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ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPING AND MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR A 1000 SOW PIGGERY PROJECT AT STAMPRIED FARM – STAMPRIET VILLAGE - HARDAP
REGION.
FOR
ROOTS PIGGERY (PTY) LTD
PREPARED BY
P. O. Box 70822 Khomasdal, Windhoek, Namibia.
+264 812 683 578 [email protected]
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PROJECT DETAILS
TITLE: ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPING AND MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR A
PIGGERY PROJECT AT STAMPRIED FARM – STAMPRIET VILLAGE –
HARDAP REGION.
TERMS OF REFERENCE
AND SCOPE OF THE PROJECT: ROOTS PIGGERY (PTY) LTD
AUTHORS: OUTRUN CONSULTANTS CC
CLIENT: ROOTS PIGGERY (PTY) LTD
REPORT STATUS: FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPING AND MANAGEMENT PLAN
DATE: 25 April 2019
AUTHORISED SIGNATURE:
JOSIAH T. MUKUTIRI
EIA PRACTITIONER
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would to take this opportunity to thank all the stakeholders for their
technical support and input during the consultation process that shaped the
scope of this study and enlightened the grey areas for sound decision making.
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ABBREVIATIONS BID Background and Invitation to Participate Document
DEA Directorate of Environmental Affairs
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EMA Environmental Management Act
EMP Environmental Management Plan
IAPs Interested and Affected Parties
MAWF Ministry of Agriculture, Water & Forestry
MET Ministry of Environment & Tourism
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Table of Contents LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................................... 8
1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 9
1.1. Environmental Impact Assessment Practitioner’s Details .................................................... 10
1.1.1. Details of Environmental Assessment Practitioner....................................................... 10
1.2. Project Description and Location ............................................................................................... 12
2. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT .......................................................................................... 15
2.1. Topography ........................................................................................................................... 15
2.2. Geology and Hydrology ......................................................................................................... 15
2.3. Climate .................................................................................................................................. 15
2.3.1. Temperature ................................................................................................................. 15
2.3.2. Wind .............................................................................................................................. 15
2.3.3. Rainfall .......................................................................................................................... 16
2.4. Evaporation and Evapotranspiration .................................................................................... 16
2.5. Demographics ....................................................................................................................... 17
2.6. Water Supply and Sanitation ................................................................................................ 17
2.6.1. Water Supply ................................................................................................................. 17
2.6.2. Sanitation ...................................................................................................................... 17
2.6.3. Water and water use in the area .................................................................................. 18
2.7. Vegetation ............................................................................................................................. 18
2.8. Economic Activities ............................................................................................................... 19
2.8.1. Agriculture:-Crop and Livestock Production ................................................................. 19
2.9. Access road ........................................................................................................................... 19
2.10. Other site infrastructure/requirements............................................................................ 20
3. PUBLIC CONSULTATION ................................................................................................................ 21
3.1. Public Consultation Process .................................................................................................. 21
3.2. Summary of Issues Raised During the Public Meeting ......................................................... 22
3.3. Need and Desirability of the Proposed Project..................................................................... 23
3.3.1. Relevance of economic viability .................................................................................... 23
3.3.2. Economic and non-economic benefits and costs ......................................................... 23
3.4. Assessment of Project Alternatives ...................................................................................... 25
3.4.1. The No-Go Option / Consequences of not proceeding ................................................. 25
3.4.2. Alternative site (s) ......................................................................................................... 26
3.4.3. Strategic Alternatives .................................................................................................... 26
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3.5. Technical Alternatives ........................................................................................................... 26
3.5.1. Waste Management Technologies ............................................................................... 26
3.5.2. Benefits associated with good waste management practices ...................................... 28
3.6. Assessment models of agricultural projects (Alternatives) .................................................. 29
3.6.1. Ecological Footprint ...................................................................................................... 29
3.6.2. Nutrient Balance ........................................................................................................... 30
3.6.3. Environmental Risk Mapping ........................................................................................ 30
3.6.4. Multi-Agent System ...................................................................................................... 31
3.6.5. Multi Linear Programming ............................................................................................ 31
3.6.6. Life Cycle Assessment ................................................................................................... 32
4. LEGAL AND POLCY ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................................... 34
4.1. Legal and policy instruments relevant to the proposed project ........................................... 34
4.1.1. Namibia’s National Constitution ................................................................................... 34
4.1.2. Environmental Management Act (2007) and Regulations (2012) ................................ 34
4.1.3. Soil Conservation Act (1969) ......................................................................................... 35
4.1.4. The Forest Act (2001) .................................................................................................... 35
4.1.5. The Water Act (1956) .................................................................................................... 35
4.1.6. The Water Resources Management Act (2004) ............................................................ 35
4.1.7. Water Legislations and Water Quality Requirements .................................................. 36
4.2. Legalisation Compliance by Proponent ................................................................................ 37
5. IDENTIFYING AND ASSESSING POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ...................................... 39
5.1. Assessing the Stampried Farm’s Proposed 1000 Sow Piggery project ................................. 39
5.1.1. Defining project scope .................................................................................................. 39
5.2. Inventory analysis ................................................................................................................. 41
5.2.1. General description of the system ................................................................................ 41
5.3. Pig housing design and environmental consideration .......................................................... 44
6. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...................................................................................... 46
6.1. Planning and Design .............................................................................................................. 46
7. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................. 81
Works Cited ........................................................................................................................................... 82
Annex 1: Risk assessment model results .............................................................................................. 83
Annex 2: Background information and invitation to participate document ........................................ 84
1. PURPOSE OF THE DOCUMENT AND CONTENTS ................................................................... 86
2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................................ 86
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2.1. Terms of Reference ........................................................................................................... 86
2.1.1. Activities planned for the scoping phase .............................................................. 86
2.1.2. Project Location ......................................................................................................... 87
3. PROPOSED STUDIES.................................................................................................................. 87
a. Biodiversity Study ................................................................................................................. 87
b. Waste management .............................................................................................................. 88
c. Assessment Of Alternatives ..................................................................................................... 88
i. No-Go Option .......................................................................................................................... 88
ii. Sites .......................................................................................................................................... 88
iii. Technological Alternatives ............................................................................................. 88
4. THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCESS ................................................... 89
a. Project elements to be covered by the EIA. ...................................................................... 89
b. Scope Of The Work ................................................................................................................ 91
Scoping Activities .......................................................................................................................... 91
c. Draft EIA Report .................................................................................................................... 92
d. Legal Framework .................................................................................................................. 92
5. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE PLAN ............................................................... 92
a. How you can be involved? ................................................................................................... 93
Annex 3: List of registered Interested and Affected Parties and Neighbours’ questionnaires. ........... 96
Annex 4: Advertisements and posters ................................................................................................ 109
Annex 5: EIA Practitioner’s details ...................................................................................................... 110
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Table 1: List of experts and their areas of responsibility in the EIA process. ....................................... 11
Table 2: Water use and slurry production. ........................................................................................... 42
Table 3: Gross nutrient production in manure and feed efficiency. ..................................................... 43
Table 4: Overall risk assessment results. .............................................................................................. 45
Table 5: EMP: general environmental factors. ..................................................................................... 47
Table 6:EMP: geology and soil fcators. ................................................................................................. 54
Table 7: EMP: atmosphere and noise factors. ...................................................................................... 57
Table 8: EMP: soil, surface water, storm water and groundwater factors. .......................................... 63
Table 9: EMP: biosecurity factors. ........................................................................................................ 71
Table 10: EMP: resource usage factors. ................................................................................................ 75
Table 11: EMP: infrastructure factors. .................................................................................................. 78
Table 1: IAP REGISTRATION AND COMMENTS FORM ......................................................... 94
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: The location of the proposed site at Stampried Farm. .......................................................... 14
Figure 2: Average wind speeds and directions. .................................................................................... 16
Figure 3: Average temperature and rainfall. ........................................................................................ 16
Figure 4: Stampried Farm locality Map. Source: Own map. ......................................................... 87
Figure 5: The EIA process that will be followed. ................................................................................... 90
Figure 6: The EIA process to be followed. ............................................................................................. 90
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1. INTRODUCTION
Stampried Farm is proposing to establish a 1000 sow piggery on a portion of
Stampried Farm located at Stampriet in Hardap Region. The proposed project will
cover an aerial extent of approximately 5 Ha for a development footprint of 1000
sows, 7 Boars, 86 Breeding, 272 for farrowing, 1760 piglets, 3255 weaners, 4501
Growers and 2251 Finishers. In order to realize this project an environmental impact
assessment (EIA) process must be undertaken by the relevant applicant and
authorised by the Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MET) as prescribed in the
Environmental Management Act, (2007) and Regulations (2012). Stampried Farm
appointed Outrun Consultants CC as its environmental assessment practitioner
(EAP) for this environmental impact assessment process.
This report comprises of the environmental scoping and management plan for the
proposed project. The scoping section includes the terms of reference (plan of study)
that sets out the proposed approach to the relevant environmental impact
assessment, inter alia, a description of tasks undertaken for the environmental
impact assessment process, an indication of the stages for competent authority
consultation, a description of the assessment methodology used and particulars of
the public participation process that was followed. Finally, the terms of reference also
proposed the relevant investigations for the EIA study. The important aspects that
allowed the practitioners to assess the project objectively were:
Climate;
Geology;
Topography;
Soils;
Land-use capabilities;
Hydrology;
Air quality;
Natural vegetation; and
Occupational health and safety
As required in the EIA regulations the components of this report are set out below:
details and expertise of the EAP who prepared this report;
description of the proposed activity;
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description of the property on which the activity is to be undertaken and the
activity’s location on the property;
description of the environment that may be affected by the activity and the
manner in which the physical, biological, social, economic and cultural
aspects of the environment may be affected by the proposed activity;
description of the property on which the activity is to be undertaken and the
activity’s location on the property;
description of the environment that may be affected by the activity and the
manner in which the physical, biological, social, economic and cultural
aspects of the environment may be affected by the proposed activity;
details of the public participation process;
description of the need and desirability of the proposed activity;
identified potential alternatives, inclusive of associated advantages and
disadvantages;
indication of the methodology used in determining significance of potential
environmental impacts;
description and comparative assessment of alternatives;
environmental issues identified during the EIA process, assessments of
significance and mitigation measures;
assessment of identified potentially significant impacts;
description of assumptions, uncertainties and gaps in knowledge;
reasoned opinion of whether activity should be authorised and any
prescriptive conditions;
environmental impact assessment scope;
proposed environmental management plan;
health and safety issues;
conclusions and recommendations.
1.1. Environmental Impact Assessment Practitioner’s Details
1.1.1. Details of Environmental Assessment Practitioner
Outrun Consultants CC is a privately owned consultancy company doing various
projects in Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) countries. Our core
services are:
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Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental Investigations
Research and Training
Feasibility Studies
Agronomy
Monitoring and Evaluation
Outrun draws its experts from regional and international universities such as
University of Zimbabwe (Zimbabwe), National University of Science and Technology
(Zimbabwe), University of Namibia (Namibia) and Polytechnic of Namibia (Namibia).
Outrun declares that we have no interests in this project and are independent and
acted as such during the EIA process as required by the EIA regulations. The key
team members who carried out this EIA are presented in Table 1 below.
Table 1: List of experts and their areas of responsibility in the EIA process.
