Enzymes and MetabolismBiochemistry – Part One

Enzymes and MetabolismBiochemistry – Part One

MicrobiologyMicrobiology

MetabolismMetabolism

The sum total of all cellular reactions

The sum total of all cellular reactions

MetabolismMetabolism

Anabolism - The total of all biosynthetic processes in the cell

Catabolism - The energy generating processes in the cell

Anabolism - The total of all biosynthetic processes in the cell

Catabolism - The energy generating processes in the cell

EnergyEnergy

Energy releasing reactions are exergonic – the free energy is released to be used in the cell for other operations

Reactions in which the amount of energy required for their initiation than the energy released are endergonic

Energy releasing reactions are exergonic – the free energy is released to be used in the cell for other operations

Reactions in which the amount of energy required for their initiation than the energy released are endergonic

Biochemical ReactionsBiochemical Reactions

enzyme Reactant(s) Product(s) ( substrate)Great specificity of the enzyme for the substrateEnvisioned as a lock and keyMore probable like an induced fit

enzyme Reactant(s) Product(s) ( substrate)Great specificity of the enzyme for the substrateEnvisioned as a lock and keyMore probable like an induced fit

EnzymesEnzymes

Are biological catalystsProteinsTheir tertiary structure produces a

specific site for the interaction of reactants(substrates)

Are biological catalystsProteinsTheir tertiary structure produces a

specific site for the interaction of reactants(substrates)

EnzymesEnzymes

Form temporary intermolecular forces with the substrate

Orient the substrate so the reaction occur

Associates two substrates that are in equally low concentrations in the cell

Form temporary intermolecular forces with the substrate

Orient the substrate so the reaction occur

Associates two substrates that are in equally low concentrations in the cell

Enzyme-Substratehttp://programs.northlandcollege.edu/biology/Biology1111/animations/enzyme.swf

Enzyme-Substratehttp://programs.northlandcollege.edu/biology/Biology1111/animations/enzyme.swf

Enzyme-Substratehttp://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/proteins/enzsub.html

Enzyme-Substratehttp://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/proteins/enzsub.html

Protease – breaks down proteinsDNase breaks down and recycles

DNAKinase- tranfers phosphate from

ATP to another molecule

Protease – breaks down proteinsDNase breaks down and recycles

DNAKinase- tranfers phosphate from

ATP to another molecule

Activation energyActivation energy

Activation energyActivation energy

Activation energy is the energy required to start a biochemical reaction

All biochemical reactins require a biochemical catalyst to reduce the amount of energy required to initiate the reaction

Activation energy is the energy required to start a biochemical reaction

All biochemical reactins require a biochemical catalyst to reduce the amount of energy required to initiate the reaction

Factors that Affect the rate of an Enzyme reaction

Factors that Affect the rate of an Enzyme reaction

TemperaturepHConcentration of enzymeConcentration of substrate

TemperaturepHConcentration of enzymeConcentration of substrate

Optimal Temperature and pHOptimal Temperature and pH

Competitive InhibitionCompetitive Inhibition

Non Competitive Inhibitor

Non Competitive Inhibitor

NAD- CoenzymeNAD- Coenzyme

NAD+NAD+

FAD CoenzymeFAD Coenzyme

REDOX ReactionsREDOX Reactions

Oxidation is the loss of electrosn( e-), the loss of hydrogen(H), and the gain of oxygen

Reduction is the gain of electrons, the gain of Hydrogen, and the loss of oxygen

Oxidation is the loss of electrosn( e-), the loss of hydrogen(H), and the gain of oxygen

Reduction is the gain of electrons, the gain of Hydrogen, and the loss of oxygen

REDOXREDOX

REDOX REACTIONREDOX REACTION

Feedback InhibitionFeedback Inhibition

Allosteric InteractionsAllosteric Interactions

Coupled reactionsCoupled reactions

Reactions which require the input of energy must be coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP

Reactions which require the input of energy must be coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP

student.ccbcmd.edu/.../energy/

adpan.html student.ccbcmd.edu/.../energy/

adpan.html

TermsTerms

Chemo – chemical energyPhoto – light energyOrgano – organic moleculesLitho – uptake larger organic

molecules for biosynthesisAuto – produces its own organic

molecules from basic molecules

Chemo – chemical energyPhoto – light energyOrgano – organic moleculesLitho – uptake larger organic

molecules for biosynthesisAuto – produces its own organic

molecules from basic molecules

Chemoorganoheterotroph

Chemoorganoheterotroph

Uses organic molecules for a Carbon source and as an energy source

Pathogens exhibit this type of metabolism

Uses organic molecules for a Carbon source and as an energy source

Pathogens exhibit this type of metabolism

ChemolithoautotrophChemolithoautotroph

Uses inorganic molecules as a carbon source and energy source

Extremophiles, nitrogen fixing bacteria, thermophiles, and methanogens

Uses inorganic molecules as a carbon source and energy source

Extremophiles, nitrogen fixing bacteria, thermophiles, and methanogens

PhotolithoautotrophPhotolithoautotroph

Uses light energy as an energy source and inorganic CO2 as a carbon source.

Conventional photosynthesis – Cyanobacteria

Chlorophyll as si the primary phtosynthetic pigment

Capture light energy at 420 and 620+ nm

Uses light energy as an energy source and inorganic CO2 as a carbon source.

Conventional photosynthesis – Cyanobacteria

Chlorophyll as si the primary phtosynthetic pigment

Capture light energy at 420 and 620+ nm

PhotoorganoheterotrophPhotoorganoheterotroph

Use light energy to trasnform to energy for biological processes

Uses alternative pigments to capture light

Use light energy to trasnform to energy for biological processes

Uses alternative pigments to capture light

PathwaysPathways

Pathways begin with one molecule and end with a

product

Pathways begin with one molecule and end with a

productGlycolysis – Catabolic pathway –

energy producing – breaks down glucose

Gluconeogensis – Anabolic – requires the inpute of energy – produces sugars and carbohydrates

Glycolysis – Catabolic pathway – energy producing – breaks down glucose

Gluconeogensis – Anabolic – requires the inpute of energy – produces sugars and carbohydrates

CyclesCycles

Krebs – Citric AcidKrebs – Citric Acid