eoc test preparation: transformational years
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EOC Test Preparation: Transformational Years. The Civil Rights Movement. Segregation still practiced in the south by law Segregation still practiced in the north despite no law enforcing it Discontent over treatment and oppression lead to the Civil Rights Movement - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
EOC Test Preparation:Transformational Years
The Civil Rights Movement
• Segregation still practiced in the south by law
• Segregation still practiced in the north despite no law enforcing it
• Discontent over treatment and oppression lead to the Civil Rights Movement– Fighting for constitutional
rights
The Civil Rights Movement• Brown v. Board of Ed
(1954)– 1950s NAACP sued
board of ed. In Topeka, Kansas because Linda Brown was not allowed to attend the all-white school
– Supreme Court reversed Plessy v. Ferguson (“separate but equal”); meant segregation in schools was unconstitutional• Chief Justice Earl
Warren
The Civil Rights Movement• Heart of Atlanta Motel,
Inc. v. United States (1964)– Supreme Court continued
dealing with segregation– Court ruled that Congress
could regulate interstate commerce to outlaw segregation in privately owned businesses
White Resistance to CRM
• Southern political leaders maintained segregation despite Court rulings
• Arkansas and the Little Rock Nine– Governor wouldn’t allow
segregation in the high school– National Guard called to prevent
students from entering– Eisenhower had to send in 101st
Airborne to enforce Court’s ruling
White Resistance to CRM
• University of Mississippi and James Meredith– Governor tried to prevent
him from being admitted– JFK sent federal authorities to
handle the situation• AL Governor George Wallace
– Prevent integration at Univ. of Alabama
– Federal authorities sent to intervene
Martin Luther King, Jr. and Nonviolence
• Montgomery Bus Boycott– Rosa Parks, Dec. 1,
1955– NAACP and Dr. MLK
Jr. lead a boycott of city buses• City lost lots of $$$• Made MLK Jr. a
national figure
Martin Luther King, Jr. and Nonviolence
• MLK-Leader of the CRM• Civil disobedience- non-violent refusal to obey
unjust laws– Gandhi
Martin Luther King, Jr. and Nonviolence• Sit-ins– Feb. 1, 1960 – Greensboro NC– Nonviolent, remain seated until served or arrested– Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
Martin Luther King, Jr. and Nonviolence
• Freedom Rides– Blacks and whites
took buses from the north to south to test court’s decision on interstate travel
– CORE: Congress of Racial Equality
Martin Luther King, Jr. and Nonviolence
• CR protests continued in the South 1962-63
• August 28, 1963: March on Washington– Meant to put
pressure on JFK to pass CRs legislation
– 200,000 people showed up in support
Malcolm X and Black Militant Movement
• Malcolm X– Gain rights by “any
means necessary” – Started as a more
militant individual, through Islam he became less militant
– Viewed by some as a traitor
– Killed in Feb. 1965 at a rally
Malcolm X and Black Militant Movement
• Black Power-pride in African heritage, separate black economic and political institutions, self-defense against white violence, potentially violent revolution
• Black Panthers-1966 – Positive and negative impact– Pushed to rebuild ghettos in
big cities
Legal Changes
• Lyndon B. Johnson urged Congress to pass CRs laws that JFK had proposed prior to his assassination– Civil Rights Act of 1964
• Prohibited segregation in public places• Prohibited discrimination in education and employment
• 24th Amendment-1964, protected blacks’ voting rights by making the poll tax illegal
• Voting Rights Act-1965– Suspended literacy tests for voter registration– Led to huge amounts of African Americans to register to
vote and running for political office
Civil Rights and the Cold War
• Both the US and USSR sought countries all over the world to form alliances with
• The fact that the US was slow to enforce equality among all people didn’t help the cause
Civil Rights and the Media
• Power of the media– Many people in the US owned TVs and were able
to watch what was happening in the CRM– Ideas spread quickly
Johnson, Nixon, Vietnam• Lyndon B. Johnson,– “Great Society”-CRs, social
programs (“War on Poverty”)
– Was able to get Congress to pass a lot of legislation that helped the poor and urban areas
– Medicare/caid– Head Start (education for
low-income families)– Department of Housing
and Urban Development– Loosened immigration laws
Johnson, Nixon, Vietnam
• Vietnam was a colony of France, but following WWII they began fighting for independence– Nationalists had ties to communism
• Geneva Accords-conference in Switzerland, 1954, called for Vietnam to be divided into 2 nations– North=communist under Ho Chi Minh– South= democratic under Ngo Kinh Diem
US Involvement in Vietnam
• Eisenhower and Kennedy (and the US) feared the spread of Communism
• Viet Cong-Communist rebels in South Vietnam– US sent military to help South Vietnam fight
