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VOLUME 4A OF 5Wind Energy ProjectNovember 2009

Environmental Statement

PEN Y CYMOEDDNEATH PORT TALBOTRHONDDA CYNON TAFSOUTH WALES

APPENDICES 1 - 10

Preface

This Environmental Statement supports an application submitted for planning permission under Section 36 of the Electricity

Act 1989 and deemed planning permission under Section 90(2) of the Town and Country Planning Act 1990, for Pen y

Cymoedd Wind Farm and associated infrastructure, located in Neath Port Talbot and Rhondda Cynon Taf, South Wales.

This Environmental Statement has been prepared for the Department of Energy and Climate Change by Natural Power

Consultants Limited on behalf of Nuon UK Limited (trading as Nuon Renewables).

The Environmental Statement and application maps may be viewed at the following addresses:

Neath Port Talbot County Borough Council Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council Port Talbot Library Hirwaun Library 1st Floor High Street Aberafan Shopping Centre Hirwaun Port Talbot Aberdare SA13 1PB CF44 9SW Tel: 01639 763 490 Tel: 01685 811 144 Neath Library Aberdare Library Victoria Gardens High Street Neath Aberdare SA11 3BA CF44 7AG Tel: 01639 635 017 Tel: 01685 880 050 Cymmer Afan Library Treorchy Library Station Road Station Road Cymmer Treorchy Port Talbot CF42 6NN SA13 3HR Tel: 01443 773 204 Tel: 01639 850 505

Glyn-neath Library Maerdy Library Park Avenue North Terrace Glyn-neath Maerdy Neath Ferndale SA11 5DW CF43 4DD Tel: 01639 720 776 Tel: 01443 731 914 Porth Branch Library Pontypridd Road Porth CF39 9PG Tel: 01443 682 785

Dare Valley Country Park Visitor Centre Aberdare CF44 7RG Tel: 01685 874 672

Natural Power Consultants Limited

Office 9

Aberystwyth Technium

Y Lanfa

Aberystwyth

Ceredigion

SY23 1AS

Tel: 01970 636 869

Email: [email protected]

This is Volume 4A of 5 of the full Environmental Statement. This volume presents Appendices 1-10 to the

environmental assessments located in Volume 1.

Volume 1 contains all the relevant environmental assessments that have been undertaken.

Volume 2 presents all relevant maps, plans, figures and diagrams in support of the assessments located in

Volume 1.

Volumes 3A and 3B present the visualisations for the landscape and visual assessment of the proposal

(Visualisations 1-40 and 41-77 respectively).

Volume 4B presents Appendices 11-15 to the environmental assessments located in Volume 1.

Volume 5 presents the key information in the Non-Technical Summary and is available as a bilingual

English/Welsh document.

Copies of the full Environmental Statement and the Non-Technical Summary can be obtained from the

Natural Power Office.

Volumes 1-5: Environmental Statement in printed form £250

Volumes 1-5: Environmental Statement in PDF file format on CD £10

Volume 5: Non-Technical Summary (printed or PDF file on CD) Free

VOLUME 4A

CONTENTS PAGE

APPENDIX 2: NEEDS FOR AND BENEFITS OF THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT

APPENDIX 2.1: CARBON CALCULATIONS ....................................................................................................... A2-2

Table 2A.1: Instructions .................................................................................................................................. A2-2

Table 2A.2: Input Data .................................................................................................................................... A2-3

Table 2A.3: Payback Time ............................................................................................................................. A2-4

Table 2A.4: Wind Farm Co2 Emission Saving ................................................................................................ A2-5

Table 2A.5: CO2 Loss due to Turbine Life ...................................................................................................... A2-6

Table 2A.6: CO2 Loss - Transport .................................................................................................................. A2-7

Table 2A.7: CO2 Loss due to Backup ............................................................................................................. A2-8

Table 2A.8: Loss of CO2 Fixing Potential ....................................................................................................... A2-9

Table 2A.9: Loss of Soil CO2 ........................................................................................................................ A2-10

Table 2A.10: Volume of Peat Removed ....................................................................................................... A2-11

Table 2A.11: CO2 Loss from Removed Peat ................................................................................................ A2-12

Table 2A.12: Volume of Peat Drained .......................................................................................................... A2-13

Table 2A.13: CO2 Loss from Drained Peat .................................................................................................. A2-14

Table 2A.14: Emission Rates from Soils ...................................................................................................... A2-15

