Hello .. My name is Ron Disrud, Dave Leas, Curt Bonn

Radiation Safety Officer (RSO)

Engineer Sales

BORDERS – Medical Emergency & Training Preparedness Training

Basic Radiation Detection

July 7-8, 2006

Our Philosophy:“Protection Begins with Detection”

Radiological,Chemical,Biological

BORDERS – Medical Emergency & Disaster Preparedness TrainingJanuary 27, 2007

P.O. Box 1240

Rolla, ND 58367

Toll free: 1-877-477-6461

E-mail: arrowt@utma.com

Web: www.arrowtechinc.com

ISO 9001:2000 Certified

ISO 9001:2000 Certified

Radiation occurs naturally..

•Radiation is in every part of our lives.

• It occurs naturally in the earth and can reach us through cosmic rays from outer space.

• Radiation may also occur naturally in the water we drink or the soils in our backyard.

• It even exists in food, building materials, and in our own human bodies.

1962 TV advertisement., Duck and Cover..

Radiation Movies

Background – Rad Sources

Background Radiation – Colorado & Air Flight

Basic Types of Radiation

Determine Alpha, Beta, Gamma with probe

1962 TV – Duck & Cover

Radium Dial Painters

Inverse Square Law

Half Life Discussion

Nuclear Power Plant pool

History – Radiation Pioneers

Types of Ionizing radiation

Contamination Discussion

Prevent internal contamination

Decay Chart program.. Listing of all Isotopes

U.S. Nuclear power plant map..

Test your knowledge on NuclearWord doc.

Answers..

EPA Take a quiz…

What is Radiation used for?

• Radiation is used for scientific purposes,

• Medical reasons,

• Power some types of submarines.

• We can also come into contact with radiation through sources such as

•X-rays,

• nuclear power plants,

(100 plants producing about 20% of U.S. electricity)

• Ionizing smoke detectors.

U.S. Nuclear power plant map

..

What is Radiation ?

Radiation can be defined as:

•energy given off by the nucleus of an atom in the form of particles or rays.

Types of Radiation

* Ionizing Radiation cannot be felt,tasted,seen. Can only be detected by special equipment

Movie on Electromagnetic Spectrum

Ionizing

(Electron Removal)

Electromagnetic

Gamma

X-ray

Particulate

Alpha

Beta

Neutron

Non-Ionizing

(No electron Removal)

Electromagnetic

Microwaves

Infared

Radar

TV

Radio

Ionizing Radiation vs Non-Ionizing Radiation

Movie on Electromagnetic Spectrum.

Ionizing Radiation cannot be felt,tasted,seen. Can only be detected by special equipment

The ABC’s of Ionizing RadiationThe 4 main types….

DOE Glossary of terms..

More on basic radiation..

EPA Glossary of terms…

Acronyms..

Neutron

Un-Charged particles

n

Review of Nuclear Terms - Alpha

•Alpha: Commonly referred to as alpha particles.

• are the least penetrating of the three primary forms of radiation,

•* cannot travel more than 1 to 2 inches in air

can be shielded by a single sheet of paper

cannot penetrate outermost layer of dead skin

However, if alpha particle emitting radioactive material is inhaled or ingested, they can be a very damaging source of radiation with their short range being concentrated internally in a very localized area.

* Important when choosing equipment for detection….

Which probe should I use.. Determine Alpha, Beta, Gamma with probe

Common Alpha emittersAmericium -241 (Am241) Ionizing type smoke detectors, Moisture Density Guages

Plutonium- 236,238,239,240 (Pu238,238,238,240) Enriched Uranium, fallout from nuclear bomb testing

Uranium- 238 ,235(U238) naturally-occurring radioactive material (NORM), ceramic glazes (Fiesta

Ware)

Thorium- 232 (Th 232) Used in lantern mantles Welding Rods

Radium-226 (Ra226) Radium Hot Springs, Clock dials and gauges (glows) – no longer used

Radium dial workers licked tip of brush, developed cancer Radium Dial Painters

Radon – 222 (Rn222) Daughter of Radium,a heavy gas,

can collect in basements,

The largest source of exposure to NORM

Polonium – 210 (P0210) daughter of Radon, found in tobacco,

Russian spy Alexander Litvinenko What is Polonium ? Radioactive Spark plugs

Static Eliminators Smoking tobacco greatly magnifies the radon risk , Second-hand hazards

level of radiation absorbed by a pack-and-a-half a day smoker is estimated to be the equivalent of 300 chest X-rays every year

RAD falloutMap from testingIn the 50’s and 60’s..

