eny3005l - study guide

8/16/2019 ENY3005L - Study Guide

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ENY3005L study guide

-Collection & curation techniques:

Equipment:

o Kill jar Filled with ethyl acetate

o Alchl !ials" nets and cntainers

#ypes $ cllecting:

o Acti!e cllecting % Acti!ely catch insects

o &assi!e cllecting ' passi!e techniques in!l!e setting up traps

Acti!e cllecting techniques:

o (weep netting: (weeping yur net )ac* and $rth thrugh grass

and )rush+ #rying this in a !ariety $ ha)itats ,-elds" pndmargins" $rest margins. will yield a higher di!ersity $ insects

o /eat sheets: sheets that are laid n the grund" while any

!erhanging !egetatin is )eaten+ As insects $all n the sheet"they can )e pic*ed up+

o Aquatic nets: nets that can )e used t sample any )dy $ water+

#he nets are usually in the shape $ a 12 s they can )edragged alng the )ttm r )an*s $ ri!ers and la*es+

o /ar*ing: any insects can )e $und )y peeling the )ar* away

$rm dead trees+ /e care$ul when yu d this since many thercritters li!e under )ar*+

o 4and cllecting: nsects may als )e hand pic*ed 6 $

windwsills and car grills as lng as they can still )e identi-ed+

• &assi!e 7llecting techniques:

o Light traps: any insects that are di8cult t cllect during the

day are attracted t !arius types $ light at night+ # set up lighttraps" a white sheet can )e hung in the desired cllecting area 9%; hurs)e$re dar*+ <= ,)ac*lights. and mercury !apr lightsare hung a)ut a $t in $rnt $ the sheet+ n time insects willcme t the sheet and can )e pic*ed 6 using s$t $rceps+

o alaise #raps>Flight ntercept #raps: alaise traps are )ased n

the principlethat as ?ying insects encunter a )arrier"they will ?y

up+ #he trap is set up in anatural ?y%way ,area where insectscmmnly ?y thrugh.+ #he trap is tent%li*e in shape and cnsists$ a center net that leads upt a pyramid%shaped canpy"e!entually ending in a cllecting jar with a pisnus chemical+(" as the insects ?y up $rm the center netting" they will m!eup the pyramid and int the *ill jar+ #his trap is used primarily tcatch adult lepidptera and hymenptera+



o &it$all traps: are designed t trap insects as they are wal*ing

alng the grund+ #he trap can )e made )y digging a hle in thegrund+ A cup -lled 9 >3 $ the way with &rpylene @lycl ,apin*" en!irnmentally sa$e anti $reee. r sapy water is put inthe grund up t its rim+ #he trap shuld ha!e a prtecti!e c!er

t *eep ut rain and wild animals+ &it$all traps can als )e )aitedwith dung r ther attracti!e su)stances+ #he )ait can )esuspended !er the trap in a small cup+

o 1ish #raps: nsects are attracted t certain clrs" which may )e

determined )y the insectBs $d surce+ 7lred )wls can als)e set ut with sapy water r &rpylene @lycl+ 1i6erent clred)wls can )e used t trap di6erent insects+

o /erlese Funnel: any insects li!e in $rest litter andmay )e

!erl*ed due t their sie r a)ility t hide+ #his technique is)ased n the idea that the insects in litter will m!e away $rmht and dry cnditins t a cler mist area+ Lea$ litter r an

a)andned )ird r squirrel nest can )e cllected and placed n ascreen inside $ the $unnel+ #he apparatus cnsists $ a $unnelsuspended !er a jar $ alchl+ A light )ul) hangs directly !erthe $unnel" s as the lea!es heat up and dry ut" the insects willm!e dwn and $all int the alchl+

o 7arrin #raps: A specialied grup $ insects are respnsi)le $r

getting rid $ dead animals+ #hese insects can )e attracted usingrtting meat such as unc*ed chic*en li!ers" -sh r ham)urger+ #he meat can )e placed in an pen cntainer secured t thegrund and c!ered with a wire mesh t *eep ut wild animals+C!er a)ut a day" insects will )egin t shw up+ (weeping a net

!er the trap r )y hand pic*ing the insects $rm the trap cancatch the insects+

• nsect 7uratin:

o nsects shuld )e curated as sn as pssi)le

o $ insects canBt )e curated sn" they can )e put in the $reeer

$ put in the $reeer" ma*e a relaxing chamber

Delaing cham)er ' use $ misture t ma*e $ren

insects less rigid+ Cnly put in the relaing cham)er$r %; days" therwise the insect might mld

o

&inning: All insects shuld )e pinned thrugh the mesthra

slightly t the right $ center unless therwise speci-ed #he insect shuld rest a)ut inch )elw the head $ the

pin+ #he insect is -rst pinned n the tallest psitin $ the

pinning )lc*



• the insect shuld )e perpendicular t the pin in thehrintal and !ertical ais" s the insect appearsstraight $rm all angles+

#he middle hle $ the pinning )lc* is $r the date>lcality

la)el

#he lwest hle $ the pinning )lc* is $r the 1 la)el A hand written la)el shuld )e included n the insects

nting the date and lcatin cllected (maller insects that cant )e pinned need t )e pinted

; la)els needed $r insects:

• date>lcality la)el

• 1 la)el

La)els are pinned thrugh the center

Dead $rm tp t )ttm and read $rm the le$t side

&inted insect la)els are pinned thrugh the right crner

o pinning placement )y insect rder:

7leptera" )lattdea" dermaptera" mantdea:

• &in thrugh the right elytra" a)ut hal$way up the

)dy

Crthptera" neurptera" phasmatdea:

• &in thrugh the metathra" slightly t the right $the mid%line )dy



4emiptera:

• &in thrugh the right crner $ the scutellum

1iptera" hymenptera" dnata" mecptera:

• &in )etween the )ase $ the $rewings" slightly t the

right $ the mid%line )dy

Lepidptera:

• &in in the middle" )etween the )ase $ the $rewings"with all G wings spread+

o =ials:

($t )died insects and immature insects g in !ials w>

85% ethyl alcohol #he !ial is -lled H $ the way with ethyl alchl" then the

insect is added /urping the !ial may )e necessary

($t )died insects include:

• #hysanura

• 7llem)lan

• Ephemerptera

• (iphnaptera

• &lecptera

• Em)iptera

• &scptera

• Iygentma



• /lattdea ,termites.

