisnotanasbestosmanagementplanfortheschool,prepareanasbestosmanagementplantopreventorreduceasbestoshazards.
Note
ItisasignificantviolationofTSCAifanasbestos
managementplanwasnotpreparedfortheschool
buildingpriortooccupancy.
Contactatrainedandaccreditedasbestosprofessional
toperformtheasbestosinspectionandpreparetheasbestosmanagementplan.Forschools,theasbestosmanagementplanshallsatisfytherequirementsundertheimplementingrulesofAHERA,aspublishedin40CFR,Part763,SubpartE.
Note
Possiblesourcesofasbestosincludethefollowing:
• Insulationinatticsandatticlikespaces
(e.g., vermiculite)
• Wallinsulation(e.g.,vermiculite,insulationblocks)
• Hotwaterandsteampipescoatedwithasbestos
materialorcoveredwithanasbestosblanketortape
• Oilandcoalfurnacesanddoorgasketswith
asbestosinsulation
• Vinylflooring(including9"by9"or12"by12"floor
tiles,vinylsheetflooring,andthemasticsandother
adhesivesusedtosecuretheflooring)
• Cementsheet,millboardandpaperusedas
insulationaroundfurnacesandwoodorcoal
burningappliances
• Soundproofingordecorativesurfacematerials
sprayedonwallsorceilings,includingpopcorn
ceilings
• Patching,jointcompounds,andtexturedpaintson
wallsandceilings
• Roofing,shinglesandsiding(includingcementor
adhesives)
• Transite(cementandasbestos)combustionventortransiteflue
• Plasterthatisoldenoughtopotentiallycontain
asbestos
• Heatresistantfabrics
MA4.2PrecautionsforWorkingAroundACM
WhenworkingaroundACM,donot—
• Dust,sweeporvacuumACMdebris.
• Saw,sand,scrapeordrillholesinthematerial.
• Useabrasivepadsorbrushestostripmaterials.
MA4.3EnsureInsulationIsAsbestosFreeBeforeDisturbing
Donotremoveordisturbinsulationthatappearstobevermiculite(e.g.,atticorwallinsulation).The EPAAsbestoswebsiteprovidesinformationonvermiculateinsulationandhowtoidentifyit.Sinceconfirmingwhethervermiculitecontainsasbestosbytestingisunreliable,EPArecommendsassumingitcontainsasbestosandmanagingaccordingly.Specifically,EPArecommendsthatbuildingownerstakethefollowingprecautions:
• Leavevermiculiteinsulationundisturbedinatticorwalls.
• Donotstoreboxesorotheritemsintheatticifitcontainsvermiculiteinsulation.
• Hireaprofessionalasbestoscontractorifthereareplanstoremodelorconductrenovationsthatwoulddisturbthevermiculiteintheatticorwallstomakesurethatthematerialissafelyhandledand/orremoved.
MA4.4ConductAsbestosAbatementBeforeBlowerDoorTesting
Anyasbestosabatementorrepairworkshould
becompletedbyproperlytrainedandaccreditedasbestosprofessionalspriortoblowerdoortesting.Exerciseappropriatecautionwhenconductingblowerdoortestingwherefriableasbestosorvermiculiteatticinsulationispresenttoavoiddrawingasbestosfibersintooccupiedspaces(e.g.,positivelypressurizedblowerdoortesting).
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PRIORITYISSUE4.0ASBESTOS(continued)
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP) MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)EXPANDED
ACTIONS (EA)
Ifunsurewhether
material
containsasbestos,contactaqualifiedasbestosprofessionaltoassessthe
material.
MA4.5AsbestosClearanceAirMonitoring
Followinganasbestosresponseactionintheschool(asbestosabatementcorrectiveaction)pursuantto40CFRPart763.90,asbestosairtesting(socalled“clearance”testing)mustbeperformedtoensurethattheresponseactionwasproperly
conducted.Contactyourstateasbestosregulatoryagencyforinformationonhowtofindatrainedandaccreditedasbestosprofessionaltoperformthiswork.
Notes:
AppropriateidentificationofACMisnecessary
toensurethecontinuedsafetyoftheoccupants
andthesafetyofworkers,whomaynotbe
awareofasbestoshazards.IfACMmaybedisturbedduringa
plannedproject,aproperlytrainedandaccreditedpersonneedsto
conductaninitialasbestosassessmenttodeterminepotential
workerexposuresandrequiredexposurecontrols.Asbestos
awarenesstrainingisrequiredforcustodiansandschool
maintenancepersonnelwhenACMispresentintheschoolbuilding
(seeEPA’sAsbestos:SchoolBuildings Webpageformoreinformation).
ReferencesforPriorityIssue4.0Asbestos:
EPAAsbestos
EPAAsbestos:AsbestosNESHAP
EPAAsbestos:MonitoringAsbestos-ContainingMaterialEPAAsbestos:SchoolBuildings
EPAAsbestos:StateAsbestosContacts
EPAAsbestos-ContainingMaterialsinSchools;FinalRuleandNotice(40CFRPart763)NationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology(NIST)NationalVoluntaryLaboratoryAccreditationProgram(NVLAP):DirectoryofAccredited
Laboratories—AsbestosFiberAnalysis(PolarizedLightMicroscopyTestMethod)
NISTNVLAP:DirectoryofAccreditedLaboratories—AsbestosFiberAnalysis(TransmissionElectronMicroscopyTestMethod)OccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministration(OSHA),29CFRPart1926.1101
OSHA,Asbestos
OSHA,Asbestos:Construction
SeeAppendixB:CommunicationandEducation SeeAppendixC:WorkerProtection
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PRIORITYISSUE5.0LEAD
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP) MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA) EXPANDED ACTIONS (EA)
AP5.1AssumeLeadBasedPaintIsUsedinSchoolsBuiltBefore1978
Assumethereislead-basedpaintinschoolsbuiltbefore1978unlesstestingshowsotherwise.Recognize,however,thatlead-basedpaintmaybepresentinanyschool.Determinewhetherpaintwillbedisturbedbytheworkortheassessment.
AP5.2TestSuspectSurfacesThatWillBeDisturbed
Threemethodsmaybeused.PaintsamplesmaybetakenandanalyzedbyanEPA-accreditedlaboratory.Inaddition,acertifiedriskassessororinspectormaytestpaintviaX-rayfluorescencetesting.Finally,incertaincircumstances,acertifiedindividualmayuseanEPA-recognizedtestkittodeterminewhetherthepaintislead-based.Thelead-safeworkpractices(seeMinimumandExpandedActions)applyunlesspaintistestedandfoundnottobelead-based.
Note
Ifthereareconcernsaboutleadin
drinkingwater,seeEPA’sDrinking
WaterinSchools&ChildCare
Facilities website.
MA5.1ComplyWithEPA’sRenovation,RepairandPainting(RRP)ProgramRule
Amongtherule’skeyelementsarethefollowing:
• Useatrainedandcertifiedrenovator
employedbyalead-safecertifiedfirm.• Followlead-safeworkpracticesif
disturbinggreaterthan6ft2ofinterioror20ft2ofexteriorpaintedsurfaces.
• Containtheworkareatoavoidoccupantexposure.
• Minimizeleaddustandleavenodustordebrisbehind.
• Cleanaccordingtospecifiedprotocolandsatisfactorilyperformcleaningverificationorclearancetesting.
Note
CompliancewithEPA’sRRPProgramRuleis
requiredinschools,orportionsofschools,
wherechildrenyoungerthan6yearsofage
arepresent.ThisEnergySavingsPlusHealth
GuiderecommendsRRPProgramRule
complianceforallschools,regardlessofthe
ageofthestudentsortheschool.
MA5.2ComplyWithLocalandStateLeadRegulations
Complywithlocalandstateregulationsthatmaybeapplicabletoleadhazard-reductionactivitiesandmayrequireadditionalcertifiedpersonnel.
NoteThisisnotacompletesummaryofthe
regulatoryrequirements.Theintentof
thisGuideistopromotethemosthealth
protectivestepsthatarefeasibleand
practical.Theminimumactionrecommended
inthisGuideistocomplywithwhateverthe
mostcurrentversionoftheRRPProgram
Ruleprescribesandwithalllocalandstate
regulationsthatmayapply.
EA5.1FollowAdditionalLeadSafeRehabilitationPractices
Followadditionallead-saferehabilitationpractices,suchastheU.S.DepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopment’s(HUD)practicesoutlinedbelow.InadditiontoEPA’sRRPProgramRule,adheretothefollowing:
• Lowerthethresholdsforinteriorpaintedsurfaceareafrom6ft2to2ft2.
• Requirerepairofpaintedsurfacesthataredisturbedwhenusinglead-safeworkpractices.
• Requiremeetingleaddustclearancetestingstandards(astestedbyanEPA-certifiedriskassessor)ifmorethan2ft2ofpaintisdisturbed.
Note
Leaddustclearancetestingincludesmeasuringforleaddustonfloors,
windowsillsandwindowtroughs.
EA5.2ReplaceWindowsContainingLeadBasedPaint
Replacewindowsthattestpositiveforlead-basedpaint,complyingwithEPA’sRRPProgramRuleandotherregulationsthatmaybeapplicabletoleadhazardreductionactivities.
EA5.3EnsureAllPaintUsedintheFutureIsLeadFree
Somecoatingsareexemptfromlead-containingpaintregulations.Theseincludecoatingsforindustrialequipmentandthoseusedforbuildingandequipmentmaintenancecoatings.Ensurethatallfuturepaintapplicationsintheschoolarelead-free.SeeConsumerProductSafetyCommission(CPSC)FAQs:LeadInPaint(AndOtherSurfaceCoatings).
ReferencesforPriorityIssue5.0Lead:
CPSCFAQs:LeadinPaint(AndOtherSurfaceCoatings)
EPADrinkingWaterinSchools&ChildCareFacilities
EPALead:LocateCertifiedInspection,RiskAssessment,andAbatementFirmsEPALead-BasedPaintRenovation,Repair,andPaintingProgram:SmallEntityComplianceGuidetoRenovateRight
EPALocateanRRPTrainingClassorProviderinYourAreaEPARecognitionofLeadTestKits
EPARenovation,Repair,andPainting(RRP)Program
EPARenovation,Repair,andPainting(RRP)Program:DetailsonCertificationRequirementsforFirms
HUDLeadSafeWorkPracticesOSHA,Lead
SeeAppendixB:CommunicationandEducation SeeAppendixC:WorkerProtection
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PRIORITYISSUE6.0POLYCHLORINATEDBIPHENYLS(PCBs)
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP) MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA) EXPANDED ACTIONS (EA)
AP6.1DetermineWhetherFluorescentLightBallastsContainingPCBsArePresent
Someschoolsmaycontainfluorescentlightfixtureswithballastsmanufacturedbefore1979thatcontainPCBs.Ballastsmanufacturedbetween1978and1998thatdonotcontainPCBswererequiredtobelabeled“NoPCBs.”NewerfluorescentlightingtypicallyuseselectronicballaststhatdonotcontainPCBsandshouldbeclearlymarkedaselectronic.
Iffluorescentlightballastsdonothavethestatement“NoPCBs”orarenotmarkedaselectronic,assumethattheballastscontainPCBsorcontactthemanufacturertodeterminewhethertheballastscontainPCBs.Ifthe
manufacturerisnotsurewhethertheballastscontainPCBs,assumethattheydo.
AP6.2AssessCaulkThatWillBeDisturbed
Assesswhethercaulkwillbedisturbedduringupgradeactivities.Manyschoolbuildingsbuiltorrenovatedbetween1950and1978havebeenfoundtocontainPCBsincaulk.Typicallocationsincludearoundwindows,doorframes,masonrycolumnsandothermasonrymaterials.
Note
PCBswerenotaddedtocaulkafter
1978;however,caulkcontainingPCBs
manufacturedbefore1978couldhave
beenusedinbuildingsafterthattime.
MA6.1ReplacePCBContainingLightBallasts
WhetherPCBsareconfirmedorassumedtobepresent,newlightingfixturescanbeusedtoreplacethe
existingfixtures.PCB-containinglightballaststhatareleakingmustbereplacedandproperlydisposedofpursuanttoEPAregulations.AnyoilandstainsleakedfromPCB-containingballastsmustalsobeproperlycleanedupordisposedofinaccordancewiththePCBdecontaminationordisposalregulations.EPArecommendsthatnonleakingPCB-containinglightballastsalsobereplacedbecauseoftheirincreasedlikelihoodtofailandleakandbecauseoftheincreasedenergyefficiencyofnewballasts.
MA6.2ProperlyDisposeofPCBContainingLightBallasts
WhenremovingPCB-containinglightballasts,specificnotification,packing,reporting,storage,transportationanddisposalrequirementsapply.TheEPAPCB-ContainingFluorescentLightBallasts(FLBs)inSchoolBuildingsWebpageprovidesdetailsonmanaginganddisposingofbothleakingandnonleakingballasts,includingdetailedfederalrequirementsin40CFRPart761thatmustbeadheredto(disposal,useofcontainers,properstorage,etc).Ensurethatwastemanagementalsomeetslocalandstaterequirements.
Note
Fluorescentlightbulbscontainsmall
amountsofmercury.Ensurethatthe
bulbsarehandledproperlytoavoid
breakageandreleaseofcontaminants.
Moreinformationonfluorescentbulb
disposalrequirementsmaybeobtained
fromyourstatesolidandhazardous
wasteagencies.See alsoMA 21.4
PreventMercuryExposure.
EA6.1ConductanAssessmentforPCBsinIndoorAirandMitigateasAppropriate
IfthereareadditionalconcernsaboutPCBs,considerconductinganIAQassessmentforPCBsfollowingEPA’sCompendiumMethodTO-4A(highairvolume)orCompendiumMethodTO-10A(lowairvolume).IftheairqualitytestindicatesconcentrationsaboveEPA’sPublicHealthLevelsforPCBsinIndoorSchoolAir,identifypotentialsourcesofPCBsandmitigationoptions.Examplesofkeymitigationoptionsincludeballastandcaulkremoval,properventilationandpropercleaning.
DisposalofcaulkorotherbuildingproductscontaminatedbyPCB-
bearingcaulkmustfollowregulatoryrequirementsforPCBwaste,asdescribedin40CFRPart761SubpartD.
Documentandstorecopiesofalltestresults.Includedocumentationofallsamplinglocationsanddisposalmeasures,includingdisposalcompaniesusedandfinaldestinationofwastematerials.
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PRIORITYISSUE6.0POLYCHLORINATEDBIPHENYLS(PCBs)(continued)
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA) EXPANDED ACTIONS (EA)ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP)
MA6.3AddressCaulkPotentiallyContainingPCBsWhenItWillBeDisturbedDuringBuildingUpgrades
IfPCBsarepotentiallypresentincaulkandthecaulkwillbedisturbedduringthebuildingrenovations(e.g.,
windowordoorreplacement,improvedweatherizationsealing),takestepstominimizeexposure.StepstoreduceexposureshouldfollowEPA’sCurrentBestPracticesforPCBsinCaulk.SchoolsshouldalsoconsulttheEPAFactSheetsforSchoolsandTeachersAboutPCB-ContaminatedCaulk.
DisposalofcaulkorotherbuildingproductscontaminatedbyPCB-bearingcaulkmustfollowregulatoryrequirementsforPCBwaste,asdescribedin40CFRPart761SubpartD.Documentandstorecopiesofalltestresults.Includedocumentationofallsamplinglocationsanddisposalmeasures,includingdisposalcompaniesusedandfinaldestinationofwastematerials.
EPARegionalPCBCoordinatorsarearesourceforallPCBissues.
ReferencesforPriorityIssue6.0PolychlorinatedBiphenyls(PCBs):
EPACurrentBestPracticesforPCBsinCaulkFactSheet-InterimMeasuresforAssessingRiskandTakingActiontoReduceExposures
EPAFactSheetsforSchoolsandTeachersAboutPCB-ContaminatedCaulk
EPAPCB-ContainingFluorescentLightBallasts(FLBs)inSchoolBuildingsEPAPCBsinCaulkinOlderBuildings
EPAPolychlorinatedBiphenylsEPAPolychlorinatedBiphenyls(PCBs)Manufacturing,Processing,DistributioninCommerce,AndUseProhibitions,40CFRPart761
SubpartD—StorageandDisposalEPAPublicHealthLevelsforPCBsinIndoorSchoolAir
EPARecyclingMercury-ContainingLightBulbs(Lamps)
EPARegionalPCBCoordinatorsEPAStepstoSafeRenovationandAbatementofBuildingsThatHavePCB-ContainingCaulk
EPAWastes,HazardousWastes,TestMethods,SW-846
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OutdoorContaminantsandSources
PRIORITYISSUE7.0RADON
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP) MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)EXPANDED
ACTIONS (EA)
AP7.1SelectaRadonTestingProfessional MA7.1MitigateHighRadonLevels Thiscellis
Qualifiedmeasurementprofessionalsareindividualswhohavedemonstratedaminimum
Iftheresultsofradontesting(beforeorafterbuildingmodifications)indicatethattheaverageradonlevelsin
intentionallyblank.
degreeofappropriatetechnicalknowledge partsoralloftheschoolare≥4picocuriesperliter(pCi/L),andskillsspecifictoradontestinginlarge takeactionstoreducetheradonlevels,asdescribedbuildings(1)asestablishedincertification inthecurrentversionof“RadonMitigationinSchoolsrequirementsoftheNationalRadon andLargeBuildings”(ANSI/AARSTRMS-LB).ActiveProficiencyProgram([email protected])orthe soildepressurizationisthefirstmitigationmethodtobeNationalRadonSafetyBoard([email protected]) considered.Ensurethatradonmitigationprofessionalsmeetand(2)asrequiredbystatute,statelicensure statecertificationrequirements,asapplicable,andareorcertificationprogram,whereapplicable. certifiedbyeitherofthegroupslistedinAP 7.1.
AP7.2PerformRadonTestingBeforeSchool MA7.2EnsureHVACSystemsAreOperatingProperlyBuildingModifications
Schoolventilationsystemsplayacriticalrolein
Performradontestingfortheschoolinaccordancewiththecurrentapplicablestandard
ofpractice;suchas“Radon MeasurementforSchoolsandLargeBuildings”(AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute[ANSI]/AmericanAssociationofRadonScientists&Technologists,Inc.[AARST]MALB),andstateorfederalrequirements.Thestandardincludesinformationonwhichroomsoftheschooltotest,andhowandwhentoconducttesting.Assess theHVACsystemsforproperoperationpriortoandwhileconductingtheinitialradonmeasurements(e.g.,ensurethatsystemsareoperatingasdesignedwiththedesignminimumamountsofoutdoorairventilation).
buildingperformanceandmustbeoperatingwithnolessthandesignminimumoutdoorairventilationrateswheneverschoolroomsareoccupied(evenifatreducedoccupancy)toensureradonlevelsarenotadverselyaffected.Decreasingoutdoorairventilationrateswilltendtoincreaseradonlevels.Thus,aroomwithradontestresultsbelow4pCi/LandtheHVACsystemoperatingwiththedesignminimumamountofoutdoorairventilationcouldhaveelevatedradonlevelsifventilationisdecreased.This isparticularlycriticalforschoolswithoutactivesoildepressurizationradonmitigationsystems.Outdoorairventilationshouldnotbedecreasedbelowdesignminimumvalueswhenspaceshavereducedoccupancy,unlessradontestingshowsthatradonlevelsdonotincreaseabove4pCi/Lwhenlessventilationisprovided.
Thecurrentapplicablestandardofpractice,
suchasinANSI/AARSTMALB,laysouttesting MA7.3AdvisePeriodicRetestingofAreasThatHaveoptions,whicharegenerallydependentupon BeenMitigatedforRadon
thedeviceused. Adviseschoolpersonnelthatretestingshouldbe
Option1:ShortTermTestperformedaccordingtoAP7.2andAP7.3,andensurethatalong-termriskmanagementplanisprovidedby
Becauseradonlevelsvaryfromday-to-dayand themitigationprofessionalinaccordancewithANSI/season-to-season,ashort-termtestislesslikely AARSTRMS-LB.Theplanshouldcontaintheessentialthanalong-termtesttoprovideanaverage informationthattheschoolneedstoconductbasicradonlevelforaschoolyear.A short-termtest maintenanceandriskmanagement.isthequickestwaytotestforradon,requiringaperiodbetween2and90days,dependingonthedevice.Short-termtestingshouldbeconductedasdescribedinthemostcurrentstandardofpractice.
Ensurethatthisisincludedinthewrittendocumentationfortherenovationproject.Retestingshouldbeperformedatleastevery2yearsoraccordingtotheriskmanagementplan.
SeeAppendixB:CommunicationandEducation
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PRIORITYISSUE7.0RADON(continued)
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP) MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)EXPANDED
ACTIONS (EA)
Option2:LongTermTest
Along-termtestremainsinplaceformorethan90days,andpreferablyduringtheentireschoolyeartogiveanaccuraterepresentationofradonlevelsatalltimesoftheschoolyear.
Notes
• Identifyingelevatedradonlevelsinaschoolpriortootherbuilding
upgradesorrenovationswillallowradonmitigationsystems
tobeconsideredandinstalledaspartoftheoverallbuilding
modifications.
• Ifaschoolhaspreviouslybeentestedforradonusingappropriate
testingprotocolsasrequiredbythestatewherethemeasurements
wereconducted,orinabsenceofstaterequirements,inaccordance
withtheapplicableANSIapprovedstandardandwithnobuilding
modificationssincethetesting,theresultsmaybeusedforthe
purposesofthisassessment.
• ANSI/AARSTMALBprovidesatableofstepstotakeduringaradon
testingprogram,alongwithdetaileddescriptionsandguidance.
• Spacesservedbydemandcontrolledventilationsystemsmay
requirespecialattentionduringradontesting,asthesesystems
allowventilationratestovarywithoccupancy.Forradontestingin
thesespaces,assumeaminimumoutdoorairventilationratebased
ontheminimumexpectedoccupancy.
AP7.3RetestforRadonAfterSchoolBuildingModifications
Retestforradonafterallbuildingupgradesandrenovationsthataffectbuildingenvelopeleakageandairflowsarecompleted,aschangestothebuildingenvelopeandmechanicalsystemscanaffectindoorradonlevels.
ReferencesforPriorityIssue7.0Radon:
ANSI/AARSTMALB:RadonMeasurementforSchoolsandLargeBuildings(forthcoming)ANSI/AARSTRMS-LB:RadonMitigationinSchoolsandLargeBuildings(forthcoming)
EPARadon:StateRadonContactInformation
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PRIORITYISSUE8.0BELOWGROUNDVAPORFORMINGCONTAMINANTS(EXCEPTRADON)
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP) MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA) EXPANDED ACTIONS (EA)
AP8.1EvaluatePotentialSourcesandOdors
Visuallyevaluatepotentialsourcesandcheckforodorsofgasoline,sewergasorfueloil.
AP8.2EvaluatetheSewerVentSystem
Visuallyevaluatetheintegrityofthesewerventsystem(e.g.,ensurethatdraintrapshavewaterinthem,inspectdrainlinesforbreaksorleaks,checkforapparentblockages),particularlyifthereissewergasodorintheschool(e.g.,duringtheinitialassessmentorafandepressurizationtest).
AP8.3TakeProperActionsiftheOdorSourceCannotBeIdentified
Ifanodorisdetectedbutitssourcecannotbeidentified,andtheschoolisinaknownareaofcontamination,notifylocalorstateauthoritiesand/orpursueadditionalassessmentsbefore
continuingprojectwork.
AP8.4ConductFurtherAssessmentifContaminationIsSuspected
Ifsoilorgroundwatercontaminationissuspectedonornearthebuildingsite(e.g.,formerindustrialsite),volatilecontaminantsorbreakdownproductsmayposeanIAQriskthroughsoilgasintrusion.Insuchcases,EPArecommendsfurtherassessmentbeforeairsealing.ConsultyourstateortribalvoluntaryBrownfieldscleanupprogramorenvironmentalregulatoryagencyforinformationontherisksofvaporintrusioninyourarea.EPA’sSchool
SitingGuidelinesprovideinformationforassessingpriorusesofthesiteandscreeningforpotentialenvironmentalhazards,includingvaporintrusion.ASTME2600describesatieredapproachforscreeningpropertiesforvaporintrusionandTableX5.1ofthestandardprovidesalistofstatevapor-intrusionguidancewebsites.
Note
Arecordssearchofthepropertyandsurrounding
propertiesmayprovideinformationregarding
pastusesandspillreports.
MA8.1RepairUnattachedSewerVentSystemComponents
Repairorreplacefailedorunattachedsewerventsystemcomponentsbeforeproceedingwithbuildingupgradeprojects.
MA8.2AddressDrainTrapsPronetoDryingOut
Iftheassessmentsrevealsewergasodorsfromdraintrapsthataredrybecauseofinfrequentuse,developamaintenanceplantoperiodicallyaddwatertothetrapstomaintainasealagainstsewergases.Considerinstallinginlinedraintrapsealstofloordrainspronetodryingout.
Note
Becauseoftheircontinuoususage,draintrapsinsinks,toiletsordrinkingfountainsseldomareaproblem.Usuallyitisafloor
draininanobscurelocation,suchasthemechanicalroom,shopareaorjanitor’scloset.Drydraintrapsinmechanicalroomsareespeciallyproblematicbecausethemechanicalroomsoftencontainheating,coolingandventilationsystemsthatcanquicklyspreadthegasesandodorstootherpartsofthebuilding.Unitary equipment(e.g.,heatpumps)canhavedrydraintraps,whichoftenresultsintheundesirableodorsbeinglimitedtooneroom.
MA8.3AssessandMitigateSoilGasVaporIntrusion
Ifsoilgasvaporintrusionissuspected,
assessandmitigateincompliancewithlocalorstatestandards.TableX5.1ofASTME2600providesalistofstatevapor-intrusionguidancewebsites.Iftherearenosuchstandards,followtheEPAguidancereferencedbelowforvapor-intrusionevaluationandmitigation.
Note
Thecausesorsourcesofcontaminantsmustbeidentifiedandcorrectedbeforeairsealingorotherweatherizationactionsareperformedtoensurethattheproblemisnotexacerbated.
EA8.1InstallFloorDrainSealstoUntrappedFloorDrains
Ifthereareuntrappedfloordrains,installinline
floordrainsealstoprovideprotectionagainstsewergases.
EA8.2InstallAutomaticDrainTrapPrimers
Installautomaticdraintrapprimers,availablefromseveralmajormanufacturers,indraintrapsthataresusceptibletodryingouttoensurethatasmallamountofwaterisperiodicallydeliveredtothetrap.
EA8.3TakeProperMeasuresforBrownfieldsSitesDuringNewConstructionorBuildingExpansion
ProjectslocatedonBrownfieldssites(asclassifiedbyafederal,stateorlocalgovernmentagency)involvingnewconstructionorexpansionofaground-levelfoundationshallincludefeaturestopreventmigrationofsoil-gascontaminantsintooccupiedspaces,asdescribedintheASHRAEIndoorAirQualityGuide,Strategy 3.4.
ReferencesforPriorityIssue8.0BelowgroundVaporFormingContaminants:
ASHRAEIndoorAirQualityGuide,Strategy 3.4
ASTME2600-10StandardGuideforVaporEncroachmentScreeningonPropertyInvolvedinRealEstateTransactionsEPADesignToolsforSchools:PreventingtheEntryofPollutantsfromOutsidetheBuilding
EPAEngineeringIssue:IndoorAirVaporIntrusionMitigationApproaches
EPASchoolSitingGuidelinesEPAVaporIntrusion
SeeAppendixB:CommunicationandEducation
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ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP) MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA) EXPANDED ACTIONS (EA)
AP9.1InvestigateComplaints MA9.1RestrictIdlingatSchoolBusLoading/ EA9.1RelocateExistingAboutMotorVehicleExhaust UnloadingZones,OtherStudentPickUpAreasand OutdoorAirIntakesEmissions LoadingDocks
Iffeasible,relocateexistingAsktheschoolnurse,facilitiesstaff Somelocalandstategovernmentsalreadyhave outdoorairintakesawayfromandtheschool’sIAQcoordinator anti-idlinglawsorpoliciesthatmustbefollowed. vehicleexhaustsourcesto
whethertherehavebeenoccupant Otherwise,requireenginesbeshutoff(no-idlezone) avoidentrainment(see complaintsregardingvehicle atschoolbusloading/unloadingzones,parentalpick MA9.7).
exhaustenteringthebuilding.Ifcomplaintshavebeenrecorded,obtainmoreinformationastowhenandwherecomplaintsoriginated.
AP9.2IdentifyAirLeaksFromParkingStructures
upareas,loadingdocks,andothervehicleloadingandunloadingzones.Providesignagetodesignatethelimitsofnoidlezones.
MA9.2SealLocationsThatSeparateParkingStructuresfromOccupiedSpaces
Minimizethemovementofvehicleexhaustpollutants
EA9.2InstallFiltrationandAirCleaningforOutdoorPollutants
Installparticlefiltrationand,inextremecases,gas-phaseaircleaningtotreat
Ifthereareattachedorenclosed intothebuildingbyairsealingthewallsand/orceilings ventilationairforoutdoorparkingstructures,identifythe thatseparateparkingstructuresfromoccupiedspaces. pollutants(seeEA18.2andlocationofairleaksfromthe Ataminimum,airsealtheselocations(ifpresent): EA18.3).parkingstructurestooccupiedspacesthatmightprovide
pathwaysforhazardousorirritatingemissionstoenteroccupiedspaces.For example,lookfordoors;overlookingwindows;andleaksaroundwalls,doors,windows,ceilings,ductwork,airconditioners,andelectricaland
• Leaksintoceilingcavities
o First-floorsoffitsatceilinglevel
o Single-ortwo-storyroof-walljoints
• Windows:Ensuretightclosureandinstallweatherstripping.If windowscurrentlyprovidemake-upairforcorridorortoiletexhaust,newmake-upairmustbeprovidedtothoserooms.
EA9.3AddPressurizedVestibulesatAllDoorwaysConnectedtoParkingAreas
Addapositive-pressurevestibuleateachdoorwayconnectingoccupiedspacestoaparkingstructure,toprovideanairlock.
pipepenetrations.
AP9.3IdentifyandAssessOutdoorAirIntakes
• Doors:Ensuretightclosureandinstallweatherstripping.