ORGANIZATION AREA OF RESPONSIBILITY
/ FIELD OF EXPERTISE
TEAM MEMBERS
OUTRUN Project management
EIA coordination
Josiah T. Mukutiri
OUTRUN EIA process Josiah T. Mukutiri
PROPONENT Development of the project
concept
Stampried Farm
OUTRUN Literature review / Desk study Emmerencia Montzinger
OUTRUN Legislation & Policy Review Josiah T. Mukutiri
OUTRUN Development of
Environmental Management
Plan (EMP)
Josiah Mukutiri
OUTRUN Public Consultation and
Facilitation
Josiah Mukutiri and the
Proponent
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1.2. Project Description and Location
Stampried Farm is putting up infrastructure for a 1000 sow piggery unit on a portion
of the farm currently having at least 100 Ha of land under irrigation for the following
crops:
Lucerne;
Maize;
citrus comprising of apples; and
grape vines etc.
The farm is located at Stampriet, approximately km from Windhoek along the B1
Highway towards Mariental. There is an existing gravel road connecting the plot
earmarked for the piggery project and the controlled main access to the farm. The
proposed infrastructure and approximate dimensions is presented below:
Fresh water reservoir;
Slurry dam;
Pig shed;
Dead animal disposal area;
Whey dam; and
Canteen
The pigs are housed in fully slatted floors. No bedding or sawdust is used. The
manure (solids and liquids) excreted by the animals falls through the slatted floor.
The manure is temporally stored under the slatted floor in an effluent holding pit until
the “flushing plug” is opened daily to release the effluent, which flows in a pipe to a
slurry sump. It is then pumped from the slurry sump through a fixed separator which
separates any solids from the sludge. The liquid is pumped to a holding pond to be
recycled while the solids are concentrated and composted, and then sold to local
farmers as manure.
The pigs produce 28,000 litres of effluent per day. The effluent is a mixture of faeces,
urine, and wash water. This effluent is separated into solids and liquids, using a
rotary or static separator. The solids are loaded to a large compost heap, where it is
broken down by various microorganisms to produce a nutrient-rich organic material
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which is used to grow feed crops and citrus on the farm. The liquid is transferred to a
reservoir.
Liquid from the reservoir is recycled back to the pig pens, and is flushed under the
slatted area where they are kept. It gathers faeces and urine again, and goes
through the separator, eventually ending in the reservoir. Some liquid evaporates,
and is replaced with water from a nearby borehole. Pig mortalities estimated to be
between 1,000 and 2,000 kg/month are expected at the facility and will be dealt with
by donating the carcasses to lion parks or burial on a portion of land within the
facility.
The process involved can be summarized as follows:
1. Slurry is removed from the building by way of 315mm class 4 drain pipes.
2. Slurry is then deposited in a slurry pump sump with a capacity of 78m3.
3. The slurry sump is 1m higher than the slurry pipe to prevent spill.
4. From this sump the slurry is pumped with a slurry pump with a capacity of
45m3 per hour to a fixed separator with a capacity of 50m3 per hour.
5. The separator filters solids from the slurry through a screen of 250 microns.
6. The screened water is then deposited into the water storage dam with
1,000m3 volume.
7. The solid is deposited on a concrete slab and composted.
8. The water is recycled i.e. used to flush the pig pens again.
Pigs that die are rendered or incinerated at a facility in Mariental on an out sourcing
arrangement in which the Proponent will be paying for the disposal services
rendered.
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Figure 1: The location of the proposed site at Stampried Farm.
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2. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
2.1. Topography
The project site lies on the Stampriet Transboundary Aquifer System (STAS) which
is a very large transboundary aquifer system covering an area of 86 647 km2 on a
generally flat topography with a gentle NW to SE slope. Altitude ranges from about 1
500 m to 900 m above sea level. Namibian area covers approximately two thirds of
the aquifer covering the whole Stampriet area.
2.2. Geology and Hydrology
The project site lies on the Stampriet Transboundary Aquifer System (STAS) which
covers a large arid region stretching from Central Namibia into Western Botswana
and South Africa’s Northern Cape Province. This aquifer system consists of an
unconfined Kalahari aquifer units that overly two confined sandstone aquifers. The
delineation of the STAS area follows the outer boundary of the so-called Ecca Group
of geological formations within the catchments of the Auob and Nossob rivers.
It has a hot and dry climate, with an annual mean temperature of 19-22 oC and mean
rainfall ranging from 140 mm/yr in the SW to 300 mm/year along the northern and
north-eastern border. During the period May through September there is hardly any
rainfall.
2.3. Climate
2.3.1. Temperature
The project area under study is characterised by a hot and dry climate with an
annual mean temperature of 19 – 22oC. Annual mean temperature variation is small.
During the summer period mean maximum temperature varies between 26 and
36°C, while in winter, the temperature pattern is reversed with mean minimum
temperatures of 1°C in the western, southern and eastern boundaries of the STAS
and of 12°C in the STAS northern central area, Stampriet area).
2.3.2. Wind
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Figure 2: Average wind speeds and directions.
2.3.3. Rainfall
High intensity and short duration rainfall events are common in the Stampriet area
and normally occurs in the months from October to April. Most rainfall is usually
received from the months of January to March whilst the lowest rainfall months are
from June to September. The average annual rainfall within the study area varies
from 140 - 310 mm/y.
Figure 3: Average temperature and rainfall.
2.4. Evaporation and Evapotranspiration
Evaporation and evapotranspiration form the main water outflow component in the
study area. High potential evaporation rates result in huge losses from open water
bodies and high potential evapotranspiration rates because the water demands of
crops to be considerably high.
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In all parts of the study area, mean annual rainfall is much smaller than annual
potential evapotranspiration, and indicates aridity.
2.5. Demographics
Stampriet is a small settlement surrounded by commercial farms and administered
by a Village Council. It is served by a supermarket, a fuel station, church and a
school. Houses are either brick houses with iron roof or corrugated iron shacks.
Approximately 60 % of the population is the working age group while 22% and 18%
are below the age of 15 and above the age of 60, respectively. Regarding literacy,
around 85% of the population is literate, 15% of the population has never attended
school, and 23% are currently at school and approximately 60% left school.
2.6. Water Supply and Sanitation
2.6.1. Water Supply
It is estimated that at least 90% of people in the Stampriet settlements have access
to safe drinking water. The water is provided by NAMWATER and the Ministry of
Agriculture, Water and Forestry (MAWF). Water losses and water unaccounted for
represent more than 60% of the water exploited for water supply in Stampriet.
Households without direct household water connections (mainly population in the
informal areas) in the study area accesses water from communal standpipes. The
burden of collecting water to meet the household water needs from the communal
standpipes mainly lies with women and girls. The distances travelled by household
members vary between one and two kilometres. A prepaid token system is used to
access water from the communal standpipes.
2.6.2. Sanitation
In contrast to access to drinking water over 65 % of households in the Stampriet
Basin and approximately 54% of Stampriet settlement households do not have
access to any toilet facilities. The sanitation gap is most dire in other villages and
settlements such as Kries (90% of the population without access to sanitation) and
Hoachanas (80% of the population without access to sanitation). Information also
points out to the use of pit latrines in some settlements households, which may have
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implications on groundwater pollution, particularly in the shallow Kalahari aquifers.
34% of settlements households have flush toilets and use septic tanks and
soakaways systems because of the lack of sewer reticulation networks. It is
estimated that on average, 80% of water used in households becomes wastewater.
2.6.3. Water and water use in the area
Given the climatic and other geographic features, there are no permanent rivers in
the Stampriet area but some ephemeral rivers that provide some water during the
rainy season, there are surface water pans scattered over the area that collect and
store water for livestock watering.
These reserves can last a few months after the rains leaving groundwater as the
only permanent and dependable water resource in the project area. Groundwater is
withdrawn from the Kalahari, Auob and Nossob aquifers, by means of dug wells and
boreholes. It is estimated that at least 20 million cubic metres per year is abstracted;
65% of this volume comes from Kalahari aquifers, 33% from the Auob aquifer and
2% from the Nossob aquifer. The breakdown of overall water use is as follows: 52%
for irrigation, 32% for stock watering and 16% for domestic use.
2.7. Vegetation
The agricultural practices in this area are typically integrated crop and livestock
systems were water is used for irrigation and watering livestock. Crops are
dominated by fodder (lucerne), although some farmers have started switching to
horticulture (e.g. vegetables and fruits). Such crops cannot be grown without
irrigation because of the arid climate. Since irrigation needs higher investment, crop
production is dominated by commercial farmers that can invest in irrigation systems.
It is estimated that approximately 80 commercial farms are irrigating 619 ha of land
of a total of approximately 1000ha of irrigable land. Irrigated areas in farms usually
do not exceed 20 ha. Drip irrigation is widely applied in the study area. Other
methods in use are center pivots, sprinklers and mixed applications (sprinkler, drip
and others). Farms applying only flood irrigation are very few.
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2.8. Economic Activities
2.8.1. Agriculture:-Crop and Livestock Production
The agricultural practices in this area are typically integrated crop and livestock
systems were water is used for irrigation and watering livestock. Crops are
dominated by fodder (Lucerne), although some farmers have started switching to
horticulture (e.g. vegetables and fruits). Such crops cannot be grown without
irrigation because of the arid climate. Since irrigation needs higher investment, crop
production is dominated by commercial farmers that can invest in irrigation systems.
It is estimated that approximately 80 commercial farms are irrigating 619 ha of land
of a total of approximately 1000ha of irrigable land. Irrigated areas in farms usually
do not exceed 20 ha.
Drip irrigation is widely applied in the study area. Other methods in use are centre
pivots, sprinklers and mixed applications (sprinkler, drip and others). Farms applying
only flood irrigation are very few. Lucerne represents approximatively 50% of the
irrigated area (310 ha) and 38% of crop production (6200 tons/year). It is primarily
produced for farmers’ own use as feed for livestock, and consequently may not
directly generate income for farmers; but reduces expenditure on inputs for livestock
farming and is likely more cost effective than importing it from, for example, the
Hardap scheme near Mariental, or South Africa. Some farmers have started
switching to vegetables (e.g. tomatoes, beans) and fruits (e.g. citrus, grapes,
melons, pumpkins). Vegetables and fruits together represent 50% and 8% of total
crop production, respectively.
Potential income from vegetables and fruits are greater than other crops (e.g. oats
and maize), however they are deemed to have higher labour and initial investment
costs, and to be riskier in terms of their yield (mainly due to climatic conditions) and
value.
2.9. Access road
The most acceptable access road to the piggery site is the existing road leading off
the main road into the farm. However, a second gate / access control point to the
piggery site will be needed to control movement of people on the farm. This is critical
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for security and disease control as well.
2.10. Other site infrastructure/requirements
In the proposed site layout allowance has been made for the following buildings and
facilities within the project area:
slurry dam and ponds;
Ablution house;
electrical substations and motor control centres;
central control room;
workshop; and
a staff cafeteria.
All buildings will be “modular” type structures placed on an engineered terrace with a
concrete floor slab, with adequate sanitary facilities and air conditioning as required.
Steel structures will include the general workshop and stores building, pipe and
cable racking and miscellaneous access platforms and walkways. No need for onsite
housing is foreseen for either the construction or operation phase of the project.
Housing would be located in Stampriet.
General waste will be deemed to consist of domestic waste (comprising primarily of
food wastes from the cafeteria and office waste) and industrial waste consisting of
construction waste (concrete, wood, metal, and other scraps), empty non-hazardous
reagent containers, tyres, and other waste products from the construction and
operations stages. General provision will be made for disposal of all waste material
at offsite licenced refuse/disposal sites at Stampriet.
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3. PUBLIC CONSULTATION
3.1. Public Consultation Process
Public participation forms an integral part of any present day environmental
assessment process. The objectives of public participation can be summarised as
follows:
informing stakeholders;
sharing of views, concerns and values;
minimising risks and maximising on potential benefits;
influencing project design;
obtaining local knowledge useful in the project planning phase;
creating buy-in from the public and stakeholders;
transparency and accountability in decision-making; and
Reducing conflict (decision-making through consensus).