• All immature insects

o &inting:

(mall hard )died insects ha!e t )e pinted

4w t pint and insect:

&ush a pin int the pint t the deepest hle n the pinning)lc*

&lace a small drp $ water )ased glue ,ie ElmerBs. n the

tip $ the pint @ently press glued prtin t the right thra t the insect

and hld until dry Fr insects ther than 1iptera and wasps" the tip $ the

pint can )e )ent dwnwardo (preading:

Lepidptera are spread

(preading instructins:• Adjust the spreading )ard s that the a)dmen just

-ts int the gap )etween the )ards+

• &in the )utter?y as speci-ed pre!iusly and push the

pin int the $am until the a)dmen is ?ush with the)ard n )th sides+

• Adjust the antennae" using pins t hld them directly

in $rnt $ the )dy+

• nsert a pin int a large !ein n the $rnt wing"

pulling it $rward until the )ttm $ the wing isperpendicular t the )dy+

• 1 the same with the )ttm wing" pulling it up tthe )ttm $ the $rnt wing+

• &lace thin strips $ wa paper r tracing paper alng

the wings" securing the paper with pins+

• Depeat $r the secnd set $ wings+

• Dem!e pins $rm the wing !eins+

-Insect External Morphology:

• 4w t prperly use micrscpe:

o 7arrying it care$ully t a!id damaging itJicrscpes shuld

always )e carried with #C 4AN1(% ne under the )ase and thether hlding the arm $ the micrscpe+

o Knwing the *ey parts

o Fllwing prper perating prcedures

o &sitining the specimenJ&inned specimens shuld ne!er )e

tuched directly" )ut they can )e psitinedunder themicrscpe s that distinguishing characteristics are mre easily



seen+ <sing a small )lc* $ sti6 $am r an in!erted cr* gluedt a small sheet $ wd will assist in psitining the specimen

• icrscpe parts $unctins:

o Eyepiece(s are lcated atp the scpe head and allw the

!iewer t see what is )eing magni-ed+ Each eyepiece can )e

$cused independently $ the ther t cmpensate $r !ariatinin eyesight+

o Clips can )e $und n the stage plate and are use$ul $r hlding

micrscpe slides inplace+o !ocusing "nobs m!e the scpe head up and dwn t allw

prper $cus $ specimens+o #ooming "nobs increase r decrease magni-catin and are

$ten lcated smewhere a)!e r directly in the center $ the$cusing *n)s+

o #he microscope arm is used when transprting r therwise

physically m!ing the entire scpe+

• icrscpe perating prcedures:o &inned specimens:

(et the m t the lwest magni-catin and turn the

$cusing *n) s that the scpe head is in its highestpsitin+

&lace specimen nt the micrscpeBs stage plate directly

)eneath the scpe head+ ,t is suggested that yu use acr* $r pinned specimens+.

L* int the eyepieces and adjust the interpupillary

distance )y sliding the eyepiece tu)es either tward r

away $rm ne anther+ hile l*ing thrugh eyepieces" (LCLY turn the $cusing

*n) until yu can see the specimen clearly+ A$ter the scpe is $cused" increase magni-catin )y

turning the ming *n)+ hen desired magni-catin isreached" ma*e slight adjustments t the $cus" i$necessary+

o (pecimens in !ials:

=iewing specimens inside the !ial:

• 4ld !ial hrintally ,i+e+ n its side. under the

micrscpe with ne hand while manipulating $cus

with the ther hand until specimens )ecme !isi)le+ Yu will need t adjust the angel $ the !ial s thatthe air )u))le inside it is psitined in such a waythat yu are a)le t !iew the specimens+

=iewing specimens utside the !ial :



• Empty cntents $ !ial int a small petri dish+ Addisprpyl alchl i$ needed $r specimen t m!e$reely when dish is gently agitated+

• #erminlgy w> !iewing insects:

o 1rsal % re$erring t the tpside $ an insect

o =entral % re$erring t the underside $ an insecto Lateral % re$erring t the sides $ an insect

o Anterir % the $rnt

o &sterir % the rear

o &rimal % near r tward the )dy

o 1istal % away $rm the )dy

• nsect eternal mrphlgy:

o nsects ha!e:

7hitinus es*eletn

3 regin )dy

3 pairs $ jinted legs

cmpund eyes

pair $ antennae

• nsects are the nly arthrpd that ha!e e!l!ed ?ight+

• nsect head is specialied $r:

o $d gathering and manipulatin

o sensry perceptino neural integratin

• nsect 4ead parts:

o Frns ' anterir part $ head

o =erte ' the anterir area )elw the drsum $ the head"

)etween and )ehind the eyes



o @ena ' the area )elw the cmpund eye+ Cn the side $ the

heado 7lypeus ' the lipli*e sclerite

• ; main categries $ nsect muthparts:

o andi)ulate ' chewing muthparts

o 4austellate ' suc*ing>piercing muthparts 4as stylet

• (tylet ' needle%li*e prjectins used t penetrate

plant animal tissue

• i+e+ hemipterans" diptera" siphnptera

desnt ha!e stylet

• these insects must rely n easily accessi)le $d

surces such as nectar

• i+e+ leipdptera

• 5 primary parts $ the insect muth:

o clypeuso labrum ' the upper lip2

o man$ibles ' the jaw%li*e structures2

o Maxillae

o abium ' the lwer lip2

• Antennae:

o Antennae $unctin almst eclusi!ely in sensry perceptin

#hings that are sensed:

• tin and rientatin

• Cdr

•

(und• 4umidity

• A !ariety $ chemical cues

o Antennae parts:

(cape

&edicel

Flagellum ,smaller segments are called ?agellmeres.

o #ypes $ antennae:

Filli$rm:

• threadli*e antennae



• slender

• i+e+ grund and lnghrned )eetles ,cleptera."

cc*raches Aristate:

• (hrt

• puch%li*e antennae w> a lateral )ristle

• i+e+ diptera

&ectinate:

• 7m)%li*e

• (egments $ pectinate antennae are lnger n ne

side

• i+e+ clepteran" hymenptera

mnili$rm:

• )ead%li*e

• i+e+ clepteras" termites

(etaceus:

• 4air%li*e

• (tarts with a )rad segment" then thins and narrws

• i+e+ dnata and hemipterans



7la!ate:

• 7lu))ed

• any !ariants

• i+e+ clepterans

capitate:

• *n))ed antennae

• starts narrw at the )ase and gets )igger nly at thetip

• i+e+ antlins" Lepidptera

•

#hra:o ade $ 3 parts:

&rthra

esthra

etathra

o Each segment is made $ sclertites ,hard plates.