• Electrical,plumbingandductpenetrations
EA9.4InstallorUpgradeExhaustSystemsforVehicleParkingAreas
Ifthereareloadingdocksorvehicleloading/unloadingzones(e.g.,
• Cracksbetweenmasonryorconcretewallsandunsealedpenetrations
Installorupgradeexhaustsystemsforenclosedparking
schoolbusandparentalpick-up
areas),identifythelocationofoutdoorairintakesandassesswhethertheyarelocatedanadequatedistanceawayfromareaswherevehiclesmayidle.DeterminewhethertheseseparationdistancesmeettherequirementsspecifiedinASHRAE Standard62.1,
Table5.5.1.
• Leaksintheductworkorair-handlerplatforms
andgapsaroundtheductworkpenetratingtotheoccupiedspace
MA9.3MaintainPositivePressureinOccupiedSpacesNearParkingStructures
Maintainoccupiedspacesandvestibulesatapositivepressurerelativetoadjacentparkingstructures.Pressuredifferentialsaretypicallyachievedbyusingoutdoorair;however,toeffectivelyprotectIAQ,outdoorairintakesmustbelocatedasufficientdistance
areas:
• Provideadequateexhaustforalllocalizedsourcesofcontamination.
• Maintainsealedexhaustductworkunderanegativepressureinplenumspaces.
• Exhausttotheoutdoors,meetingtheminimum
frompotentialsourcesofvehicleexhaust,emergencygeneratorexhaustandothercombustionexhausts(seeMA9.6).
Asystemthatusestransferairfromotherportions
separationdistancerequirementsofASHRAEStandard62.1,
Table5.5.1.
ofthebuildingtoprovidepressurizationinspacesnearparkingstructurescanbedesigned,aslongasASHRAEStandard62.1outdoorairventilationrequirementsalsoareachieved.
PRIORITYISSUE9.0VEHICLEEXHAUST
SeeAppendixB:CommunicationandEducation
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PRIORITYISSUE9.0VEHICLEEXHAUST(continued)
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)EXPANDED
ACTIONS (EA)ASSESSMENT
PROTOCOLS (AP)
MA9.4DecoupleAreasWithVehicleExhaustEmissionsFromBuildingAirHandlingSystems
Eliminateanddisconnectsupplydiffusersandreturngrillesingaragesandvocationalclassroomsfromair-handlingsystemsthatserveotheroccupiedspaces.
MA9.5SpecifyCarbonMonoxideDetectionandWarningEquipment
SpecifythepresenceofcarbonmonoxidedetectionandwarningequipmentinbuildingswithattachedorenclosedparkingstructuresinaccordancewithNationalFireProtectionAssociation(NFPA)720andanyapplicablelocalorstaterequirements(seeMA21.2).
MA9.6LocateNewOutdoorAirIntakesAwayFromVehicleandGeneratorExhaustEmissions
EnsurethatnewoutdoorairintakesmeettheASHRAEStandard62.1,Table5.5.1minimumseparationdistancerequirementsfromanysourcesofexhaustemissionsincludingthefollowing:
• Parkingstructureexhaust
• Localmotorvehicletraffic
• Vehicleidlingareas
• Loadingdocks
• Emergencygeneratorexhaust
MA9.7ProtectExistingOutdoorAirIntakes
IfexistingoutdoorairintakesdonotmeettheASHRAEStandard62.1,Table5.5.1separationdistancerequirementsorotherlocalrequirements,relocatetheintakesifpossible.Ifrelocatingexistingairintakesiscostprohibitive,relocateemissionsourcelocationstoachievetherequiredminimumseparationdistances.
MA9.8UseaVentedHeatingSystemforParkingAreas
Ifheatisneededintheparkingstructure,useasupplementalheatingsystemthatisproperlyinstalledandventedtotheoutdoors.
ReferencesforPriorityIssue9.0VehicleExhaust:
ASHRAEIndoorAirQualityGuide,Strategies6.2,6.3and6.4ASHRAEStandard62.1,Table5.5.1,Sections5.2,5.5and5.15
AmericanTransportationResearchInstituteCompendiumofIdlingRegulations
EPACleanSchoolBus—IdleReductionCampaignEPASchoolSitingGuidelines
NFPA720:StandardfortheInstallationofCarbonMonoxide(CO)DetectionandWarningEquipment
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PRIORITYISSUE10.0LOCALANDREGIONALAMBIENTAIRQUALITY
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP) MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA) EXPANDED ACTIONS (EA)
AP10.1UnderstandLocalandRegionalAmbientAirQuality
Investigatepublishedinformationregardinglocal
sourcesofpollutionandregionaloutdoorairquality,includingoutdoorozonelevels.ASHRAEStandard62.1,Section4includesaprocedureforassessinglocalandregionaloutdoorairquality.RegionalairqualitycanbemonitoreddailyonweatherwebsitesandattheAirNowwebsite.
MA10.1MeetOutdoorAirFiltrationandAirCleaningRequirementsofASHRAEStandard62.1
Whentheschoolbuildingislocatedinanareawheretheoutdoorairexceedsthenational
standardsforparticulatematter(PM orPM )2.5 10
orozone,ensurethattheoutdoorairtreatmentrequirementsofASHRAEStandard62.1,Section6.2.1aremetformechanicalventilationsystems.This includesthefollowing:
• Particulate-matterfiltersorair-cleaningdeviceswithaMinimumEfficiencyReportingValue(MERV)ofatleast6shallbeusedinareaswherethenationalstandardforPM
10is
exceeded.
• Particulate-matterfiltersorair-cleaningdeviceswithaMERVofatleast11shallbeusedinareaswherethenationalstandardforPM
2.5is
exceeded.
• Air-cleaningdevicestoremoveozoneshallbeusedinareaswherethemostrecentEPAdesignvalueexceeds0.107ppm.The devicesshallhaveavolumetricozone-removalefficiencyofatleast40%andbeoperatedwhenevertheoutdoorozonelevelsareexpectedtoexceed0.107 ppm.
Note
AtthetimeASHRAEStandard62.12013was
published,itidentifiedonlyfourcountiesinthe
UnitedStateswith8hourozonedesignvalues
exceeding0.107 ppm,asofJuly31,2013.
EnsurethatanyincreasedleveloffiltrationoraircleaningdoesnotcreatetoomuchstaticpressurewithintheHVACsystem,whichcouldcauseinefficiencies,anincreaseinenergyuseorreducedequipmentlife.Forexistingsystems,checkwiththemanufacturertodeterminewhetherfilterswithhigherMERVratingscanbeinstalled,andinstallfilterswiththehighestratingthatcanbeaccommodatedbytheequipment.
EA10.1MeetOutdoorAirFiltrationandAirCleaningRequirementsofASHRAE Standard189.1
InadditiontotherequirementsofMA10.1,wheretheoutdoorairexceeds
thenationalstandardsforPM ,PM2.5 10
orozone,ensurethattheoutdoorair-filtrationandair-cleaningrequirementsofASHRAEStandard189.1,Section8.3.1.3aremetformechanicalventilationsystems,includingthefollowingmorestringentcriteria:
• Particulate-matterfiltersorair-cleaningdeviceswithaMERVofatleast8shallbeusedinareaswherethenationalstandardforPM
10
is exceeded.
• Particulate-matterfiltersorair-cleaningdeviceswithaMERVofatleast13shallbeusedinareaswherethenationalstandardforPM
2.5
is exceeded.
• Air-cleaningdevicestoremoveozonemustbeprovidedandusedforschoolsthatarelocatedinareasthatarein“nonattainment”withtheNationalAmbientAirQualityStandardsforozone.TheremovalefficiencyofthesystemshallbeatleastequaltowhatisrequiredunderMA 10.1.
ReferencesforPriorityIssue10.0LocalandRegionalAmbientAirQuality:
ASHRAEIndoorAirQualityGuide,Strategy3.1Standard62.1,Sections4and6.2.1
ASHRAEStandard189.1,Section8.3.1.3EPAAirTrends
EPAAirNowEPANationalAmbientAirQualityStandards
SeeAppendixB:CommunicationandEducation
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PRIORITYISSUE11.0PESTS
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP) MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA) EXPANDED ACTIONS (EA)
AP11.1IdentifyPotentialPestsandIntegratedPestManagement(IPM)Resources
Identifypestslikelytocolonizethebuildingbasedonprojectlocation.
IdentifyandacquireresourcestoassistwithimplementingIPM(e.g.,state/countyextension,publicationsandonlineresources,nongovernmentalorganizations,pestmanagementprofessionalswithexpertiseinschoolIPM),includingtheproperidentificationofpests.
AP11.2IdentifyEvidenceofPests
Identifyevidenceofpests(e.g.,rodents,squirrels,termites,birds,bats,cockroaches).Notethelocationandidentifypest-contaminatedmaterials.Determinewhetherpesticides(rodenticides,insecticides,herbicides,fungicides)arepresentlybeingused.SeeMA11.1forminimumactionstoaddresspestinfestations.
Notes
• Areasthathaveasignificantpotential
forpestinfestationsincludeattics,
basements,crawlspaces,andaround
chimneys,mechanicalstacksand
plumbingcleanouts.
• Termitesandsomeothertypes
ofpestinfestationsoftenarean
indicationofmoistureproblems.SeePriorityIssue3.0MoistureControl
andMoldfordiagnosingmoisture
problems.
AP11.3AssessWhethertheSchoolHasanIPMPlan
ConsulttheschoolfacilitiesstaffandIAQcoordinatortodeterminewhethertheschoolhasanIPMplanandthedegreetowhichtheplanisbeingfollowed.RefertoEPA’sIntegratedPest
ManagementinSchoolsbrochureandWebpageformoreinformation.
MA11.1MitigatePestInfestations
Ifthereisindicationofcurrentorpastpestinfestationswithinthebuilding,seekassistancefromaprofessionalwhoensuresIPMpracticeswithhisorherpestmanagementservices(some
examplesmayincludeGreenpro,GreenshieldorequivalentlycertifiedIPMprofessionals).
Determinewhetherpesticideswillneedtobeusedandfollowtheschooldistrict’sPestManagementPlan/Policyforpestcontrol.Wheneverpesticidesareapplied,thepesticidelabelmustbefollowed,asitisthelaw.
Consider providingsignagetocommunicatewhenpesticideapplicationswilloccur.The signageshouldbepostedpriortotheapplication(e.g.,1week)andincludedateswhentheapplicationwilltakeplace.Encourageschedulingpesticideapplicationswhenschoolisnotinsession.
Donotbeginworkinpest-infestedzonesuntilinfestedmaterialsareproperlyremoved.Insomecases,professionalassistancemaybeneededtoremoveinfestedmaterials.
Note
Manystatesrequirethatpestmanagement
professionalsbelicensed.
MA11.2PatchOpeningsinAreasofRodentInfestation
Inareaswithevidenceofrodentinfestation,patchandsealexteriorholesthatarelargerthan1/4”by3/8”withpest-resistantmaterials(e.g.,copper
mesh,hardwarecloth,sheetmetal,concrete)beforeapplyingweatherizationmaterialsthatmaybesusceptibletognawingbyrodents(e.g.,caulk,foamorinsulation).
MA11.3ReducePotentialforPestEntry
Block,sealandeliminatepestentrypointsaroundthebuildingenvelope.Examplesincludegapsarounddoorsandwindows;betweenthefoundationandtheupperportionofthebuilding;andaroundutilitypipes,conduitsandwires.
EA11.1UseSealableExteriorGarbageContainers
Ensurethatexteriorgarbagecansanddumpstersaresealableandsanitized
regularly.
EA11.2PestResistantKitchenDesign
FollowdesignguidanceoutlinedforinstitutionalkitchensintheSanFranciscoDepartmentoftheEnvironment(SF Environment)PestPreventionbyDesigndocument.
SeeAppendixB:CommunicationandEducation
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PRIORITYISSUE11.0PESTS(continued)
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)
EXPANDED
ACTIONS
(EA)
ASSESSMENT
PROTOCOLS
(AP)
MA11.4BlockPestMovementThroughBuilding
Reduceriskofpestdispersalthroughoutthebuildingbysealingandblockingpassagewaysthatpestscanusetomovefreelytoobtainfood,waterandharborage.Thisincludesgapsaroundfloorandceilingjoists;penetrationsinwalls,floorsandceilings;andopeningsaroundshaftsandchutes.
MA11.5ProtectOutdoorAirIntakesandExhausts
Protectairintakesfrombirdandpestentry(e.g.,coveropeningswithcorrosion-resistant½-inchscreenorgalvanizedmesh).Similarly,protectexhaustventsfromrodent,birdandpestentry(e.g.,coveropeningswithlouvers).Avoidcreatingconditionsthatcanclogexhaustvents.Advisefacilitymanagerstoregularlyinspect,cleanandrepairscreensorlouversoverairintakesandexhausts(e.g.,atleastsemi-annuallyorwhenreplacingHVACfilters).Makesurethatrooftopairhandlersareairsealedtotheirroofcurbstoreducepestentry.
MA11.6MaintainExistingPestProtections
Donotdisturboreliminateanybuilding-relatedmaterialsthatareinplacetoexcludepests.
MA11.7KeepVegetationandClutterAwayFromBuildingandMechanicalSystemsComponents
Removeclutter,eliminatewoodpilesandwastenearthebuilding,andremoveanybushes,treesorothervegetationwithin2feetofthestructure.Keepvegetationawayfromoutdoorairintakesandoutdoormechanicalequipment.Donotpilesoilormulchagainstthebuilding’sexteriorwalls.
MA11.8SchoolIPMPlan
EnsurethattheschoolhasanIPMplan.RefertoEPA’sIntegratedPestManagementinSchools
brochureandwebsiteformoreinformation.TheIPMchecklistprovidedinEPA’sIAQTools
forSchools ActionKitalsocanbeusedasanexample.PreventiveIPMmeasuresareeasytoimplementandoftenimprovetheoverallmaintenanceoftheschool.Thesemeasurescanincludethefollowing:
• Maintaininggoodsanitationpractices
• Installinghigh-densitydoorsweeps
• Restrictingareasinwhichfoodiseaten
• Movingdumpstersandfooddisposalcontainersawayfromtheschool,andmaintainingthecontainersingoodcondition
• Pressure-cleaningfoodserviceareas
• Sealingcracksandcrevices
• Cleaningguttersanddirectingwaterflowawayfrombuildingtopreventsaturation
AsuccessfulIPMprogramtakesadvantageofallpestmanagementstrategies,includingprevention,inspection,communication,biopesticideuse,andjudiciousandcarefuluseofpesticideswhennecessary.
FollowIPMguidelinesforroachcontrolandconsiderusingbaitsoverbroadcastapplicationswhenpossible,toreducepossiblepesticideexposure.
ReferencesforPriorityIssue11.0Pests:
ASHRAEIndoorAirQualityGuide,Strategy3.6CDCResourceonRodents
EPAIAQToolsforSchools ActionKit:IntegratedPestManagementBackgroundandChecklist
EPAIntegratedPestManagementinSchoolsBrochureandWebsiteSFDepartmentofEnvironmentPestPreventionbyDesignGuidelines
U.S.DepartmentofAgricultureCooperativeExtensionSystemOffices
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PRIORITYISSUE12.0TRACKEDINPOLLUTANTS
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP) MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA) EXPANDED ACTIONS (EA)
AP12.1InspectFloorSurfacesatBuildingEntrances
Inspectallbuildingentrancesforwalk-offmatsorentrymatsystems.Noteaccumulationofdirtormoistureon
interiorfloorsnearbuildingentrancesthatmightindicateneedforwalk-offmatsorentrywayfloor-cleaningsystems.
MA12.1ProvideWalkOffMats
Providewalk-offmatstotrapdirtandmoistureatallbuildingentrances.Thematsneedtobelongenoughtoallowatleastfivefullstepsforpeopleentering
theschool(aminimumof10feetlong).Walk-offmatsshouldberegularlyvacuumedandcleanedaccordingtomanufacturer’sprintedinstructions.Matsshouldhaveanti-slipbackingsorothermeanstoreduceslidingandtrippinghazards.Matsshouldnotbeplacedovercarpetedareasandshouldhaveanimpervious,readilycleanablesurfacebeneaththem.
Note
Matsshouldbeperiodicallymovedand
allowedtodry.Matsinhightrafficareas
andovervinylflooringshouldbemoved
andallowedtodryfrequentlyduring
wetweatherconditions(e.g.,onadaily
basis).
MA12.2FollowEPAGuidanceonCleanlinessandMaintenanceinSchools
ProvideacopyoftheEPAIAQTools
forSchoolsActionKit:BuildingandGroundsMaintenanceChecklisttothefacilitymanager.
EA12.1InstallPermanentEntryway
Systems
Installpermanententrywaysystemsatallregularlyusedbuildingentrancestocapturedirtandmoisture,in
accordancewithASHRAEStandard189.1,Section 8.3.1.5orEPA’sIAQ
DesignToolsforSchools,EntryMatBarriers.Theentrymatsystemshould—
• Provideascrapersurface,anabsorptionsurfaceandafinishingsurface,insequenceinthedirectionof travelintothebuilding.
• Beaswideastheentrydoors.
• Haveanti-slipbackingsorotherlockingmechanismstoreduceslidingandtrippinghazards.
• Bedesignedforregularcleaningtoremoveaccumulateddirt.
• Notbeinstalledoveranexistingwalk-offmatorotherentrywaysystem.
ReferencesforPriorityIssue12.0TrackedInPollutants:
ASHRAEIndoorAirQualityGuide,Strategy3.5
ASHRAEStandard189.1,Section8.3.1.5
AssociationofPhysicalPlantAdministratorsOperationalGuidelinesforEducationalFacilities:CustodialEPAIAQDesignToolsforSchools ,EntryMatBarriers
EPAIAQToolsforSchoolsActionKit:BuildingandGroundsMaintenanceBackgroundandChecklist
SeeAppendixB:CommunicationandEducation
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PRIORITYISSUE13.0BUILDINGPRODUCTS/MATERIALSEMISSIONS
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP) MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA) EXPANDED ACTIONS (EA)
IndoorContaminantsandSources
AP13.1ReviewContentandEmissionsDocumentationforNewProducts
Reviewinformationonthechemical
contentandemissionsforproductsbeingconsideredforpurchaseandinstallationduringthebuildingupgradeprojecttodeterminewhethertheycontainpotentiallyhazardouscompounds.Manyoftheseproductsandmaterials(e.g.,plywood,particleboard,pressedwood,insulation,paints,sealants,cleaningsupplies)maycontainVOCsorotherhazardouscompoundstowhichexposureshouldbeminimizedoreliminatedduringandaftertheproject.
MA13.1SelectLeastToxicMaterials
Wheninstallingnewproductsandmaterials,usetheleasttoxicproduct
ormaterialfeasibletoeffectivelydothejob.Forexample,useproductsandmaterialsthatindicatetheyhave(orarecertifiedashaving)low-VOCcontentorlow-VOCemissionsandfollowmanufacturers’printedinstructionsforuse.
Specifyproductsandmaterialsthatmeetindependentcertificationandtestingprotocols,suchasthefollowing:
• CaliforniaDepartmentofPublicHealth,EmissionTestingMethodforCaliforniaSpecification
01350,complyingwiththelimitrequirementsforclassrooms,regardlessofspacetype
• CarpetandRugInstituteGreenLabelPlusprogramcriteria,orequivalentstandardsforcarpet
• CollaborativeforHighPerformanceSchoolsHighPerformanceProductsDatabase
• GreenSealStandardGS-11
• GreenguardGoldCertificationProgram
• MasterPaintersInstituteGreenPerformanceStandardsX-Green,GPS-1orGPS-2
• ResilientFloorCoveringInstitute,FloorScore
• ScientificCertificationSystemsStandardEC-10.2-2007,IndoorAdvantageGold
• Insulationproductsthatcontainnoaddedformaldehydeandaremoistureresistant
• Ceilingtileswithlowformaldehydeemissionrates
EA13.1AirOutNewMaterials
Wherepossible,airoutnewmaterialsinawell-ventilated,cleananddryspace
priortoinstallation.Off-siteopeningofwrappedortightlypackagedmaterialstofacilitatethisconditioningstepisalsoacceptable.
EA13.2SealCompositeWoodProducts
Sealcompositewoodproducts(e.g.,particleboard,pressedwood)thatarenotcompliantwithCaliforniaTitle17AirborneToxicControlMeasures(ATCM)orthatdonotmeetSection6.1ofEPA’sIndoorairPLUSConstructionSpecificationswithasealantintendedtoreduceVOCemissions.Sealallexposedsurfacesandholes,asappropriate.Checkwithvendorsforrecommendationsonsealingtheirengineeredwoodproducts.
EA13.3InvestigateandCorrectContaminantSourceProblemsAfterBuildingModifications
IfodorsorcomplaintsindicateVOCsorotherairbornecontaminantsafterworkhasbeencompleted,removeanypotentialsources(e.g.,artsandcraftsmaterials,fiberglassthatmaycontainformaldehyde)fromtheroomorarea.
Ifremovalisnotfeasible,considerinstallinglocalexhaustventilationforsourcesthatareisolatedtoaspecificroomorarea,atleastonatemporarybasisuntilmaterialsoff-gassinghassubsided.Iftheseactionsdonotsolvetheproblem(e.g.,persistentodors,occupantcomplaints),hiringanenvironmentalprofessionalandtestingmaybenecessary.
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PRIORITYISSUE13.0BUILDINGPRODUCTS/MATERIALSEMISSIONS(continued)
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA) EXPANDED ACTIONS (EA)ASSESSMENTPROTOCOLS
(AP)
MA13.2UseLowEmittingWoodandCompositeWoodProducts
Wheninstallingstructuralplywoodorpressedorcompositewoodproducts,selectthosethatarecertifiedcompliantwithCaliforniaTitle17ATCMtoreduceformaldehydeemissionsfromcompositewoodproducts.If
CaliforniaTitle17ATCMcompliantmaterialsarenotavailable,usewoodproductsthatmeetSection6.1ofEPA’sIndoorairPLUSConstructionSpecificationsorcompositewoodproductsthatcontainnoaddedformaldehyde.
Notes
• CaliforniaTitle17ATCMregulationsrequirereducedformaldehyde
emissionsfromcompositewoodproductsandfinishedgoodsthat
containcompositewoodproductssold,offeredforsale,supplied,used
ormanufacturedforsaleinCalifornia.
• TitleVIofTSCAsetsnationalformaldehydeemissionstandardsfor
compositewoodproductsthatareidenticaltoCalifornia’sPhaseII
emissionstandards.EPAcurrentlyisdevelopingtheregulationsto
implementthesestandardsnationally.
MA13.3ProvideAdequateVentilation
EnsurethattheschoolmeetstheMinimumActionsinPriority Issues19.0OutdoorAirVentilationand20.0 ExhaustVentilation.
MA13.4PostConstructionFlushOutWithOutdoorAir
Afterconstructioniscompleted,ventilatetherenovatedbuilding/spaceswiththedesignoutdoorairventilationratesbeforeoccupancyresumes.EnsurethatHVACsystemsareoperationalandcapableofadequatelycontrollingindoorhumiditylevelsduringtheflushout.Do notconducta“bake-out”inanattempttoreduceVOCemissionsafterthebuildingisoccupied,becauseitmaycauseVOCstobeabsorbedbyotherinteriormaterialsandmaydamagebuildingcomponents.
If possible,followthepost-constructionflush-outrequirementsspecifiedinASHRAEStandard189.1,Section10.3.1.4(b),whichrequiresatotalnumberofairchangescorrespondingtotheventilationsystemoperatingatitsdesignoutdoorairflowratecontinuously,24 hoursperdayfor14days.Alongerflush-outperiodcanbeusedifthereareconcernsorcomplaintsaboutIAQaftertheinitialflushout.Additional,periodicflushoutmayalsobeneededforspacesthathaveintermittentorinfrequentoccupancyandarenotventilatedforextendedperiods.
MA13.5LimitVOCAbsorptionDuringConstruction
FollowguidanceoutlinedinMA 22.3toprotectabsorptivematerialsduringconstruction.
MA13.6LimitChildren’sandOtherOccupants’Exposure
FollowPriorityIssue22.0ProtectingIAQDuringConstructiontoprotectchildrenandotheroccupantsfrommaterialemissionsduringbuildingupgrades.
EA13.4PostConstructionFlushOutorPostConstructionBaselineIAQMonitoringPerASHRAEStandard 189.1
Afterconstructioniscompleted,meettherequirementsofASHRAEStandard189.1,Section10.3.1.4(b)foreitheraflush-outorbaselineIAQmonitoringbeforeoccupancyisresumedintherenovatedschool/spaces.A flush-outperiodlongerthanspecifiedinASHRAEStandard189.1canbeusedifthereareconcernsorcomplaintsaboutIAQaftertheinitialflushout.Additional,periodicflushoutmayalsobe
neededforspacesthathaveintermittentorinfrequentoccupancyandarenotventilatedforextendedperiods.
EA13.5PromoteTransparencyofChemicalConstituentsinProductsandMaterials
Topromotetransparencyofchemicalconstituentsassociatedwiththemanufactureofaproductandsubstancesresidinginthefinalproduct,requireproductsthathavesubmitted
theircompletechemicalinventorytoathird-partyforverification.Maketheverification/certificationbythethird-partypubliclyavailable.
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ReferencesforPriorityIssue13.0BuildingProducts/MaterialsEmissions:
ASHRAEIndoorAirQualityGuide,Strategies5.1and5.2
ASHRAEStandard189.1,Sections10.3.1.4and10.3.1.4(b)1CaliforniaDepartmentofPublicHealth,EmissionTestingMethodforCaliforniaSpecification01350
CaliforniaTitle17ATCMtoReduceFormaldehydeEmissionsfromCompositeWoodProducts
CarpetandRugInstituteGreenLabelPlus
CollaborativeforHighPerformanceSchoolsHighPerformanceProductsDatabaseEPAFormaldehydeEmissionsFromCompositeWoodProducts
EPAAnIntroductiontoIndoorAirQuality:VolatileOrganicCompounds
EPAIAQDesignToolsforSchools ,ControllingPollutantsandSourcesEPAIndoorairPLUSConstructionSpecifications
GreenSealStandardGS-11GreenguardGoldCertificationProgramMasterPaintersInstituteGreenPerformanceStandardsX-Green,GPS-1orGPS-2
ResilientFloorCoveringInstitute,FloorScore
ScientificCertificationSystemsStandardEC-10.2-2007,EnvironmentalCertificationProgram,IndoorAirQualityPerformanceTSCATitleVI–FormaldehydeStandardsforCompositeWoodProducts
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PRIORITYISSUE14.0VENTEDCOMBUSTIONAPPLIANCES
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP) MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA) EXPANDED ACTIONS (EA)
AP14.1CompleteaSafetyInspection
Completeasafetyinspectionofallventedcombustionappliancesintheschool(e.g.,fur
naces,boilers,spaceheaters,waterheaters).The inspectionshallincludeobservationsforapplicablecoderequirementsincludingproperclearances,conditionofventing,assessmentofthepotentialforbackdrafting,integrityoffuellines,andsafetyofelectricalconnectionsandtheapplianceitself.
Forgas-firedappliancesandequipment,makethisassessmentusingapplicableinstallationstandards,includingthe
NationalFuelGasCode,ANSIZ223.1/NFPA54,theapplicableANSIZ21/Z83gas-firedappliancesafetystandardsandthemanufacturer’sprintedinstructions.Determinewhethergas-firedapplianceinstallationscomplywithSection9.3“AirforCombustionandVentilation”ofANSIZ223.1/NFPA54forproperventing,includinginfluencesofotherbuildingventilationandexhaustingequipment.
Foroil-firedappliancesandequipment,makethisassessmentusingapplicableinstallationstandards,includingtheStandardfortheInstallationofOil-BurningEquipment,ANSI/NFPA 31,theapplicableANSI/ULoil-firedappliancesafetystandard,andthemanufacturer’sprintedinstructions.
MA14.1Test,Repair,RemoveorReplaceCombustionAppliances
CompleteallapplicableactionsundertheAssessmentProtocolsandensurecompliancewithapplicablecodesandstandards.Testcombustionappliancesforproper
draftandventingunderworst-caseconditionsbeforeandafterworkthataffectsenvelopeleakageandairflows(e.g.,airsealing,insulation,additionorupgradeofexhaustfans).Repair,removeorreplacecombustionequipmentandaddressotherissuesordeficienciesasneededtomeettheapplicablecodesandstandards.
Note
Allequipmentremovalsshouldincludeproperdisposalso
thathazardousunitsarenotreinstalledorusedelsewhere.
Addressdepressurizationandpotentialbackdraftingproblems(e.g.,withcombustionmake-upair,faninterlocks,transfergrilles,jumperducts,louvereddoorsordoorundercuts)or,withtheschool’spermission,disable
theexhaustequipmentcausingtheproblemsprovideditdoesnotconflictwiththespecificexhaustrequirementsforspacesservedbytheexhaustequipment.Ensure thatcombustionappliancesareinstalledwithsufficientaccessforpropermaintenanceandareoperatingincompliancewiththeoriginalmanufacturer’sprintedspecifications.
MA14.2EnsureProperExhaustLocations
Ensurethatcombustionexhaustiscapturedasclosetothecombustionsourceaspossible,exhausteddirectlyoutdoors,andnotventedintootherindoorspacessuchasattics,crawlspacesorbasements.
MA14.3EnsureAdequateMakeUpAir
Ensurethatventedapplianceshavesufficientmake-upairtoreplaceventedairandmaintainnormaloperatingconditions.
MA14.4EnsureProperBoilerOperation
Ensurethatboilerfiringadjustmentsareworkingproperlysothatsootisnotdispelledoutoftheatmosphericdampersintoboilerrooms.Confirmthatboilersdonotreleaseblacksmokethroughthechimneyformorethanaverybriefperiod.
MA14.5VerifyInstallationofCarbonMonoxideDetectionandWarningEquipment
EnsurethatcarbonmonoxidedetectionandwarningequipmentisinstalledandmeetstherequirementsofNFPA720andanyapplicablelocalorstaterequirements.
EA14.1InstallPowerVentedorSealedCombustionEquipment
Ifreplacingcombustionequipmentlocatedinoccu
piedorconditionedspaces,recommendpower-ventedorsealed-combustionequipment.InstallnewcombustionequipmentinaccordancewiththeAirConditioningContractorsofAmerica’s(ACCA)Standard5.