The Consultant and the Proponent conducted a public consultation meeting held at
Stampriet Village Council board room on the 20th of February 2019. The meeting
was chaired by the Councillor for Stampriet, Honourable S. Dukeleni, and
attended by other Councillors and community members. The meeting was
publicised through posters pinned at the local supermarket, fuel station and the
Village Council Notice Board. Advertisements were also published in 2 local
newspapers and announcements on the local radio station. Questionnaires were
also distributed in the community and neighbouring farmers to solicit their input.
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3.2. Summary of Issues Raised During the Public Meeting
Table 2: Issues and / or concerns raised during the public consultations and actions taken / recommended.
Issues / Concern(s) Raised Response and / or Recommendation
What will happen to the solid waste or
residue and the smell?
All solid waste generated will be
separated from the water through
dewatering and composted. The organic
manure will be used in the crop fields and
surplus can be sold.
Can a biogas plant be erected? Biogas is a possibility but is not under
consideration at this moment in time.
How many job opportunities will be
created?
At most 150 direct permanent jobs will
be created and many others in the
downstream.
We are happy because the project will
contribute to meet social needs.
This is achievable through corporate
social responsibility
How will the community benefit? There are direct and indirect benefits in
which case the direct benefit are the
employment opportunities created, while
the economic spin offs will benefit the
community indirectly.
How will you prevent pollution of ground
water?
All ponds collecting waste water will be
lined using impermeable geotechnical
fabric or poly vinyl chloride material.
We would want to have continued
information sharing.
The consultations held ensured that we
have the contact details of the IAPs and
will be used for future correspondence in
support of other media such as the
community radio and print media.
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3.3. Need and Desirability of the Proposed Project
3.3.1. Relevance of economic viability
Uncertainties or substantial fluctuations in production levels, or the actual failure of
resource projects, potentially create adverse social and environmental impacts. This
is particularly so in the case of large scale projects involving major supporting
physical and social infrastructure. Therefore the analysis of the broad economic
viability of a project forms a relevant important component of an environmental
impact assessment.
In the case of the proposed piggery project, assessing economic viability involves
consideration of the forecast demand for pork products, and its anticipated price
relative to the proposed investment in its production. However, for this project
fluctuations in the rate of production will have only a minor impact on the socio-
economic structure of the region, compared with larger resource projects that involve
the establishment of townships and the provisions of a wide range of support
services. The proposed project places minimal demands on government services
and the interaction with the local community will be relative modest and
predominantly beneficial.
3.3.2. Economic and non-economic benefits and costs
Social and economic impacts of the proposed piggery project forms part of the
environmental impact assessment undertaken for the project. Naturally new job
opportunities will be created at the Stampried Farm, coupled with economic benefits
to the Namibian government and the Stampriet area. Economic costs to the
Stampriet community will be minimal, particularly with regard to infrastructure, water
infrastructure for the project will be developed on site, and electricity will be drawn
from and existing line on the farm.
Significant non-economic benefits can be expected to emanate from increased
employment opportunities in skilled and semi-skilled jobs, including the associated
training and experience, in the neighbouring community, including social upliftment
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programmes and through an employment multiplier of about two hundred per cent.
Namibia has a total of about 600 pig producers, most of them i.e. about 500 farmers
having between three and 10 pigs making them subsistence farmers. There are
about 100 commercial farmers producing about 50 % of pork in the Namibian market
while the rest is imported from South Africa and Europe. The pig production sector
provides resilience in a dynamic and economically difficult situation for farmers for
example the pig sector was never affected during the livestock export and drought
challenges experienced in the past years. Farmers are also enjoying the pig
protection scheme and the Pork Market Share Promotion Scheme. Pig farming
remains attractive because of the lower input costs, especially cheaper feeding costs
for pigs.
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3.4. Assessment of Project Alternatives
3.4.1. The No-Go Option / Consequences of not proceeding
At the moment, Namibia imports at least 50 % of the pork products consumed.
Stampried Farm will be capable of producing significant quantities and supplying it to
the local market. The advantage is that Namibia will save on foreign exchange and
local companies will save on the transport costs. Failure to proceed (no-go
alternative) will negate these benefits and savings for the country.
The construction phase of the proposed piggery project will create up to jobs in the
country. Although many of these newly created job opportunities will occur in the
farming industry, additional job creation effects will take place in various other
sectors as well; for example, personnel services, transport and equipment
manufacturing. There will be no employment benefit if the piggery project does not
proceed.
The proposed piggery will generate new income opportunities for the Namibian
government. These income derived sources will include:
indirect government taxes,
pay as you earn (PAYE) taxes, and
Company taxes paid to government.
Benefits for not proceeding with the project can be summarised as the following
primary benefits:
the resource will remain in place for possible future development,
there will be no further visual impact of development,
there will be no disruption to local communities arising from construction and
operation, and
there will be no alteration to local biodiversity arising from construction and
operation.
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3.4.2. Alternative site (s)
The proposed site, a portion of the Stampried Farm considered for this development
is ideal given that it is fairly flat and will not require extensive ground works to erect
the required infrastructure. No other potential sites were considered. On the other
note it is farther away from the existing farm houses and thus no potential noise or
air pollution is foreseen in the context of the existing farm layout.
3.4.3. Strategic Alternatives
The proposed project site is easily accessible and has all the necessary utilities such
as water, electricity and access gravel road which forms part of the farm road
network servicing the different sections of the farm. Although there are other pig
farms in Namibia the market is still dominated by foreign suppliers. Hence the
Namibian market has a huge opportunity for piggery and the Proponent can
potentially apply for infant industry protection from the GRN.
3.5. Technical Alternatives
3.5.1. Waste Management Technologies
Site-specific, nutrient management strategies will be required to prevent and / or
minimize potential water pollutants from confinement facilities and land application of
manure and organic by-products. Using environmentally safe alternatives to land
application of manure should be an integral part of the overall Environmental
Management Plan (EMP). These alternative uses are needed in areas where nutrient
supply exceeds the nutrient requirements of crops, and/or where land application
would cause significant environmental risk. More efficient and cost effective methods
are needed for manure handling, treatment, and storage. Options that are available
include but are not limited to the following:
Improved systems for solids removal from liquid manure;
Improved manure handling, storage, and treatment methods to reduce
ammonia volatilization;
Treatment systems that transform and/or capture nutrients, trace elements,
and pharmaceutically active compounds from manure;
Improved composting and other manure stabilization techniques; and
27
Treatment systems to remediate or replace anaerobic ponds.
Modern trends show a shift from municipal treatment methods in the near past to a
new body of knowledge with methods adapted to the specific characteristics of these
wastes and a different purpose for treatment as detailed below:
Option 1
Is to develop dry systems such as the deep bedding where fresh manure is mixed
with a bulking agent or use inclined belts under the slatted floor to separate urine and
solids so that all or part of the manure leaving a building is directly handled as a solid.
Option 2
The second option is to improve or retrofit existing liquid systems so that volatile
solids and organic nutrients are separated from the fresh manure and transported
and/or treated with a variety of technologies to generate value-added products. Solid-
liquid separation of the raw manure increases the capacity of decision making and
opportunities for treatment. The separation up-front allows recovery of the organic
compounds, which can be used for the manufacture of compost materials and other
value-added products or energy production. These products include stabilized peat
substitutes, humus, bio-chars, organic fertilizers, soil amendments, and energy. The
remaining liquid needs to be treated on the farm. A variety of biological, physical or
chemical processes can be used to achieve specific nutrient management goals and
environmental standards.
Option 3
A third option is to use anaerobic digesters (AD) to recover methane and energy from
the carbon in the liquid manure (EPA, 2012). The biogas recovery systems collect
methane from the manure and burn it to generate electricity or heat. Production of
biogas from manure using anaerobic digesters is projected to be important worldwide.
However, in areas of intensive livestock production, new technologies need to be
developed in conjunction with AD to address surplus nitrogen and nitrogen removal
and/or recovery of concentrated phosphorus from AD effluents in a form that can be
removed from the watershed.
Over and above all it is vital to take heed that nutrients (e.g., nitrogen and
28
phosphorus), manure and wastewater from animal feeding operations have the
potential to contribute other pollutants such as organic matter, sediments, pathogens,
heavy metals, and ammonia if discharged uncontrollably into the environment.
Anaerobic ponds are widely used to treat and store liquid manure from confined
piggery production facilities. However they have their inherent environmental and
health concerns which include emissions of ammonia, odours, pathogens, and water
quality deterioration. Thus, there is a major interest in considering various options as
much as possible depending on the socio-economic setting. Choice of options should
be technically, operationally, and economically feasible, and meet the following five
environmental performance standards:
Eliminate the discharge of animal waste to surface waters and groundwater
through direct discharge, seepage, or runoff;
Substantially eliminate atmospheric emissions of ammonia;
Substantially eliminate the emission of odour that is detectable beyond the
boundaries of farm;
Substantially eliminate the release of disease-transmitting vectors and airborne
pathogens; and
Substantially eliminate nutrient and heavy metal contamination of soil and
groundwater.
3.5.2. Benefits associated with good waste management practices
The quality of the air is improved significantly through the reduction of odours
compounds (phenol, p-cresol, p-ethylphenol, indole, and skatole). Substantial animal
production advantages can be realized through good manure management practices.
Many Researchers have documented with many examples the direct linkage between
improved manure management and animal productivity and health. Indicators of
better productivity and health were healthier pigs, reduced mortality, increased daily
gain, improved feed conversion, and substantial economic benefits to the producer.
The reuse of cleaner, sanitized water (ammonia free) to refill barn pits reduced
ammonia concentration in the air and improved the growing environment. Ambient
ammonia levels in the barns dropped an average of 75 percent, from 11.3 to 2.8 ppm.
As a result, animal health and productivity were enhanced. Daily weight gain
increased 6.1 percent, and feed conversion improved 5.1 percent. Animal mortality
decreased 47 percent. Such results are consistent with the substantial animal
production advantages that can be realized through good manure management
practices in swine production buildings.
29
Value-added Products
Composting of the separated manure solids is done in a centralized facility where the
solids are combined with a rich carbon source to optimize the composting process.
The produced composts conserve 95-100% of the nitrogen and other nutrients and
meet EPA Class A bio-solids quality standards due to low pathogen levels. The high-
quality composts are used for the commercial manufacture of soil amendments,
organic fertilizers, and potting soil. Using the United Nations Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC) protocols from separation and composting realized and estimated
96.9% reduction in GHG emissions by sing solid separation, composting and
biological N treatment.
3.6. Assessment models of agricultural projects (Alternatives)
Environmental assessment models are a means to quantify the environmental
impacts associated with production systems. Several types of environmental
assessments have been applied in different industry sectors whereby each of the
method implements different approaches and levels of detail. Known assessment
methods are: Ecological Footprint, Nutrient Balance, Environmental Risk Mapping,
Multi Agent System and Multi Linear Programming Approach. This section will
summarize each of the methods and discuss the advantages and disadvantages
followed by qualifying the Life Cycle assessment (LCA) combined with the Risk
Assessment Model as the appropriate method for this type of project.
3.6.1. Ecological Footprint
Ecological Footprint is an environmental assessment method developed by (Mathis
Wackernagel, 1997). It is used to indicate the human demand on the environment
by quantifying the amount of nature they occupy in order to live. The assessment
method is used to quantify the human populations demand for natural resources and
the ability of the biosphere to regenerate the consumed resources, (Mathis
Wackernagel, 1997). The method considers five categories: consumed land,
gardens, crop land, pasture land and productive forest. It also considers the
potential sustainability of manufacturing the product(s). However, local, regional or
global differences are not included, thus, the assumption is made that all land and
30
water areas are the same. The method also only considers CO2 and leaves other
Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) which may have a profound effect on the environment
outside the assessment. These are the identified weaknesses in the assessment,
although there maybe scope to enhance the methodology to include other GHGs to
give a more complete assessment of a system. Consequently, (Jeroen van der
Bergh, April, 1999) suggest that the potential environmental impacts of a production
process are generally underestimated within the current method of Ecological
Footprint.
