EOC BIG IDEAS Review

Mr. Rosato’s GT6 Spring 2015

Scientific Method: We DO this without even thinking about it

Stat

e th

e Pr

oble

m 1. QuestionMake it as precise as possible

2. HypothesisTestable Prediction

3. ExperimentIndependent Variable: I change itConstant always keep it the sameControl Group: Compare all your tests to this group

Predict ObserveThink

4. DataDependent VariableDepends on the Independent variable

Qualitative means describe or categorizeQuantitative means a measure a number

5. ConclusionsDoes the Data support the hypothesis?If no, revise the hypothesisIf yes, thenTheory = happens more than once

Law = happens ALL the time

6. CommunicateEnough detail to allow others to repeat experiment

Infer

Compare & Contrast

Classify

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Scientific Method BIG IDEAS

•Ask a Question→ Answer it with a well-designed Experiment

• Independent Variable: I change it

• Dependent Variable: DATA

• Theory = happens more than once• Law = happens ALL the time

Weather Systems &

Cloud Types

•Bodies of air that bring distinctive weather features to the country. •A mass of air in air that is very uniform in temperature, pressure, and humidity. •Polar = cold•Tropical = warm•Maritime = moistContinental = dry

Air Masses

Air Masses in Atmosphere

•Air Masses cover several millions of square kilometers and extend vertically throughout the troposphere

Weather Map: Fronts, Systems, Jet stream

Weather Fronts

A front is the transition zone between two air masses of different density. Fronts extend not only in the horizontal direction, but in the vertical as well.

Cold Front & Air Masses

Cold Front on a Weather Map

Warm Front on a Weather Map

Wind Circulation Patterns

Global Wind Patterns

Weather Forecasting• Tools Used:

• Thermometer (temperature) • Barometer (pressure)• Hygrometer (humidity)• Radar (storm & cloud movement)• Satellite imagery (storm & cloud movement)

• National Weather Service Boise Site:• http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/boi/• Weather Channel Site:• http://www.weather.com/

Weather Maps

Climate• Average of all weather conditions in area over a long time

• Ex: temperature, precipitation

• Climate is cyclically influenced by ocean currents & temperatures• El Niño & La Niña

• These variations alter:• surface wind• surface ocean temperatures • deep ocean temperatures

Normal vs. El Niño Ocean Temperatures

Unusually warm ocean temperatures in the Equatorial PacificWinters are warmer than normal in the Northern States & cooler than normal in the Southern States

Is Global Warming Real?YES! – The only possible question is: “Did Mankind Cause it?”

Normal vs. La Niña Ocean Temperatures

Unusually cold ocean temperatures in the Equatorial PacificWinters are cooler than normal in the Northwest &warmer than normal in the Southeast

Cloud Characterization

•Clouds are characterized by:1. Height above the ground

a) Cirrob) Altoc) Nimbo

2. Type of clouda) Cirrusb) Cumulusc) Stratus – any cloud type can form layers

Cloud Levels & Types

Cloud Levels & Types

Weather BIG IDEAS

• Air Masses are characterized by temperature, pressure, and humidity • Different Air masses caused by uneven heating of the Earth’s

surface from the SUN• High Pressure = colder, denser, dry air = FAIR Weather• Low Pressure = warmer, less dense, wetter air = rainy Weather•Winds caused by differences in pressure• Jet Stream is the prevailing wind direction (West to East in

northern hemisphere)•Clouds characterized by Height (Cirro, Alto, Nimbo) &

Type (Cirrus, Cumulus, Stratus)

Forces & Motion Study Guide

Mr. Rosato’s GT6 EOC Review

Motion

•Motion = Change in position

• Speed = Distance Time• Velocity = Speed with a direction

• Acceleration = Change in Velocity Time

Forces

• Force = Push or Pull • Types:

• Contact - Causes Motion• Gravity - Causes Motion• Friction - Opposes Motion

Simple Machines

Work = Force x DistanceSimple Machines reduce the amount of force required to move an object by increasing the disdtance the person moves

Newton’s Laws of Motion

• Newton’s Laws describe how forces produce motion. The Three Laws are:

I. Inertia/laziness – things want to keep doing what they’re doing.

II. F = ma• Forces cause AccelerationIII. Action/Reaction• Forces act in pairs Balanced Forces• equal + opposite: No net Force• No Motion

Unbalanced Forces• Not equal + opposite: A net Force• Result in Motion

Forces & Motion BIG IDEAS•Motion is a change in position•Speed (change in distance with time)•Velocity (change in speed or direction)• Acceleration (change in velocity)•Newton’s Laws 1. Inertia2. Forces cause acceleration3. Action/Reaction• Simple Machines: 6 types, reduced force, but more

distance

Life Science Study Guide

Cell TheoryCell Structure

Cell ReproductionGenetics & Heredity

Cell TheoryI. Cells are the building blocks of all living things

• can be single-celled (called protozoa)• can be multi-celled, where they have a specific function

II. All life processes take place in cells• Energy production• Growth & reproduction

III. New cells are produced from existing ones• Cells divide into 2, then into 2 more… =exponential growth

Parts of a Cell

• Organelles = structures that perform specific functions in cells• Cytoplasm = clear fluid surrounding organelles

• Differences between Plant & Animal Cells:• Cell wall (plants)• Large single vacuole (plants)• Chloroplasts (plants)

Plant Cell

VacuoleStores nutrients and waste

MitochondriaCreates energy

Golgi apparatusFedEx: Transport System

Smooth ER*

Rough ER*ChloroplastMake sugars for food

Cell wallNucleus

Control Center

Cell MembraneControls what substances enter & leave cell

Nuclear membranecontrols what enters and leaves the nucleus

RibosomesMake Proteins

Nucleolusregulates all cell activity by controlling the

enzymes present.