SeeAppendixB:CommunicationandEducation
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ReferencesforPriorityIssue14.0VentedCombustionAppliances:
ACCAStandard5QI-2010:HVACQualityInstallationSpecification
ANSIZ223.1/NFPA54NationalFuelGasCodeANSIZ21/CanadianStandardsAssociation(CSA)andANSIZ83/CSASeries,ProductsandStandardsforGas,OilandSolidFuel
AppliancesandEquipment
ASHRAEIndoorAirQualityGuide,Strategies6.1and6.2
ASHRAEStandard62.1,Section5.7NFPA31:StandardforInstallationofOil-BurningEquipment
NFPA211:StandardforChimneys,Fireplaces,Vents,andSolidFuel-BurningAppliances
NFPA720:StandardfortheInstallationofCarbonMonoxide(CO)DetectionandWarningEquipment
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PRIORITY ISSUE 15.0 UNVENTED COMBUSTION APPLIANCES
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP) MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)EXPANDED
ACTIONS (EA)
AP15.1IdentifyUnventedCombustionAppliancesandApplicableRegulations
Identifyanyunventedgasor
kerosenespaceheatersorvent-freecombustionappliances(e.g.,ovens,ranges,labequipment,spaceheaters).
Determinewhetheranylocalorstateregulationsprohibitingthesedevicesapply.
MA15.1EnsureAdequateVentilationandExhaustinSpacesWithUnventedCombustionEquipment(OtherThanHeaters)
EnsurethatASHRAEStandard62.1requirementsforoutdoorairventilationandexhaustaremetforeachspecificroomwhereunventedcombustion
equipmentisused.Thefollowingunventedequipmentistypicallyfoundinschools,andeachhasspecificventilationandexhaustrequirements,perASHRAEStandard62.1.
• Foodpreparationdevices,suchasovensandrangesthatareoperatedtopreparefoodforonsiteconsumptionortotrainstudentsintheculinaryarts
• Unventedcombustiondevicesusedinlaboratoriesandclassroomsforeducationalandvocationalpurposes(e.g.,gasburners,Bunsenburners,propanetorches)
• Unventedcombustionequipmentusedinschoolsforcustodialandmaintenancepurposes(e.g.,naturalgas-orpropane-poweredfloormaintenanceequipment,forklifts,andtractors)
Ensureroomswherecarbonmonoxideislikelytobegenerated(e.g.,
kitchens,sciencelaboratories,vocationalclassrooms)areoperatedatanegativepressurerelativetosurroundingareas.EnsurethatnegativepressuresinkitchensinducedbyexhaustfansdonotexceedNFPA96Section8.3.1guidelinesresultingfromalackofmake-upair.
MA15.2RemoveUnventedCombustionSpaceHeaters
Withtheschool’spermission,removeanyunventedgasorkerosenespaceheatersthatdonotconformtolocalorstateregulations.Iftheheatersareusedastheprimarysourceofheatforaspace,replacethemwithelectricorvented,code-compliantheatingsystems.
Withtheschool’spermission,removeotherunventedheaters,exceptwhenusedasasecondaryheatsourceanditcanbeconfirmedthattheunitisincompliancewithANSIZ21.11.2.Advisetheschoolstafftoalways
followthemanufacturer’sprintedinstructionsforproperoperationandmaintenance.
Note
Allequipmentremovalsshouldincludeproperdisposalsothathazardous
unitsarenotreinstalledorusedelsewhere.
MA15.3VerifyInstallationofCarbonMonoxideDetectionandWarningEquipment
EnsurecarbonmonoxidedetectionandwarningequipmentisinstalledandmeetstherequirementsofNFPA720andanyapplicablelocalorstaterequirements.
Thiscellisintentionallyblank.
ReferencesforPriorityIssue15.0UnventedCombustionAppliances:
ANSIZ21.11.2Gas-FiredRoomHeatersVolumeII,UnventedRoomHeatersASHRAEStandard62.1
EPAIAQ:GuidanceonCarbonMonoxide
NFPA96StandardforVentilationControlandFireProtectionofCommercialCookingOperationsNFPA720:StandardfortheInstallationofCarbonMonoxide(CO)DetectionandWarningEquipment
SeeAppendixB:CommunicationandEducation
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PRIORITYISSUE16.0OZONEFROMINDOORSOURCES
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP) MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA) EXPANDED ACTIONS (EA)
AP16.1IdentifyIndoorSourcesof
Ozone
Determinewhetherthereareorwillbesignificantsourcesofozonegenerationinthebuilding,includingphotocopiers
andlaserprinters.Determinewhetheranyair-cleaningorpurifyingequipmentdesignedtointentionallyproduceozoneispresent(e.g.,ozonegeneratorsandairpurifiers).
MA16.1AvoidOzoneGeneratingAir
CleaningEquipment
Donotinstallair-cleaningorair-purifyingequipmentdesignedtointentionallyproduceozone(i.e.,ozone
generators).Recommendremovalofexistingair-cleaningorair-purifyingequipmentdesignedtointentionallyproduceozone,ifpresent.
MA16.2ProvideAdequateVentilation
andExhaustinAreaswithOzone
GeneratingOfficeEquipment
Ventilateandexhaustprinting,copying,andreprographicsareasandotherareaswithofficeequipmentthatemitsozoneinaccordancewithASHRAEStandard62.1andtheprintedguidelinesprovidedbytheequipment
manufacturer.
EA16.1TestExistingOfficeEquipment
forOzoneEmissionsandMitigate
ElevatedLevels
Testforozoneemissionsfromexistingofficeequipmentfollowing
ASTM D6670.Repairorremoveofficeequipmentthatisfoundtoemitozoneatalevelgreaterthan0.02milligramspercubicmeter.
EA16.2InstallOzoneCapture/Removal
Systems
Recommendpurchasingoffice-equipmentfittedwithanactivecarbonfilterorotherozoneabsorptiondeviceorfittedwithadedicatedexhaustandheatremovalsystem.Theseoftenareoptionsavailablefromequipmentmanufacturers.
ReferencesforPriorityIssue16.0OzonefromIndoorSources:
ASHRAEStandard62.1
ASTMInternationalD6670-13StandardPracticeforFull-ScaleChamberDeterminationofVolatileOrganicEmissionsfromIndoorMaterials/Products
CaliforniaEPAAirResourcesBoard:HazardousOzone-Generating‘AirPurifiers’
EPAOzoneGeneratorsthatAreSoldasAirCleaners
SeeAppendixB:CommunicationandEducation
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PRIORITY ISSUE 17.0 ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP) MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)EXPANDED
ACTIONS (EA)
AP17.1AssessSmokingPolicy
Federallawprohibitssmokingwithinanyindoorfacilityregularlyorroutinelyusedforkindergarten,elementary,orsecondaryeducationorlibraryserviceto
children.Localorstatelawsmaybemorerestrictive.Determinewhethertheschoolhasapolicythatprohibitssmokinginsidetheschool.Determinewhethertherearelocationswhereoutdoorsmokingisallowedonschoolgroundsandthedistancesoftheselocationsfromthebuilding’sentrances,outdoorairintakesandoperablewindows.
AP17.2IdentifyOccupantComplaintsAboutSmoking
Asktheschoolnurseandtheschool’sIAQcoordinatorwhethertherehavebeenoccupantcomplaintsaboutsmokingodors.
MA17.1EnsuretheSchoolHasaPolicyonTobacco
Use
Anyschoolpolicyontobaccousemustbeconsistentwithlocal,stateandfederallaws.Thepolicyshould
includeprohibitionsagainsttobaccousebystudents,allschoolstaff,parentsandvisitorsonschoolproperty,inschoolvehicles,andatschool-sponsoredfunctionsawayfromschoolproperty.
Iftherearedesignatedoutdoorsmokinglocations,ensurethattheselocationsareaminimumof25feetfromallbuildingentrances,outdoorairintakesandoperablewindows.
Note
Federallawprohibitssmokinginsideschool
buildings.Itisstronglysuggestedthattheschool
tobaccousepolicyalsoprohibitsmokingonschool
groundsandinschoolvehicles.
Thiscellisintentionallyblank.
ReferencesforPriorityIssue17.0EnvironmentalTobaccoSmoke:
ASHRAEStandard189.1,Section8.3.1.4
CDCGuidelinesforSchoolHealthProgramstoPreventTobaccoUseandAddiction
EPAIAQToolsforSchools:IAQReferenceGuide,AppendixF—SecondhandSmokeUnitedStatesCode,Title20,Chapter68,Section6083:Nonsmokingpolicyforchildren’sservices
SeeAppendixB:CommunicationandEducation
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Heating,VentilationandAirConditioning(HVAC)
PRIORITYISSUE18.0HVACEQUIPMENT
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP) MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA) EXPANDED ACTIONS (EA)
EA18.1InstallHigherEfficiencyFiltersateProperly
AP18.1ConductHVACAssessment MA18.1EnsureExistingSystemsOper-inNewHVACSystemsEvaluatetheconditionoftheexisting
HVACsystemcomponentsinaccordance Usehigherefficiencyfiltersupstream
withminimuminspectionstandardsof
Basedonanassessmentofequipment
ofallcoolingcoilsorotherdevicesASHRAE/ACCAStandard180,ASHRAE conditionandsizing,repair,modifyorreplaceequipmenttoensureproperHVAC withwettedsurfaces(e.g.,MERV11orhandbooks,orotherequivalentstandards higher),ifthenewequipmentiscapableandguidelines.
functionandcorrectrelateddeficiencies.ofphysicallyaccommodatingthe
existingHVACsystemmaybelimitedTheabilitytomodifyandadjustthe
filtersandhasadequatefancapacityTheHVACassessmentistoincludetoovercomethehigh-efficiencyfilters’byitsinitialdesign.Reviewtheoriginalanevaluationofwhetherthesystemispressuredrop.equipmentspecificationsandseekfunctioningproperly,basedonASHRAE
outsideengineeringassistanceasneeded.andACCAstandardsappropriateforEA18.2IncreaseFilterEfficienciesin
thetypeofequipment.Determine Ifmaintenance,cleaningorrepairsExistingHVACSystems
whethertheHVACsystemisproperly areneededtorestoretheHVACtoForexistingsystems,checkwiththesizedinaccordancewithASHRAEload properfunctioning,performthemmanufacturertodeterminewhetherinaccordancewithASHRAE/ACCAcalculationmanualsandhandbooksfilterswithhigherMERVratingscanorotherequivalentstandardized Standard180,ACCAStandard6,beinstalledwithoutintroducinganguidelines.Evaluatebuildingheating orotherequivalentstandardsandunacceptableincreaseinairflowguidelines.Ensurethatthereisaandcoolingloadsafterplannedresistance.Installfilterswiththe
modificationsandHVACequipment scheduledinspectionandmaintenance highestMERVratingthatcanbecapacitiesforsensibleandlatentloads. programforHVACsystemsinaccommodatedbytheequipment.accordancewithASHRAE/ACCAIfHVACreplacementormodificationisRevieworiginalequipmentanticipated,basesizingcalculationson Standard180.specificationsandseekoutsidepost-upgradeconditions. Forunitswithfilterstatuspressureengineeringassistanceasneeded.
switches,ensurethatswitchesarefollowing:Theassessmentshallincludethe
operatingproperlyandscheduledfor EA18.3EmployFiltrationandAirregularcalibrations. CleaningToSupplementSourceControl• Inspecttheairfiltersand
andVentilationWhenadjustingexistingHVACsystems,filtrationsystemforoverallfiltercondition,filterefficiency,particle refertoPriorityIssues19.0OutdoorAir Installfiltrationandgas-phaseairaccumulation,filterblowout,andair Ventilationand20.0ExhaustVentilation cleaningstrategies,ifappropriate,toleakagearoundfilters. forguidanceonventilationandexhaust supplementpollutantsourcecontrol
requirements. strategiesandtheperformanceofindicationsofmoldgrowth,excess
• Inspectairplenumsandductworkfortheoutdoorairventilationsystem
MA18.2ProperlySizeandInstallNew inremovingpollutants.Maintaindirtorobstructions.DetermineHVACEquipment theprescribedminimumoutdoorairIfreplacingequipment,basesizing
whethercomponentsandsystemsventilationratesifthisapproachis
calculationsonpost-upgradeprojectinstalledinplenums(e.g.,cables)
used(seePriorityIssue19.0).Considerconditions.
areratedforuseinplenumspaces.thelimitationsoftheairhandling• Inspectexhaustsystemforpropersystem,theamountandseverityofInstallnewequipmentinaccordancedirectionoffanrotation,corrosion,contaminants,andthefeaturesofthewithACCAStandard5andverifyexcessivevibration,blockage,orfiltrationandaircleaningequipment.installationinaccordancewithACCApressuredifferentialsthatcanleadtoFiltrationandaircleaningstrategiesStandard9,ASHRAEhandbooksleakageorflowreversals.maybeadvisableinthefollowing
guidelines.orotherequivalentstandardsand
conditions:
• Outdoorairoftenispolluted(e.g.,MA18.3EnsureMERV8FiltersinNew schoolslocatednearroadways)orHVACSystems consistently/seasonallyburdenedwithEnsurethatnewHVACsystemshavea highheatorhumidity.minimumMERV8filter,locatedupstream • Sourcecontroltacticsareinsufficientofallcoolingcoilsorotherdeviceswith oroccupantactivitiesgeneratehighwettedsurfaces,inaccordancewith contaminantloads.ASHRAEStandard62.1requirements.
• OccupantsrequireenhancedThereshallbenoairbypassaroundtheprotectionfromcontaminants.filtersandnoaircleanersdesignedto
intentionallyproduceozone.
SeeAppendixB:CommunicationandEducation SeeAppendixC:WorkerProtection
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PRIORITYISSUE18.0HVACEQUIPMENT(continued)
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA) EXPANDED ACTIONS (EA)ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP)
MA18.4RemediateMoldinAirPlenumsandDuctwork
IfmoldisfoundinairplenumsorductworkduringtheHVACassessment,followtheguidanceoutlinedinMA 3.2.
MA18.5ControlBacterialGrowthinHVACSystemsandMechanicalEquipment
FollowOSHATechnicalManual:Legionnaires’Diseasetoprotectagainstbacteriagrowthincoolingtowers,evaporativecondensers,humidifiers,hotwatersystemsthatoperatebelow140°F,firesprinklersystems,icemachines,andwarm-waterpipingforeyewashandsafetyshowers.
Note
ASHRAEhasaproposednewstandard
underdevelopment,Standard188P,“Legionellosis:RiskManagement
forBuildingWaterSystems.”The
newstandardwillprovideminimum
legionellosisriskmanagement
requirementsforthedesign,
construction,commissioning,operation,
maintenance,repair,replacementand
expansionofnewandexistingbuildings
andtheirassociatedwatersystems
andcomponents.Whenthisstandard
ispublished,itsrequirementswillbe
consideredaMinimumActioninthis
EnergySavingsPlusHealthGuide.
ReferencesforPriorityIssueReferencesforPriorityIssue18.0HVACEquipment:
ACCAStandard5QI-2010:HVACQualityInstallationSpecification
ACCAStandard6-2007:RestoringtheCleanlinessofHVACSystemsACCAStandard9QIVP-2011:HVACQualityInstallationVerificationProtocols
ASHRAE/ACCAStandard180
ASHRAEHandbook:Fundamentals
ASHRAEHandbook:HVACApplications
ASHRAEIndoorAirQualityGuide ,Strategy7.5
ASHRAELoadCalculationsApplicationManual
ASHRAEStandard62.1,Section5.8ASHRAEStandard188P(forthcoming)
ASHRAEStandard189.1,Section8.3.1.3.a.1
OSHATechnicalManual:Legionnaires’Disease
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PRIORITYISSUE19.0OUTDOORAIRVENTILATION
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP) MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA) EXPANDED ACTIONS (EA)
AP19.1DetermineComplianceWithASHRAEStandard62.1VentilationRequirements
Basedonexistingdesigndocumentsandbalancingreports,orbuilding
auditresults,determinewhethertheschoolcomplieswiththeventilationrequirementsofASHRAEStandard62.1.Thiswillrequiremeasuringairflowsonsite.
Note
Someexistingventilationsystemsmay
notbecapableofmeetingtheminimum
outdoorairventilationrequirements
ofASHRAEStandard62.1because
ofcapacitylimitations,whereasother
existingventilationsystemsmayhave
sufficientcapacitytomeetorexceed
thestandard.
ASHRAEStandard62.1,Table6.2.2.1providesminimumbreathingzoneventilationrequirementsforvariousspacetypes.TheVentilationRateProcedurerequiresthatzoneandsystemventilationratesbecalculatedbasedontheseminimumrates.EachventilationzoneandeachsystemmustmeettheASHRAErequirementsforthebuildingtobeincompliance.
DeterminewhethertheventilationsystemsatisfiestherequirementsofASHRAEStandard62.1,Section5for
SystemsandEquipment.
MA19.1AdjustExistingSystemsToMeetASHRAE Standard62.1WherePossible
Adjusttheventilationratesofexistingsystemstomeettherequirements
ofASHRAEStandard62.1,wherepossible,usingtheVentilationRateProcedure.
IfitisnotpossibletoincreaseventilationratestomeettherequirementsofASHRAEStandard62.1becauseofequipmentcapacitylimitations,buildingspacelimitations,budgetaryconstraintsorotherreasons,theventilationsystemshallbeadjustedtoprovidethemaximumoutdoorairflowpossible.Theconditions(e.g.,heatingandcoolingloads)forwhichthesystemscannotmeettheASHRAEStandard62.1require
mentsshouldbeidentified,andthesystemsshouldbeoperatedtomeettheASHRAEStandard62.1requirementswheneverloadconditionspermit.
Note
ASHRAEStandard62.1alsoallows
aNaturalVentilationProcedure
inconjunctionwithmechanical
ventilationsystems,withafewspecified
exceptions.Whennaturalventilation
isprovided,effortsshouldbemade
toensurethatwindowsandother
ventilationopeningsareoperated
appropriately.EnsurecompliancewithSection5ofASHRAEStandard 62.1whereverpossible.
MA19.2ConsiderImpactsofBuildingEnvelopeAirSealingonVentilation
Avoidtighteningthebuildingenvelopetoreduceairexchangeratesifmechanicalventilationratesaredeficient.Ensurethatschoolbuildingsrelyingonnaturalventilationwillhaveadequateventilationafterweatherizationactivities.
EA19.1Replace/UpgradeExistingSys-temsToMeetASHRAEStandard 62.1
IfexistingsystemscannotmeetASHRAEStandard62.1,upgradeHVACsystemstoobtaincomplianceorcreate
asystemupgradeplantomeetASHRAEStandard62.1duringfutureupgrades.
EA19.2InstallMonitoringToEnsureAdequateOutdoorAirVentilation
Formechanicalventilationapplications,installpermanentoutdoorairflowmonitoringsystemsinaccordancewithASHRAE189.1,Section8.3.1.2.
Fornaturalventilationapplications,providemonitoringtoensurethatoperablewindowsandotherventilationopeningsareoperatedappropriatelytoensureadequateventilation.Thismay
includemonitoringindoorandoutdoorcarbondioxidelevelsandprovidingvisualfeedbacktobuildingoperatorsandoccupants.
EA19.3ApplyAdvancedVentilationApproaches
ApplyadvancedventilationapproachesthathavethepotentialtoreduceenergyuseandimproveIAQ,includingthefollowingmethods:
• Dedicatedoutdoorairsystems(DOAS)
• Demand-controlledventilation• Displacementventilation
• Economizers
• Energyrecoveryventilation
• Variable-air-volumesystems
Ifanyoftheseventilationstrategiesareused,ASHRAEStandard62.1VentilationRateProcedurerequirementsmustbemetunderallloadsandoccupancyconditions.
SeeAppendixB:CommunicationandEducation
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PRIORITYISSUE19.0OUTDOORAIRVENTILATION(continued)
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA) EXPANDED ACTIONS (EA)ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP)
MA19.3MeetASHRAEStandard62.1forNewSystems
DesignandinstallnewHVACsystemstomeetallrequirementsofASHRAEStandard62.1usingtheVentilationRateProcedure.
Note
ASHRAEStandard62.1alsoallows
aNaturalVentilationProcedure
inconjunctionwithmechanical
ventilationsystems,withafewspecified
exceptions.Whennaturalventilation
isprovided,effortsshouldbemadeto
ensurewindowsandotherventilation
openingsareoperatedappropriately.
EnsurecompliancewithSection5ofASHRAEStandard 62.1.
MA19.4CodePrecedentforVentilation
IflocalcodesrequiremoreventilationthanASHRAE Standard62.1requirements,thelocalcoderequirementsmustbemet.
ReferencesforPriorityIssue19.0OutdoorAirVentilation:
ASHRAEIndoorAirQualityGuide ,Strategies7.1through7.4,and8.1through8.4
ASHRAEStandard62.1,Sections 5 and6
ASHRAEStandard189.1,Section 8.3.1.2
EA19.4ImplementPreOccupancyVentilationControl
Forventilationsystemsthatservespacesthatarenotcontinuouslyoccupied,implementacontrolstrategytoprovidethedesignminimumoutdoor
airventilationrateforaperiodof1hourpriortoexpectedoccupancy,wheneverthespaceshavebeenunventilatedforaperiodlongerthan24hours.
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PRIORITYISSUE20.0EXHAUSTVENTILATION
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP) MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA) EXPANDED ACTIONS (EA)
AP20.1IdentifyLocalizedContam-inantSourcesThatRequireExhaustVentilation
Identifyroomsorareaswithlocalizedcontaminantsources,including
thefollowing:• Kitchens
• Restrooms
• Lockerrooms
• Vocationalprograms(e.g.,welding,autobody,painting,printing,cosmetology)
• Soiledlaundrystoragerooms
• Artroomsandartstorageareas
• Copyandprintingrooms
• Areaswherechemicalsmightbestoredorused(e.g.,janitor’s
closets)• Spaceswherecontaminantsare
generatedaspartofprocesses,suchascookingandconductingscientificexperiments
• Areaswithhighhumidity(e.g.,showers,bathtubs,cookingranges,andcommercialdishwashers)
• Attachedparkinggarages
AP20.2MeasureAirflowandDetermineCompliance
Measureexhaustairflowsonaroom-by-roombasisanddeter
minewhethertheschoolcomplieswiththeexhaustrequirementsofASHRAEStandard 62.1foreachspace.
AP20.3AssessExhaustDischargeLocations
Determinewhetherexhaustsventtotheoutdoors.Inspectorverifythatexhaustfromroomswithlocalizedcontaminantsourcesdonotdischargeorleakintootherindoorspaces,ceilingplenums,parkinggarages,crawlspaces,atticsorwith
inwalls.
MA20.1ProvideLocalExhaustWhereNeededandMeetASHRAE Standard 62.1ExhaustRates
EnsureexhaustisprovidedforroomsorareaswithlocalizedindoorcontaminantsourcesasidentifiedinAP 20.1.IfASHRAEStandard62.1exhaustrequirementsarenot
met,repair,replaceorinstalllocalexhaustventilationtomeettherequirements,ensuringthatductsaresized,installedandventedproperlytotheoutdoors.Sealexhaustductworktoimproveperformanceandmaintainnegativepressuretoreducethepotentialforleakageintooccupiedspaces,plenumsorotheradjoiningspacesasspecifiedinASHRAEStandard62.1,Section5.2.Measure andverifythatexhaustairflowsmeetminimumrequirements.Ensuresufficientmake-upairforexhaustfans.
MA20.2ReduceCausesofComplaintsRelatedtoInadequateExhaust
Ifthereareoccupantcomplaintsrelatedtoinadequateexhaust(e.g., odors,moisture),ensurethatthefollowingareoperatingproperly:
• Mechanicalequipment,ductsandcombustionfluesareingoodcondition.Ductsarenotsubjecttocorrosion,blockageorexcessiveleakage.
• Thereisnobackdraftfromcombustionfluesunderworst-caseconditions.
• Exhaustfansaredrawingairandtheairiscomingoutofexhaustventsontheroofattheintendedairflowrates.
• Exhaustdrawscontaminantsawayfrom,ratherthantoward,occupants.
• Exhaustedroomisundernegativepressurerelativetothesurroundingspaces.
• Exhaustsystemisturnedon,outdoorairgrillesandairdampersareoperatingproperly,andadequatemake-upairisprovided.
• Outdoorairdilutescontaminantsfromallsources.Theventilationsystemshouldprovidesufficientoutdoorairtoalloccupiedspacesduringalloperatingmodes.SeePriorityIssue19.0OutdoorAirVentilation.
• Airflowpatternsprovideproperairmixing.
• Theexhaustsystemisnotsubjecttoexcessivevibration.
EA20.1PreventRecircu-lationofExhaustedAir
Ifexhaustrecirculationisevidentandifoutdoorairintakesarelocatednear
exhaustventsandalreadysatisfyminimumseparationdistancerequirements,considersystemchangesthatwouldfurtherpreventrecirculationofexhaustedair.
EA20.2MonitorExhaustOperation
Ifexhaustfunctioniscriticalforsafeoperation,suchaswithweldinghoodsorpaintsprayboothsineducationalfacilities,considermeasuringstationsandautomaticalarmstoindicateanoperationalfailureand/orfailuretoprovideadequateexhaustairflows.
ReferencesforPriorityIssue20.0ExhaustVentilation:
ASHRAEIndoorAirQualityGuide ,Strategy6.3
ASHRAEStandard62.1,Section5,Section6.5andTable6.5
SeeAppendixB:CommunicationandEducation
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Safety
PRIORITY ISSUE 21.0 BUILDING SAFETY FOR CHILDREN AND OTHER OCCUPANTS
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP) MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA) EXPANDED ACTIONS (EA)
AP21.1AssessSchoolBuildingSafety MA21.1CorrectSafetyHazardsIdentified EA21.1InstallEnhanced
Identifytheschool’shealthandsafetyrepresentativesandincludetheminallbuilding
DuringtheAssessments
Immediatelycorrecturgentandlife
CarbonMonoxideDetectionandWarningEquipment
safetyplanning.Documentsafetyhazardsthat threateningsafetyrisks .Correctothersafety InstallcarbonmonoxidewereobservedduringtheIAQwalkthrough, hazardsidentifiedduringthebuildingup- detectionandwarningequip-
energyauditorotherinspections.Immediate grades.Provideeducationtostaffandstu mentcapableofdetecting
lyrespondtourgentandlifethreatening dentsonsafetyconcerns. andstoringlowpeakcarbon
situations .Ensurethattheresultsofthesafe- monoxidelevels.Consider
tyassessmentareprovidedtotheschool’shealthandsafetyrepresentativesandthatcorrectiveactionsareconsideredaspartof
MA21.2CorrectDeficienciesWithFireAlarms,SmokeAlarms,andCarbonMonox-ideDetectionandWarningEquipment
integratingcarbonmonoxidedetectionandwarningequipmentintothebuilding’s
thebuildingupgrades. Havequalifiedpersonnelcorrectdeficiencies centralmonitoringsystem.
withfirealarms,smokealarms,andcarbon CarbonmonoxidedetectionAP21.2AssessFireAlarms,SmokeAlarms, monoxidedetectionandwarningequipment. andwarningequipmentmustandCarbonMonoxideDetectionandWarningEquipment
Ifcarbonmonoxidedetectionandwarningequipmentisnotpresent,installnew
meettherequirementsofNFPA 720andapplicablelo-
Determinewhetherthereareworkingfire equipmentmeetingtherequirementsof calandstaterequirements.
alarms,smokealarms,andcarbonmonoxidedetectionandwarningequipment.Determinewhethercarbonmonoxidedetectionand
NFPA720andapplicablelocalandstaterequirements. EA21.2InstallLightSwitch-esinStairwells
warningequipmentmeetstherequirementsofNFPA720andapplicablelocalandstate
MA21.3EnsureAppropriateStorageofHazardousChemicals
Recommendinstallationoflightswitchesatthetopand
requirements. Recommendappropriateandcontrolledstor bottomofallstairwells.
AP21.3IdentifyPrevalenceandStorageofHarmfulChemicals
ageofhazardouschemicalsandpesticides(e.g.,removefromaccessiblelocations). EA21.3InstallStepLighting
Considerinstallationofsafe-Determinewhereharmfulchemicalsarelocat- MA21.4PreventMercuryExposure tylightingonornearsteps.edandwhetherthechemicalsarestoredcor- Prepareamercuryspillresponseplanif Considerenergy-efficientLEDrectly.Includecustodialclosets,storageareas noneexists. lighting.undersinks,sciencelaboratories,hospitalitytrainingprograms,artlaboratories,foodlabora
toriesandvocationalprograms(e.g.,welding,autobody,painting,printing,cosmetology)duringtheassessment.Identifyallstoragelocationsforcleaningproductsandpesticides.Ifdeficienciesarenoted,seeMA21.3.
Preventmercuryspillsbyremovingallelementalmercury,mercurycompoundsand
mercury-containingequipment(excludingfluorescentlightingandcompactfluorescentlightbulbs)andreplacingthemwithnon-mercurysubstitutes.Contactaqualifiedprofessionaltocollectandproperlydispose
EA21.4RepairMalfunction-ingDoors,Windows,RoofsandFloors
Repairmalfunctioningdoors,windows,roofsandfloors.
EA21.5EnsureSafetyof
AP21.4IdentifyRiskofMercuryExposure ofallelementalmercurysuppliesand ElectricalSystems
Identifytheextenttowhichmercuryexposuremercury-containingdevicesandequipment.
Havequalifiedpersonnelen-
isariskinthebuildingorapotentialriskas Properlydisposeoffluorescentlighting, surethatelectricalsystems
partoftheupgrade.Scienceclassroomsand compactfluorescentlightbulbsand areinaccordancewithappli
storeroomsmaycontainsuppliesofelemental mercury-containingthermostatsthatmaybe cablecodes.
mercuryormercurycompoundsusedaslab partofenergyupgradeactivities.
reagentsandmercury-containinglabequipment,suchasthermometersandbarometers.
Mercurymaybeusedinotherdevicesorequipmentfoundinschools,suchasfeverthermometersandbloodpressuremeasuringdevicesinnurse’soffices,thermostatsandfluorescentlighting.Determinewhethertheschoolhasamercuryspillresponseplan.
SeeAppendixB:CommunicationandEducation SeeAppendixC:WorkerProtection
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PRIORITY ISSUE 21.0 BUILDING SAFETY FOR CHILDREN AND OTHER OCCUPANTS (continued)
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP) MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA) EXPANDED ACTIONS (EA)
AP21.5IdentifyFireExtinguisherLocations
Identifylocationsoffireextinguishersintheschoolandverifywhetherplacementmeetsapplicablelaws.
AP21.6AssessWaterHeaterTemperatures
Determinewhetherthewaterheatertemperaturesettingsarewithintheallowablelimitsofthelocalandstatecodes.
MA21.5CorrectFireExtinguisherDeficiencies
Ensurethatfireextinguishersareplacedaccordingtoapplicablelawsandcorrectasnecessary.
MA21.6AdjustWaterHeaterTemperatures
Ensurethatwaterheatersetpointsdonotexceedtheallowablelimitsoflocalandstatecodes.Otherwise,ensurethatwaterheatersetpointsdonotexceed120oFtopreventscalding.