Nta ' drsal sclerite

&leura ' lateral sclerites

(terna ' !entral sclerites

o Each segment cntains ne pair $ legs

o ings are $und nly n the mes and metathracic segments

• ings:

o Nepterus ' insects that can $ld their wings !er their )ac*



/utter?ies are (#LL NEC&#EDC<(

o &laepterus ' insects that cant $ld wings !er )ac*

i+e+ ephermerptera and dnata

o em)ranus wings are thin and transparent

i+e+ dnata and neurpteran

o #ypes $ wings: 4alteres ' etreme mdi-catin $ hind wings" which are

reduced t nu)s used $r )alance and directin during?ight

• i+e+ diptera

elytra ' hardened and hea!ily sclertied $rewings+

di-ed t prtect the hind wings when at rest+

• i+e+ clepteran

4emelytra ' !ariatin $ elytra+ 1i6erent $rm elytra

)ecause <NLKE elytra" hemelytra $unctin primarily asFL@4# N@(+

• i+e+ hemipterans



• Legs:

o !orelegs are lcated n prthra

o

mi$-legs lcated n mesthrao hin$ legs lcated n the metathra

o #he M majr cmpnents:

7a

#rchanter

Femur

• 7an )e mdi-ed w> spines

#i)ia

• 7an )e mdi-ed w> spines

#arsus

• #arsmeres ' tarsus di!ided int ne $ 5

pseudsegments pretarsus

• #ypes $ legs:

o 7ursrial:

Fr wal*ing>running



o Daptrial:

Fre legs mdi-ed $r grasping

7mmn $r predatry insects

o Fssrial:

Fre legs and ti)iae specialied r digging

7mmn in grund%dwelling insects

o (altatrial:

4ind legs specialied $r jumping+

Elngated $emur and ti)ia

o Natatrial:

Fre r hind legs adapted $r swimming Elngated setae n tarsi



o &rntum

#he drsal sclerite $ the prthra+ 4ighly mdi-ed+

i+e+ hemiptera" )lattdea" cleptera

• A)dmen:

o #erga ' drsal a)dminal

o (terna ' !entral a)dminal segments

o Aedeagus ' penis

o C!ipsitr ' depsits eggs

o (piracles usually $und in the cnjuncti!e tissue )etween theterga and sterna $ a)dminal segments %

o Deprducti!e structures are lcated n the Oth segments in males

,aedeagus.o Deprducti!e structures n the th and Oth a)dminal segments in

$emales ,!ipsitr.

-Insect r$ers:

#anmy ' the science $ classi$ying rganisms+ Crganisms aregruped accrding t similarities and di6erences in mrphlgy"physilgy" and smetimes )eha!ir and e!en gegraphical lcatin

Kingdm ' the largest tanmic di!isin

5 *ingdms:

o Animalia

o &lantae

o nera

o &rtista

o Fungi

nsects ma*e the greatest prprtin $ animals in *ingdm Animalia

• Linenean Dan*: Kingdm" &hylum" 7lass" Crder" Family"

@enus" (pecies:



o K P KN@

o & P &4LL&

o 7 P 7AE

o C P C=ED

o F P FCDo @ P @AY

o ( P (EQ• Eample $ a species naming:

o Danaus plexippus ,Linnaeus." the narch )utter?y+

#he name in parentheses a$ter the species name is the last

name $ the persn wh named the insect" in this case KarlLinnaeus+

1ichtmus *eys ' used t 1 )ilgical rganisms

o Are made up $ a series $ steps called couplets

o A$ter each cuplet" the user has ; chices ,N r NB.

nsect etamrphsis:

o etamrphsis ' the physical trans$rmatin $ an insect $rm

ne stage $ its li$e t anther

Ameta)lus ' $rm the hatchling t adult" the insect will

nt change in $rm" ther than in sie+

i'e' thysanura

4emimeta)lus ' a*a incmplete metamrphsis+ ings

de!elp thrugh mlting+ the insects ha!e 3 li$e stages:

Egg

Nymph ,r naiad in aquatic immatures.

Adult

4lmeta)lus ' a*a cmplete metamrphsis+ Each

stage $ its li$e l* di6erent+ #he lar!ae ha)itats and $dsurces may )e entirely di6erent $rm the adults+ #hereare G li$e stages:

Egg

Lar!a

&upa

Adult

Eclses ' emerges+ <sed t descri)e the adult that

emerges $rm the pupa stage+nstar ' the mlting stages+ st insects ha!e 3 t M instars



• nsect rders:

o Ameta)lus rders:

7llem)la

• 7mmn name: springtails

• ings: a)sent• Rumps with its $urcula

Iygentma

• 7mmn name: sil!er-sh

• ings: a)sent

o 4emimeta)lus rders:

Ephemerptera

• 7mmn name: may?ies

• ings: ; pairs+ #riangular

• uthparts:

o Adult: !estigial



o Nymph: chewing

Cdnata

• 7mmn name: dragn?ies" damsel?ies

• ings: ; pairs" mem)ranus+ nteno$alcross )eins

• uthparts: chewing

Crthptera

• 7mmn name: grasshppers" cric*ets"*atydids

• uthparts: chewing• ings: ; pairs+ leathery

• 4as saltatorial legs

&lecptera• 7mmn names: stne ?ies

• ings: ; pairs $ wings $lded !er a)dmen




1ermaptera

• 7mmn name: earwigs" pincher )ugs

• ings: ; pairs


• 7erci is $rceps%li*e

Em)iptera>em)iidina

• cmmn name: we) spinners

• wings: males winged+ Females wingless

• muthparts: chewing

phasmida>phasmatdea

• cmmn name: wal*ing stic*s

• wings: wingless




mantdea

• cmmn name: mantids

• wings: ; pairs


• $relegs are raptorial

• prthra and $retarsi elngated /lattdea

• 7mmn name: raches and termites

• ings: ; pairs• uthparts: chewing

&scdea

• 7mmn name: )*lice" )ar*lice

• ings: present r a)sent+ $ present" ; pairs+

• uthparts: chewing r piercing%suc*ing

• ; types $ lice:

o mallphaga ,chewing lice. ' head wider

then thrao anplura ,suc*ing lice. ' head narrwer

than thra and tarsi w> prehensilecla*s

#hysanptera

• 7mmn names: thrips

• ings: ; pairs" $ringed w> hairs

• uthparts: rasping%suc*ing

• 4as tarsi w> swllen )alln at tip



4emiptera

• 7mmn names: true )ugs" cicadas" hppers"white?ies

• ings: ; pairs+ Frewings thic*ened at )ase+

em)ranus at tip ,hemelytra. CD ; pairs+

Frewings and hindwings mem)ranus+• uthparts: piercing%suc*ing

Neurpteran

•

7mmn name: antins" wl?ies" lacewings"sna*e?ies

• ings: ; pairs+ Frewings and hindwingsmem)ranus w> many !eins


egalptera

• 7mmn names: d)sn?ies" -sh?ies"

alder?ies

• ings: hindwings larger than $rewings


7lepteran

• 7mmn names: )eetles

• ings: ; pair+ Frewings cmpletely elytrous+




ecptera

• 7mmn name: scrpin?ies

• ings: mem)ranus wings


• ale genitalia resem)les scrpinBs sting

trichptera• cmmn name: caddis?y

• G mem)ranus wings" hairy+


1iptera

• 7mmn name: ?ies" msquites" midges

• ings: ne pair $ wings" hindwings mdi-ed

int halters

• uthparts: piercing%suc*ing r spnging

• Large cmpund eyes

(iphnptera

• 7mmn name: ?eas

• ings: a)sent

• uthparts: piercing%suc*ing



Lepidptera

• 7mmn name: mth" )utter?y" s*ippers

• ings: ; pairs+ Frewings slightly larger than

hindwings+ /th c!ered with scales

• uthparts:

o Adults: suc*ing>siphning+ +roboscis

usually ciled+o

Lar!a: chewing

4ymenptera

• 7mmn name: )ees" wasps" ants

• ings: ; pairs $ mem)ranus wings"

hindwings reduced and cnnected t $rewings

!ia hamuli' (me wingless• uthparts: chewing r chewing%lapping

-Internal morphology:

1igesti!e system:

o A*a alimentary canal

o s centrally lcated within the )dy ca!ity

o 4emcel ' )dy ca!ity

o Fregut>stmdeum ' the anterir%mst regin+ ain $unctin is

t )egin )rea*dwn $ $d particles and transprt them t themidgut

ncludes:

• /uccal ca!ity

• Esphagus

• 7rp

o idgut>mesentern ' main $unctin is the majr area $ digestin

and a)sr)tin+ <ndigested $ds g int the hindgut



o 4indgut>prctdeum ' main $unctin is in water and slute

rea)sr)tin and waste ecretin ncludes:

• leum

• 7ln

• Dectum• Dectal pads ,$ten present.

o @astric caecae ' increases sur$ace area $r greater nutrient

a)srptin in the $regut

gastric caecae mar*s the end $ the $regut and the

)eginning $ the midguto malphigian tu)ules ' lng thin structures near the junctin $ the

midgut and hindgut+ ain $unctin is $r smregulatin andecretin

circulatry system:o

circulatry system is C&EN ,lac*s a cmple netwr* $ !eins andarteries t help transprt )ld thrughut )dy.o hemlymph ' insect )ld2+ Flws $reely thrughut hemcel

o 1rsal !essel , the nly !essel in the insect circulatry system+

Lcated in the psterir>a)dminal regin+ ain $unctin is it actsli*e a heart" pumping hemlymph $rward int the anterirregin+ t ?ws psterirly+

o Cstia ' small slits in the heart regin $ the drsal !essel+ ain

$unctin is $r hemlymph upta*e" and t return hemlymph tthe drsal !essel+

Ner!us system:

o &arts $ the ner!us system:

=entral ner!e crd

/rain

@anglia ' paired ner!e centers

7entral ner!us system ' cntrls the !luntary reactins

$ the insect and crdinates insect acti!ity (tmat%gastric system ' cntrls the in!luntary

reactins>m!ements &eripheral system ' cmprises $ a -ne netwr* $ ans

and sensry cells lying )eneath the integument

•

Despiratry system:o Deprducti!e system parts:

#racheae ' internal tu)es t $acilitate respiratin in the

tracheal system #racheal system ' a system $ internal tu)es ,tracheae.

that )ring ygen t cells (piracles ' segmentally arranged pairs $ penings that

allw air int the insectBs )dy



#racheal air sacs ' air%strage pc*ets that aid respiratin

internallyo alphigian tu)ules !s tracheae: malphigian tu)ules are $und at

the junctin $ the midgut and hindgut" while tracheae arepsitined thrughut the )dy

• Deprducti!e system:

o &arthengenetic ' is a $rm $ mnseual reprductin ,n male

required.+ @d $r a species t in!ade a new areao /iseual reprductin gi!es genetic reassrtment and

recm)inatin $ herita)le characterso Deprducti!e system parts include:

Eternal genitalia

nternal genitalia

o Female rgans:

C!aries

• 7nsist $ !ariles ' where eggs are prduced

C!iducts

@enital cham)er (permatheca

!ipsitr

Accessry glands

o ale rgans:

&air $ testes

(eminal !esicle ' a reser!ir where sperm are discharged

int Aedeagus ' ejaculatry duct

(permata ' a capsule $ hardened seminal ?uid+ s in

sme insects

-e$ ugs: ./I++E0-!orensic entomology: ./I++E0

-Me$ical an$ )eterinary entomology:



• edical and !eterinary entmlgy ' $cuses n insects and therarthrpds that a6ect the health $ humans r ther animals+

• &athgens !ectred )y insects and impacted histry:

o Yersinia pestis. A /A7#EDA+ 7auses plague+ #ransmitted )y ?eas+

950 millin deaths in Eurpe+ 4umans are an acci$ental host

/lac* plague li$e cycle:• Flea )ites in$ected rat

• /acteria multiply in ?eaBs gut

• FleaBs gut us grged with )acteria

• Flea )ites human

• 4uman is in$ected" gets sic*" then dies

o Napoleonic campaigns (Deaths caused by 3 diseases):