Uranium Decay Chain

Radon Movie US Radon Map

Half Life – Common Alpha Emmitters

Iosotope Half - Life

Americium -241 (Am241) 432 years

Plutonium- 238 (Pu238) 87.7 years

Uranium- 238 (U238) 4,468,000,000 years

Thorium- 232 (Th 232) 14,000,000,000 years

Radium-226 (Ra226) 1,600 years

Radon – 222 (Rn222) 3.8 days

Polonium – 210 (P0210) 138 days

Rule of Thumb: It takes 10 half lives for a Radioactive Isotope to become virtually harmless.

Decay Chart program..

Radioactive Half-Life – The time it takes for an Isotope to loose half of its activity

Review of Nuclear Terms - Beta

•Beta: Commonly referred to as beta particles.

• Beta particles travel faster and penetrate further than alpha particles.

• * They can travel from a few millimeters up to about ten yards in open air depending on the particular isotope and they can penetrate several millimeters through tissue.

•Can be stopped by thick clothing or aluminum

• However, like alpha particles, the greatest threat is if beta particle emitting radioactive material is inhaled or ingested as it can also do grave internal damage.

* Important when choosing equipment for detection Which probe should I use..

Determine Alpha, Beta, Gamma with probe

Common Beta emitters

Tritium (H3) Exit signs, watches, luminous paints , gauges

½ life = 12.3 years

Iodine-131 (I131) treat thyroid disorders, such as cancer and graves disease

•½ life = 8.04 days

Strontium-90 (Sr90) a radioactive tracer in medical and agricultural studies

radioactive decay can be converted to electricity

•1/2/ life = 28.9 years

Carbon-14 (C14) a very reliable tool in dating of organic matter up to 30,000 years old

•½ life = 5,730,000 years

•Beta emitters are also used in a variety of industrial instruments, such as industrial thickness gauges, using their weak penetrating power to measure

very thin materials

Review of Nuclear Terms- Gamma

• Gamma: Gamma rays are similar to x-rays, they are a form of electromagnetic radiation. High energy rays

• * Gamma rays are the most hazardous type of external radiation as they can travel up to a mile in open air and penetrate all types of materials.

•Since gamma rays penetrate more deeply through the body than alpha or beta particles, all tissues and organs can be damaged by sources from outside of the body.

• Only sufficiently dense shielding and/or distance from gamma ray emitting radioactive material can provide protection.

•Primary cause of radiation sickness

Which probe should I use..* Important when choosing equipment for detection….

Determine Alpha, Beta, Gamma with probe

Common Gamma emitters

Cesium-137 (Cs-137) Medical therapy to treat cancer, Thickness and

½ life = 30.17 years , leveling gauges Arrow-Tech uses’ to check accuracy for Dosimeters

Cobalt-60 (Co-60) - used in many common industrial applications

½ life = 5.27 years thickness gauges, sterilization of spices and certain foods

powerful gamma rays kill bacteria and other pathogens, product is not left radioactive

Technetium-99m. (Tc-99m) most widely used radioactive isotope for

½ life = 6.02 hours medical diagnostic studies. Nuclear Medicine

evaluating (Radioactive Dye) the medical condition of the: heart, kidneys, lungs, liver, spleen, and bone

and also for blood flow studies, found in the radioactive wastes

Iridium 192 (Ir192) Industrial Radiography Sources (Pig Tail)

½ life = 74.2 days used to "x-ray" metal that would be too

thick for conventional x-rays.

Review of Nuclear Terms – Neutrons

•Neutron Neutrons are neutral particles

• Result of a nuclear weapon explosion

• Associated with Special Nuclear Materials – Used to make Nuclear Bombs

• Can make material they strike radioactive

• Penetrates extensively, require special shielding

•Moisture Density Guages

•Americium -241 (Am241) – used as a Neutron source

•Californium 252 (Cf 252) – Very efficient Neutron source, used in neutron moisture gages and in well-logging (the determination of water and oil-bearing layers). ½ life = 2.6 years

Troxler Model 3430

Review of Nuclear Terms – X-Rays

•X-ray X Rays are electromagnetic waves or photons not emitted from the nucleus, but normally emitted by energy changes in electrons.

•These energy changes are either in electron orbital shells that surround an atom or in the process of slowing down such as in an X-ray machine.