ReferencesforPriorityIssue21.0BuildingSafetyforChildrenandOtherOccupants:
CDC-NIOSHSafetyChecklistProgramforSchools
EPAChemicalManagementResourceGuideforSchoolAdministrators
EPACompactFluorescentLightBulbsEPAHealthySchoolEnvironmentsAssessmentTool(HealthySEAT)
EPAMercuryReleasesandSpills
EPARecyclingMercury-ContainingLightBulbs(Lamps)
EPAToolkitforSafeChemicalManagementinK–12SchoolsEPASchoolsandMercury
EPASensibleStepstoHealthierSchoolEnvironments
MinnesotaDepartmentofHealth:MercuryFlooringTestingandMitigation:GuidanceforEnvironmentalProfessionalsMinnesotaPollutionControlAgency:DisposalGuidanceforMercury-CatalyzedPolyurethaneFlooringandSubflooring
NFPA72:NationalFireAlarmandSignalingCode
NFPA720:StandardfortheInstallationofCarbonMonoxide(CO)DetectionandWarningEquipmentNortheastWasteManagementOfficials’Association:MercuryUseinSchoolClassrooms:SummaryandAssessmentofNon-MercuryAlternatives
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PRIORITYISSUE22.0PROTECTINGIAQDURINGCONSTRUCTION
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS(AP)
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA) EXPANDED ACTIONS (EA)
AP22.1AssessOccupan-cyDuringConstructionPeriods
Determinethenatureofbuildingoccupancy
duringconstructionperiods.Identifytheareasofthebuildingthatwillbeoccupied.Identifyanyspecialneedsofthebuildingoccupants(e.g.,elderlyfaculty,youngstudents,disabledstudentsandfaculty).Identifyspecifictimesofoccupancy.Identifyoccupantcomplaintsorconcerns.
AP22.2IdentifyContami-
nantsandPathwaysIdentifypotentialcontaminantsourcesfrombuildingupgrades(e.g.,activities,materialsandequipmentthathavethepotentialtocauseIAQproblems)andpathwaysthroughwhichcontaminantscouldaffecttheairqualityforthebuildingoccupants.
MA22.1MinimizeChildren’sandOtherOccupants’ExposuresDuringUpgradeActivities
Whenconductingactivitiesthatmayresultinexposuretoairbornecontaminants(e.g.,cuttingorgrindingmaterials,painting,installinginsulation)complywithlocallawsandadhere
totheSheetMetalandAirConditioningContractors’NationalAssociation’s(SMACNA)IndoorAirQualityGuidelinesforOccupiedBuildingsUnderConstruction.Minimizechildren’sandotheroccupants’exposurestoVOCs,particlesorotherairbornecontaminantsbythefollowingprocedures:
• Restrictbuildingoccupantsandworkerswithoutthepersonalprotectiveequipmentneededfortheworkbeingperformedfromtheconstructionarea.
• Separateconstructionareasfromoccupiedportionsofthebuildingusingappropriatecontainmentandventilationpractices.Ensurethatworkareasareproperlyisolated(e.g.,byconstructingasealed,rigid-wallairbarrierwithalockabledoorseparatingtheworkareafromoccupantsorisolatingsmallerworkareaswithaplasticsheetingairbarrier).Ensurethatworkareasareventilatedwithexhausttotheoutdoorstoprotectworkersandoccupants.Contaminantsshouldbecapturedascloseaspossibletothesourceoftheemissions.Workareasshouldbeunderanegativepressurerelativetosurroundingspaces.Ensurethatexhaustedconstructioncontaminantsdonotre-enterthebuilding.
Note
Ifnegativepressurizationintheworkareasisnotpossible,useanexhausteddoublewallbufferzonetoseparateworkareasfromsurroundingareas.
• Ensurefireegressrequirementsfromoccupiedportionsofthebuildingaremaintainedwhenisolatingworkareas.
• Donotconductdry-sandingwithoutimplementingcontainmentmeasuresforthedustgenerated.
• Ensuresufficientventilationandcuretimeofwet-appliedmaterialstoprotectoccupantsbeforere-entryintoworkarea.
• Establishvehiclestagingareasforloadingandunloadingmaterialsandequipmentatleast100feetawayfromoutdoorairintakes,operablewindowsandentrywaystothebuilding.
• Cleantheareathoroughlybeforere-entryofunprotectedworkersoroccupantstoensureremovalofanyduststhatmaycontainpollutants.Usesealed,HEPA-ratedvacuums.
• Followallmanufacturers’printedinstructions,whichmayindicatetheneedtoevacuatebuildingoccupantsandotherunprotectedindividualsfromworkareasduringandforsomeperiodaftertheuseofaproduct.
• Createspecificplanstocontainparticulatematterduring
demolitionactivities.• LimitIAQimpactofairbornecontaminantsreleasedbyroofing
materialsduringinstallation(e.g.,hotmopasphalt,seamsealingonEPDM,polyvinylchlorideormodifiedbitumenroofing).Establishisolationbarriersandkeeproofingmaterialsawayfromoutdoorairintakesorconductpollutant-generatingroofingactivitiesduringunoccupiedperiods.
• Promptlyrespondtoanyoccupantcomplaintsorconcerns.
EA22.1ConsiderandImplementAdditionalProtectionsAsAppropriate
Forsituationsthattheassessmentprocess
classifiedasrelativelyhighrisk,considerimplementingthefollowingoptions:
• Requirerigid-wallairbarrierswithsealed,lockableentriesbetweenworkareasandoccupiedspacesandprovidenegativepressurizationtocontaincontaminants.
• Createabufferzonearoundworksites.
• Restrictconstructionactivitiestooff-hours
whenfeasible.
• Conducttemporaryaircleaning.
• Stageconstructionactivitiesincontrollablesizes.
• ControlpressurizationandtheindoorenvironmentwithtemporaryHVACequipment.
• Vacatetheentirebuilding,whenfeasible.
SeeAppendixB:CommunicationandEducation SeeAppendixC:WorkerProtection
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PRIORITYISSUE22.0PROTECTINGIAQDURINGCONSTRUCTION(continued)
MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA)EXPANDED
ACTIONS (EA)ASSESSMENT
PROTOCOLS (AP)
MA22.2ProtectHVACSystems
ProtectHVACsystemsfromcontaminantsduringworkactivities.
• Sealopeningsinexistingductslocatedinworkareastoavoidinfiltrationbydustanddebris.
• NewHVACequipment,ducts,diffusersandreturnregistersshouldbestoredinaclean,dryplaceandshouldbecoveredtopreventdustaccumulation.
• IfoperatinganHVACsystemthatinterfaceswiththeworkareas,ensurethatthesystemdoesnotpullreturnairfromtheworkareaandinstallairfilterswithaMERV8ratingorhigherduringconstructionactivities.
• Visuallyinspectductworkafterconstructionactivitieshavebeencompletedandcleaninternalsurfacesasneededtoremovedustanddebris.
• EnsurethatallfiltersusedduringworkactivitieshavebeenremovedandthatnewfiltersareproperlyinstalledbeforeoperatingtheHVACsystemduringoccupancy.
MA22.3ProtectHighlyAbsorptiveMaterials
Protectanyexistingabsorptivematerialsinplacebyfullycoveringwithplastic
sheeting.Fullysecurealledgesofthesheetingtoprotectmaterialsfromairbornecontaminantsandemissionscausedbyconstruction.
Scheduletheinstallationofabsorbentmaterials—suchasceilingtiles,fabrics,furnishingsandcarpet—aftermajordustandpollutant-generatingactivitiesarecompleted.Ensurethatmaterialshavenotbeenexposedtomoistureandaredrybeforeinstallation.
MA22.4SafelyInstallSprayFoamInsulation
Employsafeworkpracticestoavoidexposuretospraypolyurethanefoam(SPF).Followthemanufacturers’printedinstructionsforvacatingbuildingoccupantsandotherunprotectedindividualsnotinvolvedintheapplicationoftheSPFproductsfromthepremisesduringandforsomeperiodafterSPFapplication.Require andconfirmSPFtobeinstalledinstrictaccordancewithmanufacturer’srequirements.
Note
Thecuringtime(completereaction)ofSPFinsulationvariesdependingonthetype
ofproduct,applicationtechnique,temperature,humidityandotherfactors.While
theSPFiscuringitstillcontainsunreactedchemicals,whichincludeisocyanates
andproprietarychemicals.Manufacturersestimatethatitcantakeapproximately
1to3daysafterapplicationforthetwocomponenthighpressure“professional”
SPFsystemtofullycureandapproximately8 to24hoursfortheonecomponent
foamtocure.Exposuretoisocyanatesmaycauseskin,eyeandlungirritation,
asthma,andsensitization.Exposurestoisocyanatesshouldbeminimized.See
EPA’sSprayPolyurethaneFoam Webpageformoreinformation.
ReferencesforPriorityIssue22.0ProtectingIAQDuringConstruction:
AmericanChemistryCouncil:SprayPolyurethaneFoamHealthandSafety
ASHRAEStandard62.1,Section7.1.4.2ASHRAEStandard189.1,Section10.3.1.6EPAIAQToolsforSchools,IAQReferenceGuide,Section3–EffectiveCommunication
EPASprayPolyurethaneFoam(SPF)
SMACNAIAQGuidelinesforOccupiedBuildingsUnderConstruction
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PRIORITYISSUE23.0JOBSITESAFETY
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS (AP) MINIMUM ACTIONS (MA) EXPANDED ACTIONS (EA)
AP23.1EvaluateRisks
Evaluateexistingandpotentialhealthconcernsandactivities.RefertoAppendix C:WorkerProtectionforrecommendedevaluationmeasuresandactions.
SeeAppendixC:WorkerProtection
MA23.1EnsureWorkerProtection Thiscellisintentionallyblank.
SeeAppendixC:WorkerProtectionforrecommendedactionstoprotectworkersafety,includingavailableresources.
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AbbreviationsandAcronyms
AARST–AmericanAssociationofRadonScientists&Technologists,Inc.
ACCA–AirConditioningContractorsofAmerica
ACM–asbestos-containingmaterial
AHERA–AsbestosHazardEmergencyResponseAct
ANSI–AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute
ASHRAE–AmericanSocietyofHeating,RefrigeratingandAir-ConditioningEngineers
ASTM–AmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials
ATCM–AirborneToxicControlMeasures
CDC–CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention
CFR–CodeofFederalRegulations
DOAS–dedicatedoutdoorairsystem(s)
DOL–U.S.DepartmentofLabor
EPA–U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency
EPDM–ethylenepropylenedienemonomer
ft2 –squarefeet
GPS–GreenPerformanceStandards
HEPA–high-efficiencyparticulateair
HUD–U.S.DepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopment
HVAC–Heating,VentilationandAirConditioning
HVAC&R–Heating,Ventilation,AirConditioningandRefrigeration
IAQ–indoorairqualityIICRC–InstituteofInspection,Cleaningand
RestorationCertification
IPM–integratedpestmanagement
LED–light-emittingdiode
MALB–MeasurementforSchoolsandLargeBuildings
MERV–minimumefficiencyreportingvalue
NESHAP–NationalEmissionStandardsforHazardousAirPollutants
NFPA–NationalFireProtectionAssociation
NIOSH–NationalInstituteforOccupationalSafetyandHealth
NIST–NationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology
NVLAP–NationalVoluntaryLaboratoryAccreditationProgram
OSHA–OccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministration
PCBs–polychlorinatedbiphenyls
pCi/L–picocuriesperliter(inair)
PM–particulatematterppm–partspermillion
RMSLB–RadonMitigationinSchoolsandLargeBuildings
RRP–Renovation,RepairandPaintingProgram
SFEnvironment–SanFranciscoDepartmentoftheEnvironment
SMACNA–SheetMetalandAirConditioningContractors’NationalAssociation
SPF–spraypolyurethanefoam
TSCA–ToxicSubstancesControlActUL–UnderwritersLaboratories
VOC–volatileorganiccompound
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LeadSafeWorkPractices.http://www.hud.gov/ offices/cpd/affordablehousing/training/web/leadsafe/ keyrequirements/safepractices.cfm
Wargocki,P.,andWyon,D.:ResearchReport:EffectsofHVAConstudentperformance.October2006.ASHRAEJournal ,22–28.http://www.techstreet.com/products/1719013
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Section 3
Appendices
ThecoretechnicalcomponentofEnergySavingsPlus
Health:IndoorAirQuailtyGuidelinesforSchoolBuild-
ingUpgradesisSection2:AssessmentProtocolsand
RecommendedActions ,whichreferencesthefollowing
appendicesprovidedinthissection:
AppendixA:ProjectPlanningandDeveloping
aProjectTeam
AppendixB:CommunicationandEducation
AppendixC:WorkerProtection
Theappendicescanbeusedtoassistwith
projectplanningandthedevelopmentofaproject
team,supplementtheinformationintheassessment
protocolsandrecommendedminimumandexpanded
actions,providecommunicationandeducationstrat
egies,andassistwithworkerprotection.At theendofthissectionarelistsofabbreviationsandreferences
citedintheappendices.
Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)
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AppendixA:ProjectPlanningand
ProjectPlanning
Therearekeystepsduringthebuildingupgradeprocessthatcanprovideopportunitiestoreducecostsandleveragesynergiesor,ifnotaddressed
adequately,canincreasecostsandleadtofuturechallenges.ThesestepsareoutlinedinTableA1:
TableA1:ProjectPlanning
DevelopingaProjectTeam
ProjectPlanning,andaredetailedinSection2:AssessmentProtocolsandRecommendedActionsoftheEnergySavingsPlusHealthGuide.These keyplanningstepscandramaticallyinfluenceaproject’sdirection,costandoutcomesandhelpmaximizethe
impactoftheGuidetohelpensureasmoothprojectdelivery.
Table A1: Project Planning
IntegratedDesign Collaborationduringbuildingimprovementprojectscanallowteamstosolveproblemscreativelyandwithbetteroutcomesforthebuildingandforoccupantsthanthetraditionaldesignandconstructionprocess.
Inanintegratedprocess,projectteamsdefinethegoalsfromtheearlieststagesoftheprojectplanningandcarrythesegoalsthroughtobuildingoccupancyandtheoperationsandmaintenancephases.EarlyengagementofallresponsiblepartiesavoidsproblemsthatoccurwhenIAQistreated
asanafterthoughtandallowsforconsiderationofalternativedesignconceptsthatimproveIAQandenergyperformance.Includeanintegrateddesignapproachinthecontractrequirementsforalldesign,constructionandcommissioningteams.
RefertoPriorityIssue1.0ProjectPlanning/IntegratedDesignformoreinformation.
DevelopaProjectTeam CreateastrongprojectteamthatiscommittedtoprotectingIAQthroughoutallphasesoftheproject,frompre-designthroughbuildingoccupancyanduse.Establishingamultidisciplinaryteamatthebeginningisimportanttoreducedesignerrorsandprovideopportunitiesforcollaboration.Acollaborativeteamwillsavetheprojecttimeandmoney,aswellasensuringthatenergyconsumptionandIAQgoalsareaddressedfromthebeginning.
Scheduleregularfull-teammeetingstoreviewdesigngoalsandcollaborativelydiscusschallenges.Ensurethataschoolrepresentativeisalwayspresentduringprojectmeetingstoensuretheoverallprojectgoalsareguidingfactorsindiscussionandtoansweranyoperationsandmaintenancequestionsoftheprojectteam.
RefertoTableA2:DevelopingaProjectTeamformoredetails.
ConceptualizetheProject
AsoutlinedintheIntroductionofthisGuide,IAQisacriticalcomponentofschoolbuildingupgradesbecauseairqualitycanseriouslyaffectthehealthofbuildingoccupants,especiallychildren.Duringeachenergyupgradeorbuildingrenovationproject,considerwaysIAQcanbeimprovedandwaysthattheupgradesunderconsiderationcouldpositivelyornegativelyaffectIAQ.
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TableA1:ProjectPlanning(continued)
Table A1: Project Planning
CompleteEnergyandIAQAudits
Anenergyauditidentifieswaystoimproveenergyefficiencyinabuilding.AnIAQaudit,sometimesreferredtoasanIAQwalkthroughinspection,identifiesIAQissuesinabuildingthataffectoccupanthealthandsafety.Sometimes,whenequipmentupgradesoroperationalchangesarecompletedtoimproveenergyefficiency,IAQcanbenegativelyaffected.Forexample,performingenergyupgradeactivitieswithoutconsideringbuildingventilationcanleadtodecreasedairquality,condensationproblems,orelevatedhumiditylevelsthatcancausemoldgrowth.Theresulting
tradeoffforreducedoperatingcostfromenergysavingsisdecreasedoccupanthealthandsafety.ByperformingbothenergyandIAQauditsandincludingIAQplanninginenergyimprovementprojects,thesepotentialnegativeeffectscanbemitigatedwhilealsotakingadvantageofthesynergiesofenergyefficiencyandIAQ.
WhenplanningforenergyandIAQaudits,askwhethertheenergyauditorcanassistanIAQprofessional,suchastheschool’sIAQcoordinator,withanIAQassessment.Additionally,asktheenergyauditorwhethertheoutdoorventilationratesaresufficientandifthecontrolsarefunctioningproperly,asventilationplaysalargeroleinbothenergyefficiencyandIAQ.
RefertoAP1.2formoreinformationonIAQwalkthroughs.Anyfinaldecisionsregardingthe
projectscopeandplanshouldbemadeafterthewalkthroughandshouldensurethatmajorIAQ
issuesareaccountedforandaddressed.
IdentifyHazardousMaterials
Hazardousmaterialssuchaslead,polychlorinatedbiphenyls(PCBs),asbestosandmoldallposesignificanthealthandsafetyissuestobuildingoccupantsinoldorevenpreviouslyrenovated
buildings.Thesematerialsmustbeidentifiedpriortostartingworktoensuresafeconstructionpracticesareusedandthatthematerialsaresafelyremovedfromthebuildingasnecessary.Removingthesehazardousmaterialscanbeexpensive,andanyassociatedcostsshouldbebuiltintotheprojectbudgetduringtheinitialplanningstages.
RefertothefollowingPriorityIssuesforspecificinformationregardingpotentiallocationsofthese
materialswithinthebuildingandforremediationguidance:
3.0MoistureControlandMold
4.0Asbestos
5.0Lead
6.0PolychlorinatedBiphenyls(PCBs)
TestforRadon Radonisacancer-causingradioactivegas.Itisodorless,colorlessandtasteless,anditisaserioushealthandsafetyissuethatmustbeaddressedearlyinprojectplanning.Measuringradonlevelsinschoolsisarelativelyeasyandstraightforwardprocesscomparedtomanyotherimportantbuildingupkeepactivities.Mitigationofelevatedradonlevelscanbemoreexpensive,andanyassociatedcostsshouldbebuiltintotheprojectbudgetduringtheinitialplanningstages.
RefertoPriorityIssue7.0Radonfortestingandmitigationguidance .
DesignCharrette Overallprojectgoals,scopeandsystems-levelstrategyshouldbediscussedduringtheDesignCharretteorplanningmeeting.Duringthismeeting,designers,engineers,andschoolrepresentativesanddecisionmakersshoulddiscussstrategyandsynergiesbetweenIAQandenergyefficiencythatcanbeimplementedtoachieveoverallprojectgoals.TheCharretteshouldbeconcludedbyoutliningadefinedprojectstrategy.Thisstrategymayincludesome“wishlist”itemsthatmaylaterberuledoutbasedoncost;however,thegoalofthismeetingistostrategizetangiblemethodstoachieveaschool’sdesiressothatthefacilitymanagerandotherschooldecisionmakerscanmakeinformedfinaldecisionsaboutprojectscope.
RefertoMA1.1formoreinformationontheDesignCharretteprocess.
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TableA1:ProjectPlanning(continued)
Table A1: Project Planning
Owner’sProject TheOPRisaformalizeddocumentthatdescribestheschool“owner’s”projectgoalsandfunctionalRequirements(OPR) requirementsforhowabuildingisdesignedandbuilt.TheOPRisakeydocumentbecausedesign
andconstructionteamswillrefertoittoensurethatprojectrequirementsandgoalsareachievedbydesignandconstructiondecisions.Inadditiontotheprojectdesignandconstructionteam,theCommissioningAgentalsowillusetheOPRasafoundationforthecommissioningprocess,whichalsomakesitintegraltothequalityassuranceprocess.
RefertoMA2.2formoreguidanceandreferencedocumentsregardingtheOPR.
Commissioning Qualityassurancechecksareimportanttoconductduringanybuildingimprovementproject.Often,DesignReview/Quality qualityassuranceiscompletedthroughthecommissioningprocess.AlthoughsmallimprovementAssuranceDuring projects(e.g.,minorsystemupgrades)maynotwarrantthecostofafullcommissioningprocessDesign completedbyanoutsidefirm,largemultisystemprojects(orprojectsprovidingimprovements
throughoutthebuilding)canachievegreatvaluefromfollowingaformalizedcommissioningprocess.Fortheseprojects,acommissioningagentshouldbehiredduringtheproject’sdesignphase,andtheagentshouldseetheprojectthroughtocompletiontoensurethatallsystemsoperateandfunctionaccordingtotheirdesignintentand/oroptimumperformancelevel.Forsmallimprovementprojects,thesystemdesignandinstallationshouldatleastbereviewedbyacompetentparty,suchasafacilitymanagerorabuildingengineer.
Ifacommissioningagentishired,includecontractrequirementsforatleastonedesignreview,includingdrawingsandspecifications,toensurethatqualityassuranceandcommissioning
considerationsareimplementedduringdesign.Forsmallprojects,thefacilitymanagerorotherqualified,unbiasedpartyshouldperformthisreview.
RefertoMA2.4formoreinformationoncreatingacommissioningplan.
ConstructionKickOff Priortoconstruction,conductakick-offmeetingwiththefullteamtodiscusstheOPRandallMeeting applicablePriorityIssuesthatwillneedtobeconsideredfortheproject.Unifyingtheprojectteam
priortoconstructionensuresthatallteammembershavethesameunderstandingofprojectgoals,requirements,prioritiesandexpectations.
ConstructionPlanning: Ifpartsofthebuildingwillbeoccupiedduringtheimprovementproject,ensurethattheareasunderconstructionareisolatedwithappropriatepressurecontroltolimitconstructiondustandProtectingOccupiedotherpollutantsfromimpactingoccupants.Evensmallimprovementactivities,suchaswallAreasFrom
ConstructionPollutants penetrationsandtouch-uppainting,cangenerateindoorpollutantsthatleadtoIAQissuesandhealthconcerns.Beforebeginninganydemolitionorimprovementproject,createaplantominimizecontaminantsfromenteringoccupiedbuildings.
RefertoPriorityIssue22.0ProtectingIAQDuringConstruction.Additionally,refertoAppendix B:
CommunicationandEducation,whichincludesinformationtocommunicatewithoccupantsto
promotesafetyduringconstruction.
RetroCommissioning Retro-commissioningisaprocessofrestoringexistingsystemstooperateinaccordancewiththeirdesignintentand/oratthehighestperformancelevelpossible.Generally,retro-commissioningfocusesonenergy-relatedsystems,suchasadjustingHVACequipmentandthermostatsetpoints,adjustingdirectdigitalcontrolsand/orbuildingautomationsystems,reprogrammingautomaticlightingcontrols,realigningdaylightoroccupancysensors,rebalancingrefrigerantlevels,andrecalibratingventilationlevelsineachroom.Repairinganyoperationalissuesandfine-tuningsystemfunctionalitywillimproveIAQandoccupantcomfort,aswellasenergyandresourceefficiency.Theneedforretro-commissioningwillbeidentifiedduringabuildingenergyaudit,andretro-commissioningactivitiescanbeperformedbyanexperiencedcommissioningagent.
Formoreinformationonbuildingenergyauditsandretrocommissioning,refertoPriority Issue 2.0
Commissioning.
ImplementingJobsite AssessingandimplementingjobsitesafetyisimportanttoprotectvisitorstothesiteandthoseSafety performingworkonthebuilding.Tominimizeexposuretohealthandsafetyrisksonthejobsite,
seeAppendixC:WorkerProtection.
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TableA1:ProjectPlanning(continued)
Table A1: Project Planning
TestingandBalancingandOnsiteCommissioning
BuildingFlushOut
ProjectTurnoverandSystemsTraining
Oncompletionofbuildingconstructionandsystemsinstallations,onsitecommissioningtakesplacetotest,verifyandfine-tunetheperformanceofthenewlyinstalledsystems.Onsitecommissioningtypicallytakesfromonetoseveraldays.Often,thecommissioningagentconductingthetestswillfindinstallationissuestoaddress.Makesuretoworkwiththecommissioningagenttobuildtimeandresourcesintotheprojectscheduleforonsitecommissioningandforaddressinganyissuesfoundbythecommissioningagent’sinspection.
Fixingsystemsoutlinedinthecommissioningagent’sissueslogcandelayprojects,buttakingactiontofixanyproblemspriortooccupancywillimprovecost-effectiveness,reliabilityandlong-termperformance.
Toflushoutallworkspacesproperlywithoutdoorairpriortooccupancy,buildadditionaltimeintotheprojectcompletionschedule.Thetotalrecommendedflush-outtimevariesdependingontheprojectsizeandoftenrangesfrom2weekstoafullmonthtocomplete.Someperiodofflush-outtimeisbetterthannone.
RefertoMA13.4andEA13.4formoreinformation.
WorkingwithacommissioningagentfromtheearlyplanningphasescanhelptoensurethatthebuildingoperatesatthehighestpossiblelevelofenergyperformancewhilemeetingIAQgoals.Inthecommissioningagent’scontract,requirethedevelopmentofcomprehensiveoperationsandmaintenancetrainingandsystemsmanualssothatbuildingoperationsandmaintenancestaffcankeepthebuildingfunctioningatthehighestperformancelevel.
RefertoMA2.8andEA2.3formoreinformation.
SolicitContinuousFeedback
Buildingoccupants(e.g.,schooladministrators,buildingplanningmanagementteams,teachers,healthandsafetystaff,custodialstaff,andstudents)areagreatresourceforidentifyingIAQandenergyefficiencyconcernsbecausetheyuseandworkinthebuildingeveryday.Theseactivitiescanpromoteoccupantsatisfactioninthelongterm:
• EducatebuildingoccupantsaboutthetypesofissuesthatcouldaffectIAQ.
• Createaclearprocessforbuildingoccupantstosubmitfeedbackandconcerns.
• EncourageschoolstoimplementEPA’s“IAQToolsforSchools ”programactions,iftheyarenotalreadydoingso.
SeeAppendixB:CommunicationandEducation.
DevelopingaProjectTeam
Anintegrateddesignapproachisadrasticchangefromtraditionaldesignandconstructionpractices.Traditionally,eachdiscipline—suchasthearchitect;mechanical,electrical,plumbingandcivilengineers;andtheconstructionteam—wouldworkindependently.Duringplanninganddesign,thearchitectoftenwouldleadtheworkbycreatingtheoverallbuildinglayoutandthenpassthedesignontotheengineers,whowouldallworkindependently.Thistypeofprocesscancreatemajordesignerrorsthatgouncheckeduntiltheconstructionteamtriestoimplementthedesign.
Atraditionallyorganizeddesignteamdoesnotnecessarilyhaveameetingwiththeconstructionteam
toreviewtheprojectgoals.Evenifthedesignteamunderstandsthatenergyefficiencyisextremelyimportanttotheschool,thisinformationmaynotberelayedtotheconstructionteam,whichmaymakeinstallationorpurchasingdecisionsthatitthinksareequivalenttothedesignbutintheenddonotmeettheproject’sgoals.Table A2: DevelopingaProjectTeamoutlineswhoshouldbeinvolvedduringeachphaseoftheprojecttomaximizecollaboration,reducethepotentialformisunderstandingsandmeetthegoalsoftheproject,whichfirstandforemostprioritizesahealthyandpro
ductiveindoorenvironmentforchildren,teachersandallwhousetheschoolbuilding.
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TableA2:DevelopingaProjectTeam
Table A2: Developing a Project Team
Project/Phase Key Personnel Objectives
Project Facilitymanagerorschoolrepresentative Identifyenergyefficiencyimprovementmeasures,Identification energyimpactsandIAQsynergiesandchallenges.
BuildingPlanningManagementTeams(GoalsandScope)
Schoolfaculty,staff,otherstakeholders(e.g.,
parentsandstudents,ifpossible)SchoolIAQcoordinator,riskmanager,andotherIAQteammembers
EnergyAuditororContractor
ProjectPlanning Facilitymanagerorschoolrepresentative PrepareforintegrateddesignbyincludingalldesignandDesign professionalsintheplanningprocess.Ensurethat
BuildingPlanningManagementTeamsschoolrepresentatives,suchasthefacilitymanager
Schoolfaculty,staff,otherstakeholders(e.g., andinterestedfacultyorstaffmembers,arepresentparentsandstudents,ifpossible) atdesignmeetingstoensurethatthedesignmeets
theprojectgoals.SchoolIAQcoordinator,riskmanager,andotherIAQteammembers Designatethefacilitymanagerorathird-party
commissioningagenttoreviewproposeddesignforDesignTeam,forexample—qualitycontrol.
• Architect• Interiordesigner
• Mechanicalengineer
• Electricalengineer
Commissioningagentorexperiencedschoolstaff
Construction Planinspector,fireauthority,etc. EnsurethatappropriatepermitsareobtainedandPermitting thatthedesignmeetsallapplicablebuildingcodes.
Construction Generalcontractor Coordinatewithcontractor(s)toensurethatdesignandspecificationsareunderstoodthroughout
SubcontractorstheconstructionprocessandthatIAQgoalsare
Facilitymanagerorschoolrepresentative achieved.
SchoolIAQcoordinator,riskmanager,andother Provideopportunitiesfordesignprofessionals,IAQteammembers contractorsandschooloccupantstocommunicate
IAQconcernsinatimelymannerduringDesignprofessionalsconstruction.
BuildingCode Codecomplianceofficials(perproject EnsurethattheconstructionprojectmeetsallInspections jurisdiction) applicablebuildingcoderequirements.
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Project/Phase Key Personnel Objectives
Commissioning Commissioningagentorexperiencedschoolstaff
DesignTeam,forexample—
• Architect • Interiordesigner
• Mechanicalengineer
Theonsiteinspectionshouldbeperformedbyacommissioningagentorother,experienced,responsiblepartytoensurethatconstructionmeetsdesignrequirementsandallsystemsareoperating
properly.