Table 2A.15: CO2 Loss from DOC and POC Loss ....................................................................................... A2-16

Table 2A.16: CO2 Loss – Felling Forestry .................................................................................................... A2-17

Table 2A.17: CO2 Gain – Site Improvement ................................................................................................ A2-18

APPENDIX 2.2: CARBON BALANCE OF THE PROPOSAL ............................................................................. A2-20

APPENDIX 3: SITE SELECTION, SITE DESIGN AND APPROACH TO EIA

APPENDIX 3.1: FULL AUDIT TRAIL OF PUBLIC CONSULTATION ............................................................... A3-28

Appendix 3.1.1: Pen y Cymoedd Engagement Process ............................................................................... A3-28

Appendix 3.1.2: Community and Stakeholder Engagement Process ........................................................... A3-31

Appendix 3.1.3: RCT and NPT List of Groups/Organisations ....................................................................... A3-32

Appendix 3.1.4: Map Showing the Residential Properties in Proposed Mail Out Area ................................. A3-37

Appendix 3.1.5: Briefing Paper ...................................................................................................................... A3-38

Appendix 3.1.6: January 2009 Newsletter..................................................................................................... A3-40

Appendix 3.1.7: Press Release January 2009 .............................................................................................. A3-50

Appendix 3.1.8: Drop-in Round 1 Issue Sheets ............................................................................................ A3-51

Appendix 3.1.9: Drop-in Round 1 Full Report ............................................................................................... A3-62

Appendix 3.1.10: Drop-in Round 1 Summary Report ................................................................................... A3-85

Appendix 3.1.11: Stakeholder Workshop 1 – Neath Port Talbot Area ......................................................... A3-87

Appendix 3.1.12: Stakeholder Workshop 2 – Hirwaun Area ......................................................................... A3-89

Appendix 3.1.13: NPT and RCT Stage 1 Feedback ..................................................................................... A3-91

Appendix 3.1.14: March 2009 Newsletter ..................................................................................................... A3-94

Appendix 3.1.15: Sample Survey Report ...................................................................................................... A3-99

Appendix 3.1.16: Drop-in Round 2 Issue Sheets ........................................................................................ A3-104

Appendix 3.1.17: Drop-in Round 2 Questionnaire ...................................................................................... A3-112

Appendix 3.1.18: Drop-in Round 2 Handout ............................................................................................... A3-115

Appendix 3.1.19: Drop-in Round 2 Full Report ........................................................................................... A3-116

Appendix 3.1.20: Drop-in Round 2 Summary Report ................................................................................. A3-161

Appendix 3.1.21: Rhigos Response ............................................................................................................ A3-163

Appendix 3.1.22: Notes from conference call 07/04/2009 .......................................................................... A3-165

APPENDIX 3.2: STATEMENT OF CONSULTATION - SUMMARY REPORT ................................................ A3-167

APPENDIX 3.3: RESEARCH REPORT– PEN Y CYMOEDD WIND FARM SURVEY, BMG RESEARCH ... A3-190

APPENDIX 4: PROJECT DESCRIPTION

APPENDIX 4.1: BORROW PIT DRAWINGS ................................................................................................... A4-230

APPENDIX 4.2: PEAT SURVEY RESULTS .................................................................................................... A4-240

APPENDIX 4.3: PEAT SLIDE RISK ASSESSMENT ....................................................................................... A4-242

APPENDIX 4.4: PEAT SURVEY METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................ A4-272

APPENDIX 6: LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL ASSESSMENT

APPENDIX 6.1: VIEWPOINT CHOICE ........................................................................................................... A6-280

APPENDIX 6.2: DETAILED MAGNITUDE CRITERIA USED FOR VIEWPOINT ANALYSIS ....................... A6-283

APPENDIX 7: SOCIO-ECONOMICS AND TOURISM

APPENDIX 7A.1: LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................................................... A7-286

Introduction.................................................................................................................................................. A7-286

Tourism ....................................................................................................................................................... A7-286

Economic Impacts ....................................................................................................................................... A7-289

Property Values ........................................................................................................................................... A7-289

Construction and Operational Impacts ........................................................................................................ A7-290

Social/Community/Residents Impacts ........................................................................................................ A7-291

Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................. A7-293

APPENDIX 7A.2: TABLES SUMMARISING SELECTED LITERATURE AND RELEVANCE TO PROPOSED

WIND FARM AT PEN Y CYMOEDD ........................................................................................................... A7-295