3.6.2. Nutrient Balance
Another method of environmental analysis is Nutrient Balance (de Boer 2003). This
is carried out to identify inefficiencies within a production system. At farm level, this
approach assesses nutrient losses, erosion and leaching from a system. Nutrient
Balance focuses mainly on the assessment of N, P and K (macro - nutrients),
therefore it can be useful when considering the environmental effects of crop
production with regards to losses from applied fertilizers (nutrient loss = input –
output). However, other inputs into the system are not considered, for example, fossil
energy required for the manufacture of fertilizers. Nutrient Balance does not take into
account site specific conditions. For instance, an assumption is included in the model
for equal efficiencies of N, P and K applied to crops on different sites (Sheldrick &
Lingard 2004). The success of Nutrient Balance varies, depending on the detail
included in the assessment and the construction of the analysis for nutrient losses at
farm level (de Boer 2003). It is not suitable, however, for assessment of all
environmental burdens.
3.6.3. Environmental Risk Mapping
Another more holistic approach is Environmental Risk Mapping. This defines the
environmental risks resulting from human pressure (for example farming practices)
and from the vulnerability of the environment in a given region. However, it only
assesses one impact category at a time, for example nitrate leaching or the transfer
of phosphorus (Assimakopoulos et al. 2003; Payraudeau & van der Werf 2005). The
assessment is constructed using several variables, and has the ability to include
output data from simulation models. This assessment could be applied to determine
31
the environmental impacts arising from a particular aspect of the farm system, for
example manure management but it is not a useful tool to quantify several
environmental impacts in the same assessment (Payraudeau & van der Werf 2005).
3.6.4. Multi-Agent System
The Multi-Agent System is an environmental assessment method that assesses the
economic, social and environmental interactions of an agricultural system. The aim
of this approach is to represent the behaviour of a defined group towards a limited
resource and to calculate the use of resources within a system. It also allows
different potential situations to be modelled. The parameters included can be
controlled to determine the best possible scenarios for the management of the
assessed product. Courdier et al (2002) and Payraudeau & van der Werf (2005)
applied this method to analyze the management systems of manure and the overall
impacts this caused to the sustainability of the environment. The aim of their study
was to show different ‘what if’ scenarios for management of animal wastes. This
approach is therefore advantageous when determining ways to reduce
environmental impacts in a theoretical approach. However, the results are focused
not on the environmental impacts per se, but rather directed at the social and
economic impacts. Therefore, to make a thorough environmental assessment of a
production system, Multi-Agent System may not be the most appropriate approach.
3.6.5. Multi Linear Programming
Multi Linear Programming is an approach that is applied to determine potential ways
to minimize the environmental impacts of a system by optimizing production by
considering its technical, economic and social aspects (Bouman et al. 1999;
Payraudeau & van der Werf 2005). Linear optimization techniques are used to
identify the management method(s) which maximizes profitability with minimal
environmental emission (Payraudeau & van der Werf 2005). Indicators within the
assessment can be adjusted to determine (theoretically) the best scenario within the
system to reduce the environmental burdens. This approach is constructed in
stages. Initially, the production system is described to include all inputs and outputs
and all associated emissions. All environmental (also if required economic,
agronomic and social) constraints are then incorporated which limit the management
32
of the system. Finally, to determine the best possible scenario, linear optimization
techniques are applied to determine the most appropriate management scenario
which has the lowest environmental impact. Applicability is limited due to data
unavailability shortage of skills.
3.6.6. Life Cycle Assessment
Although the methods above can be useful on a smaller scale, with the exception of
Ecological Foot printing, to identify environmental problems within a particular
aspect of the pig industry, a more comprehensive environmental assessment is
required to assess the environmental impacts of a complete production system. This
identified approach is called Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).
Life Cycle Assessment is a tool for assessing the environmental impact caused by a
product or a service. The basic principle for LCA is to follow the product through its
entire life cycle, from cradle to grave. The product system is delimited from the
surrounding environment by a system boundary. The energy and material flows
crossing the boundaries are accounted for as input-related (e.g. resources) and
output-related (e.g. emissions to air) flows.
The procedure for performing an LCA consists of four phases:
Phase 1
In phase 1, the goal and scope is definition, the aim and the range of the study is
defined. Important decisions are made concerning definition of functional unit (i.e.
reference unit), choice of allocation methods and system boundaries.
Phase 2
In the inventory analysis, information about the system is gathered and relevant
inputs and outputs are identified and quantified.
Phase 3
In the impact assessment, the data and information from the inventory analysis are
linked with specific environmental parameters so that the significance of these
potential impacts can be assessed.
33
Phase 4
In the final interpretation phase, the findings of the inventory analysis and the impact
assessment are combined and interpreted to meet the previously defined goals of
the study.
In the light of the above the LCA and risk assessment models were chosen and
used jointly to assess the potential environmental impacts of the proposed piggery
project.
34
4. LEGAL AND POLCY ENVIRONMENT
4.1. Legal and policy instruments relevant to the proposed project
This section describes the policy and legal environment in which the project will be
implemented, the relevant ones in line with the project throughout its life cycle.
4.1.1. Namibia’s National Constitution
The Namibian Constitution Article 95(1) of the Namibian Constitution commits the
state to actively promote and maintain the welfare of the people by adopting policies
aimed at the “… maintenance of ecosystems, essential ecological processes and
biological diversity of Namibia and utilisation of living natural resources on a
sustainable basis for the benefit of all Namibians, both present and future…”
4.1.2. Environmental Management Act (2007) and Regulations (2012)
Under the Environmental Management Act, agricultural activities require
authorisation and the Proponent should apply for an ECC in order to comply. This
act is administered by the Environmental Commissioner in the Department of
Environmental Affairs (DEA) in the Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MET).
Normally, to get Environmental Clearance, an Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA) has to be completed, together with an Environmental Management Plan
(EMP). An EIA is an assessment of the environmental damage that a project might
cause, and the EMP provides advice on how the negative impacts can be avoided or
reduced. An EIA should be carried out by an independent environmental practitioner.
The EIA report is evaluated by the DEA, and if the Environmental Commissioner is
satisfied that the negative impacts are minimised, an Environmental Clearance
Certificate is issued. The certificate requires the project proponent to diligently
implement the EMP. Violations of the Environmental Management Act are
punishable by law. In a nutshell this is the basis upon which Outrun Consultants CC
was contracted to carry out the EIA.
35
4.1.3. Soil Conservation Act (1969)
This Act promotes the combating and prevention of soil erosion and aims to
conserve, protect, and improve the soil, vegetation, and water supply. Under the Act,
the Minister of Agriculture, Water & Forestry may regulate cultivation as a means to
prevent soil degradation. Specifically, the Minister may direct an owner or occupier of
land regarding: the cultivation of land (including ploughing, the protection,
stabilization, or withdrawal of land from cultivation, the application of crop rotation,
the disposal of crop remnants and plant residues), and the stabilizing of any soil
surface to prevent erosion.
4.1.4. The Forest Act (2001)
The Forest Act (No. 12 of 2001), as amended by the Forest Amendment Act (No. 13
of 2005), guides the Forest Policy implementation. Basically, the Act stipulates how
forest resources should be utilized and the Users’ responsibilities.
It aims to prevent deforestation by making it illegal to clear woody vegetation on
more than 15 hectares of land or remove more than 500 cubic meters of forest
produce per year. Removal of forest produce on any piece of land requires approval
by the Director of Forestry.
4.1.5. The Water Act (1956)
It is currently administered by the Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry and
remains in force until the new Water Resources Management Act (No 24 of 2004,
under amendment) is signed and gazetted. The act does not enforce legislative
controls in respect of the use of water for industrial purposes, but controls the
discharge of used water and effluent originating from industrial enterprises. It also
makes provision for the protection of river catchments, drilling of boreholes and the
digging of wells.
4.1.6. The Water Resources Management Act (2004)
This Act declares that water resources are owned by the State, i.e. for both ground
and surface water. The law was put in place to ensure that water resources are
36
managed and used to the benefit of all people. It is therefore illegal for any person to
pollute either surface or groundwater and it is illegal to discharge effluent without a
permit. It makes provision for the protection of river catchments, drilling of boreholes
and the making of wells; it controls effluent discharge; and exercises certain aspects
of water quality and water pollution monitoring.
4.1.7. Water Legislations and Water Quality Requirements
Legislations governing environmental and water resources have been revised and
passed as bills and laws in parliaments due to the increasing concerns for safer and
cleaner environment and drinking water. Guidelines to drinking water have been
passed which are suitable for human consumption, domestic use and industry use,
represented by guideline values (World Health Organization Geneva, 1993). The
guideline values represent concentration of a constituent that does not result in any
significant risk to the health of the consumer over a lifetime of consumption. The
World Health Organization (WHO) has put guidelines to water quality standards for
water use in a way to try and make sure that everyone has potable water, Annex 1
(Vander Leeden, et al., 1991). The World Health Organization has formed sub-
bodies to monitor that the water quality standards are adhered to. For example,
South Africa has put water quality standards which are termed the Water Quality
Guidelines (Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF), 1996) which are a
guide to water quality requirements for domestic use, agricultural use (irrigation and
livestock, aquaculture), aquatic ecosystems use, recreational use and industrial use.
Similarly the Namibia Department of Water Affairs (DWA) has got its drinking water
standards and livestock watering, which were passed in July 1991.
37
Table 3: Namibia's Directorate of Water Affairs Standards (1991)(drinking water - human consumption and livestock use)
for selected elements - values are in ppm (mg / L) unless otherwise stated.
Recommended maximum limits
Human consumption Livestock watering Parameter Group A Group B Group C
p H 6-9 5.5-9.5 4-11
Electrical Conductivity (mS/m) 150 300 400
Turbidity 1 5 10
Total Dissolved Solids (calc.) 6000
Total Hardness as CaCO3 300 650 1300
Ca-Hardness as CaCO3 375 500 1000 2500
Mg-Hardness as CaCO3 290 420 840 2057
Chloride as Cl- 250 600 1200 1500-3000
Fluoride as F- 1.5 2.0 3.0 2.0-6.0
Sulphate as SO42-
200 600 1200 1000
Nitrate as N 10 20 40 100
Nitrite as N 10
Sodium as Na 100 400 800 2000
Potassium as K 200 400 800
Magnesium as Mg 70 100 200 500
Calcium as Ca 150 200 400 1000
Manganese as Mn 0.05 1.0 2.0 10
Iron as Fe 0.1 1.0 2.0 10
4.2. Legalisation Compliance by Proponent
Below is a summary of the legalisations that govern project and it is suggested
compliance by the proponent to them. It is advised that the proponent be well
versed/ familiarise with these laws and regulations so that he/she may not face
problems in the future.
38
Table 4: Compliance summary for legislation governing agriculture.
Act/Regulation Compliance
Environmental Management Act Chapter
20:27
Produce biannual reports; adhere to the EMP
outline in EIA and renewal of EIA certificate.
Soil Conversation Act (1969) Practice good farming methods and implement
soil erosion control measures.
Forest Act (2001) Adhere to the regulations and re-vegetate any
areas were vegetation has been destroyed /
should be maintained.
Water Act (1956) Acquire water permits and pay the designated
fees as prescribed.