• Electricalengineer
Facilitymanagerorschoolrepresentative
SchoolIAQcoordinator,riskmanager,andotherIAQteammembers
Generalcontractor
Subcontractors
OccupancyTurnover
Facilitymanager
Facilitymaintenancestaff
Custodialstaff
Schoolfaculty,staff,otherstakeholders(e.g.,parentsandstudents,ifpossible)
SchoolIAQcoordinator,riskmanager,andotherIAQteammembers
Trainmaintenanceandcustodialstaffonrequiredoperationandmaintenanceproceduresfornew
buildingsystems.HighlightthepotentialforsystemfailuresandtheIAQeffectsofsystemsthatarenotoperatedproperly.
Generalcontractor
Subcontractors
Manufacturerrepresentatives
MaintenanceandOperation
Facilitymanager
Facilitymaintenancestaff
Custodialstaff
Integraterequiredmaintenanceintothescheduleforthefacility.ProvideopportunitiesforregularoccupantfeedbackonIAQconcerns.
Schoolfaculty,staff,otherstakeholders(e.g.,parentsandstudents,ifpossible)
SchoolIAQcoordinator,riskmanager,andotherIAQteammembers
TableA2:DevelopingaProjectTeam(continued)
Table A2: Developing a Project Team
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AppendixB:CommunicationandEducation
Renovationandconstructionprojectsinaschoolcreateuniquechallengesthataffectthedesignandconstructionprocessesandtheoccupancyphaseafterworkiscomplete.Thisappendixprovidesstrategiesforeffective,proactiveandresponsivecommunicationstohelpmaintainahealthyandproductiveschoolindoorenvi
ronmentbefore,duringandafterabuildingupgrade.Italsoisvitaltoensurestaffreceiveadequatetrainingonoperations,maintenanceandrepairafterenergyretrofitsandbuildingupgrades.Providingeducationtoschoolfaculty,staffandstudentsabouttheIAQgoalsofeachprojectandinformationrelatedtoproperoperationandoccupancycanhelptoensurethattherenovatedbuildinganditssystemscontinuetoworkasintended.Thiseducationreducescostsandriskstotheoverallprojectandthedesignandrenovation/constructionteams.Thisappendixoutlinesinformationabouttheprojectthatshouldbeprovidedtoschool
facilitymanagers,staffandstudents.
EffectiveCommunications
EffectivecommunicationscanhelptopreventIAQproblemsandallayunnecessaryfears.Inaddition,schoolsshouldrespondpromptlyandeffectivelytoanyIAQissuesthatmayarise.Effective,proactiveandresponsivecommunicationsareacritical,ongoingprocessformaintainingIAQintheschool.CommunicationcanhelpschooloccupantsunderstandhowtheiractivitiesaffectIAQ,whichwillenablethemtoimprovetheirindoorenvironmentthrough
properchoicesandactions.ProactiveCommunication
SchoolsandschooldistrictscanreapmanybenefitsfromtakingaproactiveapproachtoaddressingIAQissues.The positivepublicrelationsthatcanresultfromthisapproachcanleadtoabetterunderstandingofIAQbyschooloccupantsandthecommunity.Communicatingeffectively,bothinternallyandexternally,isakeyelement.
Buildrapportwiththelocalmedianow.AninformedmediaawareofyoureffortstopreventIAQproblems
andthatunderstandsthebasicsofIAQinschoolscanbeanassetinsteadofaliabilityduringanIAQcrisis.
CommunicatingthegoalsoftheIAQManagementPlantothosewithintheschool—teachers,custodians,administrators,supportstaff,theschoolnurse,students—iskey.Thefollowingstepscanhelpdevelopgoodcommunicationbetweenyouandtheschooloccupants:
1. ProvideaccurateinformationaboutfactorsthatareaffectingIAQ.
2. ClarifytheresponsibilitiesandactivitiesoftheIAQcoordinator.
3. Clarifytheresponsibilitiesandactivitiesofeachoccupant.
4. NotifyoccupantsandparentsofplannedactivitiesthatmayaffectIAQ.
5. Employgoodlisteningskills.
ThenecessarylevelofcommunicationoftendependsontheseverityoftheIAQcomplaint.Ifthecomplaintcanberesolvedquickly(e.g.,anannoyingbutharmlessodorfromaneasilyidentifiedsource)andinvolvesasmallnumberofpeople,communicationcanbehandledinastraightforwardmannerwithoutriskingconfusionandbadfeelingsamongschooloccupants.Communicationbecomesamorecriticalissuewhen
therearedelaysinidentifyingandresolvingtheproblemandwhenserioushealthconcernsareinvolved.
Step4dealswithinformingoccupantsandparentsbeforethestartofsignificantplannedactivitiesthatproduceodorsorcontaminants.Ifoccupantsandparentsareuninformed,theymaybecomeconcernedaboutunknownaircontaminants,suchasstrangeodorsorexcessivelevelsofdust,andregisteranIAQcomplaint.Examplesofplannedactivitiesincludepestcontrol,painting,roofingandinstallationofnewflooring.Notificationofplannedactivitiesalsocanpreventproblemsfromarising
withstudentsandstaffwithspecialneeds.Forexample,anasthmaticstudentmaywishtoavoidcertainareaswithinaschool,orusealternativeclassrooms,duringtimeswhenamajorrenovationprojectwillproducehigherlevelsofdust.AsamplenotificationletterisprovidedinthemodelpaintingpolicyontheEPA IAQ ToolsforSchools website.
Step5involveseffectivelistening.Schooloccupantsoftencanprovideinformationthathelpspreventproblems,andbeing“heard”mayhelpdefusenegativereactionsbyoccupantsifindoorairproblemsdevelop.
ResponsiveCommunication
WhenanIAQproblemoccurs,youcanbeassuredthattheschoolcommunitywilllearnaboutitquickly.Withoutopencommunication,anyIAQproblemcanbecomecomplicatedbyanxiety,frustrationanddistrust.Thesecomplicationscanincreaseboththetimeandmoneyneededtoresolvetheproblem.
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ImmediatecommunicationisvitalandiseasiestifafewstrategicstepsaretakenbeforeanIAQproblemarises.First, ensurethataspokespersonisreadybyhavingaworkingunderstandingofthecommunicationguidancefoundinthissectionandabackgroundknowledgeofIAQasoutlinedinEPA’s IAQToolsfor
Schools IAQ ReferenceGuide.Thispersonshouldalsohavecompleteaccesstoinformationastheinvestigationprogresses.Becauseofthesequalifications,
theschool’sIAQcoordinatormaybeagoodchoiceforspokesperson.Second,establishaplanforhowyouwillcommunicatetotheschoolcommunity.Theschoolcommunityincludesalloccupantsoftheschool,parents,theschooldistrictadministrationandschoolboard,thelocalunion,andthelocalnewsmedia.
Payingattentiontocommunicationwhensolvingaproblemhelpstoensurethesupportandcooperationofschooloccupantsastheproblemisinvestigatedandresolved.Therearebasic,yetimportant,messagestoconvey:
• Schooladministratorsarecommittedtoproviding
ahealthyandsafeschool.• GoodIAQisanessentialcomponentofahealthy
indoorenvironment.
• IAQcomplaintsaretakenseriously.
Whenaproblemarises,communicationshouldbeginimmediately.Youshouldnotwaituntilaninvestigationisnearlycompletedoruntilfinaldataareavailablebeforeprovidingsomebasicelementsofinformation.Communications,whetherinconversationsorinwriting,shouldincludethefollowingelementsinafactualandconcisemanner:
• Thegeneralnatureoftheproblem,thetypesofcomplaintsthathavebeenreceived,andthelocationsthatareaffected;
• Theadministration’spolicyinregardtoprovidingahealthyandsafeenvironment;
• Whathasbeendonetoaddresstheproblemsorcomplaints,includingthetypesofinformationthaarebeinggathered;
•
Whatiscurrentlybeingdone,includingfactorsthathavebeenevaluatedandfoundnottobecausingorcontributingtotheproblem;
•
Howtheschoolcommunitycanhelp;• AttemptsthatarebeingmadetoimproveIAQ;
• Workthatremainstobedoneandtheexpected
scheduleforitscompletion;
• ThenameandtelephonenumberoftheIAQcoordinator,whocanbecontactedforfurtherinformationortoregistercomplaints;and
• Whentheschoolwillprovidethenextupdate.
Productiverelationswillbeenhancediftheschoolcommunityisgivenbasicprogressreportsduringtheprocessofdiagnosingandsolvingproblems.Itisadvis
abletoexplainthenatureofinvestigativeactivities,sothatrumorsandsuspicionscanbecounteredwithfactualinformation.Noticesormemorandacanbepostedingeneraluseareasanddelivereddirectlytoparents,theschoolboard,thelocalunion,andotherinterestedconstituentsoftheschoolcommunity.Newsletterarticles,theschoolwebsiteorotherestablishedcommunicationchannelsalsocanbeusedtokeeptheschoolcommunityuptodate.
Problemscanarisefromsayingeithertoolittleortoomuch.Prematurereleaseofinformationwhendata-gatheringstillisincompletecancauseconfusion,frustrationandfuturemistrust.Similarproblemscanresultfromincorrectrepresentationofrisk—improperlyassumingtheworstcaseorthebest.Ifevensimple
BEFORE PROBLEM DURING PROBLEM
Select & PrepareSpokesperson
DevelopNotification
Strategy
CommunicateImmediately
ProvideProgress
Report
ProvideSummary
Status Report
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progressreportsarenotgiven,however,peoplewillthinkeitherthatnothingisbeingdoneorthatsomethingterribleishappening.
Evenaftertheproblemiscorrectlydiagnosedandapropermitigationstrategyisinplace,itmaytakedaysorweeksforcontaminantstodissipateandsymptomstodisappear.Ifbuildingoccupantsareinformedthattheirsymptomsmaypersistforsometimeaftersolving
theproblem,theinabilitytobringinstantreliefislesslikelytobeseenasafailure.
Remembertocommunicateafterproblem-solving;althoughyoumayknowthattheproblemhasbeenresolved,theschoolcommunitymaynotknow,sobesuretoprovideasummarystatusreport.Thefigurebelowsummarizesthemainstepsforresponsivecommunications.
CommunicationPrinciples
• Be honest, frank and open.Oncetrustandcredibilityarelost,theyarealmostimpossibletoregain.Ifyoudonotknowananswerorareuncertain,sayso.Admitmistakes.Getbacktopeoplewithanswers.Discussdatauncertainties,strengthsandweaknesses.
• Respect your audience. Keepexplanationssimple,avoidingtechnicallanguageandjargonasmuchaspossible.Useconcreteimagesthatcommunicateonapersonallevel.Peopleinthe
communityoftenaremoreconcernedaboutsuchissuesascredibility,competence,fairnessandcompassionthanaboutstatisticsanddetails;however,providesufficientinformationtoaudiencesthatarecapableofunderstandingmoretechnicalexplanations.
• Employ your best listening skills.Taketimetofindoutwhatpeoplearethinking,ratherthanassumingthatyoualreadyknow.
• Tailor communication strategies to your
audience.Usemassmediaforprovidinginformationandinterpersonaltechniquesforchangingattitudes.
• Involve school employees. Aninformedstaffislikelytobeasupportivestaff.
• Involve parents. Informparentsaboutwhatisbeingdoneandwhy,aswellaswhatwillhappenifproblemsaredetected.
• Involve the school board.Encourageboardmemberstoobservetheprocess(e.g.,takingawalkthroughtheschoolwiththeIAQcoordinator).
• Involve businesses that provide services totheschool(e.g.,exterminators,busfleetadministrators/operators)andbusinesseslocatedaroundtheschool,whichmayalsonegativelyaffectIAQ.
• Emphasize action.Alwaystrytoincludeadiscus-sionofactionsthatareunderwayorthatcanbetaken.
• Encourage feedback. Accentuatethepositiveandlearnfromyourmistakes.
• Strive for an informed public.Thegoalisforthepublictobeinvolved,interested,reasonable,
thoughtful,solution-orientedandcollaborative.• Be prepared for questions.Providebackground
materialoncomplexissues.Avoidpublicconflictsordisagreementsamongcrediblesources.
• Be responsive.Acknowledgetheemotionsthatpeopleexpressandrespondinwordsandactions.Whenindoubt,leantowardsharingmoreinformation,notless,orpeoplemaythinkyouarehidingsomething.
• Combat rumors with facts.Forexample,setupachalkboardintheteachers’loungeorinanothergeneraluseareaforrecordingwhatisheard.Recordrumorsastheyariseandaddresponses.Thenpassoutcopiestothestaff.
• Do not overpromise.Promiseonlywhatyoucandoandfollowthroughwitheachpromise.
• Work with the media. Beaccessibletoreportersandrespectdeadlines.Trytoestablishlong-termrelationshipsoftrustwitheditorsandreporters.Rememberthatthemediaarefrequentlymoreinterestedinpoliticsthaninscience,moreinterestedinsimplicitythancomplexity,andmoreinterestedindangerthansafety.
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PriorityIAQConcernsandIAQConsiderationsAftertheBuildingUpgrade
This sectionisorganizedbyIAQconcerns(e.g.,mois
turecontrol,asbestos,lead),inthesameorderasin
theAssessmentProtocolsandRecommendedActions
ofSection2ofthisEnergySavingsPlusHealthGuide.
Each IAQ concernisbrokendownintotwocolumns:
• HealthEffectsandPotentialExposureLocations:
ThiscolumnexplainshoweachIAQconcerncannegativelyaffecthealthandidentifiescommon
locationswithinschoolswherethepriorityIAQ
concernmaybefound.Italsopointstotheappro
priatePriorityIssue(s)forfurtherreading.
• IAQConsiderationsAftertheBuildingUpgrade: Acriticalpartoftheeducationprocessoccursdurinbuildingturnover,whenfacilitymanagersandstaffaretrainedinhowtoproperlyoperatethenewbuildinganditssystems.This columnprovideseducationalinformationforfacilitymanagersandstaffonIAQconcernstoinspectforregularly,systemandbuildingoperationsreminderstopromotehealthyIAQthroughoperationalpractices,and
opportunitiestoengageandeducateotherschooloccupantsaboutprotectingIAQ.
ThefollowingiconisusedinAppendixB:
Indicatesanopportunitytocommunicateimportantmessagesviaasignorplacardinthebuilding.
Priority IAQConcern
Health Effects and PotentialExposure Locations
IAQ Considerations After the Building Upgrade
MoistureControlandMold
HealthEffects
Moldexposurecanbothcauseandexacerbaterespiratory-related
healthissues,suchasallergicreactionsandasthma.
PotentialExposureLocations
Moldcangrowinanyareawithlong-termmoistureexposure,includingexposurefromlargespills,equipmentoverflowsorplumbingleaks;leakagethroughroofs,windowsoropeningsinthebuildingenvelope;seepagefromimproperlyslopedsites;orspaceswithhighhumidity,suchaslockerrooms,crawlspacesandbasementstorageareas.
RegularInspections
Schoolstaffshouldregularlyinspectbathrooms,lockerrooms,sciencelaboratoriesandotherroomswithhighhumiditylevelsorpotentialfor
condensationorplumbingleaks.
SystemandBuildingOperations
OperatetheHVACsystemanduseadditionaldehumidificationifnecessarytokeeprelativehumiditylevelsbelow60%,ideallybetween30%and50%,ifpossible.Relativehumiditylevelsabove60%cancreateanenvironmentconducivetomoldgrowth.
Indooraircanbecometoodryforoccupantcomfortandhealthduringtheheatingseason,particularlyinnorthernandhigh-altitudelocations.Ensuretheregularlyscheduledmaintenanceofhumidificationequipmentandcontrolsinstalledtomaintainalowrelativehumiditylimit(e.g.,30%).Improperlymaintainedhumidificationequipmentcanleadtomicrobiologicalproblems.
AdministratorandStaffEducation
FurtherReading
PriorityIssue3.0MoistureControlandMold
TheEPAcourse“IntroductiontoMoldandMoldRemediationforEnvironmentalandPublicHealthProfessionals”providesanoverviewofmoldpreventionandmoldremediation.ItisbasedonEPA'svoluntaryguidancedocument“MoldRemediationinSchoolsandCommercialBuildings.”Public healthandenvironmentalhealthprofessionalswhoareinvolvedwithmoldissuesmaybeinterestedinthiscourse.Buildingmanagers,custodians,remediators,contractorsandotherprofessionalswhorespondtomoldproblemsalsomaywanttorefertothiscourse.
OccupantFeedback
Ensurethatschooladministrators,staffandstudentsknowwhomtonotifyiftheyseespills,leaks,condensation,orothersignsofstandingmoistureormoisturedamage.
Complaintsofmustyodorsalsomayindicatemoistureorcondensation
issuesandshouldbeinvestigated.
StudentEducationOpportunitiesforTeachers
Teachstudentsaboutthelinkbetweenmoldandmoistureandtheassociatedhealthrisks.SeeEPA’sTeacherResourcesandLessonPlanswebsiteforalinktotheeducationalmaterial,“HoldtheMold.”
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Priority IAQConcern
Health Effects and PotentialExposure Locations
IAQ Considerations After the Building Upgrade
Asbestos HealthEffects
Exposuretoasbestoscancauselungcancer,mesothelioma(canceroftheliningofthechestandabdominalcavity)andasbestosis,inwhichthelungsbecomescarredwithfibroustissue.a
PotentialExposureLocationsAsbestosisanaturallyoccurringmineralfiberthathasbeenusedinawidevarietyofproductsasaninsulatorandfire-retardant.Possiblesourcesofasbestosincludethefollowing:
• Insulationinatticsandattic-likespaces(e.g., vermiculite).
• Wallinsulation(e.g.,vermiculite,insulationblocks).
• Hotwaterandsteampipescoatedwithasbestosmaterialorcoveredwithanasbestos
blanketortape.• Oilandcoalfurnacesand
doorgasketswithasbestosinsulation.
• Vinylflooring(including9"-by-9"or12"-by-12"floortiles,vinylsheetflooring,andthemasticsandotheradhesivesusedtosecuretheflooring).
• Cementsheet,millboardandpaperusedasinsulationaroundfurnacesandwood-orcoal-burningappliances.
• Soundproofingordecorativesurfacematerialssprayedonwallsorceilings,includingpopcornceilings.
• Patching,jointcompoundsandtexturedpaintsonwallsandceilings.
• Roofing,shinglesandsiding(includingcementoradhesives).
• Transite(cementandasbestos)combustionventortransiteflue.
• Originalplasterorplasterthat
isoldenoughtopotentiallycontainasbestos.
FurtherReading
PriorityIssue4.0Asbestos
RegularInspections
Asrequiredunder40CFRPart763,SubpartE,asbestos-containingmaterial(ACM)withintheschoolshouldbeperiodicallyinspected(every6months)toensureitisundisturbedandundamaged.
SystemandBuildingOperations
Ensuretheschool’sAHERAasbestosmanagementplanismaintainedinaccordancewithfederallawpursuantto40CFRPart763,SubpartE.
AdministratorandStaffEducation
Asrequiredunder40CFRPart763,SubpartE,ifthepresenceofasbestoshasbeendocumentedintheschool,ensurethatschooladministrators,staffandtheschoolnurseareeducatedonthedangersofasbestosandareawareofareaswhereACMmaybefoundsotheycannotifythefacilitymanagerofsignsofdamageordisturbance.
a. EPA,Asbestos,LearnAboutAsbestos
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Priority IAQConcern
Health Effects and PotentialExposure Locations
IAQ Considerations After the Building Upgrade
Lead HealthEffects
Exposuretoleadcancauselearningdifficulties,behaviorproblems,hearingdamage,andinextremecases,seizuresordeath.Childrenyoungerthan6yearsofageandpregnantwomenareatgreatestriskandshouldnotbe
exposedtoleadunderanycircumstances.b
PotentialExposureLocations
Leadwascommonlyusedinpaintbeforethe1978ConsumerProductsSafetyCommissionbanonlead-basedpaintforapplicationsforwhichconsumersmaybeexposed.
School-relatedsourcesofleadincludeflakingorpeelinglead-basedpaintonthebuildinginteriorandexterior,leadindust,leadinsoil,andleadindrinkingwater.
Note
Ifthereareconcernsaboutleadindrinkingwater,seeEPA’sweb- siteDrinkingWaterinSchools&ChildCareFacilities
FurtherReading
PriorityIssue5.0Lead
RegularInspections
Regularlyinspectknownlocationsoflead,especiallylead-basedpaint,forsignsofwear,damageorflaking;promptlyandsafelyaddressanydeterioration.Priortorepairormaintenanceactivitythatmaydisturbpaint,thepaintmustbeassessedtodeterminewhetheritislead-basedorassumedtobelead-based,andproper(required)precautionsmustbetaken.SeePriorityIssue5.0Lead.
AdministratorandStaffEducationIfthepresenceofleadhasbeendocumentedintheschool,ensurethatschooladministrators,staffandtheschoolnurseareeducatedonthedangersofleadandareaswhereleadmaybefoundsothattheycannotifyfacilitymanagersofsignsofdamageordisturbance.
StudentEducationOpportunitiesforTeachers
Educatestudentsaboutthehealtheffectsoflead.SeeEPA’sTeacherResourcesandLessonPlanswebsiteforresourcesonlead.http://www.epa.gov/students/teachers.html
b.EPA,IndoorAirQuality,LeadHealthEffects
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Priority IAQConcern
Health Effects and PotentialExposure Locations
IAQ Considerations After the Building Upgrade
Polychlorinat-edBiphenyls(PCBs)
Radon
HealthEffects
PCBshavebeenshowntocauseavarietyofadversehealtheffects,includingeffectsontheimmunesystem,reproductivesystem,nervoussystemandendocrinesysteminanimals.PCBsalsohavebeenshowntocausecancerin
animals.Studiesinhumansprovidesupportiveevidenceforthepotentialcarcinogenicandnon-carcinogeniceffectsofPCBs.c
PotentialExposureLocations
PCBsweremanufactureddomesticallyfrom1929until1979,whenEPAbannedtheprocessingoruseofPCBs,exceptintotallyenclosedequipment.d
PCBscanbefoundinolderbuildingsinfluorescentlightballastcapacitorsandpottingmaterial,electricaltransformers,window
caulking,rubberizedpaintformulations,andsoilnearthebuilding.
FurtherReading
PriorityIssue6.0PolychlorinatedBiphenyls(PCBs)
HealthEffects
IntheUnitedStates,radonistheleadingcauseoflungcanceramongnonsmokersandthesecond-leadingcauseoflungcanceroverall(aftersmoking),accountingfor21,000deathsannually.f
PotentialExposureLocations
Radonisanaturallyoccurring,radioactivecomponentinsoilgasthatentersbuildingsthroughfloorsandwallsthatareincontactwiththeground.Forschools,EPArecommendsradontestingforallfrequentlyoccupiedroomsincontactwiththeground.
FurtherReading
PriorityIssue7.0Radon
RegularInspections
IfPCB-containingballastswerenotreplacedaspartofthebuildingimprovementproject,inspectthemregularlyforanysignsofwearordamage.
SystemandBuildingOperations
Intact,operationalballastsmaynotposeahealthriskorenvironmentalhazard;however,giventhatPCB-containingballastshavenotbeen
manufactureddomesticallysince1979,thetypicallifeexpectancyofmagneticfluorescentlightballasts(10to15years)hasbeenwellexceeded.e
Also,PCB-containingballastsmaylackthermaloverloadprotection,increasingthepossibilityoffiresorleaks.ThehazardcanbeworsenediftheballastsaremishandledbypersonnelwhoareunawareofthepresenceofPCBsinthelightingballasts.
AdministratorandStaffEducation
EnsurethatteachersandadministratorsunderstandwherePCB-containingballastsarelocatedsotheycanwarnthefacilitymanagerofdamage.
StudentEducationOpportunitiesforTeachers
EducatestudentsaboutPCBs.SeeEPAFactSheetsforSchoolsand
TeachersAboutPCB-ContaminatedCaulk.AlsoseeEPA’sPCB-ContainingLightBallastsWebpage.
RegularInspections
Theonlywaytodeterminewhetherschoolshaveelevatedradonlevelsistoperformradontesting.
Ifradonmitigationstrategieswereimplementedfortheschool,periodicallychecktoensurethatradonmitigationsystemsareoperatingproperlyandthatventilationsystemsareprovidingtherequiredamountofoutdoorventilationair.Biennialretestingforradonshouldbeperformedinallareasoftheschoolsthathavebeenmitigated.
StudentEducationOpportunitiesforTeachers
Educatestudentsaboutthehealtheffectsofradon.SeeEPA’sTeacherResourcesandLessonPlansWebpageforresourcesonradon.
Also,seeEPA’sRadonKids, StudentsandTeachersWebpageforeducationalinformationandopportunitiesincludingthenationalradonpostercontestforstudents.
c.EPA,PCBs,HealthEffectsofPCBsd.EPA,PCBs,BasicInformation
e.EPA,PCBs,PCB-ContainingFluorescentLightBallasts(FLBs)inSchoolBuildings
f.EPA,Radon,HealthRisks
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Priority IAQConcern
Health Effects and PotentialExposure Locations
IAQ Considerations After the Building Upgrade
Belowground HealthEffects RegularInspectionsVaporFormingContaminants(ExceptRadon)
Commonbelowgroundcontaminantsincludethefollowing:
VolatileOrganicCompounds(VOCs)fromgasolinecomponents(benzene);drycleaninganddegreasingsolvents,suchasperchloroethyleneandtrichloro
ethylene;andbuildingproducts,suchasadhesives,sealants,paintsandcoatings.
VOCscancauseeye,noseandthroatirritation;headaches,fatigue,dizziness,lossofcoordinationandnausea;anddamagetotheliver,kidneyandcentralnervoussystem.Someorganicscancausecancerinanimals;somearesuspectedorknowntocausecancerinhumansandhavebeenassociatedwithbirthdefects.g
Petroleumhydrocarbonsinsoilscanbecausedbyspillsorleaks
fromoilandfuelstoragetankscommonlyassociatedwithgasstationsorfuelstoragetanksystemsandpiping.
Petroleumhydrocarbonsincludemanycompounds,eachhavingdifferenthealtheffects.Healtheffectscanincludeheadachesanddizzinessfromairborneexposure;numbnessinthefeetandlegs;andvariouseffectsontheblood,immunesystem,lungs,skinandeyes.h
Metals:Althoughlowbackgroundlevelsofmetalsmaynotrepre
sentahealthconcern,elevatedlevelsofsomemetalsinsoilarefrequentlyencounteredacrossthecountry,particularlyinurbanareas,andsome(suchasmercury)canformahazardousvapor.
PotentialExposureLocations
Belowgroundcontaminantscanaffectsoilandgroundwater,bothofwhichcanallowcontaminantstoenterbuildingsviadirectseepageorvapormigrationthroughbuildingassembliesincontactwiththeground,bytrackinginonshoes,ordirectskin/mouth/nosecontact
withsuchsoilsorrelateddusts.FurtherReading
PriorityIssue8.0BelowgroundVapor-FormingContaminants
Ifaventingsystemisinstalledtoreducevaporintrusion,performancemonitoringofthesystemisequallyimportant.
Ifresidualundergroundsoilandgroundwatercontaminationexists,theschoolshouldretainanexperiencedenvironmentalprofessionaltodevelopalong-termmonitoringplanandperiodicallycompletetestingaroundtheschooltodocumentthatthesystemisoperatingproperly.
g.EPA,IndoorAir,VolatileOrganicCompounds(VOCs)
h.ATSDR,ToxicSubstancesPortal—TotalPetroleumHydrocarbons(TPH)
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Priority IAQConcern
Health Effects and PotentialExposure Locations
IAQ Considerations After the Building Upgrade
Vehicle HealthEffectsExhaust Withsufficientconcentrationsand
duration,pollutantsfromvehicleexhaustmayincreasethechanceofcancerorotherserioushealtheffects.Dieselexhaustspecificallycanaggravaterespiratoryandcardiovasculardiseaseandexisting
asthma.Italsocancauseacuterespiratorysymptoms,chronicbronchitisanddecreasedlungfunction,allofwhichchildrenaremoresusceptibleto.
PotentialExposureLocations
Exhaustemissionscomefromvehiclessuchasschoolbuses,cars,deliverytrucks,andmotorcycles,aswellasfromequipmentusedforconstructionandgroundsmaintenance.
Vehicleexhaustemissionscanaffectindoorhealthwhenthese
outdoorcontaminantsmigrateindoors,asmayoccurwhenvehiclesidleduringstudentdrop-offandpick-uporwhenHVACoutdoorairintakesarelocatednearvehicleidlingzones,drawingexhaustemissionsintothebuilding.i
FurtherReading
PriorityIssue9.0VehicleExhaust
SystemandBuildingOperations
Considerstrategiestoreduceexhaustemissions(e.g.,purchasecleaningequipmentthatdoesnothavegas-poweredengines).
Considerno-andlow-costadjustmentstolimitexhaustemissionsexposure:
• Instituteanti-idlingpoliciesforschoolbusesandparents.
• Considerthewaybusescurrentlyqueueforpick-upanddrop-offtodeterminewhetherengineruntimecanbereducedwhilebuseswaitforstudentstoboard.
• Donotopenwindowsnearloadingandunloadingzonesandconsidermovingloadingzonessotheyareatleast25feetfromwindows,doorsandoutdoorairintakes.
AdministratorandStaffEducation
Promotealternativetransportationoptionsoutlinedin IAQToolsforSchools .Forexample,“school-pooling”programsencouragecarpools,bikepartnersor“walkingschoolbuses”thatreducethenumberofvehiclesonschoolgrounds.Publictransitbusesmayalsobeanappropriateoptionforsomestudentsorstaff.
StudentandParentEducation
SignageOpportunity:Remindparentsthatvehicleemissionscanaffecttheirchildren’shealth.
ExampleText:“Vehicleexhaustcantriggerasthmaattacksandotherrespiratorysymptoms.Please,donotidleyourvehiclewhilewaiting.”
SignLocations:Withinsightofdrop-offandpick-upzones.
SignageOpportunity:Remindstudentswhereitissafetowaitforbusesandotherrideshome.
ExampleText:“WaitingZone.Pleasewaithereforyourrideso youdon’tbreatheinharmfulvehicleexhaust.”
SignLocations:Locateinasafewaitingzone,atleast25feetfromareaswithoperatingvehicles.
i.EPA,IAQReferenceGuide,AppendixI—EmissionsfromMotorVehiclesandEquipment
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Priority IAQConcern
Health Effects and PotentialExposure Locations
IAQ Considerations After the Building Upgrade
LocalandRe-gionalAmbientAirQuality
HealthEffects
Ozone,particulatematter,carbonmonoxide,nitrogenoxides,sulfurdioxideandleadaresomeofthepollutantsthatcanbefoundinoutdoorair,andEPAhassetnationalambientairqualitystandardsforthesesixpollutants.