Table 7A.1: Summary of selected literature and relevance to proposed wind farm at Pen y Cymoedd -

Tourism Impacts ......................................................................................................................................... A7-295


Economic Impacts ....................................................................................................................................... A7-297


Residents/Community Impacts ................................................................................................................... A7-298

APPENDIX 8: ECOLOGY ASSESSMENT

APPENDIX 8A.1: FULL DETAILS OF BAT SURVEYS ................................................................................... A8-300

Methodology ............................................................................................................................................... A8-300

Results of Surveys ...................................................................................................................................... A8-300

Survey Results June 2008 (driving and walking surveys) .......................................................................... A8-301

Survey Results May 2009 (driving survey) ................................................................................................. A8-306

APPENDIX 8A.2: PEN Y CYMOEDD BOTANICAL SURVEYS ...................................................................... A8-313

Eastern Area ............................................................................................................................................... A8-313

Easternmost Area (East of Lluest-wen reservoir)........................................................................................ A8-313

Western and Central Areas ........................................................................................................................ A8-314

APPENDIX 9: HYDROLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY APPENDIX 9.1: ENVIRONMENT AGENCY SCOPING RESPONSE ............................................................. A9-320

APPENDIX 9.2: SITE VISIT TARGET NOTES ............................................................................................... A9-322

APPENDIX 9.3 DEVELOPMENT ADVICE MAPS ......................................................................................... A9-337

APPENDIX 9.4: ENVIRONMENT AGENCY RECORDS OF WATER ABSTRACTION AND DISCHARGE .. A9-340

APPENDIX 9.5: GREENFIELD RUN-OFF AND ATTENUATION CALCULATIONS ...................................... A9-341

APPENDIX 9.6: GREENFIELD RUN-OFF AND ATTENUATION CALCULATIONS – BORROW PITS ........ A9-349

APPENDIX 10: GEOLOGY, MINING AND MINERAL RESOURCES

APPENDIX 10.1A: COAL MINING REPORT FOR AREA 1.......................................................................... A10-358

APPENDIX 10.1B: COAL MINING REPORT FOR AREA 2.......................................................................... A10-359

APPENDIX 10.1C: COAL MINING REPORT FOR AREA 3 ......................................................................... A10-362

APPENDIX 10.2A - H: SUMMARY DESCRIPTIONS OF RELEVANT LANDSLIPS – EXTRACTS FROM SOUTH

WALES COALFIELD LANDSLIP SURVEY ............................................................................................... A10-364

APPENDIX 10.3: COAL AUTHORITY EXTANT COAL LICENSES ON GIS DATA SET ............................. A10-372

APPENDIX 10.4A: LETTER DATED 24/03/2009 FROM NEATH PORT TALBOT CBC TO NATURAL POWER

CONSULTANTS ........................................................................................................................................ A10-373

APPENDIX 10.4B: COAL AUTHORITY NOTICE DATED FEBRUARY 2009 REGARDING COAL MINING

LEGACY AND PILOT PROJECT .............................................................................................................. A10-374

APPENDIX 10.5: RECORDED MINING WORKINGS .................................................................................. A10-375

APPENDIX 10.6: OBSERVED AND INFERRED COAL SEAM OUTCROPS .............................................. A10-378

APPENDIX 10.7: GEOLOGICAL FAULTS ................................................................................................... A10-381

Pen y Cymoedd Wind Farm Environmental Statement Appendix 2: Needs for and Benefits of the Proposed Development

A2-1

Appendix 2

Needs for and Benefits of the

Proposed Development

CONTENTS PAGE

APPENDIX 2.1: CARBON CALCULATIONS ....................................................................................................... A2-2

Table 2A.1: Instructions ................................................................................................................................. A2-2

Table 2A.2: Input Data ................................................................................................................................... A2-3

Table 2A.3: Payback Time ............................................................................................................................. A2-4

Table 2A.4: Wind Farm Co2 Emission Saving ............................................................................................... A2-5

Table 2A.5: CO2 Loss due to Turbine Life ..................................................................................................... A2-6

Table 2A.6: CO2 Loss - Transport .................................................................................................................. A2-7

Table 2A.7: CO2 Loss due to Backup ............................................................................................................ A2-8

Table 2A.8: Loss of CO2 Fixing Potential ....................................................................................................... A2-9