Water Resources Management Act (2004) Monitor water quality and pay for any
discharge of effluent
39
5. IDENTIFYING AND ASSESSING POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTS
5.1. Assessing the Stampried Farm’s Proposed 1000 Sow Piggery
project
5.1.1. Defining project scope
Purpose
The goal of this study is to perform an environmental system analysis of the
proposed 1000 sow piggery facility at Stampried Farm using LCA methodology.
The purpose of the study is to gain increased knowledge about the environmental
impacts of this particular project and to illustrate environmental benefits and
disadvantages that are integrated in the production system. The study will also
help to illustrate relevant conflicts of interests when different aspects of
sustainability are prioritised. The analysis will be based upon 3 key aspects in pig
farming:
Animal welfare;
Environment; and
Product quality
Scope of the study
The analysis deals with all phases of the life cycle of pig meat as shown below
including production of materials and energy used. Transport steps are also taken
into account.
Descriptions of the production scenario and assumptions
Environmental care, productivity and quality are the priority of the pig production
facility. Feed efficiency is high and the dominant part of the feed is cultivated at the
farm site. The farm buildings are equipped with ammonia collectors in the ventilation
system and the manure is stored and spread with best technique available in order
to reduce emissions. Cereals and legume crops are used in the cultivation and the
crop rotation is strictly planned to minimise fertilizer and pesticide use. Mechanical
regulation of weeds is used frequently.
40
Delimitations
Production of farm buildings and farm machinery is excluded in the LCA
study. The production, use and emissions of medicines are not included due
to lack of knowledge of the environmental impact from medicine residues in
the ecosystems.
The production and use of pesticides are included in the inventory analysis
but a toxic assessment of the fate of pesticide residues is not included in this
study.
Production of synthetic amino acids used in pig production is not included due
to lack of data.
Production of the enzyme phytase is excluded due to lack of data. This
enzyme is used to improve the utilisation of phosphorous in the feed
components making it possible to reduce the need for mineral feed
complement.
Disinfectants, washing detergents and minor stable equipment are not taken
into account.
The various limitations of the LCA were compensated for in the Risk Assessment
Model which also took consideration of the design factors in combination with
environmental setting.
Units used in the Study: Functional units
The functional unit (FU) in the study is “one kg of bone- and fat free meat”. This
functional unit was selected to measure the final function at the consumer, i.e. the
eatable parts from meat production. When data on meat production and
consumption are presented in statistics it is mostly as carcass weight. The amount of
meat finally consumed will however differ since the consumer does not eat the
bones of the chop and most often not the fat; this is the basis for the choice of the
FU in the study. Emissions of ammonia and nitrate are the source of local as well as
regional environmental impact. The concentrations of the emissions are therefore of
interest and consequently the impacts of these emissions are also referred to the
functional unit “one hectare of arable land”. Pesticide use is also assessed per
41
hectare of arable land.
Chosen impact categories
The environmental impact categories considered in this study are:
Resources – energy, material, land use
Toxicity – the use of pesticides is included, pesticide risk indicators
Ecological effects
Climate change
Soil acidification
Groundwater contamination
Air pollution
5.2. Inventory analysis
5.2.1. General description of the system
Animal production
There will be 1000 sows at any one time on the farm and data on the total
animals are summarised in the following table.
42
Table 2: Water use and slurry production.
Estimate on water use/requirement and slurry production (water m3 / year)
Animals Drinking Total
Boars 7 15 105
Breeding 86 12 1032
Early gestation 950 14 13300
Farrowing 272 30 8160
Piglets 1757 1 1757
Weaners 3255 4 13020
Growers 4501 8 36008
Finishers 2251 11 24761
Cleaning 13079 0.5 6539.5
Grand Total 104 682.5
N.B. Total slurry produced is about 60 000 tonnes per year.
Meat production
The functional unit is one kg bone-and fat free meat. This functional unit was
selected to measure the final function at the consumer, i.e. the eatable part from
meat production. The meat percentage out of the carcass weight is estimated at
about 59 %.
Feed consumption
The total feed consumption is presented in table below. The composition of feed
rations is shown. It should be observed that the sows´ consumption of feed is
included per produced slaughter pig and is estimated at 250 kg per slaughter pig
maximum.
Manure production and nutrient balances in the stable
The manure production and the nutrient composition of the manure were calculated
through balances of input of nutrients in the feed and output of nutrients in the
43
produced pigs. All manure is handled as slurry and the dry matter content of the
slurry is 8.8 % (Steineck et al, 1999). All the pigs are fed intensively and the manure
produced during this time is composted and ultimately applied in the field.
Table 3: Gross nutrient production in manure and feed efficiency.
N P K
Nutrients in manure,
kg/slaughter pig
6.9 2.4 2.8
Feed efficiency 0.39 0.25 0.12
Emissions of ammonia
Emissions of ammonia take place in animal housing, during manure storage. The
ammonia losses in the barn are calculated to be 14 % of the excreted nitrogen. If the
ventilation system has a filter to catch discharged ammonia and it is estimated that
approximately 75 % of the ammonia emission in the stable can be caught in the filter
and washed out as ammonium-sulphate and led into the slurry store. Thus, ammonia
emission in this case would be calculated to be 5 % of excreted N. The slurry is
stored in a well-covered tank. The ammonia losses are low from this storage system,
1 % of total nitrogen in the manure is estimated to be lost during the storing period.
Emissions of nitrous oxide
The manure is transported daily to the slurry tank, thus no losses of nitrous oxide in
the stable are calculated. IPCC (1997, 2000) gives emission factors for losses of
nitrous oxide during storing corresponding to 0.001 kg N2O-N/kg N in slurry (after
deduction for N emitted as ammonia). For estimations of indirect N2O emissions due
to deposit of ammonium, IPCC gives the EF of 0.01 kg N2O-N/kg NH4-N deposited.
So far, there is very little data behind this emission factor and due to the great
uncertainty, IPCC recommends this factor to be used rather than country-specific
data (IPCC 2000).
Emissions of methane
The discharges of methane due to enteric fermentation are 1.5 kg CH4/pig according
to IPCC (1997). Due to differences in the intensity as well as choice of slaughter
weight, the total life time of the slaughter pigs varies from 16.6 weeks/pig to about
44
23.7 weeks/pig and we use the higher figure for calculations (waste case always
applies). The emission of methane from manure storage is calculated according to
IPCC (1997):
Emission of CH4 = VS * Bo * 0.67 kg/m3 * MCF
VS stands for volatile solids excreted from animals. VS are 87 % of the dry
matter in the manure (Dustan 2002). The average dry matter of the slurry is
estimated to 8.8 % which has been recorded as an average for pig slurry.
Bo is the methane generation potential, IPCC (1997) suggests 0.45 CH4/kg
VS for swine; this factor was also suggested by Naturvårdsverket (2002).
MCF is the methane conversion factor. For slurry in hot climates, IPCC (1997)
suggested MCF to be 20 %.
Given the proposed production scenario at Stampried it is evident that there are
significant resources input into the system. Based on the first law of conservation of
energy the various input conversion pathways were followed and potentially the
following aspects emerged important for environmental management:
Waste water
Manure (major components being, N, P and K)
Gaseous emissions
Dead pigs carcasses
5.3. Pig housing design and environmental consideration
Key design aspects informed the risk assessment and included the following:
Slated floor design to allow solid waste to drop off the floor
Waste water collection, centrifugation and pumping to solid separation plant;
Piping contained in concrete lined drain lines that collect waste in the event of
leakages;
Very low water table;
Sandy loam soils;
Distance from sensitive receptors of 1 km plus.
45
Table 4: Overall risk assessment results.
46
6. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
6.1. Planning and Design
This section outlines how environmental considerations have informed and been
incorporated into the planning and design phases of the 1000 sow piggery project at
Stampried Farm as proposed by Roots Piggery (Pty) Ltd. The following design
related mitigation measures have been recommended to reduce the environmental
impacts and gave rise to the EMP that follows. This EMP has been structured so as
to provide its various intended recipients (Proponent, Environmental Control Officer,
Construction Contractors and Engineers) with mitigation measures immediately
applicable to their respective scopes of work. The management requirements for the
various recipients carrying out work for this project are divided according to the main
project phases.
47
Table 5: EMP: general environmental factors.
General environment
Activity:
Design and planning of the proposed piggery.
Design and planning of the wastewater management system.
Aspect
Inadequate planning and design of the piggery.
Inadequate design and planning of the wastewater management system.
Construction X
Project Phase Applicability Operation X
Decommissioning
Impact Description
Environmental
Objective
Management / Mitigation/ Monitoring
Measures
Monitoring
compliance and
reporting
Time frames Responsible
Party
Harm to watercourses due to
inadequate design
To prevent
harm to land /
soil and
watercourses
through
effective and
thorough
planning and
design, taking
the
environment
into
consideration.
Development planning, including storm
water and wastewater management, must
ensure that the construction and operation
of the piggery will not impact on the land or
watercourses.
Project engineers should compile a method
statement, outlining the construction
methodologies. Mitigation measures should
be included in this method statement that
must be approved by the ECO and be
available on site.
Proponent must
verify
implementation of
the mitigation
measures
proposed in this
EMP.
During the
Planning
Planning and
Design
Engineers,
Proponent
48
Soil and groundwater pollution
from effective containment of the
piggery wastewater and
irresponsible application of
wastewater sludge to land.
To ensure
effective design
of the
wastewater
system, in
order to ensure
no
environmental
harm occurs
when the
waste water
system
becomes
operational.
The wastewater management system
should be properly designed and installed
so that the piggery waste is effectively
removed from the houses.
• Plastic / geotechnical fabric lined holding
dams/ponds for wastewater (liquid fraction)
should be designed to contain the
maximum amount of wastewater that could
be stored at any given time.
Any eventualities resulting in land
application not being possible should be
taken into account when designing the
storage facilities.
The holding dam/pond must be lined with a 1.5mm HDPE liner or impermeable concrete floor.
The wastewater management system must be positioned so that it is not subject to flooding and must be situated above the 1:100 year flood line.
Overflow of the wastewater management system must be prevented.
Ensure sufficient freeboard to guarantee facility integrity during heavy rainfall events.
The solid fraction of the wastewater must be stored on an impermeable surface that is properly drained, with drains leading back to the separator.
Determining the amount of land required for
the effective and responsible application of
the wastewater sludge must take the
Proponent must
verify
implementation of
the mitigation
measures
proposed in this
EMP.
During the
design and
Planning of the
Wastewater
management
system.
Planning and
Design
Engineers,
Proponent
49
following into consideration:
Susceptibility to waterlogging, erosion and surface water runoff;
Climatic conditions (evapotranspiration, wind speed and rainfall);
The potential effect on surface and groundwater resources;
The nature of the crop or pasture to be irrigated;
Agricultural practices on the farm;
Soil properties, such as infiltration rate;
The quantity and quality of the wastewater;
Trace element loading (Cu, Zn and Cd); and
The maximum operational life of the application sites in terms of phosphorous sorption capacity and predicted salt accumulation (ARMCANZ/ANZECC, 1999).
It must be ensured that the soils where the
wastewater will be irrigated have the
following characteristics, or as many of
them as possible:
A structure that permits water penetration and air movement;
Adequate drainage;
Sufficient depth for crop root development;
Sufficient capacity to hold water for plant use between irrigations;
A moderate pH;
Nutrients in sufficient quantities to promote plant growth; and
50
Ease of cultivation. Suitable soils are generally deep, well
drained, well-structured soils with loam to
clay loam textures (ARMCANZ/ANZECC,
1999).
Land application rates must take into
consideration the following:
Wastewater salinity;
Wastewater nutrient content;
Wastewater pH;
Wastewater BOD;
Hydraulic loading;
Salt loading; and
Nutrient loading (P, N and K) (ARMCANZ/ANZECC, 1999).