DNAProvides cell instructions for

reproduction

CytoplasmClear fluid

MicrotubulesStructural basis of the cells, used in mitosis

*ER : produces proteins and lipids for the cell's organelles

Rough contains Ribosomes

Nuclear pore

Animal Cell

ChromosomesContain DNA

CytoplasmClear fluid

MicrotubulesStructural basis of the cells, used in mitosis

Nucleus Pore

VacuolesStores nutrients and waste

Cell MembraneControls what substances

enter & leave cell

MitochondriaCreates energy

Smooth ER*RibosomesMake Proteins

Rough ER*

Golgi apparatusFedEx: Transport System

Nucleolusregulates all cell activity by controlling the enzymes present.

NucleusControl Center

Nuclear membranecontrols what enters and leaves the nucleus

CentriolePull apart chromosoes during mitosis

*ER : produces proteins and lipids for the cell's organellesRough contains Ribosomes

Eukaryote

have a nucleus (protists, fungi, plants, and animals)

Prokaryotelack a nucleus (most bacteria)

Cell Family Tree

Cells

Bacteria

Multicellular Organisms:5 Structural Levels of Organization

Cell

building block of life

Perform a specific function

Tissue

Organ SystemOrgan

Perform a specific job – made of at least 2 types of tissue

Organism

Complete living thing that relies on cells for life functions

Muscle Cell

Nerve Cell

Blood Cells

Specialized Cells

Cell Reproduction

• Cells Reproduce Through Two Processes:

1. Mitosis= asexual reproduction• A 6 step process where body cells reproduce by cell division.• Create exact replicas of themselves for building tissues• Examples: muscle cells, skin cells, nerve cells, blood cells• Also Protozoa create exact replicas of themselves by cell division

Cell Reproduction

2. Meiosis = Sexual Reproduction• A 9 step process involving multiplication then division of cells. • The reproductive process where new cells and organisms are formed

• Chromosomes from both parents are mixed when the sperm and egg cells combine to produce a fertilized egg

Comparison of Mitosis (cell growth) vs. Meiosis (cell reproduction):

Mitosis

Meiosis

Cell BIG IDEAS

• Cells are basis of living things• Have organelles• Plant cells have cell wall, chloroplast, large vacuole• Eukaryotes have nucleus, prokaryotes have NO nucleus

• Cells speciallize: cells→tissues→organs→organ systems→ORGANISMS• Cells make new cells:• Mitosis: Makes 2 identical cells for body growth• Meiosis: Makes 4 reproductive daughter cells with mixed genetics from both

parents = instructions for embryo/egg development

Gene Terminology• Trait: a • PHYSICAL characteristic of an organism • passed down from our parents (e.g., ear lobe shape).

• Gene:• DNA information which produces a trait • (e.g., the part of the gene for ear shape)• Allele: • a particular VERSION of a gene that produces a particular trait (e.g. the

allele for attached earlobes)

• For example: B and b are both alleles for the trait of ear lobe

Earlobe gene (Bb)

Gene Terminology• Genotype • the genetic make-up of an organism • The pair of alleles passed from the parents (e.g., BB, bb, Bb)• Phenotype • the PHYSICAL result of a gene combination.• The trait which is displayed as a result of the genotype

Earlobe gene (Bb)

DOMINANCE• Dominant Trait: . • A trait that is most likely to appear due to a strong gene. • dominant allele

• represented by a capital letter (e.g., B)

• Dominance is when one allele can mask the presence of another. (e.g., Bb is the same as BB)• Recessive Trait: • A trait that is less likely to appear due to a weaker allele or gene.• recessive allele• represented by a lower case letter (eg., b)

Types of Alleles

• Homozygous- • having a similar pair of genes for a hereditary characteristic (e.g.,

BB or bb).

• Heterozygous- • having a dissimilar pair of genes for a hereditary characteristic (e.g., Bb).

Punnett square • Uses the known genotypes of each parent in a simple diagram

possible genotype outcome for any offspring

Parent genotype

Punnett Square for Mendel’s F1 Pea Plants

•Each cell within the square is representative of one possible genotype for any offspring; •Male is always placed on top; Female is on the left side

Genetics BIG IDEAS

• Chromosomes contain DNA• DNA is a double helix with base pair bridges (ATCG)

• Gene:• the sequence of base pairs in a section of DNA • Genetic information in DNA produces a physical trait • Allele: • a particular VERSION of a gene that produces a particular trait (e.g. the

allele for attached earlobes) B = Dominant; b= recessive

• For example: B and b are both alleles for the trait of ear lobe

• Genotype = the pair opf allleles in a gene (Bb)• Phenotype = the physical trait produced by the genotype

Genetics BIG IDEAS: Punnett square

• Uses the known genotypes of each parent in a simple diagram

possible genotype outcome for any offspring

Parent genotype