Table 2A.9: Loss of Soil CO2 ........................................................................................................................ A2-10

Table 2A.10: Volume of Peat Removed ....................................................................................................... A2-11

Table 2A.11: CO2 Loss from Removed Peat ............................................................................................... A2-12

Table 2A.12: Volume of Peat Drained .......................................................................................................... A2-13

Table 2A.13: CO2 Loss from Drained Peat .................................................................................................. A2-14

Table 2A.14: Emission Rates from Soils ...................................................................................................... A2-15

Table 2A.15: CO2 Loss from DOC and POC Loss ....................................................................................... A2-16

Table 2A.16: CO2 Loss – Felling Forestry .................................................................................................... A2-17

Table 2A.17: CO2 Gain – Site Improvement ................................................................................................ A2-18

APPENDIX 2.2: CARBON BALANCE OF THE PROPOSAL ............................................................................. A2-20


A2-2

APPENDIX 2.1: CARBON CALCULATIONS

Table 2A.1: Instructions

Full Carbon Calculator for Wind Farms on Peatlands - Version 1

This spreadsheet calculates payback time for windfarm sited on peatlands using methods given in Nayak et al., 2008 (final report)

INSTRUCTIONS

A There are 15 worksheets :

Input data

Payback time

1. Windfarm CO2 emission saving

2. CO2 loss due to turbine life

3. CO2 loss due to backup

4. Loss of CO2 Fixing Pot.

5. Loss of soil CO2

5a. Volume of peat removed

5b. CO2 loss from removed peat

5c. Volume of peat drained

5d. CO2 loss from drained peat

5e. Emission rates

6. CO2 loss by DOC & POC loss

7. CO2 loss - felling forestry

8. CO2 gain - site improvement

B Enter information into the pink-shaded cells in the worksheet "Input data"

C

View payback time shown in the yellow-shaded cells in the

worksheet "Payback time"

D Intermediate stages in the calculations are shown in numbered worksheets 1 to 8

E Notes on calculations are given in pale green text boxes.

Assumptions are shown in pale blue text boxes.

19/06/2008


A2-3

Table 2A.2: Input Data


A2-4

Table 2A.3: Payback Time


A2-5

Table 2A.4: Wind Farm CO2 Emission Saving Note: The total emission savings are given by estimating the total possible electrical output of the windfarm multiplied by the emission factor for the counterfactual case (coal-fired generation and electricity from grid) Power Generation Characteristics No. of turbines 84 Turbine capacity (MW) 2 Power of wind farm (MW) 168 losses due to availability have been taken into Capacity factor (percentage efficiency) 35.57 account in the capacity factor. Availablility factor 1

Annual energy output from wind farm (MWh yr-1) 524000 Approximation Counterfactual emission factors

Coal-fired plant emission factor (t CO2 MWh-1) 0.876

Grid-mix emission factor (t CO2 MWh-1) 0.43

Fossil fuel- mix emission factor (t CO2 MWh-1) 0.607

Gas fired emission factor (t CO2 MWh-1) 0.37

Wind farm CO2 emission saving over 1 year Carbon Dioxide Saving (tCO2 yr-1) …coal-fired electricity generation 459,024 …grid-mix of electricity generation 225,320 …fossil fuel - mix of electricity generation 318,068

....gas fired - mix of electricity generation 193,880

Wind farm CO2 emission saving over 25 years Carbon Dioxide Saving (tCO2 yr-1) …coal-fired electricity generation 11,475,600 …grid-mix of electricity generation 5,633,000 …fossil fuel - mix of electricity generation 7,951,700

....gas fired - mix of electricity generation 4,847,000


A2-6

Table 2A.5: CO2 Loss due to Turbine Life Note: The carbon payback time of the wind farm due to turbine life (e.g. manufacture, construction, decommissioning) is calculated by comparing the emissions due to turbine life with carbon-savings achieved by the wind farm while displacing electricity generated from coal-fired capacity or grid-mix.

Method used to estimate CO2 emissions from turbine life (eg. manufacture, construction, decommissioning)?