•Chest X-ray estimated radiation dose is 10 – 20 mR

•CT –Scan estimated dose is approx. 100 chest X-rays

Review of Types of Radiation

Note: There are few pure Alpha or Beta emitters – which makes them somewhat easier to detect by the Gamma emissions

Different radiations have different properties, as summarized below:

Alpha - particles are only considered hazardous to a persons health if ingested or inhaled.

Beta They are effectively shielded by thin layers of metal or plastic and are again only considered hazardous if a beta emitter is ingested or inhaled.

Different radiations have different properties, as summarized below Con’t:

Gamma emitters are associated with alpha & beta decay.

X-rays and gamma rays are best shielded by thick layers of lead or other dense material and are hazardous to people when they are external to the body.

Neutrons are neutral particles with approximately the same mass as a proton. Because they are neutral they

react only weakly with material.

They are an external hazard best shielded by thick layers of concrete, Water or any liquid

Summary of Activity of various Isotopes

Isotope SpecificActivityCi/g

Amount(Grams)For 1 Ci

Dose RateGamma (mrem/hr@1 foot, 1 Ci

Dose Rate Neutrons(mrem/hr@ 1 Ft, 1 Ci

Americium 241 3.43 .29 3400

Californium 252 535.14 .00 450 44,180

Cesium 137 86.49 .01 4,000

Cobalt 60 1,129.7 .00 15,000

Iridium 192 9,216.2 .00 6,400

Plutonium 238 17.14 .06 900

Radium 226 1 1.00 8,900

Curium 244 81.08 .01 700 < 1

Note: Encountering 1 Ci of Cf 252 will be a rare occurrence because the typical source quantity is 1 millicure (1 mCi) or less

Radiation Units

What's the Difference Between Roentgen, Rad and Rem Radiation Measurements?

A: Since nuclear radiation affects people, we must be able to measure its presence. We also need to relate the amount of radiation received by the body to its physiological effects. Two terms used to relate the amount of radiation received by the body are exposure and dose. When you are exposed to radiation, your body absorbs a dose of radiation.

As in most measurement quantities, certain units are used to properly express the measurement. For radiation measurements they are Roentgen, RAD & REM

For all practical purposes: 1 Roentgen (R)= 1 Rad = 1 Rem For X-ray ,Gamma & Beta,

Common Units and SI Units

Radioactivity(Activity)

Exposure AbsorbedDose

EquivalentDose

(Biological Effect)

CommonUnits

Currie (Ci) Roentgen (R)

Rad (Radiation Absorbed

Dose)

Rem (Roentgen Equivalent

Man)

SI Units Becquerel(Bq)

Coulomb/kilogram

(C/Kg)

Gray(Gy) Seivert (Sv)

The International System of Units

Has been given official status and

Recommended for universal use..

Not saying everyone is using it

Though…

Don’t worry

About >>>

Memorizing

Radiation conversion

Calculator..

1. Install

2. Use

100 Rem = 1 Sv

Primer on Rad measurement..

Radiation Exposures

Average Annual Exposure 360 mrem/year Chest X-ray 10 – 30 mrem Flight 0.5 mrem every

hour Smoking 1.5 packs/day 16,000 mrem per year

1,333 mrem per month

307 mrem per week

44 mrem per dayMild Radiation Sickness 2000,000 mrem (200 REM)

Lethal Dose 450,000 – 600,000 mrem (depending on health)

DOE max. annual occupational limit = 5,000 mrem (5 REM)

DOE max. emergency dose (saving property) = 10,000 mrem (10 REM)

DOE max. emergency dose (saving life) = 25,000 mrem ( 25 REM)

Single acute dose

Stay Time to Receive a particular Dose

Gamma Radiation

Stay time to receive this Radiation Dose

Rate/Hr 1 rem 5 remOccupational

Dose limit

10 remSave valuable propert

y

25 remLife Saving

100 rem

1 mR/hr 6 weeks 30 weeks 1 year

5 mR/hr 200 hrs 6 weeks 12 weeks 30 weeks 2 years

100 mR/hr 10 hrs 50 hrs 100 hrs 250 hrs 6 weeks

1 R/hr 1 hr 5 hrs 10 hrs 25 hrs 100 hrs

10 R/hr 6 min 30 min 1 hr 2.5 hr 10 hrs

100 R/hr 36 sec 3 min 6 min 15 min 1 hr

200 R/hr 18 secs 1.5 min 3 min 7.5 min 30 min

500 R/hr 7 secs 36 secs 72 secs 3 min 12 min

Sources of Radiation received

Total US Average Dose Equivalent = 360 mrem/year

Sources of Radiation received

Radon55%

Internal Emitters

11%

Cosmic8%

Terrestrial8%

Man-Made18%

Medical X-Ray61%

Nuclear Medicine

22%

Consumer Products

11%

Other6%

Total US Average Dose Equivalent = 360 mrem/year

Calculate your Dose..