Exposuretothesepollutantsisassociatedwithnumerouseffectsonhumanhealth,includingincreasedrespiratorysymptoms,heartandlungdiseases,andprematuredeath.
PotentialExposureLocations
Therearemanypotentialsourcesofoutdoorairpollution,rangingfromlarge-scaleindustriestosmallbusinesseslocatedwithinneighborhoods;fromoutdoorwoodboilerstoavarietyoftrans-portation-relatedsources,suchas
roadsandtransithubs;agriculturalactivitiesandmyriadotherlandusesalsoaffectoutdoorairquality.
FurtherReading
PriorityIssue10.0LocalandRegionalAmbientAirQuality
RegularInspections
Regionalairqualitycanbemonitoreddailyonweatherwebsitesandatwww.airnow.gov.
Localairqualitymayalsobeaffectedbysurroundingbusinesses,suchasindustrialzones,whichmaynotregisterontheregionalair-qualitytrackingwebsites.
SystemandBuildingOperations
FornewandexistingHVACsystems,ensurethatfiltersarereplacedandmaintainedaccordingtothemanufacturer’sprintedinstructions.
Schoolslocatedinareasthatconsistentlyhavedegradedoutdoorairqualitymayconsideroutdoorairtreatment,whichmayincludeparticlefiltrationorotherdevicestocleantheoutdoorairbeforeitentersoccupiedspaces.TheHVACmanufacturer’sprintedrecommendationsshouldbefollowed.
AdministratorandStaffEducation
Ensurethatteachers,staffandschoolnursesareawareofairqualityadvisorydays.Duringairqualityadvisories,childrenshouldnotplayoutsideandmayexperiencerespiratorysymptoms.TheAirNowSchoolFlagProgramalsocanbeusedtoalertschoolstafftothelocalairqualityforecastandhelpthemtotakeactionstoprotectstudents’health,
especiallythosewithasthma.Schoolstaffalsocanbecomeinvolvedwithlocalozone“watchdog”groupsandreviewschoolpracticestohelpkeepozonelevelsincheck.
StudentEducationOpportunitiesforTeachers
EPA’sTeacher’sAirQualityResourcesWebpageprovidesavarietyofoptionsforeducationalcurriculumandstudentactivitiesrelatedtoambientairquality.TheAirNowSchoolFlagProgramalsoprovidesavarietyofresources.
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Priority IAQConcern
Health Effects and PotentialExposure Locations
IAQ Considerations After the Building Upgrade
Pests HealthEffects RegularInspections
Risksarisefrompestsandexposuretopesticidesinschoolsettings.Diseasesmaybetransmittedbybitinginsects.Asthmaattacksmayoccurfromallergensortriggersfromcockroachandrodentinfestations.Staffand
studentsmaybeunnecessarilyexposedtopestsandpesticides.
PotentialExposureLocations
Rodents,cockroaches,termites,birds,batsandotherpestscanbefoundinschoolbuildings.Pestspreferwarm,dryspaceswitheasyaccesstofoodandwater.
FurtherReading
PriorityIssue11.0Pests
Manytacticsthatpreventpestproblemsandpest-conduciveconditionsalsocontributetowaterandenergyconservation,indoorairquality,costreductionandassetpreservation.Forexample,effectivedoorsweepscanreducepestcomplaintsby65%,reduceinfiltrationofdirtandpreventescapeofheatandconditionedair.Repairingleakingpipespreventspestaccesstomoistureandalsoreduceswaterconsumptionandcosts.
In-houseorcontractedprofessionalpestmanagershouldconductacomprehensiveinspectionofallbuildingsfordefects,includingcracks,crevicesandotherpestentryways;food,moistureandshelterresourcesavailabletopests;moisture,pestorotherdamagetostructuralelements;termiteearthentunnels,pestfecalmatterorothersignsofpestactivity;andsoforth.Thereportofalldefectsshouldidentifycorrectiveactions.Theinspectionshouldbemappedonthesiteandfloorplan.
UseawrittenIntegratedPestManagement(IPM)inspectionchecklistorformforperiodicinspections,listingeachbuildingfeature(e.g.,foundation,eaves)androomtobeinspected,includingspecificlocationswithinfeaturesorrooms(e.g.,vents,storageclosets)tobeincludedintheinspection,andspecificconditionstobenoted(e.g.,repair,cleaningneeds).
Maintainlegiblerecordsofinspectionresults,pestmanagementactionsandevaluationsofresults;keeptheserecordsforatleast3years.
Establishatimelineforcompletingcorrectiveactionsandevaluatingresults.
SystemandBuildingOperations
SchoolsshouldimplementIPMtacticsthatincludeprevention,inspection,communication,biopesticideuse,andjudiciousandcarefuluseofpesticideswhennecessary.Whenapestprofessionalisneeded,yourschoolorschooldistrictmaychoosetohaveitsIPMprogramcertifiedorrecognized.WhenseekingIPMcertification,lookforawidelyrecognizedprogramthatprovidesassistanceindeveloping,maintaining,sustainingandevaluatingyourIPMprogram.EducatefacilitymanagersaboutIPMthroughtraining,brochuresandotherappropriateguidance.
OccupantEducation
Ensurethatallschooloccupantsarenotifiedwellinadvanceofpesticideapplicationsonschoolgroundsandinthelocalarea.
SignageOpportunity:Postsignspriortopesticideusetonotify
schooloccupants.Note
Manystateshavenotificationlawswhenpesticidesareused.
ExampleText:“Pesticideswillbeusedinthisareaon[date].Donotwalkinthisareabetween[applicationdate]and[safecontactdate,permanufacturerprinteddirections].”
SignLocations:Spacesignsatregularintervalsaroundpesticideapplicationarea.Beforeapplyingpesticide,markoffentireapplicationareawithyellowcautiontape.Unlessabsolutelynecessary,pesticidesshouldnot beappliedwhenstudentsarepresentoncampus.
OccupantFeedback
Provideasimpleprocessforschooladministrators,staffandstudentstonotifythefacilitymanageriftheyseesignsofpestinfestations.Manyschoolsusepestlogstorecordpestsightings;theselogsoftenare
locatedintheteachers’lounge.StudentEducationOpportunitiesforTeachers
EducatestudentsaboutIPM.SeeEPA’sTeacherResourcesandLessonPlansWebpageforlinkstoresourcesonIPM.
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Priority IAQConcern
Health Effects and PotentialExposure Locations
IAQ Considerations After the Building Upgrade
TrackedInPollutants
BuildingProd-ucts/MaterialsEmissions
HealthEffects
Avarietyofpollutantscanbetrackedintotheschoolincludingdirt(whichmaybecontaminatedwithotherpollutants)andmoisture.Potentialhealtheffectswilldependonthecompositionofthetracked-inpollutants.
PotentialExposureLocations
Schoolshaveespeciallyhighlevelsofoccupantmovementbetweeninsideandoutsidespaces,causingdirt,particulatesandmoisturetobetrackedintothebuilding.
FurtherReading
PriorityIssue12.0Tracked-InPollutants
HealthEffects
VOCscancauseeye,nose,and
throatirritation;headaches,fatigue,dizziness,lossofcoordinationandnausea;anddamagetotheliver,kidney,andcentralnervoussystem.Someorganicscancausecancerinanimals;somearesuspectedorknowntocausecancerinhumansandhavebeenassociatedwithbirthdefects. j
PotentialExposureLocations
VOCsarefoundinmanyproductsandmaterialsusedinandaroundschools,includingpaints;carpetsandpads;compositewoodproducts;cleaningsupplies;art,scienceandvocationaleducationmaterialsandprocesses;airfresheners;andfurniture.
FurtherReading
PriorityIssue13.0BuildingProducts/MaterialsEmissions
SystemandBuildingOperations
Duringoccupancy,tracked-indirtandmoisturecanbereducedbyusingentrywaysystemsasoutlinedinPriorityIssue12.0.Systemsshouldbe10feetlongintheprimarydirectionoftraveltomaximizethenumberofstepsandpotentialforthesystemtoremovedirtandmoisture.Therearetwocommontypesofentrywaysystems:
• Rolloutmatsrequirelessupfrontcostbutmustbevacuumeddaily
andfullycleanedregularly,atleastonceaweek.• Builtinsystemsincludeascrapersurfacetocleanshoes,followed
byanabsorptionsurfaceandafinishingsurface.
OccupantEducation
SignageOpportunity:Remindoccupantsandvisitorstocleanshoescarefully.
ExampleText:“Helpkeepourschoolclean!Wipingyourfeethelpstokeepallergensandasthmatriggersoutsideandreducesmaintenanceandcleaningcosts!”
SignLocations:Placeatallbuildingentrances.
SystemandBuildingOperations
Whenperformingminortouch-uporrepairprojects,meettheVOC
guidanceoutlinedinPriorityIssue13.0BuildingProducts/MaterialsEmissionsandmakesuretoproperlyventilatethespacebeforeandafterwork.
Ensurethatchemicalstorageroomshaveexhaustventilation.
AdministratorandStaffEducation
Ensurethatteachers,administratorsandmaintenancestaffknowhowtoproperlystorehazardouschemicals,suchascleaningchemicals,pesticidesandchemistryequipment.
SeeEPA’sToolkitforSafeChemicalManagementinK–12SchoolsWebpage,whichgivesK–12schoolsinformationandtoolstomanagechemicalsresponsibly.
j.EPA,IndoorAir,VolatileOrganicCompounds(VOCs)
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Priority IAQConcern
Health Effects and PotentialExposure Locations
IAQ Considerations After the Building Upgrade
CombustionAppliances
(VentedandUnvented)
HealthEffects
Combustionpollutantsresultfromtheburningoffuelsandothermaterials.Commoncombustionpollutantsincludecarbonmonoxide(CO),nitrogendioxide(NO
2)
andrespirableparticulatematter(PM).
COisacolorless,odorlessgas.SymptomsofCOexposuremaymimicinfluenzaandincludefatigue,headache,dizziness,nauseaandvomiting,cognitiveimpairment,andtachycardia. AthighconcentrationsCOexposurecanbefatal.
NO2isacolorless,odorlessgas
thatcauseseye,noseandthroatirritation;shortnessofbreath;andanincreasedriskofrespiratoryinfection.
HealtheffectsofrespirablePM
includeeye,nose,andthroatirritation;respiratoryinfectionsandbronchitis;asthma;andlungcancer.
PotentialExposureLocations
COresultsfromincompleteoxidationofcarbonincombustionprocesses.PotentialCOsourcesincludeimproperlyventedfurnacesorcombustionappliances,malfunctioninggasranges,andexhaustfumesthathavebeendrawnbackintothebuilding. Worn,improperlyadjusted
orpoorlymaintainedcombustiondevices(e.g.,boilers,furnaces),orafluethatisimproperlysized,blocked,disconnectedorleaking,canbesignificantsources. Auto,truckorbusexhaustfromattachedgarages,nearbyroadsoridlingvehiclesinparkingareascanalsobesources.
SourcesofNO2andrespirablePM
includeunventedorimproperlyventedcombustionequipment,fireplaces,woodstovesandkeroseneheaters,anddieselexhaust.
FurtherReading
PriorityIssue14.0VentedCombustionAppliancesandPriorityIssue15.0UnventedCombustionAppliances
RegularInspections
Maintenancestaffshouldperformregularinspectionsofcombustionappliancesandassociatedventingsystems,aswellasofcarbonmonoxidedetectionandwarningequipment,toensurethatequipmentisingoodconditionandoperatingproperly.
SystemandBuildingOperations
Combustionequipmentmustbemaintainedtoensurethatthereareno
blockages,andairandfuelmixturesmustbeproperlyadjustedtoensurecompletecombustion.
Iftheschoolhascarbonmonoxidedetectionandwarningequipment,followmanufacturercalibrationrecommendationstomakesurethattheyareworkingproperly.AdditionalventilationcanbeusedasatemporarymeasurewhenelevatedlevelsofCOareexperiencedforshortperiodsoftime.
OccupantEducation
SignageOpportunity:EducateoccupantsontheimportanceofCOdetectionandwarningequipment.
ExampleLanguage:“Carbonmonoxide(CO)isacolorless,odor- lessgasthatcancauseheadaches,dizziness,disorientation,nauseaandfatigueatlowlevelsofexposure.Athigherconcen-
trations,COexposurecanbefatal.IfthisCOalarmprovidesawarningforahighCOlevel,vacatetheroomandnotifythefacilitymanagerandschoolnurseimmediately.”
SignLocations:AdjacenttoeachCOalarm.
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Priority IAQConcern
Health Effects and PotentialExposure Locations
IAQ Considerations After the Building Upgrade
OzoneFromIndoorSources
Environmen-
talTobaccoSmoke
HealthEffects
Breathingozonecantriggeravarietyofhealthproblems,includingdecreasesinlungfunction,aggravationofasthma,throatirritationandcough,chestpainandshortnessofbreath,inflammationoflungtissue,andincreasedsus
ceptibilitytorespiratoryinfection.k
PotentialExposureLocations
Ozonecanbegeneratedbyequipmentwithintheschool,suchasphotocopiersandlaserprinters,andportableaircleaningdevicesdesignedtointentionallyproduceozone.
FurtherReading
PriorityIssue16.0OzoneFromIndoorSources
HealthEffects
Environmentaltobaccosmoke,sometimesreferredtoas“secondhandsmoke,”hasbeenclassifiedasaGroupAcarcinogenbyEPA.Italsohasbeenassociatedwithmultiplehealtheffectsinchildren,includingtheonsetofasthma,increasedseverityofordifficultyincontrollingasthma,frequentupperrespiratoryinfections,middle-earinfections,andpneumoniaandbronchitis.
PotentialExposureLocations
Tobaccosmokewillbefoundin
schoolsonlyifsmokingoccursonschoolproperty.
FurtherReading
PriorityIssue17.0EnvironmentalTobaccoSmoke
SystemandBuildingOperations
Ensurethatair-cleaningdevicesdesignedtointentionallyproduceozonearenotintroducedintothebuilding,includingportableaircleaners.
Periodicallyassessventilationandexhaustinareaswithofficeequipmentthatgeneratesozone(e.g.,copiersandprinters).Followmanufacturers’printedinstructionsformaintenanceofofficeequipmentthat
hasozonecaptureequipment(e.g.,activecarbonfilter).AdministratorandStaffEducation
Ensurethatstaffdonotbringportableaircleaningdevicesthataredesignedtointentionallyproduceozoneintotheschool.
StudentEducationOpportunitiesforTeachers
Educatestudentsaboutthehealtheffectsofozone.SeeEPA’sTeacherResourcesandLessonPlansWebpageforalinktotheeducationalmaterial,“Ozone:GoodUpHigh,BadNearby.”
AdministratorandStaffEducation
Federalregulations(20USCSection6083)prohibitsmokingwithinanyindoorfacilityownedorleasedorcontractedforandusedforprovisionofroutineorregularkindergarten,elementaryorsecondaryeducationorlibraryservicestochildren.Stateorlocallawsmaybemorerestrictive.
Urgeteachers,administratorsandstafftomaketheschool’stobacco-usepolicyapriority.Thepolicymustbeconsistentwithlocalandstatelawsandshouldincludeprohibitionsagainsttobaccousebystudents,allschoolstaff,parentsandvisitorsonschoolproperty;inschoolvehicles;andatschool-sponsoredfunctionsawayfromschoolproperty.
OccupantEducation
SignageOpportunity:Remindoccupantsandvisitorsoftheschool’ssmokingpolicy.
ExampleText:“ Toprotectthehealthofstudentsandstaff,this
isasmokefreeschool.Smokingisnotpermittedanywhereonschoolgrounds.”
SignLocations:Spaceevenlyaroundthebuildingperimeter,andespeciallynexttodoors,windowsandoutdoorairintakes.
k.EPA,IndoorAir,OzoneGeneratorsthatareSoldasAirCleaners
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Priority IAQConcern
Health Effects and PotentialExposure Locations
IAQ Considerations After the Building Upgrade
Heating,
Ventilation,&
AirConditioning
(HVAC)
OutdoorAir
Ventilation
HealthEffects
PoorlydesignedormaintainedHVACsystemscanexacerbateIAQproblems.Forexample,moisturecanaccumulateinductsleadingtomoldgrowth,incorrectlyinstalledormaintainedfilterscanallowparticulatestobespread
throughoutthebuilding,andsystemsthatdonotprovideenoughoutdoorairventilationcanresultinhighlevelsofindoorpollutants,oftenasindicatedbyelevatedindoorcarbondioxidelevels,whichisconsideredasurrogateforotherindoorpollutants.Thiswillcontributetooccupantdissatisfactionandcancauseheadaches,dizziness,nausea,poorconcentration,lethargyandreducedstudentperformance.Inadequateindoorthermalcontrolalsocannegativelyaffectstudentperformance.
HVACOpportunities
AmongthemainpurposesofanHVACsystemaretohelpmaintaingoodIAQthroughadequateventilationandfiltrationandtoprovidethermalcomfortandindoormoisturecontrol.HVACsystemsareamongthelargestenergyconsumersinschools.ThechoiceanddesignoftheHVACsystemcanalsoaffectmanyotherhigh-performancegoals,includingwaterconsumption(water-cooledairconditioningequipment)andacoustics.
Engineerscandesignaqualitysystemthatiscost-competitivewithtraditionalventilationdesignswhilesuccessfullyprovidinganappropriatequantityandqualityofoutdoorair,loweringenergycosts,allowingforeasiermaintenance,andimprovingstudentperformance.
FurtherReading
PriorityIssue18.0HVACEquipmentandPriority Issue 19.0OutdoorAirVentilation
RegularInspections
CreateamaintenanceschedulefortheHVACsystemtoensurethatfiltersarechangedregularlyandanycalibrationrequirementsaremet.
SystemandBuildingOperations
IfHVACsystemsareupgradedorimprovedduringtheconstructionproject,thecontractingteammustprovidethorough,onsitetrainingtothefacilitymanagementstafftoensuresystemscanbeoperated
properly.Facilitymanagersareencouragedtopayspecialattentiontothesequenceofoperations,anydirectdigitalcontrolsorbuildingautomationsystems,andtheoutdoorairventilationratesthatthesystemisdesignedtoprovidetoeachroom.Whennaturalventilationisprovided,effortsshouldbemadetoensurethatwindowsandotherventilationopeningsareoperatedappropriatelytoensureadequateventilation.
OccupantFeedback
Provideasystemforschooloccupantstocommentonperceivedindoorairquality,thermalcomfort,humiditylevels,standingwaterorleaks,andairspeed,astheseissuescanbeindicatorsofHVACcalibrationoroperationalproblems.
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Priority IAQConcern
Health Effects and PotentialExposure Locations
IAQ Considerations After the Building Upgrade
ExhaustVentilation
HealthEffects
AlthoughschoolscanuseHVACsystemstocontrolmoistureanddilutepollutants,roomswithsignificantmoisturegenerationorroomswithstrong,localizedsourcesofpollutants(e.g.,whereVOC-containingproductsare
storedorused)oftenrequireexhaustsystemstoensureadequateIAQ.
Thehealtheffectsthatoftencanbereducedbydedicatedexhaustsystemsaredocumentedintheprecedingsectionsofthisappendix:“MoistureControlandMold,”“BuildingProducts/MaterialsEmissions,”and“VentedCombustionAppliancesandUnventedCombustionAppliances.”
PotentialExposureLocations
Lockerrooms,bathrooms,laun
driesandotherareaswithfrequentlevelsofhighhumidityareatincreasedriskofmoldandmildew.
Examplesofspaceswithstrong,localizedcontaminantsourcesincludeartrooms,sciencelaboratories,kitchens,woodworkshops,machineshopsandjanitors’closets.
Buildingimprovementprojectsmayuseadhesives,sealants,paintsandcoatingsthatcontainVOCsinhighconcentrations.
FurtherReading
PriorityIssue20.0ExhaustVentilation
AdministratorandStaffEducation
Ensurethatteachers,administratorsandmaintenancestaffknowwheretostorechemicals,especiallyifstorageclosetswithdedicatedexhaustsystemsarelocatedintheschool.
TeachersandstaffwhoregularlystoreandusechemicalsshouldhaveinformationonEPAToolkitforSafeChemicalManagementinK–12Schools
OccupantFeedback
Provideasystemforschooloccupantstocommunicatemoistureandodorcomplaints,ascomplaintsmaystemfromdeficientexhaustsystems.
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Priority IAQConcern
Health Effects and PotentialExposure Locations
IAQ Considerations After the Building Upgrade
Mercury HealthEffects SystemandBuildingOperations
Mercuryisaneurotoxicsubstancethatcanproduceawiderangeofhealtheffectsinchildrendependingontheamountandtimingofexposure.Elemental(metallic)mercuryprimarilycauseshealtheffectswhenitisinhaledasava
porandabsorbedintothelungs.
PotentialExposureLocations
Mercuryisusedinmanyitemsfoundinschools,suchasthermometers,barometers,switches,thermostats,flowmeters,fluorescentlightingandcompactfluorescentlightbulbs,andlaboratoryreagentsinchemistryandsciencelaboratories.Twomajorcausesofmercuryreleasesandspillsatschoolsareimproperstorageandmishandlingoftheseitems,whichcanresultinthereleaseofmercu
ryviabreakageorspillage.FurtherReading
PriorityIssue21.0BuildingSafetyforChildrenandOtherOccupants
Ensurethattheschoolhasamercuryspillresponseplan.Properlydisposeoffluorescentlightingandcompactfluorescentlightbulbs.
AdministratorandStaffEducation
Ensurethatteachers,administratorsandmaintenancestaffknowhowtoproperlystoreandhandlemercurycompoundsandmercury-containingequipmentandcomponents.
StudentEducationOpportunitiesforTeachers
Educatestudentsaboutthepotentialhealthhazardsofmercury.SeeEPA’sMercury:AnEducator’sToolkitWebpage.
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AppendixC:WorkerProtection
PriorityIssue23.0JobsiteSafetyoftheEnergySavingsPlusHealthGuidereferstothisappendixforworkerprotection.Thisappendixcontainsinformationtohelpthoseperformingandsupervisingthebuildingupgradeassesstheriskstoworkers;itrecommendsactionstominimizeriskstoworkers’healthandsafety
andidentifiesresourcesforadditionalinformation.Workerprotectionisespeciallyimportantinolderbuildings.Areasundergoingconstructionmaycontainremnantsoflegacycontaminants,suchasleadandasbestos.Althoughthesematerialsoftenarenotconsideredharmfulifleftundisturbedorcovered,theycanbecomeaconcernwhendisturbed.Therefore,itisessentialthatthecontractorsreviewavailableinforma
tionabouttheexistenceofsuchmaterialsbeforebe
ginninganymodificationstothebuilding.Ifexistence
ofhazardousmaterialsissuspected,areviewmust
becommissionedbytheschoolauthorities.Insome
situations,onlycertifiedpersonnelcanperformcertain
activitiesoutlinedinthisGuide.
Bylaw,employersandsupervisorsarerequiredto
provideworkerswithaworkplacethatisfreefrom
recognizedhazardsthatarecausingorarelikelyto
causedeathorseriousphysicalharm,asrequiredin
Section5(a)(1)oftheOccupationalSafetyandHealth
Actof1970.Employersandsupervisorsmustensure
thefollowing:
1. WorksiteoperationsareconductedincompliancewithOccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministration(OSHA)regulatoryrequirements.OSHAregulatoryrequirementsidentifythefollowingconstructionhazardstobeaddressed:
2. Workersaretrainedinthehazardsoftheirjobandthemethodstoprotectthemselves.
3. Workersareprovidedtheprotectiveequipmentneededtoreducesiteexposures.EmployersarerequiredtoperformaPersonalProtectiveEquipmentHazardAssessmentforeachemployee.
TableC1providesalistofrecommendedassessmentsandactionsforworkersafetyconcerns.Projectcontractdocuments(drawingsorspecifications)andsiteplansshouldincludeprecautionstoaddresstheseissues.TableC1alsoincludesmeasuresanemployerneedstotaketoevaluateexistingandpotentialhealthconcernsandrecommendedactionstoensureworkersafety.Assistancewithdevelopingtheseworkerprotectionplansoftenisavailablefromstateorfederaltraining
programs.OSHAofferstrainingcoursesandeducationalprogramstohelpbroadenworkerandemployerknowledgeontherecognition,avoidance,andpreventionofsafetyandhealthhazardsintheirworkplaces.OSHAalsoofferstrainingandeducationalmaterialsthathelpbusinessestraintheirworkersandcomplywiththeOccupationalSafetyandHealthAct(see http://www.osha.gov/dte/index.html).
When knownpollutantsarebeingproducedordisturbed
duringretrofitactivities,followappropriatestandards
(includingOSHA,NationalInstituteforOccupation
alSafetyandHealth[NIOSH]andEPAstandards)to
minimizeworkerandoccupantexposure.Thedocument
“IAQGuidelinesforOccupiedBuildingsUnderCon
struction”publishedbytheSheetMetalandAirCon
ditioningContractors’NationalAssociation(SMACNA)
alsocanbeusedasabest-practicesmanualformaintainingIAQinoccupiedbuildingsundergoingrenovation
orconstruction.TheSMACNAdocumentcovershowto
managethesourceofairpollutants,controlmeasures,
qualitycontrolanddocumentation,andcommunication
withoccupants.
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Asbestos-Containing Materials 29 CFR Part 1926.1101 and 40 CFR Part 763, Subpart G
Chemical Hazards 29 CFR Part 1910.1200
Confined Spaces 29 CFR Part 1926.21 (b)(6)(i)
Electrical 29 CFR Part 1926, Subpart K
Falls 29 CFR Part 1926.501
Ladders 29 CFR Part 1926.1053
Lead 29 CFR Part 1926.62 and 40 CFR 745
Personal Protective Equipment 29 CFR Part 1926.28
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TableC1:RecommendedAssessmentsandActionsforWorkerSafetyConcerns
Confined SpacesAsbestos
Assessment: DeterminewhetherworkerswillbeexposedtoACM.BecauseofthepredominantuseofACM,constructionandrenovationactivitiesinolderschoolsmayexposeworkerstothishazard.TheAsbestosHazardEmergencyResponseAct(AHERA),aprovisionoftheToxicSubstancesControlAct,becamelawin1986.AHERArequireslocaleducationagenciestoinspecttheirschoolsforACMs
andpreparemanagementplanstopreventorreduceasbestoshazards,oftenknownasanAHERAasbestosmanagementplan.
Actions
• ComplywiththeACMinSchoolsRuleat40CFRPart763,SubpartEandtheOSHAruleat29CFRPart1926.1101,whichprovidestherequiredprotectionmeasuresforworkinvolvingACMs.
• SeeOSHA’swebsiteonasbestosforadditionalinformationandresources.
Chemical Hazards
Assessment: Determinewhetherworkerswillbeexposedtochemicalhazardslbychemicalsinuse,accidentally
releasedbyactionstaken(e.g.,spillsfrommercury-containinglampsorballasts),orcontactwithpre-existingchemicallycontaminatedbuildingmaterials,subsoilsorvapors.
Actions
• ComplywiththeOSHAruleat29CFRPart1910.1200,whichincludesthefollowingrequirements(notanexhaustivelist):
o thatchemicalcontentinformationbemadeavailableforallchemicalsinuse;
o thatcontainersbeproperlylabeled;and
o thatworkershandlingchemicalsbeproperlyinformedandtrained.
• Usechemicalsthatarebest-in-classfortheparticularapplicationintermsofhavinglowtoxiccontentand/orlowcontaminantemissions.Examplesincludepaints,adhesives,sealantsandcoatingsthatmeettheemissionscriteriaofCaliforniaDepartmentofPublicHealthSpecification01350.
• Properhealthandsafetyprecautionsshouldbeemployedbyworkerswhouseormaycomeincontactwithpesticidesorchemicalcontaminantsinbuildingmaterials,subsoilsorvapors.
• Forpesticides,complywithEPA's40CodeofFederalRegulationsPart170—CurrentAgriculturalWorkerProtectionStandard(includesallamendmentsasofOctober3,1997).
• SeeOSHA’swebsiteonchemicalhazardscommunicationforadditionalinformationandresources.
Assessment: Determinewhetherworkerswillbeexposedtoconfined-spacehazards.
Actions
• Ensuretheworkspaceiscleanedregularlyandhasadequateventilationandexhaustandthatconstructionisphasedproperlytoprotectworkersandoccupantsfromconstructionactivitiesthatareconsideredhighrisk,asoutlinedinSMACNA“IAQGuidelinesforOccupiedBuildingsUnderConstruction,”2ndEdition.
• UnderOSHAruleat29CFRPart1926.21(b)(6)(i),informallemployeesrequiredtoenterconfinedorenclosedspacesaboutthefollowing:
o thenatureofthehazardsinvolved;
o thenecessaryprecautionstobetaken;and
o theuseofrequiredprotectiveandemergencyequipment.
• SeeOSHA’swebsiteonconfinedspacesforadditionalresourcesonconfinedspacehazardsingeneralindustry.
• SeeOSHA’s“ProtectYourself:CarbonMonoxidePoisoning”QuickCardforadditionalinformationon
sourcesofCOandrecommendedactionsforpreventingCOexposure.
• SeePriorityIssue13.0BuildingProducts/MaterialsEmissionsandEPA’sDesignfortheEnvironmentProgramwebsiteformoreinformationonselectinglesstoxicproductsandmaterialsthatmaybeusedinconfinedspaces.
Dust
Assessment: Determinewhethertheworkwillgeneratedust.Usebest-practicemeasurestomanageandcontrolairqualitycontaminantsinareasofwork.
Actions
• Educateworkersaboutdustcontainmentprocedures
andhowtocontroldustanddebriscreatedbyequipmentusedinconstructionactivities.
• Useworkmethodsthatminimizedustandpreventdustfromspreadingtootherareasoftheschool.
• Isolateareaswhereworkisbeingperformed(e.g.,sealedwithplasticsheeting)tocontainanydustthatisgeneratedduringconstructionactivities.
• Removeallclassroomfurniturefromtheworkareaorcoverfurniturewithplasticsheetingtopreventdustcontamination.
• Turnoffforced-air,centralheatingandair-conditioningsystems(includinglocal,windowairconditioningunits)whileworkthatcreatesdustisbeingcompleted.
• Collectandremoveallconstructiondebris.
• Conductacarefulcleanuproutinelyandattheendoftheproject.