A =D<(+ 7auses yellw $e!er+ #ransmitted )y msquites

A /A7#EDA+ 7auses plague+ #ransmitted )y ?eas

A /A7#EDA+ 7auses typhus+ #ransmitted )y human )dy

luse• (yl!atic cycle ' the $ractin $ the ppulatinBs li$espan spent cycling

)etween wild animals and !ectrs

• ays insects impact human and animal health and well%)eing:

o Annyance:

1ue t a)undance" ?ying )eha!irs" )iting

o Fear and mental stress:

Entmph)ia ' a general $ear $ insects

1elusry parasitsis ' a psychlgical state where a persn

mista*enly )elie!es that they are )eing )itten r are

in$ested )y a parasite+• 1iagnstic signs:

o #hey $ten cn!ince thers that they are als

)eing attac*edo &ests descri)ed as tiny" $ten )lac* r white

o &arasite usually has an etensi!e li$e%cycle that

is well%*nwn )y the persno C$ten !isits many physicians when satis$actry

results are nt $undo De$errals t cunseling are $ten disregarded

o 7ntact allergic reactins:

any insects cntain prteins that cause allergic reactinsin ppl when inhaled r tuched )y s*in

• i+e+ cc*raches

o Allergies t !enm:

any insects cntain tins+ Allergic reactins can happen+

7auses !er respnse in immune system

• +e+ )ees" ants" wasps" caterpillars



<rticating hairs ' )ar)ed hairs that insects use t de$end

themsel!es+ (me ha!e pisn glands in the hairs

• i+e+ lepidpteran lar!ae

7antharidin ' a chemical $ )lister )eetles+ 7auses )listers

within ;G hrs $ cntact

o &arasitism: #his is a type $ relatinship where an insect li!es 6 a

hst+ (me may need t )e parasitic t grw and de!elp+

• +e+ )ed )ugs" lice" ?eas

yiasis ' the in!asin $ a li!ing !erte)rate )y 1y lar!ae+

ainly caused )y diptera

• 3 types $ myiasis:

o Accidental: ccurs when ?ies that are generally

nt parasitic" )ut 7AN )ecme s+ Fly eggs can)e in cntaminated $d r eggs are laid t

clse t ri-ceso Facultati!e: ccurs w> ?ies that can )e $ree%

li!ing" )ut will )ecme parasitic )y in!adingpen sres n li!estc*+

i+e+ )lw ?ies" sheep )t ?y

o C)ligatry: ccurs w> ?ies that DES<DE a

li!ing hst t sur!i!e+ #he lar!ae $eed n theli!ing tissue $ the hst+

i+e+ )t ?ies

• &athgen transmissin:

o =ectr ' an rganism capa)le $ carrying and transmitting a

disease%causing agent $rm ne hst t anthero 4st ' an rganism that is in$ected with r $ed upn )y a

parasitic r pathgenic rganism+ 4st des nt )ene-t )y theparasitic rganism+

o &athgen ' a micr rganism that causes disease+ nsects 1CNB#

transmit the disease" they transmit pathogens that causedisease

o 7ntrl $ many diseases ha!e )een achie!ed )y cntrlling the

insect !ectr that carries themo &athgens can )e transmitted )y insects in ; ways:

echanical transmissin: des NC# require a clse

relatinship )etween the hst" !ectr" and pathgen+<sually in!l!es cntaminatin $ $d w> )acteria $rmeither huse ?ies r cc*raches+

/ilgical transmissin: DES<DE( a clse relatinship )tw

the hst" !ectr" and pathgen+ <sually the pathgen li!eswithin the !ectr+ t must )e transmitted t a hst whereeither a de!elpmental r reprducti!e change ccurs+



-coc"roaches an$ management: ./I++E0-I+M roa$ map: ./I++E0

-I+M:

ntegrated pest management ,&. ' a sustaina)le apprach tmanaging pests )y cm)ining cultural" mechanical" physical")ilgical" and chemical tls in a way that minimies ecnmic"health" and en!irnmental ris*s+

• & is a scienti-cally%)ased decisin%ma*ing prcess )ased n

ecnmical" eclgical and scilgical !alues+

• #he gal $ & is t reduce pesticide use" )ut nt necessarily eliminate

it+

• #he emphasis $ & is cntrl" nt eradicatin+

• #he steps $ & are !aria)le and adjusta)le depending n the galsand )jecti!es $ the prgram

• M )asic steps $ &:

o denti-catin: denti$y the pest+ $ the damage is caused )y a

pathgen and nt an insect" r is a di6erent species $ insects rweed" it might ma*e a di6erence in the chice $ cntrl tactics+

o Educatin: Learn pest and hst li$e cycle and )ilgy+ any times

there is a stage $ the pestBs li$e cycle which is mre suscepti)let pre!entati!e actins r hsts can )e manipulated t inter$erewith the pestBs )ilgy+

o nitring r sampling the en!irnment $r pest ppulatin: t is

necessary $r mnitring t )egin )e$re pests )ecme a

pr)lem+ &re!entati!e actins need t )e initiated )e$re pests)ecme !erwhelming+ 7ntinual mnitring is necessary tdetermine when the apprpriate cntrl measures shuld )einitiated+

o Esta)lishing actin threshld ,ecnmic" health" r aesthetic.:

E!ery pest cntrller will ha!e their wn threshld wherepre!entati!e r cntrl measures need t )e ta*en t reduce thepest" whether it is ecnmic lsses t crps r agitatin thumans r animals+ C$ten this is an economic threshol$ wherethe cst $ cntrl will )e less than the cst $ the damagecaused )y the pest+ #he action threshol$ is the pest ppulatin

le!el where n ecnmic lsses are currently ccurring" )utppulatins need t )e cntrlled t pre!ent $uture lsses+ $ theactin threshld is reached and passed" pest ppulatins maycntinue t the ecnmic injury le!el where ecnmic lsses areccurring+ &est cntrl )ecmes mre di8cult at ppulatinle!els cntinue t rise+ Aesthetic threshld may nt ha!e aspeci-c lss assciated with them )ut may )e a human r animaltlerance issue



o anaging: 7hse an apprpriate cm)inatin $ management

tactics+ Fr any situatin and species there will )e many di6erentptins $r pest cntrl which will )e mre r less e6ecti!e $rthe particular situatin+ Apprpriate research in t the mste6ecti!e cntrl measures is required t ensure e6ecti!e cntrl+

o E!aluating results: #his is $ten an etensin $ mnitring+ A$tercntrl measures are set up" an e!aluatin prcess willdetermine hw e6ecti!e against the pest they were+