Land application of wastewater should not
occur on land which is:
Waterlogged or saline;
Subject to flooding;
Sloping with inadequate groundcover;
A highly impermeable soil type; and
Rocky or highly erodible (ARMCANZ/ANZECC, 1999).
The following groundwater
factors must be considered
when designing the wastewater
irrigation system:
Groundwater quality;
Depth to the groundwater; and
The current and potential future uses of the groundwater (ARMCANZ/ANZECC,1999).
The following surface water factors must
51
be considered when designing the
wastewater irrigation system:
The distance to watercourses; and
Hydrological features such as drainage patters and catchment areas.
52
Activity: Construction activities for the establishment of a new piggery. Operational activities at the piggery.
Aspect: Lack of knowledge amongst workers and contractors in terms of the impact their actions may have on the environment.
Construction X
Project Phase Applicability Operation X
Decommissioning
Impact Description
Environmental Objective
Management / Mitigation/ Monitoring Measures
Monitoring compliance and reporting
Time frames Responsible Party
Harm to the environment in general (including pollution of soil and water resources, as well as harm to employees).
To prevent harm to the Environment due to lack of knowledge.
Compliance to the Environmental Clearance terms and conditions and Environmental Management Plan (EMP) must form part of agreements with all construction or operational phase contractors. The contractor is to ensure that all employees, including sub-contractors and their employees, attend onsite Environmental Awareness Training prior to commencing work onsite. Follow-up Environmental Awareness Training may be required from time to time as new subcontractors, crews or employees commence work or for specific activities that may potentially impact upon the environment. The contractor and facility manager is to maintain accurate records of any training undertaken. The Environmental Control Officer (ECO) shall monitor the contractor’s compliance
Construction Phase: ECO to verify implementation of the Mitigation measures proposed in this EMP. ECO to submit monthly compliance reports to the competent authority. Operational Phase: Regular site inspections. Internal audits against this EMP must be
During the construction and operational phases.
Construction Contractor, Facility Manager and ECO
53
with the requirement to provide sufficient environmental awareness training to all site staff. All construction workers shall be issued with ID badges and clearly identifiable uniforms. Training is to cover all aspects of the EMP and procedures to be followed.
conducted every 6 months and records kept onsite. Shortcomings must immediately be addressed.
54
Table 6:EMP: geology and soil fcators.
Geology and soils
Activity: Construction and operation of the new piggery. Stockpiling of topsoil and cleared vegetation. Site clearance. Replacement of topsoil and re-vegetation. Vegetation establishment as part of the rehabilitation.
Aspect: Soil erosion. Topsoil being exposed to the elements. Prolonged exposure of cleared areas. Poor topsoil replacement and establishment of vegetation. Unsatisfactory establishment of vegetation.
Construction X
Project Phase Applicability Operation X
Decommissioning
Impact Description
Environmental Objective
Management / Mitigation/ Monitoring Measures
Monitoring compliance and reporting
Time frames
Responsible Party
Exposure of soil to erosion. Erosion can lead to destruction of natural habitats and sedimentation of the proximate watercourses.
To prevent soil erosion subsequent sedimentation of proximate watercourses.
The contractor is to ensure that all reasonable measures are taken to limit erosion during the construction phase. All areas susceptible to erosion should be protected. Erosion protection measures include sand bags, cut-off drains and/or berms.
Do not allow erosion to develop to a large scale before taking action.
Existing roads and tracks should be used as far as possible.
Retain vegetation and soil in position as long as possible. It should only be removed immediately ahead of construction.
Remove only the vegetation essential for construction. No
Construction Phase: • ECO to verify implementation of the mitigation measures proposed in this EMP. ECO to submit monthly compliance reports to the competent authority. Operational Phase: Regular site inspections. Internal audits against this EMP must be conducted every 6 months and records kept onsite. Shortcomings should immediately be addressed.
During the construction phase.
Construction Contractor’ Facility Manager, and ECO
55
disturbance of adjoining vegetation should be allowed.
Colonisation of the disturbed areas should be monitored to ensure that vegetation cover is sufficient within one growing season. If not, the area has to be rehabilitated.
Storm water Management Measures should be implemented.
Degradation and loss of valuable resource (topsoil) due to exposure of topsoil to the weather elements.
To reduce the extent of exposure of topsoil in order to preserve and protect it as a resource.
Topsoil is to be stockpiled in discrete areas and retained for future landscaping. Any sub-soil or rocks removed should also be stockpiled separately and be used during rehabilitation. The length and steepness of the slopes should be minimised. If sterilisation of the topsoil has occurred during stockpiling, inorganic fertilisers can be used to supplement the soils before seeding of the areas takes place. Replace topsoil concurrent with construction, whenever possible. Cordon off areas under rehabilitation using danger tape or similar demarcation to prevent vehicular, pedestrian and livestock access. Aim to replace topsoil to its original depth. If there is not enough topsoil available from a particular soil zone, topsoil of a similar quality may be used to replace it. The suitability of substitute topsoil should be determined by a soil analysis and approved by the ECO.
Compacted soil should be ripped to ensure effective re-vegetation.
Work necessary additives, as indicated by the soil analysis, into the soil.
Construction Phase: ECO to verify implementation mitigation measures proposed in this EMP. ECO to submit monthly compliance reports to the competent authority. Operational Phase: Regular site inspections. Internal audits against this EMP must be conducted every 6 months and records kept onsite. Shortcomings should immediately be addressed.
During the construction and operational phases.
Construction Contractor, Facility Manager, and ECO
56
Re-vegetation by indigenous grass species.
If areas show no specific vegetation growth within three months, the areas shall receive additional topsoil, ripped to a depth of 100mm and re-planted.
Soil stabilising measures could include rotovating in straw bales (at a rate of 1
bale/20m²), applying mulching or brush packing, or creating windbreaks using brush or bales.
The site must have an adequate and effective storm water management system in place.
Storm water measures should be inspected on a regular basis in order to ensure that the structures are functional and not causing soil erosion.
Where necessary, place culverts underneath road foundations.
Vegetation establishment, as part of the rehabilitation cleared areas and the construction site, may not be effective and this may lead to erosion of bare areas.
To prevent erosion of bare areas ensuring vegetation establishment.
Re-vegetated areas should be continuously monitored to verify whether the vegetation is growing and covering bare areas. If areas show no specific vegetation growth within three months, areas must receive additional topsoil, ripped to a depth of 100mm and re-planted. Fertilisers can also be used to promote vegetation growth.
Construction Phase: ECO to verify implementation of the mitigation measures proposed in this EMP. ECO to submit monthly compliance reports to the competent authority. Operational Phase: Regular site inspections. Internal audits against this EMP must be conducted every 6 months and records Kept onsite. Shortcomings must immediately be addressed.
During the operational phase.
Facility Manager, ECO
57
Table 7: EMP: atmosphere and noise factors.
Atmosphere and Noise
Activity: • Construction activities of the piggery • Excavation activities, loading and offloading activities and vehicles travelling to and from the site. • Increased traffic to and from the site. • Operational activities on the piggery • Waste management on site
Aspect: • Release of emissions and odours from the piggery, mortalities and wastewater management system, and subsequent nuisance. • Dust generation • Generation of noise and nuisance
Construction X
Project Phase Applicability Operation X
Decommissioning
Impact Description
Environmental Objective
Management / Mitigation/ Monitoring Measures Monitoring compliance and reporting
Time frames
Responsible Party
Degradation of ambient air quality and nuisance due to odour Generation from the piggery, ammonia emissions, its Waste water management practices and mortality management. The generation of odours depends on the design of the piggery, the wastewater collection and disposal system as well as how the piggery is managed. The impact of any odours that are generated depends upon the topography and climate of the site, (Forestry, 2018). The main sources of odours at intensive piggery operations
To minimise atmospheric emissions, odour generation and the subsequent nuisance it causes.
Ventilation points on the piggery houses must be as high as possible so that the exiting gases enter the air column as high as possible.
Covering the wastewater collection pond can reduce odorous emissions. The released gas can also be captured as part of a bio-gas plant.
Spillages must be prevented.
Effective housekeeping and best management practices must be implemented.
Houses should be cleaned and maintained on a regular basis.
Drains and treatment systems should be well maintained.
Disposal of wastewater should be done in accordance with Directorate of Water Affairs
Construction Phase: ECO to verify implementation of the mitigation measures proposed in this EMP. ECO to submit monthly compliance reports to the competent authority. Operational Phase: Regular site inspections. Internal audits against this EMP must be conducted every 6 months and records kept onsite. Shortcomings must immediately be addressed.
During the construction and operational phases.
CC,FM,ECO
58
include the following: Poorly maintained pig houses; Inadequate housekeeping; and Inadequate or poorly maintained wastewater treatment systems, storage of wastewater and land application of wastewater and solids (ARMCANZ/ANZECC, 1999). Odours are also generated from the decomposition of manure and waste food at the piggery (www.daf.qld.gov.au/environment/intensive-livestock/piggeries/managing-environmental-impacts/odour). The main constituents of piggery wastewater that need to be considered from an environmental protection perspective include potassium, dissolved solids, sodium, ammoniacal compounds, organic matter, phosphorous and nitrogen from urine and faeces. The wastewater generally has elevated levels of volatile organic solids, nutrients and possibly salts and can also contain disinfectants used to wash the houses, veterinary chemicals and metals such as copper and zinc. The organic components are readily biodegradable (ARMCANZ/ANZECC, 1999). Toxic compounds in the wastewater sludge, such as heavy metals and pathogens, can,
guidelines.
Disposal of the liquid fraction on agricultural land should be avoided in adverse weather conditions (windy days).
Wind rows for drying the solid fraction should be located as far as possible from sensitive receptors.
Disposal of wastewater on agricultural land should be avoided on weekends and public holidays, as far as possible.
The following buffer zone is required to protect the public from possible vectors and odours: Application to land: >500m away from dwellings.
o The production of biogas from the wastewater slurry and its use in generating heat and/or electricity can reduce the greenhouse gas emissions per kg pig raised at the piggery, ( (Forestry, 2018).
o Ensure adequate ventilation of houses. o Keep wastewater drains clean. o Avoid ponding and irrigation with wastewater
slurry during wet conditions. o Avoid excessive build-up of manure within
the houses and below the floor area. o Regularly flush wastewater from the houses. o Plant trees around the piggery to act as
buffers. o A bio-digester is proposed for the disposal of
mortalities on the farm. Alternatively a mortality/compost pit can also be used.
o Mortalities must be stored in enclosed areas prior to being taken to the bio-digester or mortality/compost pit.
o The bio-digester or mortality/compost pit must be adequately designed and regularly maintained.
o It must be ensured that the capacity of the
59
however, also be detrimental to the environment. The proposed management of the piggery wastewater will include a deep pit flush system as described earlier in this report. Should any pipes within the system burst, the wastewater will enter into the main channel and from there into the collection sump. The entire system is a closed system and no wastewater can be released into the environment. The introduction of a separator stage will have the following benefits:
The N utilisation (% of total N) by crops of the liquid fraction is higher compared to application of raw, unseparated pig slurry (Birkmose, 2009). More of the liquid fraction is therefore considered to enter the soil, resulting in the generation of less odours following land application.