Direct input of total emissions

Direct input of emissions due to turbine life (t CO2 wind farm-1) 0 Calculation of emissions due to turbine life from energy output CO2 emissions due to turbine life (tCO2 turbine-1) 710 ` CO2 emissions due to turbine life (tCO2 turbine-1) (Concrete) 952 No. of turbines 84 Total calculated CO2 emission of the wind farm due to turbine life (t CO2 wind farm-1) 59640

Total calculated CO2 emission of the wind farm due to turbine life (t CO2 wind farm-1) (concrete) 79996

Selected value for emissions due to turbine life (t CO2 wind farm-1) 0

Wind farm CO2 emission saving over… Carbon Dioxide

Saving (tCO2 yr-1)

…coal-fired electricity generation 459024 …grid-mix of electricity generation 225320 …fossil fuel - mix of electricity generation [gas] 318068 …gas fired electricity generation [gas] 193880

Additional CO2 payback time of wind farm due to turbine life (e.g. manufacture, construction, decommissioning)

Additional payback time (yr)

Additional payback time (months)

Coal-fired electricity generation 0.00 0.0 Grid-mix of electricity generation 0.00 0.0 Fossil fuel - mix of electricity generation [gas] 0.00 0.0 gas fired electricity generation [gas] 0.00 0.0 Uncertainty due to estimated CO2 emissions due to turbine life 0% 0.0 Selected value for emissions due to turbine life (t CO2 wind farm-1) (Steel) 59640




Coal-fired electricity generation 0.13 1.6 Grid-mix of electricity generation 0.26 3.2 Fossil fuel - mix of electricity generation [gas] 0.19 2.3 gas fired electricity generation [gas] 0.31 3.7 Tonnage of Concrete for Lower Sections - t 727.00 Emissions Due to Manufacture / Curing - t CO2 242.33 Total Emissions from Man/Curing - t CO2 20356.00 Value for emissions due to turbine life (t CO2 wind farm-1) (Concrete) 79996




Coal-fired electricity generation 0.17 2.1 Grid-mix of electricity generation 0.36 4.3 Fossil fuel - mix of electricity generation [gas] 0.25 3.0 gas fired electricity generation [gas] 0.41 5.0


A2-7

Table 2A.6: CO2 Loss - Transport


A2-8

Table 2A.7: CO2 Loss due to Backup Note: CO2 loss due to back up is calculated from the extra capacity required for backup of the wind farm given in the input data. Reserve capacity required for backup No. of turbines 84 Note: Extra capacity required for backup. If 20% of national electricity is

generated by wind energy, the extra capacity required for backup is 5% of the rated capacity of the wind plant (Dale et al. 2004, Energy Policy, 32,

1949-56). We suggest this should be 5% of the actual output. If it is assumed that less than 20% of national electricity is generated by wind

energy, a lower percentage should be entered (0%).

Turbine capacity (MW) 2 Power of wind farm (MW h-1) 168 Rated capacity (MW yr-1) 1471680 Extra capacity required for backup (%) 0

Additional emissions due to reduced thermal efficiency of the reserve generation (%) 10

Reserve capacity (MWh yr-1) 0.00

Note: Extra emissions due to reduced thermal efficiency of the reserve power generation ≈ 10% (Dale et al. 2004, Energy Policy, 32, 1949-56)

Percentage of annual wind farm generation 0.15

Carbon dioxide emissions due to backup

power generation

Coal-fired plant emission factor (t CO2 MWh-

1) 0.876

Grid-mix emission factor (t CO2 MWh-1) 0.430 The UK total consumption recorded in 2007 is 342.55 TWr¹. Currently, operational wind farm Fossil fuel- mix emission factor (t CO2 MWh-1) 0.607 capacity in the UK is 3390.9 MW², equating to 8.465 TWh per year and 2.47% of national demand. gas fired emission factor (t CO2 MWh-1) 0.370 Assuming all consented, and submitted sites (including Pen y Cymoedd) are operational by 2013 Life time of wind farm (years) 25 and national demand does not increase, the total amount of electricity produced in the UK will Annual emissions due to backup from… be 25.22 TWh (10101.79MW² installed capacity), which will represent 7.36% of UK demand. …coal-fired electricity generation 0.0 Therefore, the lower figure (0%) has been entered in accordance with the guidelines above. …grid-mix of electricity generation 0.0 [1] http://stats.berr.gov.uk/energystats/dukes5_1_2.xls

…fossil fuel - mix of electricity generation 0.0 [2] http://www.bwea.com/ukwed/index.asp

gas fired emission factor 0.0

Total emissions due to backup from… …coal-fired electricity generation 0 …grid-mix of electricity generation 0