• SeeOSHA’swebsitesonwooddust,combustibledust,andpermissibleexposurelimitsforadditionalinformationandresources.
l.Basedon29CFRPart1926.59,achemicalhazardisachemicalthatiseitheraphysicalhazardorahealthhazard.“Physicalhazard”referstoachemicalforwhichthereisscientificallyvalidevidencethatitisacombustibleliquid,acompressedgas,explosive,flammable,anorganicperoxide,anoxidizer,pyrophoric,unstable(reactive)orwater-reactive.“Healthhazard”referstoachemicalforwhichthereisstatisticallysignificantevidencebasedonatleastonestudyconductedinaccordancewithestablishedscientificprinciplesthatacuteorchronichealtheffectsmayoccurinexposedemployees.
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TableC1:RecommendedAssessmentsandActionsforWorkerSafetyConcerns(continued)
LeadElectrical
Assessment: Determinewhetherworkerswillbeexposedtoelectricalhazards.
Actions
• FollowOSHArule29CFRPart1926,SubpartKrequirementsforprotectingworkersfromelectricalhazards(notanexhaustivelist):
o Employersmustmakesurethatallnon-doubleinsulatedelectricequipmentisequippedwithagroundingconductor(three-wiretype).
o Wornorfrayedelectriccordsmustnotbeused.
o Employersmustprovideeitherground-faultcircuitinterruptersoranassuredequipmentgroundingconductorprogram(whichincludestheregulartestingofallequipmentgroundingconductors)toprotectemployeesfromgroundfaults.
• SeeOSHA’sElectricalIncidentsE-Toolforadditionalinformationonelectricalsafety.
Falls
Assessment: Determinewhetherworkerswillberequiredtoworkatheightsof6feetormore.
Actions
• Ifworkisrequiredatheightsof6feetormore,protectworkerswithguardrailsorbyproperlysecuringtopreventfalls.
• SeeOSHAruleat29CFRPart1926.501foradditionalinformationonrequirements.
• SeeOSHA’sWebpageonfallprotectionandOSHA’sFallsE-Toolforadditionalinformationonprotectingworkersfromfallhazards.
Ladders
Assessment: Determinewhetherworkerswillbeusingladders.Actions:
• FollowOSHAruleat29CFRPart1926.1053,whichincludesthefollowingrequirements(notanexhaustivelist):o Portableladdersmustbeabletosupportatleast
fourtimesthemaximumintendedload.
o Laddersthatmustleanagainstawallaretobepositionedata4:1angle.
o Laddersaretobekeptfreeofoil,grease,wetpaintandotherslippinghazards.
o Theareaaroundthetopandbottomoftheladdermustbekeptclear.
o Laddersmustnotbetiedorfastenedtogethertoprovidelongersections.
o Metalladdersmustnotbeusedwhileworkingonelectricalequipmentandelectricalwiring.
• SeetheOSHAruleat29CFRPart1926.1053foradditionalinformationonrequirements.
• SeeOSHA’spublication,“StairwaysandLadders:AGuidetoOSHARules,”foradditionalresourcesonladdersafety.
Assessment: DeterminewhetherprojectactivitieswillexposeworkerstoleaddustaccordingtotheAssessmentProtocolsoutlinedinthePriorityIssue5.0Lead.Themostcommonleadhazardsinschoolsarelead-basedpaint(especiallyinpre-1978buildings),leaddustandcontaminatedsoil.Othersourcesofleadhazardsareolderplumbingfixtures,vinylminiblinds,paintedtoysandfurni
turemadebefore1978,leadsmelters,orotherindustrialsources.
Actions
• Ifthefacilitywasbuiltbefore1978,theexistingpaintisassumedtocontainlead,andretrofittingorrenovationactivitiesmustcomplywithEPA’sRenovation,RepairandPaintingProgramRule(40CFRPart745)andtheOSHAruleat29 CFRPart1926.62.See EPA’sEPARenovation,RepairandPaintingProgramRulewebsiteforadditionalinformation.
• SeeOSHA’spublication,“LeadinConstruction,”forinformationonOSHArequirementstoprotectworkersfromleadhazardsintheconstructionindustry.
Mold
Assessment: Determinewhetherworkerswillbeexposedtomold.
Actions
• Allsuspectedmoldyareasshouldberemediatedbyproperlytrainedindividuals.Moistureproblemsneedtobeidentifiedandfixedormoldwillreturn.Ifmoldisexpectedtobedisturbedduringactivities,immediatelybringthistotheattentionofthesitemanagerandrefertoOSHA’s“ABriefGuidetoMoldintheWorkplace,”NIOSH’s“RecommendationsforCleaningandRemediationofFlood-ContaminatedHVACSystems:AGuideforBuildingOwnersandManagers,”EPA’s“MoldRemediationinSchoolsandCommercialBuildings,”theAmericanConferenceofGovernmentIndustrialHygienists’“BioaerosolsAssessmentandControl,”theAmericanIndustrialHygieneAssociation’s“Recognition,Evaluation,andControlofIndoorMold,”ortheInstituteofInspection,CleaningandRestorationCertification’sS520“StandardandReferenceGuideforProfessionalMoldRemediation.”
• SeeEPA’sMoldsandMoisturewebsiteforadditionalinformationonmoldandmoldremediation.
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TableC1:RecommendedAssessmentsandActionsforWorkerSafetyConcerns(continued)
PolychlorinatedBiphenyls(PCBs) SprayPolyurethaneFoam(SPF)
Assessment: DeterminewhetherworkersmaybehandlingPCB-containingorPCB-contaminatedbuildingmaterials,includingfluorescentlightballastsandcaulk.
Actions
• SeeEPA’sPCB-ContainingFluorescentLightBallastsinSchoolBuildingsWebpageforinformationon
propermaintenance,removalanddisposalofPCB-containingfluorescentlightballasts.Ifleakingballastsarediscovered,wearprotectiveclothingincludingchemical-resistant(nitrile)gloves,bootsanddisposableoveralls.
• SeeEPA’sPCBsinCaulk—StepstoSafeRenovationandAbatementofBuildingsThatHavePCB-ContainingCaulkwebsiteforinformationonthistopic.Workpracticestohelpensureworkerandoccupantsafetyincludeemployingprotectivemeasures(bothinteriorandexterior),complyingwithoccupationalprotectiveregulations,communicatingwithbuildingoccupants/thirdparties,settinguptheworkareatopreventthespreadofdust,usingappropriatetoolsthatminimize
thegenerationofdust/heat,andleavingtheworkareaclean.
Assessment: DeterminewhetherworkerswillbeusingSPF,whichmaycontainchemicalssuchasisocyanates(e.g.,methylenediphenyldiisocyanate),amines,flameretardantsand/orotheradditives.TherearethreemaintypesofSPFproducts(two-componenthighpressure,two-componentlowpressure,andone-componentfoam),eachofwhichhasdifferentapplications.Determinewhichof
thethreemaintypesofSPFproductswillbeused.Actions
• Applicators,crewandbuildingoccupantsintheworkareaarerequiredtouseprotectiveequipmenttopreventexposuretoisocyanatesandotherSPFchemicals.ProtectiveequipmentrequirementsvarydependingonthetypeofSPFproduct.
• Reviewlabelandproductinformationforingredients,hazards,directions,safeworkpracticesandprecautions.
• Ensurehealthandsafetytrainingiscompletedandsafeworkpracticesarefollowedtopreventeye,skinandinhalationexposuresduringandafterSPFinstallation.
• Exercisecautionwhendeterminingasafere-entrytimeforunprotectedoccupantsandworkersbasedonthemanufacturer’sprintedrecommendation.IfyouexperiencebreathingproblemsorotheradversehealtheffectsfromweatherizingwithSPF,seekimmediatemedicalattention.
• SeeOSHA’sGreenJobHazardswebsiteforadditionalinformationonthehazardsassociatedwithSPF.
• SeeEPA’sSPFwebsiteforadditionalinformation.
• SeetheAmericanChemistryCouncil’sSPFHealthandSafetywebsiteforadditionalinformation.
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AbbreviationsandAcronymsUsedinAppendices
ACM–asbestos-containingmaterial
AHERA–AsbestosHazardEmergencyResponseAct
ANSI–AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute
AP–assessmentprotocols
ASHRAE–AmericanSocietyofHeating,Refrigerating
andAir-ConditioningEngineers
CFR–CodeofFederalRegulations
CO–carbonmonoxide
EPA–U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency
HVAC–Heating,VentilationandAirConditioning
IAQ–indoorairquality
IPM–integratedpestmanagement
K–12–kindergartenthrough12thgrade
MA–minimumactions
NIOSH–NationalInstituteforOccupationalSafetyandHealth
OPR–owner’sprojectrequirements
OSHA–OccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministration
PCBs–polychlorinatedbiphenyls
PM–particulatematter
SMACNA–SheetMetalandAirConditioningContractors’NationalAssociation
SPF–spraypolyurethanefoam
VOC–volatileorganiccompound
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ReferencesCitedinAppendices
AgencyforToxicSubstancesandDiseaseRegistry:
ToxicSubstancesPortal—TotalPetroleumHydrocarbons(TPH).2014.http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ toxfaqs/TF.asp?id=423&tid=75
AmericanChemistryCouncil: SprayPolyurethaneFoamHealthandSafety.http://www.spraypolyurethane.org
AmericanConferenceofGovernmentIndustrial
Hygienists:BioaerosolsAssessmentandControl.1999.http://www.acgih.org/store/ProductDetail.cfm?id=349
AmericanIndustrialHygieneAssociation:Recognition,Evaluation,andControlofIndoorMold.2008.https://webportal.aiha.org/Purchase/ProductDetail.aspx?Product_code=3f9e0a5a-4778-de11-96b00050568361fd
ASHRAEStandard62.1:ANSI/ASHRAEStandard62.1-2013.VentilationforAcceptableIndoorAirQuality.2013.http://www.techstreet.com/ashrae/ products/1865968
ASHRAEStandard189.1:ANSI/ASHRAEStandard189.1-2011:StandardfortheDesignofHigh-PerformanceGreenBuildings:ExceptLow-RiseResidentialBuildings.2011.AmericanSocietyofHeating,RefrigerationandAir-ConditioningEngineers.https://www.ashrae.org/resources--publications/ bookstore/standard-189-1
CaliforniaDepartmentofPublicHealth,Emission
TestingMethodforCaliforniaSpecification01350:
StandardMethodfortheTestingandEvaluationofVolatileOrganicChemicalEmissionsFromIndoorSourcesUsingEnvironmentalChambers,Version1.1.2010.http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/IAQ/ Documents/cdph-iaq_standardmethod_v1_1_2010%20new1110.pdf
CDC(CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention),
NIOSH(NationalInstituteforOccupationalSafetyand
Health):CDCNIOSHwebsite.http://www.cdc.gov/niosh
CDC,NIOSH:Storm,Flood,andHurricaneResponse:RecommendationsfortheCleaningandRemediationofFlood-ContaminatedHVACSystems:A GuideforBuildingOwnersandManagers.2010.http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/emres/cleaning-flood-HVAC.html
EPA(U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency): AirNowSchoolFlagProgram:KnowYourAirQualityToProtectStudentsHealth.http://www.airnow.gov/index. cfm?action=school_flag_program.index
EPA:AirNow.http://www.airnow.gov/
EPA:AirNowTeacher’sAirQualityResources.2014.http://www.airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=learning. forteachers
EPA:AnIntroductiontoIndoorAirQuality(IAQ).Lead(Pb).LeadHealthEffects.2012.
http://www.epa.gov/iaq/lead.html#Health_Effects
EPA:AnIntroductiontoIndoorAirQuality(IAQ):VolatileOrganicCompounds(VOCs).2012.http://www.epa.gov/iaq/voc.html
EPA:Asbestos.LearnAboutAsbestos.HealthEffectsFromExposuretoAsbestos.2014.http://www2.epa.gov/asbestos/learn-about-asbestos#effects
EPA:DesignfortheEnvironment.2014.http://www.epa.gov/dfe
EPA:DesignfortheEnvironment.LabeledProductsandOurPartners.2014.http://epa.gov/dfe/pubs/
projects/formulat/formpart.htm
EPA:DrinkingWaterinSchools&ChildCareFacilities.2012.http://water.epa.gov/infrastructure/ drinkingwater/schools/index.cfm
EPA:IAQToolsforSchools .IAQReferenceGuide,AppendixH:MoldandMoisture.2012.http://www.epa.gov/iaq/schools/tfs/guideh.html
EPA:IAQToolsforSchools .IAQReferenceGuide,AppendixI:EmissionsfromMotorVehiclesandEquipment.2012.http://www.epa.gov/iaq/schools/tfs/ guidei.html
EPA:IndoorAir.OzoneGeneratorsThatAreSoldasAirCleaners.2013.http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/ ozonegen.html#table%201
EPA:Lead.Renovation,RepairandPaintingProgram.http://www2.epa.gov/lead/renovation-repair-andpainting-program
EPA:Mercury:AnEducator’sToolkit.2012. http:// www.epa.gov/region7/mercury/educator_toolkit.htm
EPA:MoldandMoisture.IntroductiontoMoldandMoldRemediationforEnvironmentalandPublicHealthProfessionalsCourse.2012.http://www.epa.gov/mold/moldcourse/
EPA:MoldandMoisture.MoldRemediationinSchoolsandCommercialBuildings.2008.http://www.epa.gov/mold/mold_remediation.html
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104 EnergySavingsPlusHealth| INDOORAIRQUALITYGUIDELINESFORSCHOOLBUILDINGUPGRADES
EPA:MoldsandMoisture.2013.http://www.epa.gov/mold/
EPA:PesticidesHealthandSafety:CurrentAgriculturalWorkerProtectionStandard.2014.http:// www.epa.gov/pesticides/safety/workers/PART170.htm
EPA:PolychlorinatedBiphenyls(PCBs).BasicInformation:PolychlorinatedBiphenyls(PCBs).2013.http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/hazard/tsd/pcbs/pubs/ about.htm
EPA:PolychlorinatedBiphenyls(PCBs).FactSheetsforSchoolsandTeachersAboutPCB-ContaminatedCaulk.2012.http://www.epa.gov/pcbsincaulk /caulkschoolkit.htm
EPA:PolychlorinatedBiphenyls(PCBs).HealthEffectsofPCBs.2013.http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/hazard/ tsd/pcbs/pubs/effects.htm
EPA:PolychlorinatedBiphenyls(PCBs).PCB-ContainingFluorescentLightBallasts(FLBs)inSchoolBuildings:AGuideforSchoolAdministratorsandMaintenancePersonnel.2013.http://www.epa.gov/
epawaste/hazard/tsd/pcbs/pubs/ballasts.htmEPA:PolychlorinatedBiphenyls(PCBs):StepstoSafeRenovationandAbatementofBuildingsThatHavePCB-ContainingCaulk.2012.http://www.epa.gov/pcbsincaulk/guide/index.htm
EPA:Radon.HealthRisks.2012.http://www.epa.gov/radon/healthrisks.html
EPA:Radon.Kids,StudentsandTeachers.2013.http://www.epa.gov/radon/justforkids.html
EPA:ToolkitforSafeChemicalManagementinSchools.2012.http://www.epa.gov/schools/ guidelinestools/toolkit.html
EPA:SprayPolyurethaneFoam(SPF)Home.2013.http://www.epa.gov/dfe/pubs/projects/spf/spray_polyurethane_foam.html
EPA:StateSchoolEnvironmentalHealthGuidelines.2012.http://www.epa.gov/schools/guidelinestools/ehguide/
EPA:TeacherResourcesandLessonPlans.2012.http://www.epa.gov/students/teachers.html
EPA:TeacherResourcesandLessonPlans.HoldtheMold.http://www.epa.gov/students/pdf/holdthemold.pdf
InstituteofInspection,CleaningandRestoration
Certification:BSR-IICRCS520MoldRemediation.StandardandReferenceGuideforProfessionalMoldRemediation.2008.http://www.iicrc.org/standards/iicrc-s520/
OSHA(OccupationalSafetyandHealth
Administration):U.S.DepartmentofLaborOSHAwebsite.http://www.osha.gov
OSHA,29CFRPart1910.1200:SubpartZ.HazardCommunication.OccupationalSafetyandHealthStandards:ToxicandHazardousSubstances.https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=standards&p_id=10099
OSHA,29CFRPart1926.21:SafetyTraining
andEducation.SafetyandHealthRegulationsforConstruction:GeneralSafetyandHealthProvisions.https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10607
OSHA,29CFRPart1926.28:SubpartC.PersonalProtectiveEquipment.SafetyandHealthRegulationsforConstruction:GeneralSafetyandHealthProvisionshttp://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10614
OSHA,29CFRPart1926.62:SubpartD.Lead.SafetyandHealthRegulationsforConstruction:OccupationalHealthandEnvironmentalControlshttp://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10641
OSHA,29CFRPart1926:SubpartK.Electrical.SafetyandHealthRegulationsforConstruction.http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10915
OSHA,29CFRPart1926.501:SubpartM.DutytoHaveFallProtection.SafetyandHealthRegulationsforConstruction.http://www.osha.gov/pls/ oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_id=10757&p_table=STANDARDS
OSHA,29CFRPart1926.1053:SubpartX.Ladders.SafetyandHealthRegulationsforConstruction.http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=standards&p_id=10839
OSHA,29CFRPart1926.1101:SubpartZ.Asbestos.SafetyandHealthRegulationsforConstruction:ToxicandHazardousSubstances.http://www.osha.gov/pls/ oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_id=10862&p_table=STANDARDS
OSHA:ABriefGuidetoMoldintheWorkplace.http://www.osha.gov/dts/shib/shib101003.html
OSHA:Asbestos.http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/asbestos/
OSHA:CombustibleDust.AnExplosionHazard.http://www.osha.gov/dsg/combustibledust/index.html
OSHA:ConfinedSpaceshttp://www.osha.gov/SLTC/ confinedspaces/index.html
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OSHA:ElectricalIncidentsE-Tool. http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/construction/electrical_incidents/ mainpage.html
OSHA:FallProtection.http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/ fallprotection/index.html
OSHA:FallsE-Tool.http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/ construction/falls/mainpage.html
OSHA:GreenJobsHazards,WeatherInsulating/
Sealing.http://www.osha.gov/dep/greenjobs/weather_spf.html
OSHA:HazardCommunication.http://www.osha.gov/dsg/hazcom/index.html
OSHA:Lead.Construction.http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/lead/construction.html
OSHA:OccupationalSafetyandHealthActof1970.Section5(a)(1).http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/ owadisp.show_document?p_table=OSHACT&p_id=3359
OSHA:OSHATrainingCourses,Materials,andResources.https://www.osha.gov/dte/index.html
OSHA:PermissibleExposureLimits(PELs).http://www.osha.gov/dsg/topics/pel/index.html
OSHA:QuickCard.ProtectYourself.CarbonMonoxidePoisoning.http://www.osha.gov/Publications/328210N-05-English-07-18-2007.html
OSHA:StairwaysandLadders:AGuidetoOSHA
Rules.http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3124.pdfOSHA:WoodDust.http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/wooddust/index.html
SheetMetalandAirConditioningContractorsNational
Association(SMACNA): IAQGuidelinesforOccupiedBuildingsUnderConstruction,2ndEdition.2007.ASNI/SMACNA 008-2008.http://smacna.org/store
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Section 4
MasterVerificationChecklist
EnergySavingsPlusHealth| INDOORAIRQUALITYGUIDELINESFORSCHOOLBUILDINGUPGRADES 107Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)
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Section4:MasterVerificationChecklist
ThecoretechnicalcomponentofEnergySavingsPlusHealth:IAQGuidelinesforSchoolBuildingUpgradesis:
Section 2: AssessmentProtocolsandRecommendedActions.
Section 3 containsappendicesthatarereferencedthroughouttheGuide.
Section 4 containsaMasterVerificationChecklisttohelpverifythattheassessmentprotocolsinSection 2havebeenappliedandthattheappropriateactionstoprotectorenhanceIAQhavebeentakenduringthebuildingupgrades.Thechecklistisavaluabletoolforkeepingtrackofprogressduringthebuildingupgrade,includingaccomplishmentsandupcomingissuestobeaddressed.
Alternatively,the“EnergySavingPlusHealthChecklistGenerator”toolcanbeusedtodevelopacustomverificationchecklist,alongwiththespecific
assessmentprotocolsandrecommendedactions,
tailoredtothebuildingupgradeproject.WhenusingtheEnergySavingPlusHealthChecklistGeneratoritmaybenecessarytoenablemacrosforfunctionality,dependingontheusers’Excelsettings.
Use the “Energy Saving Plus HealthChecklist Generator ” To Create Your CustomVerification Checklist, Assessment Protocolsand Recommended Actions
Note
Allchecklistsarecomplementarytothematerialpre-
sentedinSection2andshouldbeusedinconjunc-
tionwiththeassessmentprotocolsandrecommended
actions.Section2shouldbethoroughlyreviewedbe-
foreverifyingtheprotocolsandrecommendedactions
onthechecklists.
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EnergySavingsPlusHealth:IndoorAirQualityGuidelinesforSchoolBuildingUpgradesMasterVerificationChecklist
Note:ThisVerificationChecklististobeusedinconjunctionwiththeassessmentprotocolsandrecommendedactionsinSection2of Energy Savings Plus Health: IndooAir Quality Guidelines for School Building Upgrades .
SchoolName/Building:
City/State/Zip: Date:
1.0 Project Planning/Integrated Design
Assessment Protocol and Action Verification Complete N/A NOTES
AP 1.1Gatheredfeedbackfromtheschool’sfacultyandstaffonIAQissuesandgainedanunderstandingofthecurrentbuildingstatus.Conductedstakeholdermeetingsearlyinthedesignprocess.
AP 1.2 PerformedabuildingwalkthroughinspectiontoidentifyIAQissuesandconcerns.
AP 1.3DefinedoverallprojectIAQandenergygoalswithinthecontextofprojectscopeandbudget.Developedacommunicationsplanwithaclearprocessforaddressingoccupantconcerns.
AP 1.4
SelectedaprojectteamwithIAQexpertise.Includedarepresentativefromeachgroupofstakeholdersinthebuilding,forexample,teachers,administrators,nurses,maintenancestaff,parentsandstudents,ifpossible.Whenevaluatingproposals,ensuredtheproject’sIAQandenergyefficiencyrequirementsaremetandspecificprovisionsforprotectingIAQduringconstructionphasesareincluded.SeeAppendixAforguidanceonteamselection.
MA 1.1
Conductedcollaborativecross-functionalteammeetingstoidentifysynergiesbetweenIAQandenergy-efficiencyupgrades.Forlargeprojects,heldaDesignCharrettewithdesignprofessionalsandrepresentativesfromtheschool,includingIAQcoordinators,riskmanagers,administrators,teachers,nurses,andoperationsandmaintenancestaff.
MA1.1
MA 1.2 Formalizedprojectgoalsaftercollaborativedesignmeetings.ClearlydefinedallIAQandenergyefficiencygoals.
MA 1.3FinalizedaprojectteamwithIAQexpertise.Designatedrepresentative(s)fromtheschool’soperationsandmaintenancestafftoattendallteammeetings.
MA 1.4Heldregularmeetingsthroughoutdesignandconstructiontodiscussprojectprogress,synergiesandchallenges.Regularlycommunicatedprojectplansandprogresswithstakeholdersandrespondedtoconcerns.
ColorCodes AssessmentProtocol(AP) MinimumAction(MA) ExpandedAction(EA)
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1.0 Project Planning/Integrated Design (continued)
Assessment Protocol and Action Verification Complete N/A NOTES
MA 1.5
Heldaconstructionkick-offmeetingwiththedesignteam,generalcontractorandsitemanagersforeachtradebeforeconstructionbegins.Continuedmeetingsduringconstructionprocess,withupdatestostakeholders.Ensuredtheplanforprotectingstudentsandotheroccupantsduringtheconstructionphasesisadequatelycommunicated.
2.0 Commissioning
AP 2.1Determinedwhichkind(s)ofcommissioningareappropriate(newsystemcommissioning,recommissioningorretro-commissioning).
MA 2.1 Designatedand/orhiredaCommissioningAgent,asappropriatefortheproject.
MA 2.2DevelopedanOwner’sProjectRequirementsdocument,includingformalizedprojectgoals,perMA1.2.ClearlydefinedallIAQandenergyefficiencygoals.
MA 2.3DevelopedaBasisofDesigndocumenttooutlinehowthedesignwillmeettheOwner’sProjectRequirements.
MA 2.4
DevelopedaCommissioningPlan,includinganoutlineofcommissioningactivities,aschedule,alistofsystemstobecommissioned,andspecificationstobeincludedinthecommissioningprocess.
MA 2.5 CommissionedsystemsperthescheduleoutlinedintheCommissioningPlancreatedforMA2.4.
MA 2.6Deliveredathird-partycommissioningreporttothefacilitymanager(ifathird-partyCommissioningAgentwashiredtoperformcommissioningactivities).
MA 2.7 Performedpost-occupancycommissioning(asrequired).
MA 2.8EngagedtheCommissioningAgenttotrainthefacilitymanagerandotheroperationsandmaintenancestaffonallcommissionedsystems.
EA 2.1 Includedmeasurementandverificationdevicesintheprojectdesign.
EA 2.2 Developedaplanforrecommissioningexistingsystemsinthefutureastheyagetoensurelongtermsystemoptimization.
EA 2.3 Conductedfollow-uptrainingtoreinforceoperatorskillsandknowledge.
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3.0 Moisture Control and Mold
Assessment Protocol and Action Verification Complete N/A NOTES
AP 3.1Inspectedtheinteriorandexteriorofthebuildingandthebuilding’smechanicalsystemsforevidenceofmoistureproblems,anddocumentedtheresults.
AP 3.2
DeterminedwhethertheprojectrequiresmoldremediationoradditionalmoisturecontrolmeasuresbasedonthefindingsofthemoistureinspectionrecommendedinAP3.1ortheIAQwalkthroughinspectionrecommendedinAP1.2.
AP 3.3Workedwithageneralcontractororotherexperiencedbuildingexpertstodefinethescopeofmoistureimprovementsandrepairs.
AP 3.4
Assessedmoistureormoldproblemsthatcouldnotberesolvedundertheproject.Didnotstartconstructionprojectsthatwouldreducetheschool’sairinfiltrationrateifthereareunresolved
moistureproblems.
MA 3.1Repairedmoistureproblemsidentifiedduringtheassessmentincludingplumbingleaks,rainleaks,andfoundationleaks.
MA 3.2Conductedmoldremediationfollowingprofessionalguidance,suchasEPA’sMoldRemediationInSchoolsAndCommercialBuildingsandIICRCMoldRemediationStandardS520.
MA 3.3Addressedstandingwaterproblems.Correctedsurfacewaterpoolingnearthefoundationbeforeinsulatingbasementorcrawlspacewalls.
MA 3.4Managedrainwaterinassembliesincludedwithinthescopeofwork(e.g.,drainageplanesandflashings).Ensuredthereisadequateslopeanddrainageawayfromthebuilding.
MA 3.5EnsuredproperHVACcondensatedrainage.EnsureddrainpansmeetrequirementsofASHRAEStandard 62.1.
MA 3.6
Preventedcondensationinthebuildingbyairsealingtheenclosure,managingwatervaporflow,managingairpressurerelationships,ensuringallpipingandvalveswithcondensationpotentialareadequatelyinsulated,andcontrollingindoorhumiditysources.
MA 3.7
ProperlysizedtheHVACsystemtomanagemoistureinsidethebuilding.Ensuredthatclassroom
HVACsystemsprovidecontinuoushumiditycontrolandmaintainindoorrelativehumiditybelow60%,ideallybetween30%and50%,ifpossible.Ensuredproperindoorhumiditycontrolduringsummermonths.Ifthereisaschoolbuildingsummershutdownprogram,ensuredcontrolsandHVACoperationarespecifiedtokeepindoorrelativehumiditywithinacceptablelimits.Ensuredregularlyscheduledmaintenanceofhumidificationequipment.Formechanicallyventilatedbuildings,ensuredthatthebuildingmeetstheexfiltrationrequirementsofASHRAEStandard 62.1.
MA 3.8 Usednonporousconstructionmaterialsinmoisture-proneareas.
ColorCodes AssessmentProtocol(AP) MinimumAction(MA) ExpandedAction(EA)
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3.0 Moisture Control and Mold (continued)
Assessment Protocol and Action Verification Complete N/A NOTES
MA 3.9
Protectedopenroofareasfromrainduringconstructionanddesignedandconstructedroofingsystemsandflashingdetailstoensurepropermoisturebarriers.Repairedleaksbeforeairsealingorinsulatingtheattic.
MA 3.10
Protectedconstructionmaterialsfrommoisturedamageanddidnotusematerialsshowingvisiblesignsofmoldorotherbiologicalgrowth.Storedandinstalledallbuildingproducts,systemsandcomponentsinstrictaccordancewithmanufacturers’printedinstructions.
EA 3.1
Retrofittedcrawlspacessothattheyaresealed,insulated,ventilatedwithconditionedair,properlydrainedandwaterproofed.Installedahigh-capacity,energy-efficientdehumidifierinthespace(ifclimateconditionswarranted).
EA 3.2 FollowedEPAorotherprofessionalguidancetoperformadditionalactivitiestoremediateanymoldgrowth.
EA 3.3Consideredventilationapproachesforbettermoisturecontrol,includingdedicatedoutdoorairsystems(DOAS)andvariable-air-volume(VAV)systems.
4.0 Asbestos
AP 4.1Determinedareasoftheschoolthathavealreadybeenidentifiedascontainingasbestosbyreviewingtheschool’sAsbestosHazardEmergencyResponseAct(AHERA)asbestosmanagementplan.
AP 4.2
Inspectedthebuildingforasbestos-containingmaterial(ACM)or,fornewconstruction,verifiedthatnoasbestoswasusedinthebuildingmaterials.Iftheschooldoesnothaveanasbestosmanagementplanandasbestos-containingmaterialsarepresent,preparedanasbestosmanagementplan.
MA 4.1
EvaluatedtheconditionofACM.ImmediatelyisolatedtheareaifsuspectedACMwasfoundtobedamaged(e.g.,unraveling,frayed,breakingapart)andcontactedanaccreditedandproperlytrainedasbestosprofessionalforabatementorrepair.
MA 4.2
Exercisedcautiontopreventthereleaseofasbestosparticlesintotheairduringworkactivities(e.g.,nodusting,sweepingorvacuumingACMdebris;nosawing,sanding,scraping,ordrillingholesintoACM;nousingabrasivepadsorbrushestostripACM).
MA 4.3 Didnotremoveordisturbinsulationthatappearstobevermiculite.