The storage of the separated liquid fraction in should also have a lower potential to produce persistent odours as the solid fraction has been removed. Also, as the liquid fraction should contain no solids/fibres, less crust should form in
bio-digester or mortality/compost pit is not exceeded.
o The bio-digester or mortality/compost pit
must be well managed and monitored. o The bio-digester or mortality/compost pit
must be located away from sensitive environmental receptors, including wetlands, rivers, streams and drainage lines.
o The design of the mortality/compost pit must ensure that water does not enter upstream of the pit. This can be achieved by locating the pit at or near the crest of a hill.
o The addition of Carbon to the mortality/compost pit is necessary to ensure that the required Carbon-Nitrogen ratio is present, allowing for optimal composting. Sawdust is the preferable source of Carbon. Straw can also be used.
o The composting process will be more efficient if the correct ingredients are placed in composting “bins” in the correct proportions, allowed to compost for a period of time (a minimum of three months from when the last mortality is placed in the bin) and then moved to a second bin for a secondary composting phase of at least three months. The composting bins can be constructed using large round or square bales of hay. The bales are placed end-to-end to create three-sided enclosures (bins). Two adjacent bins are required as a minimum. The bins must be constructed on top of a layer of at least 300mm of sawdust.
o Each mortality must be placed in the pit and covered with at least 300mm of sawdust or straw.
o Mortalities must be inspected daily and re-covered where necessary.
60
the ponds. o Any runoff from the pits should be contained and taken to the wastewater management system.
o Inform neighbours in advance of any maintenance activities that may lead to odour nuisance.
o The bio-digester or mortality/compost populations and odours.
o A complaints register should be kept onsite. The register must record the following:
o Date when complaint was received, name of person who reported the complaint, details of the complaint and when and how the concern was addressed.
Degradation of ambient air quality due to dust and exhaust emissions generation.
To minimise the impact of construction activities, excavation activities, loading and offloading activities and increased traffic to and from the site on the ambient air quality.
A dust automobile should be onsite to water down dusty roads.
Speed bumps and traffic signs should be erected to reduce speeding onsite.
A complaints register should be kept onsite. The register must record the following:
Date when complaint was received, name of person who reported the complaint,
Details of the complaint and when and how the concern was addressed.
Open areas should be re-vegetated. If the soil is compacted, it should be ripped, and fertilised.
Regular maintenance of vehicles and equipment should be undertaken.
Optimal engine combustion will allow for ‘cleaner’ exhaust emissions.
Construction Phase: ECO to verify implementation of the mitigation measures proposed in this EMP. ECO to submit monthly compliance reports to the competent authority. Operational Phase: Regular site inspections. Internal audits against this EMP must be conducted every 6 months and records kept onsite. Shortcomings must immediately be addressed.
During the construction and operational phases.
CC, FM, ECO
Noise According to Jorgensen & Johnson (1981), the noise levels created by general construction activities on a building site can reach levels of approximately 70 dB, caused by for instance heavy
To minimise noise generation on the site.
Activities that will generate the most noise should be scheduled during times of the day that will result in least disturbance to neighbours.
Site workers and contractors will adhere to the requirements of the Occupational
Construction Phase: ECO to verify implementation of the mitigation measures proposed in this EMP. ECO to submit monthly compliance reports to the
During the construction and operational phases.
CC, FM,ECO
61
machinery. It can therefore be assumed that the proposed development will have a negative impact on the environmental noise of the area once construction starts. Sound is inversely proportional to the distance from the source and can get absorbed by buildings and vegetation barriers. Noise intensities (dB) will be at their highest on site and will decrease as one moves away from their sources. The noise decline curve gives an indication of how noise generated at the site will decrease with distance. It gives an indication of the distance that the sound would have travelled upon reaching a level of 60 dB, prescribed by the SABS as being the acceptable limit for environmental noise. According to noise decline curve, at a distance of 27 metres from the construction site, the generated noise would have decreased to a level of 60 dB and at a distance of 45 metres it would have decreased to approximately 55dB. It can therefore be said that noise travelling further than 45 metres will have a low impact on neighbouring farms and residential areas. The distance to sensitive noise receptors (residences) is more than 45 metres in all cases.
Health and Safety standards stipulated in the Labour Act regarding hearing protection and noise control measures.
Regular maintenance of vehicles, equipment and fans should be done.
Conveyors/augers should not be run when empty.
Working hours should be restricted to daylight hours.
No sound amplification equipment such as sirens, loud halers or hooters are to be used on site except in emergencies.
No amplified music is permitted on site.
If work is to be undertaken outside normal work hours, permission must be obtained from the ECO and the facility manager.
No noisy work is to be conducted over the weekends or on public holidays.
Unnecessary disturbance of the pigs should be avoided. This will ensure that the pigs are not excessively noisy.
Vehicles travelling to and from the site during night time hours must be kept to a minimum.
A complaints register should be kept onsite. The register must record the following:
Date when complaint was received, name of person who reported the complaint, details of the complaint and when and how the concern was addressed.
competent authority. Operational Phase: Regular site inspections. Internal audits against this EMP must be conducted every 6 months and records kept onsite. Shortcomings must immediately be addressed.
62
During the operational phase, noise will be generated by the Ventilation equipment, transport vehicles and the pigs themselves. Noise levels at the piggery should not exceed 55dB during daytime hours and 45dB during night time hours. Increased noise levels during the operational phase can be caused by the animals, when they are unsettled, disturbed or excited. For example, pigs that are fed at designated times during the day become excited when the feed cart approaches. At the proposed piggery, the pigs will have permanent access to feed and will therefore not routinely become excited during the day. The piggery houses will be solidly constructed and will largely contain noise generated by the pigs.
63
Table 8: EMP: soil, surface water, storm water and groundwater factors.
Soil, surface water, storm water and groundwater
Activity:
The handling, storage, mixing and disposal of cement and concrete.
The cleaning of equipment and construction areas.
Handling, storage and disposal of general, domestic and hazardous waste.
Installation and use of ablution facilities.
Storage and handling of hazardous chemical substances including fuel, greases and oils.
Vehicle and equipment maintenance and fueling.
Construction and operation of the piggery, its wastewater management system and mortality management system.
Storm water runoff on site.
Management of the solid wastewater fraction.
Aspect:
Concrete and cement spillage.
Generation and runoff of contaminated wash water.
Poor waste management.
Unsanitary conditions on site.
Poor management and spills of hazardous chemical substances including fuel, greases and oils.
Leaking and/or spilling of fuels, greases and oils.
Inadequate construction and management of the piggery, its wastewater management system and mortality management system.
Contamination of clean runoff water.
Poor containment and management of the solid wastewater fraction.
Construction X
Project Phase Applicability Operation X
Decommissioning
Impact Description
Environmental Objective
Management / Mitigation/ Monitoring Measures Monitoring compliance and reporting
Time frames
Responsible Party
Soil and surface water pollution as a result of spillage, improper handling, storage, mixing or disposal of cement and concrete.
To prevent pollution of soil and surface water.
Cement may only be mixed on an impermeable surface (not bare soil).
Dry cement must be removed from the soil surface to prevent an impermeable layer forming on top of the soil. The cement must be disposed of with building rubble.
Construction Phase: ECO to verify implementation of the mitigation measures
During the construction phase.
CC, FM, ECO
64
Ready-mix trucks are not permitted to clean chutes onsite. Cleaning into foundations
or a dedicated cleaning pit is permitted.
Bricklayers and plasterers are to minimise any cement spill or runoff in their work area.
They also have to ensure that the work area is cleaned of all cement spillage at the
end of each workday.
Both used and unused cement bangs are to be stored in weatherproof containers so
as not to be affected by rain or runoff.
Soil contaminated by cement or concrete, including residue produced by the washing
of cavities, are to be removed immediately after the spillage has occurred and disposed of appropriately.
Measures must be taken to prevent dirty water (wash water) from contaminating a watercourse. Water has to be contained by excavations or berms.
Should a concrete batching plant be required, the following measures should be implemented:
Concrete may only be mixed in designated and demarcated areas.
The batching plant must be erected on a compacted earth platform.
The batching plant must be sited within a bund wall.
Storm water must be diverted around the batching plant.
Any concrete spillages must be removed by the contractor and disposed of at a
licensed disposal site.
After use, all waste remaining at the batching plant must be removed and
disposed of at a licensed disposal site.
proposed in this EMP. ECO to submit monthly compliance reports to the competent authority. Operational Phase: Regular site inspections. Internal audits against this EMP must be conducted every 6 months and records kept onsite. Shortcomings must immediately be addressed.
Soil and surface water pollution through contaminated wash water.
To prevent soil and surface water pollution.
No vehicles are permitted to be washed on site.
A dedicated, temporary cleaning area (such as a plastic lined pit, plastic or metal drums located close
Construction Phase: ECO to verify implementation of
During the construction and
Construction contractor
65
to a water point) is to be identified to facilitate washing of cement and painting equipment.
No wastewater/wash water may be disposed of on site, onto the soil or into any water body.
Runoff form the washing activities is to be contained against the building by excavations of berms around the foundations.
the mitigation measures proposed in this EMP. ECO to submit monthly compliance reports to the competent authority. Operational Phase: Regular site inspections. Internal audits against this EMP must be conducted every 6 months and records kept onsite. Shortcomings must immediately be addressed.
operational phases.
Facility Manager ECO
Soil, surface water and groundwater pollution due to poor waste management including biological waste generated on-site).
To prevent soil, surface water and groundwater pollution.
Building waste must be disposed of at a landfill site.
Sufficient waste bins, skips or bulk containers should be installed. Containers must be available on site at all times.
All containers (bins, skips and bulk containers) must be kept clean and hygienic.
Containers (bins, skips and bulk containers) utilised for the disposal of general and hazardous waste must be demarcated accordingly.
Waste material may only be temporarily stored in areas demarcated for such storage.
General waste must be stored in a manner that prevents the harbouring of pests.
Construction Phase: ECO to verify implementation of the mitigation measures proposed in this EMP. ECO to submit monthly compliance reports to the competent authority.
During the construction and operational phases.
CC, FM,ECO
66
General waste should always be stored or disposed of separately from hazardous
waste.
Skips or bulk containers should be removed to a licensed landfill site on a weekly basis or more often if required. No build-up of waste is permitted onsite.
A waste management plan should be implemented. The waste management plan should consider the type of waste, description, source, storage, disposal method, disposal facility and responsible person.
No incineration of any kind of waste will be permitted onsite.
The facility should be fenced off in order to ensure high health herd status.
Strict biosecurity measure should be employed. Such measures include:
o Limit nonessential access and traffic to the farm. o Clean and disinfect livestock and feed haulers. o Keep a record of all visitors and deliveries. o Have one combined entrance and exit. o Provide disinfectant and appropriate footwear. o Implement policies with regards to visiting livestock
facilities. o Take precaution when buying livestock, feed and
equipment. o Prevent contact between healthy and sick animals. o Implement pest control measures. o Prevent contact between livestock and waste
generated on the site.
The piggery should consist of platforms in which specific categories of pigs are housed.
Animal housing should have slatted floors that capture waste in a sealed slurry store facility of 50 – 60cm deep with a storage capacity of at least 28 days.
All slurry receiving and conducting canals should be concrete canals with flow regulators.
The concrete slurry collection pit to which slurry is
Operational Phase: Regular site inspections. Internal audits against this EMP must be conducted every 6 months and records kept onsite. Shortcomings must immediately be addressed.
67
fed should have an additional 10 days collection capacity.
The liquid fraction that will be applied to agricultural land should be handled in accordance with DWA recommended guidelines.
Soil, surface water and groundwater pollution due to unsanitary conditions onsite.
To prevent soil, surface water and groundwater pollution.
Sufficient ablution facilities shall be provided – minimum of 1 toilet per 30 workers.
Ablution facilities must be on impermeable surfaces and at least 50m from wetlands, drainage lines or places where storm water may accumulate.
The location of the ablution facilities is to be approved by the ECO prior to site establishment, but shall be located within 100m of any work point.
Ablating anywhere other than in the toilets shall not be allowed.
Ablution facilities are to be secured.