• G ways t cntrl pests:

o cultural cntrl: #hese types $ cntrl will eliminate r

manipulate cnditins which are $a!ra)le t pests+ #hese tacticsmay include impr!ing the sil" crp rtatin" nati!e plants"mwing" sanitatin" gd water management" etc+

o mechanical r physical cntrl: #his type $ cntrl eliminates r

reduces pests )y rem!ing them+ #his can )e eclusin with theuse $ screens r persnal prtectin" tilling sil" temperature

manipulatin" hand pic*ing r an ld%$ashined musetrap+o )ilgical cntrl: uses ther rganisms t reduce pr)lem pests"

and is $ten !ery speci-c $r a particular pest+ t can reduce thelegal" en!irnmental" and pu)lic sa$ety haards $ chemicals+

7hsen cntrl rganism can )e a pre$ator2 parasite2

parasitoi$2 herbi)ore2 or a $isease that attac*s theharm$ul insect

3 )asic types $ )ilgical cntrl strategies:

• 7lassical )ilgical cntrl: #his in!l!es tra!eling t

the cuntry r area $rm which a newly intrduced

pest riginated" and returning with sme $ thenatural enemies that *eep the species $rm )eing anaggressi!e pest+

• Augmentatin: #his is a methd $ increasing the

ppulatin $ a natural enemy that attac*s a pest+ #his can )e dne )y mass prducing a

pest in ala)ratry and releasing in int the-eld at the prpertime+ Anther methd $ augmentatin in!l!es)reeding a )etter natural enemy that attac*s r -ndsits prey mre e6ecti!ely+ ass reared insects can )ereleased at special times when the pest is mst

suscepti)le and enemies are $ the reared insect arent present+ #he augmentatin methd relies upn7CN#N<AL human management and des ntpr!ide a permanent slutin unli*e the 7lassical r7nser!atin appraches+

• 7nser!atin: #his in!l!es identi$ying any $actrs

that limit the e6ecti!eness $ a particular naturalenemy and changing them t help the )ene-cial



species+ 7nser!atin $ natural enemies in!l!eseither reducing $actrs that inter$ere with the naturalenemies r pr!iding needed resurces that helpnatural enemies+

/ene-ts $ using )ilgical cntrl agents =(

insecticides>pesticides:• /ilgical cntrl agents are cheaper than

insecticides

• #he use $ )ilgical cntrl ,i$ used crrectly. can )e

)etter ,sa$er. $r the en!irnment

• <sing )ilgical cntrl is target speci-c" there$re

lea!ing the )ene-cial insects unharmedo chemical cntrl: the use $ pesticides in spt treatments r

when a)slutely necessary+

-social insects:

• 3 speci-c characteristics $ scial insects:

o 7perati!e )rd care % indi!iduals within the clny that may

r may nt )e directly related cnduct care $ the immature6spring+

o Deprducti!e di!isin $ la)r % sterile ,r less $ecund. indi!iduals

wr* $r the )ene-t $ a $ew reprducti!e indi!iduals+o C!erlapping generatins % 6spring cntri)ute t clny la)r

while their parents are still ali!e+

• G le!els $ sciality:

o slitary:

NC cperati!e )rd care

NC reprducti!e di!isin $ la)r

NC !erlapping $ generatins+

o quasiscial:

mem)ers $ the same generatin use the same cmpsite

nest cperate in )rd care+

o semiscial:


nest cperati!e )rd care

reprducti!e di!isin $ la)r ,a wr*er caste cares $r the

yung $ a reprducti!e caste.+o euscial:


nest cperati!e )rd care



reprducti!e di!isin $ la)r ,a wr*er caste cares $r the

yung $ a reprducti!e caste.+ C!erlapping generatins

• Euscial insects:

o (uperrganisms ' a way t descri)e scial clnies" )ecause

they act li*e ne )ilgical unit rather than indi!idualso 5 rders that are cmmnly euscial:

/lattdea: termites

4emiptera

#hysanptera

7leptera: am)rsia )eetle

4ymenptera: ants" wasps" )ees

o #ermites ,/lattdea.:

All species $ termites are euscial

G castes in the clny:

•

sldiers: nn $ertile adult males $emales+ #heyprtect the nest

• wr*ers: immature males $emales+ 7an mlt int

sldiers r reprducti!es+ #hey clean" maintain"repair the nest" gather $d n water" care $r yung"and epand the nest+

• Deprducti!es ,King Sueen.: $unctin t prduce

all 6spring in the clnyo Ants" wasps" )ees" saw?ies ,4ymenptera.:

s the largest and mst well *nwn euscial grup

4ymenptera ha!e a hapl%diplid se determinatin

system where)y $emales arise $rm $ertilied diplid eggsand males arise $rm un$ertilied haplid eggs+

Euscial 4ymenpteran clnies are matriarchal ,)eing

led )y a single>multiple queens. nly $unctin $ males is reprductin

r*ers are adult nn%reprducti!e $emales wh clean"

maintain" and repair the nest" gather $d and water" andcare $r the yung+

Euscial ants: G"000 species

Euscial wasps: O00 species

•

/uild paper cm)s• eat nectar ,car)hydrates." insect ,prtein." and

carrin ,prtein. Euscial )ees: G000 species

• (ecrete wa t cnstruct pts>cm)s

• Eat pllen ,prtein. and nectar ,car)hydrate.