…fossil fuel - mix of electricity generation 0

gas fired emission factor 0

Wind farm CO2 emission saving over… Carbon Dioxide Saving (tCO2 yr-1) …coal-fired electricity generation 459024 …grid-mix of electricity generation 225320


gas fired emission factor (t CO2 MWh-1) 193880

Additional CO2 payback time of wind farm

due to fossil fuel backup Additional payback time (yr) Additional payback time (months)

Coal-fired electricity generation 0.00 0.0 Grid-mix of electricity generation 0.00 0.0 Fossil fuel-mix of electricity generation 0.00 0.0 gas fired emission factor (t CO2 MWh-1) 0.00 0.0


A2-9

Table 2A.8: Loss of CO2 Fixing Potential

Note: Annual C fixation by the site is calculated by multiplying area of the wind farm by the annual C accumulation due to bog plant fixation

Area where carbon accumulation by bog plants is lost

Total area of land lost due to wind farm construction (m2) 45181

Total area affected by drainage due to wind farm construction (m-2) 125580

Total area where fixation by plants is lost (m2) 170761

Total loss of carbon accumulation

Carbon accumulation in undrained peats (tC ha-1 yr-1) 0.25

Life time of wind farm (years) 25

Time required for regeneration of bog plants after restoration (years) 5

Carbon accumulation up to time of restoration (tCO2 eq. ha-1) 28

Total loss of carbon accumulation by bog plants

Total area where fixation by plants is lost (ha) 17.0761

Carbon accumulation over lifetime of wind farm (tCO2 eq. ha-1) 28

Total loss of carbon fixation by plants at the site (t CO2) 470

Windfarm CO2 emission saving over… Carbon Dioxide Saving (tCO2 yr-1) …coal-fired electricity generation 459024 …grid-mix of electricity generation 225320 …fossil fuel - mix of electricity generation 318068 …gas fired electricity generation 193880

Additional CO2 payback time of windfarm due to loss of

CO2 fixation Additional payback time (years) Additional payback time (months)

Coal-fired electricity generation 0.001 0.01 Grid-mix of electricity generation 0.002 0.03 Fossil fuel - mix of electricity generation 0.001 0.02 Gas-fired electricity generation 0.002 0.03


A2-10

Table 2A.9: Loss of Soil CO2

Note: Loss of C stored in peatland is estimated from % site lost by peat removal (Table 2A.10), CO2 loss from removed peat (Table 2A.11), % site affected by drainage (Table 2A.12), and the CO2 loss from drained peat (Table 2A.13).

CO2 loss due to wind farm construction

CO2 loss from loss of CO2 fixing potential (t CO2 equiv) 470

CO2 loss from removed peat (t CO2 equiv) 12413

CO2 loss from drained peat (t CO2 equiv) 15670

CO2 loss from DOC and POC removal peat (t CO2 equiv) 7338

Total CO2 loss from peat (removed+ drained) (t CO2 equiv) 35891


A2-11

Table 2A.10: Volume of Peat Removed


A2-12

Table 2A.11: CO2 Loss from Removed Peat

Note: If peat is treated in such a way that it is permanently restored, so that less than 100% of the C is lost to the atmosphere, a lower percentage can be entered in cell C10

CO2 loss from removed peat C Content of dry peat (% by weight) 55

Dry soil bulk density (g cm-3) 0.10

% C contained in removed peat that is lost as CO2 20

Total volume of peat removed (m3) due to wind farm construction 307733.1

CO2 loss from removed peat (t CO2) 12413

CO2 loss from undrained peat left in situ Total area of land lost due to wind farm construction (ha) 54.80

CO2 loss from undrained peat left in situ (t CO2 ha-1) 68

CO2 loss from undrained peat left in situ (t CO2) 3711

CO2 loss attributable to peat removal only

CO2 loss from removed peat (t CO2) 12413

CO2 loss from undrained peat left in situ (t CO2) 3711

CO2 loss attributable to peat removal only (t CO2) 8702

Wind farm CO2 emission saving over… Carbon Dioxide Saving (tCO2

yr-1) …coal-fired electricity generation 459024

gas fired electricity generation 193880

…grid-mix of electricity generation 225320 …fossil fuel - mix of electricity generation 318068

Additional CO2 payback time of wind farm due to removal of peat during construction

Additional payback time (years)