MA 4.4
Conductedasbestosabatementbeforeblowerdoortestingandexercisedcautionwhenconductingblowerdoortestingwherefriableasbestosorvermiculiteatticinsulationispresent(e.g.,positively-pressurizedblowerdoortesting).
MA 4.5
Conductedasbestosclearanceairmonitoringfollowinganyasbestosresponseactionsintheschooltoensuretheactionswereconductedproperly,usingatrainedandaccreditedasbestosprofessional.
ColorCodes AssessmentProtocol(AP) MinimumAction(MA) ExpandedAction(EA)
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5.0 Lead
Assessment Protocol and Action Verification Complete N/A NOTES
AP 5.1Assumedlead-basedpaintwasusedinschoolsbuiltbefore1978,unlesstestingshowsotherwise.Recognizedthatlead-basedpaintmaybepresentinanyschool.Determinedwhichpaintedsurfaceswillbedisturbedduringtheplannedwork.
AP 5.2
Testedanysuspectedsurfacesthatwillbedisturbedduringthebuildingupgrade.PaintsamplesmaybetakenandanalyzedbyanEPA-accreditedlaboratory,oranEPA-certifiedinspectororriskassessormaytestpaintviaX-rayfluorescence[XRF]testingor,insomecases,acertifiedindividualmayuseanEPA-recognizedtestkit.
MA 5.1
CompliedwithEPA’sRenovation,RepairandPainting(RRP)ProgramRule(usedaCertifiedRenovator,followedlead-safeworkpractices,isolatedtheworkareatoavoidoccupantexposure,minimizedleaddust,leftnodustordebrisbehind,andsuccessfullyperformedcleaningverificationorclearancetesting.).
MA 5.2 Compliedwithalllocalandstateregulationsapplicabletoleadandhazardreductionactivities.
EA 5.1 Followedadditionallead-saferehabilitationpracticesinadditiontoEPA’sRRP.
EA 5.2 Replacedwindowsthattestpositiveforlead-basedpaint.
EA 5.3 Ensuredallfuturepaintapplicationsintheschoolarelead-free.
6.0 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
AP 6.1Determinedwhetherfluorescentlightballastscontainingpolychlorinatedbiphenyls(PCBs)arepresent.
AP 6.2 Assessedwhethercaulkwillbedisturbedduringbuildingupgradeactivities.
MA 6.1ReplacedPCB-containingfluorescentlightballaststhatareleakingwithnewlightingfixtures.AnyoilorstainsleakedfromPCB-containingballastswereproperlycleanedupordisposedof.ConsideredreplacementofallPCB-containinglightballastswithnewlightingfixtures.
MA 6.2ProperlydisposedofPCB-containinglightballastsandfluorescentbulbscontainingmercury.Adheredtorequirementsof40CFRPart761SubpartDtoensurethatanyPCB-containingwastewashandledproperly.
MA 6.3
IfPCBswerepotentiallypresentincaulkthatwasdisturbedduringbuildingrenovations,tookstepstominimizeexposurefollowingEPA’sCurrentBestPracticesforPCBsinCaulk.Adheredtorequirementsof40CFRPart761SubpartDtoensurethatanyPCB-containingwastewashandledproperly.Documentedandstoredcopiesofalltestresultsandalldisposalmeasures.
EA 6.1
IfthereareadditionalconcernsaboutPCBs,conductedanassessmentforPCBsinindoorairfollowingEPA’sCompendiumMethodTO-4A(highairvolume)orCompendiumMethodTO-10A(lowairvolume).IfairqualitytestsindicatedconcentrationsaboveEPA’sPublicHealthLevelsforPCBsinIndoorSchoolAir,identifiedpotentialsourcesofPCBsandmitigationoptions.Adheredtorequirementsof40CFRPart761SubpartDtoensurethatanyPCB-containingwastewashandledproperly.Documentedandstoredcopiesofalltestresultsandalldisposalmeasures.
ColorCodes AssessmentProtocol(AP) MinimumAction(MA) ExpandedAction(EA)
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7.0 Radon
Assessment Protocol and Action Verification Complete N/A NOTES
AP 7.1
Selectedaradontestingprofessionalfromalistofqualifiedtestersobtainedfromthestateradonoffice.If therearenostaterequirements,selectedaradonprofessionalwhoistrainedorcertifiedbytheAmericanAssociationofRadonScientists&Technologists,Inc.(AARST)NationalRadonProficiencyProgramortheNationalRadonSafetyBoard(NRSB).
AP 7.2
Performedradontestingbeforeschoolbuildingmodificationsinaccordancewithapplicablestaterequirementsorotherguidance,suchastheANSI/AARSTRadonMeasurementinSchoolsandLargeBuildingsstandard.
AP 7.3Retestedforradonaftercompletionofallbuildingupgradesandrenovationsthataffectbuildingenvelopeleakageandairflows.
MA 7.1
Mitigatedhighradonlevels.TookactionstoreduceradonlevelsasoutlinedintheASNI/AARSTRadonMitigationinSchoolsandLargeBuildingsstandard,usingactivesoildepressurizationasthefirstmitigationmethodconsidered,ifradonlevelsareequaltoorgreaterthan4pCi/L,beforeorafterbuildingmodifications.
MA 7.2EnsuredschoolHVACsystemsareoperatingproperly,withoutdoorairventilationmaintainedatorabovedesignminimumvalues.
MA 7.3 Advisedperiodicretestingofareasintheschoolthathavebeenmitigatedforradon.
8.0 Belowground VaporForming Contaminants (Except Radon)
AP 8.1 Evaluatedpotentialsourcesandodors(e.g.,gasoline,sewergasorfueloil).
AP 8.2Evaluatedthesewerventsystemtoconfirmthatdraintrapshavewaterinthemandinspecteddrainlinesforbreaksorleaks.
AP 8.3
Notifiedlocalorstateauthoritiesandpursuedadditionalassessmentsbeforecontinuingprojectworkintheeventanodorsourcecouldnotbeidentified,andthebuildingisinaknownareaofcontamination.
AP 8.4Conductedafurtherassessmentifvapor-formingsoilorgroundwatercontaminationissuspectedonornearthebuildingsite.Consultedstateortribalvoluntarybrownfieldscleanupprogramsorenvironmentalregulatoryagenciesforinformationontherisksofvaporintrusion.
MA 8.1Repairedorreplacedfailedorunattachedsewerventsystemcomponentsbeforeproceedingwithenergyprojects.
MA 8.2
Addresseddraintrapspronetodryingoutbydevelopingamaintenanceplantoperiodicallyaddwatertothetraps,andconsideredinstallationofinlinedrainsealstofloordrainspronetodryingout.
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8.0 Belowground VaporForming Contaminants (Except Radon) (continued)
Assessment Protocol and Action Verification Complete N/A NOTES
MA 8.3Assessedandmitigatedsoilgasvaporintrusionincompliancewithlocalorstatestandards(TableX5.1ofASTME2600orEPAguidance).
EA 8.1 Installedfloordrainsealstountrappedfloordrains.
EA 8.2Installedautomaticdraintrapprimersinfloordrainsthataresusceptibletodryingouttoensurethatasmallamountofwaterisperiodicallydeliveredtothetrapandtopreventitfromdryingout.
EA 8.3
Implementedthepropermeasurestopreventmigrationofsoil-gascontaminantsintooccupiedspacesfornewconstructionandbuildingexpansionprojectslocatedonbrownfieldsites,asdescribedinASHRAEIAQGuide,Strategy3.4.
9.0 Vehicle Exhaust
AP 9.1
Investigatedcomplaintsregardingmotorvehicleexhaustemissions.Requestedfeedbackfromtheschoolnurse,facilitiesstaffandtheschool’sIAQcoordinatoranddeterminedthelocationsanddatesofcomplaints.
AP 9.2 Identifiedlocationsofairleaksfromparkingstructurestooccupiedspaces.
AP 9.3Identifiedlocationsofoutdoorairintakeventsandassessedwhethertheyarelocatedanadequatedistanceawayfromareaswherevehiclesmayidle.
MA 9.1
Followedlocalandstateanti-idlinglawsandpolicies.Otherwise,establishedandenforcedarequirementthatallenginesmustbeshutoff(noidlezone)atloadingdocksandvehicleloadingandunloadingzones.Providedsignagetodesignatethelimitsofnoidlezones.
MA 9.2
Sealedlocationsthatseparateparkingstructuresfromoccupiedspaces.Airsealedleaksintoceilingcavities,windowsanddoors;electrical,plumbingandductpenetrations;cracksbetweenmasonryorconcretewallsandunsealedpenetrations;andleaksintheductworkorairhandlerplatforms.
MA 9.3Maintainedoccupiedspacesnearparkingstructuresatapositivepressurerelativetotheparking
structures.
MA 9.4
Decoupledareaswithvehicleexhaustemissionsfrombuildingairhandlingsystems.Eliminatedanddisconnectedsupplydiffusersandreturngrillesingaragesandvocationalclassroomsfromairhandlingsystemsthatserveotheroccupiedspaces.
MA 9.5Specifiedcarbonmonoxide(CO)detectionandwarningequipmentinaccordancewithNFPA720andanyapplicablelocalorstaterequirements.
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9.0 Vehicle Exhaust (continued)
Assessment Protocol and Action Verification Complete N/A NOTES
MA 9.6EnsuredthatnewoutdoorairintakesmeettheASHRAEStandard62.1,Table5.5.1separationdistancerequirementsfromanysourcesofvehicularemissions.
MA 9.7ProtectedexistingoutdoorairintakesiftheydidnotmeettheASHRAEStandard62.1,Table5.5.1separationdistancerequirementsbyrelocatingthemorrelocatingemissionssourcelocations.
MA 9.8 Properlyinstalledasupplementalventedheatingsystemintheparkingstructure(ifneeded).
EA 9.1Iffeasible,relocatedexistingoutdoorairintakesawayfromvehicleexhaustsourcestoavoidentrainment.
EA 9.2Installedparticlefiltration,andinextremecasesgas-phaseaircleaningdevices,totreatventilationairforoutdoorpollutants(seeEA19.1).
EA 9.3Addedapositivepressurevestibuleatalldoorwaysconnectedtoparkingareas,toprovideanairlockbetweenparkingstructuresandoccupiedspaces.
EA 9.4
Installedorupgradedexhaustsystemsforenclosedparkingareasthatprovideadequateexhaustforalllocalizedsourcesofcontamination;maintainsealedexhaustductworkinplenumspacesunderanegativepressure;andexhausttotheoutdoors,meetingtheminimumseparationdistancerequirementsofASHRAEStandard62.1,Table 5.5.1.
10.0 Local and Regional Ambient Air Quality
AP 10.1Investigatedpublishedinformationregardinglocalsourcesofpollutionandregionaloutdoorairquality,includingoutdoorozonelevels.
MA 10.1
Inareaswherenationalstandardsforoutdoorparticulatematterorozoneareexceeded,ensuredthatmechanicalventilationsystemsaredesignedandoperatedtomeettheoutdoorairfiltrationandaircleaningrequirementsofASHRAE Standard62.1,Section6.2.1.
EA 10.1
InadditiontotherequirementsofMA10.1,inareaswherenationalstandardsforoutdoorparticulatematterorozoneareexceeded,ensuredthatmechanicalventilationsystemsare
designedandoperatedtomeettheoutdoorairfiltrationandaircleaningrequirementsofASHRAEStandard189.1,Section8.3.1.3.
11.0 Pests
AP 11.1Identifiedpotentialpestsofconcern,includinganyorganismslikelytocolonizethebuildingbasedonprojectlocation.
AP 11.2Identifiedevidenceofpests,anddeterminedwhetherpesticidesarebeingusedinthebuildingtocontrolpestpopulations.
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11.0 Pests (continued)
Assessment Protocol and Action Verification Complete N/A NOTES
AP 11.3AssessedwhethertheschoolalreadyhasanIntegratedPestManagement(IPM)planandwhetheritisbeingfollowedandsustained.
MA 11.1
Selectedathird-partycertifiedIPMprofessionalforpestmanagementneeds.Determinedwhetherpesticideswillneedtobeused.Consideredprovidingsignagetocommunicatewhenpesticideapplicationswilloccur.Encouragedschedulingpesticideapplicationswhenschoolisnotinsession.
MA 11.2Patchedandsealedopeningsinareaswithevidenceofrodentinfestation,withrodent-resistantmaterialspriortoinstallingweatherizationmaterialsthatmaybesusceptibletognawing.
MA 11.3Reducedthepotentialforpestentryintothebuildingbyblocking,sealingandeliminatingpestentrypointsaroundthebuildingenvelope.
MA 11.4Reducedtheriskofpestdispersalthroughoutthebuildingbysealingandblockinginteriorpassageways.
MA 11.5 Implementedprotectionsforoutdoorairintakesandexhauststoeliminatepestentryways.
MA 11.6 Maintainedexistingpestprotectionswithinthebuilding.
MA 11.7
Removedclutter,eliminatedwoodpilesandwastenearthebuilding,andremovedanybushes,treesorvegetationcloserthantwofeetfromthestructure.Keptvegetationawayfromoutdoorairintakesandoutdoormechanicalequipment.Didnotpileupsoilsandmulchesagainstthebuilding’sexteriorwalls.
MA 11.8 EnsuredtheschoolhasanIPMplan,anditisbeingfollowedpriortopesticideapplications.
EA 11.1 Ensuredallexteriorgarbagecansanddumpstersaresealableandsanitizedregularly.
EA 11.2FollowedguidanceforinstitutionalkitchensintheSFEnvironmentdocument“PestPreventionbyDesign.”
12.0 TrackedIn Pollutants
AP 12.1 Inspectedallbuildingentrancesforwalk-offmatsorentrymatsystems.Notedconditionsofdirtormoistureaccumulationnearentrancesthatmightneedwalk-offmatsorentrywayfloorcleaningsystems.
MA 12.1 Providedwalk-offmatstotrapdirtandmoistureatallbuildingentrances.
MA 12.2FollowedEPA’sBuildingandGroundsMaintenanceChecklistandprovidedacopytothefacilitymanager.
EA 12.1
InstalledpermanententrywaysystemsatallregularlyusedbuildingentrancestocapturedirtandparticulatesinaccordancewithASHRAEStandard189.1,Section8.3.1.5,orEPA’sIAQDesignToolsforSchools,EntryMatBarriers.
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13.0 Building Products/Materials Emissions
Assessment Protocol and Action Verification Complete N/A NOTES
AP 13.1Reviewedcontentandemissionsdocumentationforproductsandmaterialsbeingconsideredfortheprojecttodeterminewhethertheycontainpotentiallyhazardouscompounds.
MA 13.1
Selectedtheleasttoxicproductsormaterialsfeasibleforeachapplication.Usedproductsandmaterialsthatindicatetheyhave(orarecertifiedashaving)lowVOCcontentorlowVOCemissions.Specifiedproductsandmaterialsthatmeetindependentcertificationandtestingprotocols(seeexampleslistedinMA13.1).
MA 13.2
Selectedlow-emittingwoodandcomposite-woodproductscompliantwithCaliforniaTitle17ATCM.(IfCATitle17ATCMcompliantmaterialsarenotavailable,usedwoodproductsthatmeetSection6.1ofEPA’s IndoorairPLUSConstructionSpecifications.)
MA 13.3 EnsuredtheschoolmeetstheMinimumActionsinPriorityIssues19.0OutdoorAirVentilationand20.0 ExhaustVentilation.
MA 13.4Performedapost-constructionbuildingflush-outintherenovatedbuilding/spacesbeforeoccupancyresumes.
MA 13.5 FollowedguidanceoutlinedinMA22.3toprotectabsorptivematerialsduringconstruction.
MA 13.6FollowedPriorityIssue22.0ProtectingIAQDuringConstructiontoprotectchildrenandotheroccupants.
EA 13.1 Airedoutnewconstructionmaterialsinawell-ventilated,cleananddryspacepriortoinstallation.
EA 13.2Sealedcompositewoodproductswithalow-VOCorno-VOCsealantintendedtoreduceVOCemissions.
EA 13.3 Investigatedandcorrectedpotentialcontaminantsourceproblemsafterbuildingmodifications.
EA 13.4Performedapost-constructionflush-outorbaselineIAQmonitoringperASHRAEStandard189.1,Section 10.3.1.4(b)afterconstructionwascompleted.
EA 13.5Requiredproductsthathavesubmittedtheircompletechemicalinventorytoathirdpartyforverification.Madetheverification/certificationbythethirdpartypubliclyavailable.
14.0 Vented Combustion Appliances
AP 14.1 Completedasafetyinspectionofallventedcombustionappliancesintheschool.
MA 14.1
CompletedallapplicableactionsundertheAssessmentProtocols(AP14.1)andrepaired,removedorreplacedcombustionappliancestocorrectdeficienciesandensurecompliancewithapplicablecodesandstandards.Ensuredproperventingaftermodificationsthataffectbuildingenvelopeleakageandairflows.
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14.0 Vented Combustion Appliances (continued)
Assessment Protocol and Action Verification Complete N/A NOTES
MA 14.2
Ensuredthatallcombustionexhaustiscapturedasclosetothecombustionsourceaspossible,exhausteddirectlyoutdoors,andnotventedintootherindoorspacessuchasattics,crawlspacesorbasements.
MA 14.3Ensuredthatventedapplianceshavesufficientmakeupairtoreplaceventedairandmaintainnormaloperatingconditions.
MA 14.4 Ensuredthatboilerfiringadjustmentsareoperatingproperly.
MA 14.5VerifiedproperinstallationofCOdetectionandwarningequipmenttomeettherequirementsofNFPA720andanyapplicablelocalorstaterequirements.
EA 14.1
Installedpowerventedorsealedcombustionequipmentwhenreplacingcombustionequipmentlocatedinoccupiedorconditionedspaces.InstallationwasperformedinaccordancewithACCAStandard5.
15.0 Unvented Combustion Appliances
AP 15.1Identifiedunventedcombustionappliancesanddeterminedwhetheranylocalorstateregulationsprohibitingthesedevicesapply.
MA 15.1
Ensuredadequateventilationandexhaustinspaceswithunventedcombustionequipment.EnsuredASHRAEStandard62.1requirementsforoutdoorairventilationandexhaustaremetforeachspecificroomwhereunventedcombustionequipmentisused(e.g.,foodprepareas,sciencelabs).EnsuredroomswhereCOislikelytobegeneratedareoperatedatanegativepressurerelativetosurroundingareas.EnsuredthatnegativepressuresinkitchensinducedbyexhaustfansdonotexceedNFPA96Section8.2.1guidelinesduetoalackofmake-upair.
MA 15.2Withtheschool’spermission,removedallunventedcombustionspaceheaters(e.g.,unventedgasorkerosenespaceheaters)thatdonotconformtolocalorstateregulations.
MA 15.3VerifiedproperinstallationofCOdetectionandwarningequipmentmeetingtherequirementsofNFPA 720andanyapplicablelocalorstaterequirements.
16.0 Ozone From Indoor Sources
AP 16.1Identifiedindoorsourcesofozoneanddeterminedwhetheranyair-cleaningorpurifyingequipmentdesignedtointentionallyproduceozonewaspresent.
MA 16.1Didnotinstallanyaircleaningequipmentdesignedtointentionallyproduceozone.Recommendedremovalofexistingaircleaningequipmentdesignedtointentionallyproduceozone.
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16.0 Ozone From Indoor Sources (continued)
Assessment Protocol and Action Verification Complete N/A NOTES
MA 16.2Ensuredadequateventilationandexhaustinareaswithozone-generatingofficeequipment,includingprinting,copyingandreprographicsrooms.
EA 16.1TestedofficeequipmentforozoneemissionsfollowingASTMD6670-01.Repairedorremovedequipmentifemissionsexceeded0.02mg/m3.
EA 16.2 Installedofficeequipmentfittedwithozonecapture/removalsystems.
17.0 Environmental Tobacco Smoke
AP 17.1
Assessedschoolsmokingpolicyanddeterminedwhethertheschoolhasapolicythatprohibitssmokinginsidetheschool.Determinedwhethertherearelocationsonschoolgroundswhereoutdoorsmokingmaybeallowed,andthelocationsoftheselocationsfromthebuilding’sentrances,outdoorairintakesandoperablewindows.
AP 17.2 Identifiedwhethertherehavebeenoccupantcomplaintsaboutsmoking.
MA 17.1
Ensuredthattheschoolhasapolicyontobaccothatisconsistentwithlocal,stateandfederallaws.Thepolicyshouldincludeprohibitionsagainsttobaccousebystudents,allschoolstaff,parents,andvisitorsonschoolproperty,inschoolvehicles,andatschool-sponsoredfunctionsawayfromschoolproperty.Ensuredanylocationswhereoutdoorsmokingispermittedareaminimumof25feetfromallbuildingentrances,outdoorairintakesandoperablewindows.
18.0 HVAC Equipment
AP 18.1
ConductedanHVACassessmenttoevaluatetheconditionoftheexistingHVACsystemcomponentsinaccordancewithminimuminspectionstandardsofASHRAE/ACCAStandard180,ASHRAEhandbooksorotherequivalentstandardsandguidelines.EvaluatedbuildingheatingandcoolingloadsafterplannedmodificationsandHVACequipmentcapacitiesforsensibleandlatentloads.
MA 18.1
Repaired,modifiedorreplacedequipmenttoensurethatexistingHVACsystemsoperateproperly.EnsuredthereisascheduledinspectionandmaintenanceprogramforHVACsystemsinaccordancewithASHRAE/ACCAStandard180.
MA 18.2 ProperlysizedandinstalledanynewHVACequipment.
MA 18.3EnsuredanynewHVACsystemshaveaminimumofMERV8filtersinstalledupstreamofallcoolingcoilsandwettedsurfaces,inaccordancewithASHRAEStandard62.1requirements.
MA 18.4 Remediatedmoldinairplenumsandductwork,followingguidanceoutlinedinMA3.2.
MA 18.5FollowedtheguidelinesintheOSHATechnicalManual:Legionnaires’DiseasetoprotectagainstbacterialgrowthinHVACsystemsandmechanicalequipment.
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18.0 HVAC Equipment (continued)
Assessment Protocol and Action Verification Complete N/A NOTES
EA 18.1InstalledhigherefficiencyfiltersinanynewHVACsystems(MERV11orhigher),upstreamofallcoolingcoilsandwettedsurfaces,iffeasible.
EA 18.2IncreasedfilterefficienciesinexistingHVACsystems(highestMERVratingpossiblebasedonequipmentspecifications).
EA 18.3Employedfiltrationandgas-phaseaircleaningstrategiestofurtherimproveIAQ,inconjunctionwithsourcecontrolstrategiesandmaintainingminimumventilationrates.
19.0 Outdoor Air Ventilation
AP 19.1DeterminedwhetherHVACsystemscomplywithASHRAEStandard62.1ventilationrequirementsatthesystemlevelandinthebreathingzonesofalloccupiedspaces.
MA 19.1AdjustedexistingHVACsystemstomeetallrequirementsofASHRAEStandard62.1,wherepossible,usingtheVentilationRateProcedure.
MA 19.2
Consideredtheimpactsofbuildingenvelopeairsealingonventilation.Avoidedtighteningthebuildingshellandreducingairexchangeratesifincreasingventilationorinstallingadditionalventilationisnotpossible.Ensuredschoolbuildingsthatrelyonnaturalventilationhaveadequateventilationafterweatherization.
MA 19.3DesignedandinstallednewHVACsystemstomeetallventilationrequirementsofASHRAEStandard62.1usingtheVentilationRateProcedure.
MA 19.4 VerifiedthatallHVACsystemsmeetanylocalcoderequirementsforventilation.
EA 19.1 ReplacedorupgradedexistingHVACsystemstomeetASHRAEStandard62.1.
EA 19.2
Formechanicalventilationapplications,installedpermanentoutdoorairflowmonitoringsystemsinaccordancewithASHRAEStandard189.1,Section 8.3.1.2.Fornaturalventilationapplications,providedmonitoringtoensureoperablewindowsandotherventilationopeningsareoperatedappropriatelytoensureadequateventilation.
EA 19.3
Appliedadvancedventilationapproaches,suchasdedicatedoutdoorairsystems(DOAS),demand-controlledventilation,displacementventilation,economizers,energyrecoveryventilation,andvariable-air-volume(VAV)systems.EnsuredASHRAEStandard62.1ventilationrequirementsaremetforallloadsandoccupancyconditions.
EA 19.4
Implementedpre-occupancyventilationcontrolforventilationsystemsthatservespacesthatarenotcontinuouslyoccupied,toprovidethedesignminimumoutdoorairventilationrateforaperiodofonehourpriortoexpectedoccupancywheneverthespaceshavebeenunventilatedforaperiodlongerthan24hours.
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20.0 Exhaust Ventilation
Assessment Protocol and Action Verification Complete N/A NOTES
AP 20.1 Identifiedroomsorareaswithlocalizedcontaminantsourcesthatrequireexhaustventilation.
AP 20.2MeasuredexhaustairflowstodeterminewhetherthereiscompliancewiththeexhaustrequirementsofASHRAEStandard62.1foreachspace.
AP 20.3Verifiedthatexhaustfromroomswithlocalizedcontaminantsourcesdischargeoutdoorsanddonotdischargeorleakintootherindoorspacesorthebuildingstructure.
MA 20.1EnsuredexhaustisprovidedforroomsorareaswithlocalizedindoorcontaminantsourcesasidentifiedinAP 20.1andensuredthatexhaustratesrequiredbyASHRAEStandard62.1aremet.
MA 20.2 Confirmedproperfunctionalityoftheexhaustsystemstoreducecausesofcomplaints.
EA 20.1 Implementedadditionaleffortstopreventtherecirculationofexhaustedairintooutdoorairintakes.EA 20.2 Providedmonitoringandalarmsforexhaustsystems.
21.0 Building Safety for Children and Other Occupants
AP 21.1
IdentifiedtheSchool’sHealthandSafetyOfficerorCommitteeandincludedtheminallbuildingsafetyplanning.Documentedsafetyhazardsthatwereobservedduringtheassessments.Immediatelyrespondedtourgentandlifethreateningsituations. Ensuredtheresultsofthesafetyassessmentwereprovidedtotheschool’shealthandsafetyrepresentatives,andcorrectiveactionsareconsideredaspartofbuildingupgrades.
AP 21.2
Assessedtheproperfunctionalityoffirealarms,smokealarms,andCOdetectionandwarningequipment.DeterminedwhetherCOdetectionandwarningequipmentmeetstherequirementsofNFPA720andapplicablelocalandstaterequirements.
AP 21.3
Identifiedtheprevalenceofharmfulchemicalsinaccessiblelocations,includingcustodialclosets,storageareasundersinks,sciencelabs,hospitalitytrainingprograms,artlabs,foodlabsandvocationalprograms.
AP 21.4
Identifiedriskofmercuryexposureinexistingschoollighting,equipment(e.g.,thermometers,
barometers),componentsandlabsupplies.Determinedwhethertheschoolhasamercuryspillresponseplan.
AP 21.5Identifiedthelocationsoffireextinguishersintheschool,andverifiedthatallplacementsmeetlocallaws.
AP 21.6Determinedwhetherthehotwaterheatertemperaturesettingiswithintheallowablelimitsofthelocalandstatecodes.
MA 21.1Immediatelycorrectedlifethreateningsafetyrisks.
Correctedothersafetyhazardsduringthebuildingupgrades.
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21.0 Building Safety for Children and Other Occupants (continued)
Assessment Protocol and Action Verification Complete N/A NOTES
MA 21.2
Hadqualifiedpersonnelcorrectdeficiencieswithfirealarms,smokealarmsorCOdetectionandwarningequipment.Installedadditionalfirealarms,smokealarmsandCOdetectionandwarningequipmentwherevernecessary.
MA 21.3 Ensuredappropriatestorageofhazardouschemicals.
MA 21.4
Preventedmercuryexposurebyensuringschoolhasamercuryspillresponseplan.Preventedmercuryspillsbyremovingallelementalmercury,mercurycompoundsandmercury-containingequipment.Properlydisposedofallelementarymercurysuppliesandmercurycontainingdevicesandequipment,includingfluorescentlighting,compactfluorescentlight(CFL)bulbsandmercury-containingthermostats.
MA 21.5 Correcteddeficienciesassociatedwithfireextinguishers.
MA 21.6 Adjustedwaterheatertemperaturestopreventscalding.
EA 21.1InstalledenhancedCOdetectionandwarningequipmentthatcandetectandstorelowpeakCOlevels,andconsideredintegrationwiththebuilding’scentralmonitoringsystem.
EA 21.2 Installedlightswitchesatthetopandbottomofallstairwells.
EA 21.3 Installedsafetylightingonornearsteps.
EA 21.4 Repairedmalfunctioningdoors,windows,roofsandfloors.
EA 21.5Qualifiedpersonnelensuredthesafetyofelectricalsystemsbyconfirmingtheyareinaccordancewithapplicablecodes.
22.0 Protecting IAQ During Construction
AP 22.1Determinedbuildingoccupancypatternsduringexpectedconstructionperiods,andidentifiedanyanticipatedspecialneedsofthebuildingoccupants.
AP 22.2Identifiedpotentialconstruction-relatedcontaminantsandthepathwaysthroughwhichtheycould
impacttheIAQofbuildingoccupants.
MA 22.1
Minimizedoccupantandworkerexposuresduringconstruction(e.g.,adheredtoSMACNAIndoorAirQualityGuidelinesforOccupiedBuildingsunderConstruction).Properlyisolatedworkareasfromoccupants.Promptlyrespondedtoanyoccupantcomplaintsorconcerns.
MA 22.2
ProtectedHVACsystemsfromcontaminantsduringworkactivities,performedpost-constructioninspections.Cleanedtoremovedustanddebrisfromductwork,asneeded.EnsurednewHVACfilterswereinstalledpriortooccupancy.
MA 22.3Protectedhighlyabsorptivematerialsfromairbornecontaminantsandemissionscausedbyconstruction.
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22.0 Protecting IAQ During Construction (continued)
Assessment Protocol and Action Verification Complete N/A NOTES
MA 22.4
EA 22.1
23.0 Jobsite Safety
AP 23.1
MA 23.1
Safelyinstalledsprayfoaminsulationandemployedsafeworkpracticestoavoidexposuretospraypolyurethanefoam(SPF).
Consideredandimplementedadditionalprotectionsasappropriateandnecessarytoprotectthehealthandsafetyofbuildingoccupants.
Evaluatedexistingandpotentialhealthconcernsandactivities.ReferredtoAppendixC:WorkerProtectionforrecommendedevaluationmeasuresandactions.
ReferredtoAppendixC:WorkerProtectionforrecommendedactionstoprotectworkersafety.
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EPA402/K-14/001October2014
United StatesEnvironmental ProtectionAgency