Calculate your Dose by the EPA site…

Average of 6 mR/Month of Terrestrial & Cosmic radiation (in the U.S.)

Terrestrial & Cosmic is considered Background Radiation

The following is from Biological Effects of Radiation and is part of the Radiation Worker Training (RWT) common to all DOE facilities. It is instructive in outlining the levels of radiation and their effects.

  ACUTE AND CHRONIC RADIATION DOSEPotential biological effects depend on how much and how fast a radiation dose is received. Radiation doses can be grouped into two categories, acute and chronic dose.

Acute dose (exposure)An acute radiation dose is defined as a large dose (10 rad or greater, to the whole body) delivered during a short period of time (on the order of a few days at the most).

Radiation sickness symptoms are apparent following acute doses >100 rad.

chronic dose (exposure)exposure to a substance over a long period of time, possibly resulting in adverse health effects

The body is better equipped to tolerate a chronic dose than an acute doseThe body has time to repair damage

More on the web

How much Radiation is harmful ?One Time Whole Body Exposure to Radiation (REM’s)

Dose in REM’s Effect

0 - 25 No obvious Injury,No detectable effects,Probably no delayed effects

25 – 50 Possible blood changes, but no serious injury

50 – 100 Blood-cell changes, some injury, no disability

100 – 200 Nausea & Fatigue, Injury,possible disability, Shortening of life expectancy

200 - 400 Injury & Disability certain, death possible

400 50 % fatal

600 or more Fatal, Lethal dose

RAD falloutMap from testingIn the 50’s and 60’s..

Occupational Exposure Limits- Guidelines

Type Occupational Dose Limit

Non – Radiation Worker100 mR = .1 R

100 mRem/yr – over background

Radiation – Worker5,000 mR = 5 R

5,000 mRem /yr – over background

Emergency Worker10,000 mR = 10 R

10,000 mRem – Protect valuable

Property

Emergency Worker25,000 mR = 25 R

25,000 mRem – Life Saving

Emergency Worker If > 25,000 mRem – Life saving, volunteer

needs to be made aware of risks

These guidelinesAre taken from the

Health Physics SocietyWeb Site..

OSHA Exposure guidelines to Radiation Dispersal Devices (RDD

Radiation Protection Concepts

So, now that you have a basic understanding of radiation sources - how do you protect yourself?

There are three concepts in basic radiation protection. They are: 

Time Distance Shielding

Radiation Protection Concepts - Time

If you decrease the amount of time you spend near the source of radiation, you will decrease the amount of

radiation exposure you receive.

Think of it like a Sunburn….

This is similar to the way radiation exposure works.

100 mrem per hour x 15 min.(.25 hour) = 25 mrem

Radiation Protection Concepts - Distance

The farther away you are from a radiation source,

the less exposure you will receive.

If you double the distance from the source you cut the radiation by ¼…..

Triple the distance cut exposure by 1/9..etc

This is called the Inverse Square law 100 mrem / hr at 1 meter

25 mrem / hr at 2 meters

Radiation Protection Concepts - Shielding

If you increase the shielding between you and a radiation

source,

it will decrease your exposure.

More..

Who Needs Radiation Detection Instruments?

Radiation threats are unique in that you can't see, smell, taste, hear or feel them, until it's already done its damage

The reasons for acquiring a radiation detecting survey meter, Geiger counter and/or dosimeter are as varied as are peoples concerns for the

future and the safety of their families in this ever changing world.

Without a radiation detector you would have to depend solely on the limited resources of the authorities to monitor your location, then

determine your risk level, decide the best protective action and then to 'get the word out'.

The specific causes of potential life-threatening nuclear radiation emergencies include...

•Nuclear power plant accidents here or abroad (Three Mile Island, Chernobyl) •Nuclear materials processing plant accidents (Tokaimura, Japan) •Nuclear waste (radioactive waste from hospitals, spent fuel and radioactive waste from nuclear power plants, radioactive contaminated materials, etc.) storage or processing facilities mishaps •Nuclear waste transport truck or train accidents •Accidents involving non-waste, but normal daily nuclear materials transport (trucks, planes, trains, couriers) One out every 50 HazMat shipments contain radioactive materials. Approximately three million packages of radioactive material are shipped in the United States each year. •Improper storage of radioactive materials (non-waste) at any point during their normal material life cycle. (Power plants, Medical, Industrial, Academic, etc.) •Lost or stolen radioactive sources (Over the last 50 years, incidents of lost and stolen licensed radioactive devices occur at the rate of once every other day. See this new report on the magnitude of the problem. 