Coal-fired electricity generation 0.03 0.3

Gas-fired electricity generation 0.06 0.8

Grid-mix of electricity generation 0.06 0.7 Fossil fuel - mix of electricity generation 0.04 0.5


A2-13

Table 2A.12: Volume of Peat Drained


A2-14

Table 2A.13: CO2 Loss from Drained Peat


A2-15

Table 2A.14: Emission Rates from Soils


A2-16

Table 2A.15: CO2 Loss from DOC and POC Loss

Note: Note, CO2 losses from DOC are calculated using a simple approach derived from estimates of the total C loss leached as DOC and the percentage of leached DOC lost as CO2

Total C loss

Gross CO2 loss from removed peat (t CO2) 12413

Gross CO2 loss from drained land (t CO2) 0

Gross CH4 loss from drained land (t CO2 equiv.) 102

Gross CO2 loss from improved land (t CO2) 15230

Gross CH4 loss from flooded land (t CO2 equiv.) 52266

Conversion factor: CH4-C to CO2 equivalents 30.6667 % total soil C losses, lost as DOC 10

% DOC loss emitted as CO2 over the long term 100 % total soil C losses, lost as POC 15

% POC loss emitted as CO2 over the long term

100

Total gaseous loss of C (t C) 8019 Total C loss as DOC (t C) 802 Total C loss as POC (t C) 1203

Total CO2 loss due to DOC leaching (t CO2) 2935

Total CO2 loss due to POC leaching (t CO2) 4403

Total CO2 loss due to DOC & POC leaching (t CO2) 7338

Wind farm CO2 emission saving over… Carbon Dioxide Saving

(tCO2 yr-1)

…coal-fired electricity generation 459024

gas-fired electricity generation 193880

…grid-mix of electricity generation 225320


Additional CO2 payback time of wind farm due to DOC and POC leaching

Additional payback time (years)




Grid-mix of electricity generation 0.03 0.4

Fossil fuel - mix of electricity generation 0.02 0.3


A2-17

Table 2A.16: CO2 Loss – Felling Forestry

Note: Emissions due to forestry felling are calculated from the reduced carbon sequestered per crop rotation. If the forestry was due to be removed before the planned development, this C loss is not attributable to the wind farm and so the area of forestry to be felled should be entered as zero.

Emissions due to forestry felling Area of forestry plantation to be felled (ha) 250 Carbon sequestered (tC ha-1 yr-1) 3.6 Life time of wind farm (years) 25

Carbon sequestered over the lifetime of the wind farm (t C ha-1) 90

Total carbon loss due to felling of forestry (t CO2) 144502 Wind farm CO2 emission saving over… Carbon dioxide saving (tCO2 yr-1) …coal-fired electricity generation 459024

Gas-fired electricity generation 193880

…grid-mix of electricity generation 225320 …fossil fuel - mix of electricity generation 318068

Additional CO2 payback time of wind farm due to felling

of forestry Additional payback time (yr) Additional payback time (months)



Grid-mix of electricity generation 0.64 7.7 Fossil fuel - mix of electricity generation 0.45 5.5 Additional Emissions from Harvesting, Haulage, Restock & Management Note: Figure for additional emissions taken from 'Carbon Issues in UK Forestry' Harvesting by Sandwood Enterprise Ltd, Dublin Emissions per hectare (t CO2) 21 The report compares emissions from Kielder Hectarage harvested 628 and East Anglia FD. Highest figures have been used Emissions (t CO2) 13188 to present worst case.

Timber Haulage Emissions per Hectare (t CO2) 14 Total Hectarage 628 Emissions (t CO2) 8792 Forestry Management Machine Operations (Restock) Emissions per Hectare (t CO2) 34 Total Hectarage 378 Emissions (t CO2) 12852 Manager/Operator Travel Emission per Hectare (t CO2) 21 Total Hectarage 1006 Emissions (t CO2) 21126 Office Energy Emissions per Hectare (t CO2) 6 Total Hectarage 1006 Emissions (t CO2) 6036 Total Emissions (t CO2) 61994


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Table 2A.17: CO2 Gain – Site Improvement

Note: Note, CO2 losses are calculated using two approaches: IPCC default methodology and more site specific equations derived for this project. The IPCC methodology is included because it is the established approach, although it contains no site detail. The new equations have been thoroughly tested against experimental data (see Nayak et al, 2008 - Final report).