• 4a!e specialied hairs $r pllen cllectin



/ee eusciality:

• r*ers: nnreprducti!e $emales

• 1rnes: males

• Sueens: reprducti!e $emales

• Females lar!ae that are $ed the (#AN1AD1 1E# $

pllen" and nectar )ecme CDKED(• Female lar!ae $ed a D74 1E# $ royal 3elly" pllen

and nectar de!elp int S<EEN(

• (warming ' the reprducti!e prcess $ creating a

new clnyo # initiate the swarming prcess" 0%;0

daughter queens are prduced )y the clny+hen the daughter queens are in the latepupal stage" the mther queen and a)ut;>3rds $ the adult wr*ers lea!e the clny

and tra!el t a lcatin where they willesta)lish a new clny

• &hermnes ' chemical signals used t cmmunicate

• (tinging ' a de$ensi!e )eha!ir that wr*er )ees

used t prtect the clny+ s a mdi-ed !ipsitr"s CNLY FEALE( 7AN (#N@+ A$ter stinging" thewr*er dies

• Age related plytheism ' age determines what tas*s

each wr*er will per$rm+o Yunger wr*ers: tend the )rd

o Clder wr*ers: wa cm)" handle $d stres

within the clny" $rage" and guard the clnyentrance

&rplis ' tree resin that $ragers cllect

t use $r the clny

• ; types $ dances:

o rund dance:

used when the $d is less than 5

meters away $rm the clnyo waggle dance:

used $r surces greater distance $rm

the clny-quatic insects:

• Aquatic insects are thse that li!e at least sme prtin $ their li!es in

water

• 7mmn insects that li!e in $reshwater:

o Ru!eniles: Cdnata" Ephemerptera" &lecptera" #richptera"

egalptera



o sme species $ 1iptera" Neurptera" 4emiptera" Lepidptera

and 7leptera li!e in $reshwater en!irnments

• C)taining ygen:

o &assi!e di6usin ' )taining ygen $rm mre permea)le parts

i$ the cuticle

Larger insects d nt ha!e enugh sur$ace area t dependn nly passi!e di6usin

o @ills ' hair r lea$%li*e structures with relati!ely thin" permea)le

cuticle and a netwr* $ tracheleso #racheles ' a netwr* $ tu)es that ma*e up a part $ the

respiratry systemo 4emgl)in ' prtein that allws the upta*e $ ygen $rm the

water (me ?y lar!ae in the $amily chirnmidae ha!e

hemgl)in+ Allws them t li!e in almst aniccnditins

o (aw%li*e structures ' structures at the ends $ the a)dmen"used t cut int aquatic plants t etract ygen

o any aquatic clepteran and hemiptera carry ygen with them

in the $rm $ a )u))le+ #hese are held )y patches $ hairs rca!ities

o &lastrns ' permanent strage air )u))les+ t re-lls )y the

surrunding water re-lling the )u))le with ygen

• Feeding:

o #ypes $ $d:

&rey

&lants

1etritus

o #ypes $ insects:

&redaceus insects:

• Acti!ely hunt prey

• i+e+ dnata

Filter $eeders:

• C)tain particulate matter $rm water ,diatms" greenalgae" etc. thru $eeding $ans>sil* nets

• i+e+ )lac* ?y lar!a" sil* nets

@raers:• Feed )y scraping diatms" )acteria" and algae 6 $

sur$aces &lant $eeders:

• 7nsume the tissue ?uids $ aquatic plants

• !ement:

o Natatrial legs ' legs with rws $ hairs that act as paddles



i+e+ hemiptera" cleptera

o (uctin structures ' small dis*%li*e structures that allw insects

t adhere t rc*s in m!ing streams i+e+ diptera

o tarsal hairs ' hairs that allw insects t m!e acrss the sur$ace

$ water i+e+ hemiptera

• /iindicatrs ' aquatic insects that are a gd measure $ water

quality r can shw a measura)le e6ect $ the water quality" li*e thee6ects $ pllutin

o Crders sensiti!e t water pllutin:

Ephemerptera

&lecptera

#richptera

egalptera

o

Crder !ery tlerant t pllutin: 1iptera

• Families:

o 7hirnmidae ,midges.

o #ipulidae ,crane ?ies.

-Insect ecology:

• Eclgy ' the study $ the interactins )tw rganisms and their

en!irnment

• Li$e ta)le ' a simple methd $r *eeping trac* $ )irths" deaths" and

reprducti!e utput in a ppulatin $ interest+ s help$ul in managing

pest ppulatins+o # ma*e a li$e ta)le:

• Li$e histry $ many indi!iduals in a ppulatin is trac*ed:

• Fecundity is trac*ed

o Fecundity ' hw many 6spring are prduced

• hen the $emale dies

• hat the cause $ the deaths were

• A!erage $ mrtality $ each de!elpmental stage are

calculated

4 6 o7 $aughters6 o7 mothers

o 4 is replacement rateo $ 4 9 " the ppulatin is 1E7DEA(N@+ $ this situatin

cntinues" the ppulatin )ecmes etincto $ 4 ; " the ppulatin is N7DEA(N@+ $ this situatin

cntinues" the ppulatin will grw )eynd the en!irnmentalcarrying capacity

o $ 4 2 the ppulatin is sta)le+ st ppulatins are this+



• nsects are pi*iltherms+

o &i*iltherms ' rganisms w> !aria)le )dy temperature that

?uctuate with the temperature $ its en!irnment

• nsect grwth rate and de!elpment is prprtinal t am)ient

temperature

• 1e!elpment threshld ' the temperature at which de!elpment)egins t ccur

• 7l temperatures will stunt de!elpment

• warmer temperatures will stimulate it+

• 1egree%days ' a single degree%day is the amunt $ de!elpment thatccurs in ;G hrs when the temperature is ne degree A/C=E thede!elpment threshld

• &hysilgical time $ de!elpment ' the speci-c num)er $ degree%

days necessary $r de!elpment

• nsect de$enses:

o &assi!e de$enses:• arning clratin

• Apsematic clratin ' )right clrs used t warn

predatrs $ an unpleasant utcme ,chemicalde$enses" stings.