U.S. Nuclear power plant map..

The specific causes of potential life-threatening nuclear radiation emergencies include... Con’t

•Nuclear terrorism here via... •An attack on, or sabotage of, a nuclear power plant.  •Or, a real terrorist atomic bomb detonated here  •Or, much more likely, conventional explosives used to disperse radioactive materials to effectively contaminate an area and much within in it (i.e. DIRTY NUKE) •Limited nuclear war overseas with the fallout carried here by the wind (See Trans-Pacific Fallout for threat here if any of the 'players' went nuclear in the Mid-East, or Pakistan, India, Korea, China, Russia, etc.) •Nuclear War involving a direct attack upon the USA. 

Dirty Bomb Information & links .. RAD falloutMap from testingIn the 50’s and 60’s..

Nuclear & Radiological Threats

Radiological Dispersal Devices (RDD) -Dirty Bombs

Improvised Nuclear Device (IND)

Stockpile Nuclear-Weapon

Nuclear & Radiological Threats RDD

Radiological Dispersal Devices (RDD) -Dirty Bombs•Uses conventional high explosives to spread radioactive material

•Can use any radioactive material (mainly gamma emmitters)

•Most likely: Cs137, Co60,Sr90,Ir192

•Possible but less likely: Am241, Pu Isotopes , spent nuclear fuel,uranium,thorium,Radium, medical isotopes

•More of a Psychological and Economic weapon than a true WMD

•Simple to build,fairly common radioactive materials

Nuclear & Radiological Threats - IND

Improvised Nuclear Device (IND)

•Plutonium - Pu-239 or Highly Enriched Uranium (HEU), U-235

•U-235 weak gamma emitter, no neutrons

•Pu-239 slightly stronger gamma emitter, with neutrons from trace Pu-240 Isotopes

•Tremendous destructive power possible

•Much more technically difficult than an RDD

Nuclear & Radiological Threats - Stockpile

Stockpile Nuclear Weapon

•More sophisticated than IND

•Fission or thermonuclear weapon

•Greatest level of death and destruction

In summary

As much as we would like it,At this time - there is not one instrument that can do it all…

44

Self study linkDep’t of Energy (DOE) –

Transportation Emergency Preparedness Program (TEPP) modules ..these modules are in PDF format (printable format) and have a little

test (with answers) at end of each module (unit)Radiological Basics Initial Response

Radiation terms & units Prehospital practices

Survey Meters & Dosimetry

Decon,disposal,documentation

Biological Effects Patient Handling

Sample videosTransportation accident involving RAM

..

Pre-Hospital clip..

Need Windows Media Player 9 to view clips

North Dakota Department of Health..Web site

Be Aware and Prepare – Sep 2004 – Newsletter..pdf by ND

Dep’t of Health

Further Links for study

North Dakota Department of HealthCenter for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registration (ATSDR)OSHA – Nerve GasesOSHA – Blister AgentsOSHA – Biological AgentsOSHA – Radiation Dispersal Devices – RDDNNSA –Radiation Emergency response manual…pdfHomeland Defense -SBCCOM – Equipment Testing Site

Be Aware and Prepare – ND Dept of Health – September 2004 ..pdfABC News: The Invisible WeaponPBS: Plague WarCommon Sense about Anthrax and BioterrorismIsrael prepares for Smallpox Vaccinations -9/2002History of Chemical WarfareWarfare TimelineMSDS – HyperGlossaryNoah’s Ark- Nerve Agents and their effects

Thanks for your attention

A copy of this presentation is available on CD-ROM.

You need Power Point installed on your computer to use the CD-ROM

Test your knowledge..(just for fun)

Some of the questions are beyond the

Scope of this presentation.

Check your answers..

EPA test..(just for fun)

Contacts at Arrow-Tech, IncToll Free 1 – 877- 477-6461 Fax (701) 477-6464

arrowt@utma.com

www.arrowtechinc.com

Ron Disrud, Engineer- Radiation Safety Officer (RSO) / Sales / Engineer

Darryl Charbonneau - General Manager

Perry LaFountain - RSO/Sales / Gov’t Sales

Doug Bonsness - Chief Financial Officer

Carol James - President

David Leas- RSO / Sales / IT

Curt Bonn – Sales/PurchasesReturn to Main Menu..