communist North and VC– Diem’s gov. was corrupt in the South
• Kennedy assassinated (Lee Harvey Oswald), Johnson now in office, will not lose Vietnam to Communism
US Involvement in Vietnam• Johnson won the presidency
in 1964 by making his opponent seem (literally) on the warpath against Vietnam– However, Johnson was
completely supportive of military involvement
• Gulf of Tonkin-North Vietnamese had attacked US ships– Had they really???– Johnson used the event to
pass the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution• Gave him the power to take
military actions against Vietnam w/o Congressional approval
US Involvement in Vietnam• VC power continuing to
spread as poor Southern Vietnamese supported the cause
• Operation Rolling Thunder– US wanted to cut off North
Vietnam’s support of VC (through supplies)
– Johnson ordered intense bombing campaign• Bridges, supply lines, villages• Careful not to bomb areas
that might incur wrath of USSR and China
Viet Cong and Guerilla Warfare
• Not the traditional style of warfare– Strategies involving surprise
attacks and then fleeing• Tet Offensive– Jan. 30, 1968– Heavy fighting– Proved that the Communists
could launch a serious military attack on US forces• US citizens begin to question
the war
Attitudes in the US
• Divided attitudes• US as the criminal?• Anti-war movement– Mostly on college
campuses– Some peaceful, some
violent• Johnson looks bad, does
not run for re-election
Nixon and Vietnam
• Jan. 1969, vowed to get US out of Vietnam
• Vietnamization: – South Vietnamese soldiers
to take the place of the US soldiers in Vietnam
– Still nervous about Communism…began bombing raids against NV, Cambodia, Laos
– Invaded Cambodia and destroy Communist training camps
End of US Involvement
• Paris Peace Accords– Withdrawal of US troops
within 60 days– Release of POWs– All parties involved would end
military activities in Laos and Cambodia
– 17th parallel would still divide N and S Vietnam
End of US Involvement
• Fall of Saigon– After US left Vietnam, fighting
resumed– North Vietnamese surrounded
South Vietnamese at Saigon– US tried a last evacuation
mission on April 29th
– April 30th Saigon fell and Vietnam became a Communist country
War Protests
• Kent State University– Anti-war protest turned
violent– Students attacked
businesses and burned army ROTC building on campus
– Governor of OH sent in troops• Opened fire when students
began throwing rocks/objects• 4 dead, 9 injured
War Protests
• Pentagon Papers– 1971– NY Times published a gov.
study on US involvement• Executive branch
(president) had lied to Congress– Secret decisions– Unapproved military
actions
War Protests
• Media and Vietnam– Nightly news showed
horrors of war and even listed the death tolls each night
– Huge negative impact on citizens’ views of the war
Social Revolution• “Baby Boomers” were now in college
and challenging the ideals of society• Woodstock
– 1969– Peace, music, drugs, “immoral” behavior– counterculture
• Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)– “New Left”– Rejected traditional views concerning
social issues– Radical change
Social Revolution
• Migrant Workers– United Farm Workers– 1962– Cesar Chavez– Supported rights of migrant farm
workers– Non-violent protests, hunger
strikes
Social Revolution• Women’s Movement– “women’s lib”; equality between
sexes– Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique– Phyllis Schlafly• Against Equal Rights Amendment• Women should stay home and take care
of family, pursue a career later
Social Revolution• Women’s Movement– Equal Rights Amendment-sexual discrimination
illegal (1972)• Was not ratified
– Roe v. Wade-1973, Supreme Court ruled state laws restricting a woman’s right to an abortion during first 3 months was unconstitutional
Nixon Presidency
• Détente– Nixon wanted to ease tensions between US and
foreign nations through diplomacy• Domestic Policies/Issues– New Federalism: give power back to states, cut
gov. support– Wanted a “middle road” when it came to CRs
Nixon Presidency• Domestic Policies/Issues– Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Ed
(1971)• School busing and racial integration
Nixon Presidency
• Oil Embargo– Fuel crisis, 1973– OPEC placed an embargo (refused to sell) to US
b/c of support for Israel• Exposed us dependency on oil
Nixon Presidency• Environmental Protection– Environmental Movement– Resources were not limitless• Conservation
– EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)
Nixon Presidency• Watergate
– 1972 presidential election– Nixon was concerned he would
lose • Officials loyal to him wiretapped
phones at DNC headquarters• Attempt failed, police arrested 5
men involved• Nixon didn’t know about the break-
in, but he participated in cover-up– Supreme Court ruled that he had
to deliver the tapes, but 18. 5 minutes was suspiciously missing
– He was the only president in history to resign• Would’ve been impeached
otherwise
EOC BOOKWORK
• P. 222-224– #s 1-10 multiple choice