• )atesian mimicry ' $alse ad!ertising2+ imics a ticspecies" )ut is NC# actually tic

o 7an )e success$ul when:

#he mdel and mimic are in the same

lcatin #he mimicBs ppulatin sie is smaller

than the mdelBs ppulatino i+e+ lepidptera

• 7amu?age

• 7ryptic clratin ' similar t camu?age+ t allws

the insect t escape detectin )y predatrs"parasitids" and parasites )y )lending int the)ac*grund $ their en!irnment+

• imicry ' resem)ling )jects in the en!irnment"

instead of blending in with themo i+e+ wal*ing stic*s" *atydids

• #hanatsis ' $a*ing deatho Acti!e de$enses:

• 7hemical de$enses:

• 7an )e released n the sur$ace $ the )dy" in the air

as a repellent" r sprayed directly n thepredatr>parasite



• nduced cleaning ' a prtecti!e mechanism $ )lister)eetles wh release a chemical called cantharidin

o 7antharidin ' a chemical that is a strng irritant

• Adhesin ' a cmpund created )y the insect t )e

stic*y and t incapacitate the attac*er

• <rticating hairs % that )rea* 6easily and can )e!enm%-lled

• #rphic le!els:

o #rphic le!el ' the )itic $eeding relatinships in a cmmunity

• prducers ,plants.

• primary cnsumers

• secndary cnsumers

• decmpsers+

• nsects are $und in all le!els $ the $d chain ecept the

prducer le!el

o (aprphages ' insects in!l!ed in decmpsitin• &pulatin dynamics:

o (ecndary eclgical e!ents % )itic and a)itic actrs can

impact ppulatin density

• ; categries:

• density%independent $actrs % $actrs that a6ect the

indi!iduals $ a ppulatin regardless $ theppulatin density+

o i+e+ weather r climate

• density%dependent $actrs % stems $rm ppulatin

density issues" such as limited $d resurces rc!er+o i+e+ Limited $d resurces" predatin"

parasitism r disease+o A ppulatins speciesB eclgy gi!es in$rmatin such as

reprductin" sur!i!al and current !ia)ility+o #here are tw primary steps that must )e ta*en t esta)lish an

accurate sie estimate $r the ppulatin:

• 7hsing the mst apprpriate sampling technique $r the

situatin in rder t acquire the mst satis$actry data+

• #he apprpriate statistical mdel must )e chsen t

analye the cllected data and esta)lish a ppulatin sie+o ar*%Delease%Decapture ,DD. is ne $ the )etter methds t

determine a)slute a)undance $ a ppulatino A)slute a)undance ' an estimate $ the actual num)er $

indi!iduals present at the time in the ppulatino DD steps:



• (ampling is dne in shrt and discrete inter!als relati!e tthe ttal time $ the study+

• #he mar* made n the rganism stays and des nt cme

6 !er the entire study perid+

• ar*ed indi!iduals must )e easily distinguisha)le $rm the

unmar*ed indi!iduals+• ar*ing the animal des nt alter the )eha!ir $ the

animal+

• Cnce a mar* is made n an indi!idual" it will mi )ac* intthe ppulatin $ mar*ed and unmar*ed indi!iduals+

• ar*ed indi!iduals are just as li*ely t )e captured as

unmar*ed indi!iduals+

• ar*ed indi!iduals are just as li*ely t sur!i!e as unmar*edindi!iduals+

• (ampling is randm+

o riting a num)er n the wing with a (harpie is a cmmn way $ mar*ing Lepidptera+

o 7alculatins used t -nd the sie $ a ppulatin:

• Lincln% &etersn nde"

• Rlly%(e)er ethd

• Fisher%Frd ethd+

o 7lsed ppulatins ' ppulatin with n immigratin r

emigratino Cpen ppulatins ' ppulatins with immigratin r emigratin

o Lincln &etersn inde:

•

<nM m• P num)er $ indi!iduals captured and mar*ed during st

sample nPttal num)er captured during ;nd sample

• mP num)er captured during ;nd sample that were

pre!iusly mar*ed

• NP num)er $ indi!iduals in the ppulatin

• Example:

• n a ppulatin $ dar*ling )eetles" and eclgist

traps 00 and mar*s them all with white ut+ 4ereleases them t the wild and a$ter a time sets uptraps t cllect again+ 4e captures ;5 in the secnd

sample" $ which 0 were mar*ed+• NP ,;5T00.>0 P ;50

• (impsn inde:

• #he (impsn nde is anther methd $r measuring

di!ersity )y ta*ing in t accunt species richnessand e)enness



o (pecies richness ' the num)er $ species per

sample is a measure $ richnesso (pecies e!enness ' a measure $ the relati!e

a)undance $ the di6erent species ma*ing upthe richness $ an area

• 1 P the pr)a)ility that tw indi!iduals randmlyselected $rm a sample will )elng t the samespecies

o 1 P 0 means in-nite di!ersity

o 1 P means n di!ersity

•

(impsnBs inde $ di!ersity %1o the inde represents the pr)a)ility that tw

indi!iduals randmly selected $rm a samplewill )elng t di6erent species+

o #he greater the !alue $ 1" the greater the

sample di!ersity

• (impsnBs reciprcal $ di!ersity >1

o is the lwest pssi)le -gure

o #he higher the !alue" the greater the di!ersity

o #he maimum !alue is the num)er $ species

,r ther categry )eing used. in the sampleo

• (ym)isis % An $ten lng%term interactin )etween

di6erent species

• utualism ' relatinship )ene-cial $r )th species

• 7mmensalism ' ne )ene-ts and ne is nt helped

r harmed in the relatinship

• &arasitic ' relatinship were ne species )ene-ts andthe ther is acti!ely harmed

o Ectparasite ' parasite li!es utside $ the

hsts )dyo Endparasite ' parasite li!es inside $ the hsts

)dy

-insect conser)ation:

• nsects ma*e up apprimately 0U $ all *nwn species+

• Each year a)ut 5"000 new insect species are descri)ed )y scientists

• it is estimated that there may )e up t +V millin species ttal+



• 4umans deri!e )ene-ts $rm insects in three )rad ways:

o ntellectual

o Ecnmical

o En!irnmental

• the $ruit ?y" 1rsphila spp+ has )een !ital $r )ilgy

• /lw?y maggts are used in medicine $r treatment $ wunds• entmphagy ' using insects as $d

• cmmercial prducts prduced )y insects include:

o sil*

o red cchineal dye

o shellac

o manna

o cchineal>carmine

o )eeswa>lac wa

o hney

• Keystne rganism ' rganisms !ital t the $unctin $ an ecsystem+ #hese species are critical t maintaining the cmmunity structure anda6ect many ther rganisms

• <r)aniatin has cntri)uted t the lss $ sme insect ppulatins

eny3005l - study guide

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