Choice of methodology for calculating emission factors Site specific Reduction in GHG emissions due to improvement of site

Improvement of… Degraded Bog Felled Forestry Borrow Pits Foundations & Hardstanding

1. Description of site Life time of wind farm (years) 25 25 25 25 Area to be improved (ha) 327 0 0 0 Average air temperature at site (oC) 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 Average soil pH 4 4 4 4 Average depth of peat at site (m) 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 Water table depth before improvement (m) 0.33 0.33 0.43 0.63 Water table depth after improvement (m) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.33 2. Losses with improvement Flooded period (days year-1) 178 178 178 178

Time required for hydrology and habitat to return to its previous state on restoration (years) 5 5 10 26

Improved period (years) 20 20 15 -1 Methane emissions from improved land Site specific annual rate of methane emission (t CO2 ha-1 yr-1) 16.39 16.39 16.39 1.17 IPCC annual rate of methane emission (t CO2 ha-1 yr-1) 1.23 1.23 1.23 1.23 Selected annual rate of methane emission (t CO2 ha-1 yr-1) 16.39 16.39 16.39 1.17 CH4 emissions from improved land (t CO2 equiv.) 52266 0 0 0 Carbon dioxide emissions from improved land Site specific annual rate of carbon dioxide emission (t CO2 ha-1 yr-1) 4.6 4.6 4.6 10.4 IPCC annual rate of carbon dioxide emission (t CO2 ha-1 yr-1) 35.2 35.2 35.2 35.2 Selected annual rate of carbon dioxide emission (t CO2 ha-1 yr-1) 4.6 4.6 4.6 10.4 CO2 emissions from improved land (t CO2) 15265 0 0 0 Total GHG emissions from improved land (t CO2 equiv.) 67531 0 0 0 3. Losses without improvement Flooded period (days year-1) 0 0 0 0

Time required for hydrology and habitat to return to its previous state on restoration (years) 5 5 10 26

Improved period (years) 20 20 15 -1 Methane emissions from unimproved land Site specific annual rate of methane emission (t CO2 ha-1 yr-1) 1.17 1.17 -3.21 -12.66 IPCC annual rate of methane emission (t CO2 ha-1 yr-1) 1.23 1.23 1.23 1.23 Selected annual rate of methane emission (t CO2 ha-1 yr-1) 1.17 1.17 -3.21 -12.66 CH4 emissions from unimproved land (t CO2 equiv.) 0 0 0 0 Carbon dioxide emissions from unimproved land Site specific annual rate of carbon dioxide emission (t CO2 ha-1 yr-1) 10.4 10.4 12.1 15.7 IPCC annual rate of carbon dioxide emission (t CO2 ha-1 yr-1) 35.2 35.2 35.2 35.2 Selected annual rate of carbon dioxide emission (t CO2 ha-1 yr-1) 2.5 2.5 12.1 15.7 CO2 emissions from unimproved land (t CO2) 16285 0 0 0 Total GHG emissions from unimproved land (t CO2 equiv.) 16285 0 0 0 4. Reduction in GHG emissions due to improvement of site Total GHG emissions from improved land (t CO2 equiv.) 67531 0 0 0 Total GHG emissions from unimproved land (t CO2 equiv.) 16285 0 0 0 Reduction in GHG emissions due to improvement (t CO2 equiv.) -51246 0 0 0


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Table 2A.17 continued: CO2 Gain – Site Improvement

Reduction in CO2 payback time of wind farm due improvement of site

Wind farm CO2 emission saving over… Carbon Dioxide

Saving (tCO2 yr-1) …coal-fired electricity generation 459024 …gas-fired electricity generation 193880 …grid-mix of electricity generation 225320 …fossil fuel - mix of electricity generation 318068

Reduction in CO2 payback time of wind farm due improvement of Degraded Bog Felled Forestry Borrow Pits Foundations &

Hardstanding Total

Reduction in payback time (years) Coal-fired electricity generation -0.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.11 Gas-fired electricity generation -0.26 Grid-mix of electricity generation -0.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.23 Fossil fuel - mix of electricity generation -0.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.16

Reduction in payback time (months) Coal-fired electricity generation -1.34 0.00 0.00 0.00 -1.34 Gas-fired electricity generation -3.17 Grid-mix of electricity generation -2.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 -2.73 Fossil fuel - mix of electricity generation -1.93 0.00 0.00 0.00 -1.93


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APPENDIX 2.2: CARBON BALANCE OF THE PROPOSAL


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