The contractor shall ensure that no chemicals and/or waste form the ablution facilities are spilled on the ground at any time.
Ablution facilities are to be serviced weekly or more frequently if required.
Contents are to be removed from site on a regular basis.
Ablution facilities should be inspected and maintained to prevent and minimise blockage and leakages.
Toilets should have properly closing doors and be supplied with toilet paper.
Awareness of the importance of proper hygiene should be created among employees.
The septic tank should be cleaned and de-sludged at least once a year.
Construction Phase: ECO to verify implementation of the mitigation measures proposed in this EMP. ECO to submit monthly compliance reports to the competent authority. Operational Phase: Regular site inspections. Internal audits against this EMP must be conducted every 6 months and records kept onsite. Shortcomings must immediately be addressed.
During the construction and operational phases.
CC, FM, ECO
Soil, surface water and groundwater pollution due to poor management and accidental spills of hazardous chemical substances including fuel, greases and oils used onsite.
To present soil, surface water and groundwater pollution by hazardous
Identify all hazardous chemical substances used onsite including fuel, greases and oils.
Obtain the material safety data sheet of each of the hazardous chemical substances.
Ensure that the material safety data sheets have
Construction Phase: ECO to verify implementation of the mitigation measures
During the construction and operational phases.
CC, FM, ECO
68
chemical substances.
sufficient information to enable the user to take the necessary measures to protect his/her health and safety and that of the environment.
Material Safety Data Sheets for all hazardous chemical substances must be readily available on site.
Keep a stock inventory register of all chemicals in the store.
Powders must be stored above liquids.
Proper storage of chemicals in a lockable, well ventilated building.
Use chemicals with low toxicity and low water contamination potential, as far as possible.
Ensure adequate access control for the storage area.
Storage areas for hazardous chemicals are to comply with standard fire regulations.
Safety signage including “No Smoking”, “No Naked Lights” and “Danger”, and product identification signs, are to be clearly displayed in areas housing chemicals.
Appropriate equipment to deal with emergency spill incidents is to be readily available on site. This includes fire extinguishers, spill kits for hydrocarbon spills, drip trays for equipment and/or machinery leaks, drums or containers for contaminated water.
Chemicals are to be properly labelled and handled in a safety conscious manner.
All personnel handling hazardous chemicals and hazardous materials are to be issued with the appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).
Ensure that diesel/fuel tanks are in a bunded area with capacity of holding 110% of the total storage volume.
The removal of only the daily-required amount of chemicals to be used from the shed.
If refuelling on site or from drums, the ground must be protected and dispensing equipment is to be used i.e. hand pumps and funnels. Drums may
proposed in this EMP. ECO to submit monthly compliance reports to the competent authority. Operational Phase: Regular site inspections. Internal audits against this EMP must be conducted every 6 months and records kept onsite. Shortcomings must immediately be addressed.
69
not be tipped to dispense fuel.
Use of drip trays during filling of machinery or equipment. Drip trays should be emptied into secondary containers on a regular basis.
Ensure that any spilled chemical cannot exit the designated storage area by constructing a berm or bump at the exit, or store chemicals in a spill tray.
Immediately clean all spillage of fuels, lubricants and other petroleum based products.
The contaminated material must be disposed of in accordance with the management procedure.
No hazardous chemical must be discarded in the sewage or storm water system.
Train staff on the use of chemicals in accordance with the risks as described in the material data sheets.
Soil contaminated with hazardous chemical substances shall be treated as hazardous waste and removed from site.
Soil, surface water and groundwater pollution due to the incorrect management of the solid fraction of wastewater on site. Nuisance due to management of the solid fraction.
To prevent soil, surface and groundwater pollution and Nuisance as a result of poor management of the solid wastewater fraction.
The solid fraction of the piggery wastewater may only be temporarily stored in designated areas, on impermeable surfaces.
The temporary storage must occur in such a manner as to prevent the harbouring of pests. The composting process must occur on a bunded area of land that is impermeable.
No wastewater from the composting area may be discharged or allowed to run into the environment or into any drainage lines or other water systems.
A collection pit/sump must be installed to contain any runoff from the composting area.
The captured water can be re-used to moisten the compost piles.
Manage every active compost pile such that the initial carbon to nitrogen ratio is at least 25:1. The ideal C:N ratio is between 25:1 and 30:1.
Any solid or liquid waste generated at the facility, including contaminated products and process
Construction Phase: ECO to verify implementation of the mitigation measures proposed in this EMP. ECO to submit monthly compliance reports to the competent authority. Operational Phase: Regular site inspections. Internal audits
During the operational phase.
SM
70
residuals that cannot be processed at the facility must be stored in such a manner as to prevent water pollution and amenity impacts.
The quantities of incoming and processed organics must not exceed the design requirements of the storage and processing areas.
All organic compost intended for use as fertilisers must be registered with MAWF and meet all the necessary requirements as per the Regulations Regarding Fertilisers and Farm remedies, including
any other amended version(s) thereof.
No incineration of any kind of waste will be permitted onsite.
Implement a surface- and groundwater monitoring programme.
against this EMP must be conducted every 6 months and records kept onsite. Shortcomings must immediately be addressed.
71
Table 9: EMP: biosecurity factors.
Biosecurity
Activity Operation of the piggery
Aspect The attraction of flies, mice and rats to the piggery. The use of vaccines at the piggery.
Construction X
Project Phase Applicability Operation X
Decommissioning
Impact Description
Environmental Objective
Management / Mitigation/ Monitoring Measures
Monitoring compliance and reporting
Time frames Responsible Party
Flies, mice and rats can carry infectious vectors that are detrimental to the health of pigs. Flies are attracted to moist and decaying organic matter. A risk exists of fly populations increasing in the vicinity of the piggery.
To prevent the attraction of lies to the piggery and the harbouring of pests such as mice and rats.
Mortalities must be removed from the houses on a daily basis.
The feed storage and distribution systems must be designed and maintained in a manner that deters the presence and breeding of vermin.
Attention to effective sanitation at the piggery will minimise the area where flies can rest and breed.
Regular flushing of the wastewater from the houses will minimise fly breeding.
Regularly clean the feeding areas and collect wasted feed. This will prevent the attraction of flies to the piggery.
Construction Phase: ECO to verify implementation of the mitigation measures proposed in this EMP. ECO to submit monthly compliance reports to the competent authority. Operational Phase: Regular site inspections. Internal audits against this EMP must be conducted every
During the operational phase.
FM
72
6 months and records kept onsite. Shortcomings must immediately be addressed.
Potential injury to employees working with biological waste. Biological or bio-hazard waste includes syringes for vaccines.
To ensure the correct handling and management of biological waste.
The collection and disposal of biological waste must be conducted in a responsible manner, in conjunction with a consulting veterinarian. Recognised safe storage equipment/containers must be used for the collection of this waste. Awareness must be created amongst employees on the safe placing of this material into the designated containers.
Construction Phase: ECO to verify implementation of the mitigation measures proposed in this EMP. ECO to submit monthly compliance reports to the competent authority. Operational Phase: Regular site inspections. Internal audits against this EMP must be conducted every 6 months and records kept onsite. Shortcomings must immediately be addressed.
During the operational phase.
FM
Unauthorised access to the site, via foot or vehicles, as well as the entry of other animals into the biosecurity zone of the piggery can
To ensure that there is no unauthorised access to the
A security fence must be erected around the piggery.
Access to the piggery must be
Construction Phase: ECO to verify implementation of
During the operational phase.
FM
73
compromise its biosecurity buffer.
site. controlled via one access point.
Access to the property itself must also be controlled.
Entrance gates must be manned during operational hours and locked outside of operational hours.
Access to the premises should only be by prior arrangement.
The condition of the fence around the piggery must be inspected every six months.
the mitigation measures proposed in this EMP. ECO to submit monthly compliance reports to the competent authority. Operational Phase: Regular site inspections. Internal audits against this EMP must be conducted every 6 months and records kept onsite. Shortcomings must immediately be addressed.
Death of pigs at the piggery, including mass mortalities and the potential spread of the disease to other farms.
To ensure that any outbreak of disease is contained and does not spread to neighbouring farms or further afield.
Should there be an outbreak of disease at the piggery, the cause or source of the
disease should be identified as soon as possible, in consultation with a veterinarian.
Neighbouring landowners should be informed of the outbreak.
The diseased animals should be separated/isolated and treated (when possible).
Sealable containers must be used for mortalities.
Construction Phase: ECO to verify implementation of the mitigation measures proposed in this EMP. ECO to submit monthly compliance reports to the competent authority. Operational
During the operational phase.
FM
74
Inform the relevant state department of the outbreak.
Bait stations should be used for rodent control and can also be used for fly control.
Bait stations must be placed where they cannot be reached by the pigs. They must
be placed where rodents and flies are active and should have sufficient levels of bait.
Emergency plans/procedures must be developed to deal with outbreaks of diseases.
Mass mortalities must be managed in a responsible manner, in consultation with a
Veterinarian.
Phase: Regular site inspections. Internal audits against this EMP must be conducted every 6 months and records kept onsite. Shortcomings must immediately be addressed.
75
Table 10: EMP: resource usage factors.
Resource Usage
Activity Usage of resources, such as electricity and water (groundwater).
Aspect Inefficient and redundant use of valuable resources (electricity and groundwater).
Construction X
Project Phase Applicability Operation X
Decommissioning
Impact Description
Environmental Objective
Management / Mitigation/ Monitoring Measures
Monitoring compliance and reporting
Time frames Responsible Party
Wastage or depletion of valuable resources (electricity and groundwater) due to inefficient or redundant usage.
To prevent the wastage or depletion of valuable resources (electricity and groundwater).
Ensure that all employees have been informed of the importance of natural resources (proper environmental training and awareness).
Regular site inspection by supervisors should be conducted.
Inspect operations regularly to determine areas of improvement with regards to resource consumption.
Regular maintenance and inspection of equipment such as hose pipes to prevent leaks.
Monitor resource consumption especially water.
Identify areas where resource consumption can be minimised.
Set targets to minimise resource consumption.
Identify and implement technologies and practices that may reduce resource consumption.
Construction Phase: ECO to verify implementation of the mitigation measures proposed in this EMP. ECO to submit monthly compliance reports to the competent authority. Operational Phase: Regular site inspections. Internal audits against this EMP must be conducted every 6 months and records kept
During the construction and operational phases.
CC, FM, ECO
76
Regular inspection and maintenance of all boreholes, tanks, reservoirs, toilets, water pipes, valves and taps should be conducted.
Leaking tanks, reservoirs, taps, toilets and pipes must be repaired immediately.
Running water taps and pipes may not be left unattended.
All pipe, hose and tap connections are to be fitted with correct and appropriate plumbing fittings.
The quantity of groundwater abstracted on a daily basis must be metered or gauged. Records must be kept of all abstractions.
The recommended groundwater abstraction rates should be adhered to, to ensure sustainable use of the resource.
It is advised that water level monitoring is conducted on the boreholes used for the piggery as well as any surrounding boreholes.
All measuring devices must be properly maintained, must be in good working order and must be easily accessible. This shall include a programme of checking, calibration and/or renewal of measuring devices.
Electricity
Houses should face north for optimal temperature control within the houses.
Save electricity by turning off lights
onsite. Shortcomings must immediately be addressed.
77
and computers when not in use.
Energy saving light bulbs should be used.
The flow of wastewater through the wastewater management system should be by gravity flow, rather than pumps, as far as possible.
78
Table 11: EMP: infrastructure factors.
Infrastructure
Activity Increased traffic frequency on road infrastructure during construction activities. Increased traffic on road infrastructure during operation of the piggery (loading and offloading of pigs and feed).
Aspect Wear of access roads and insufficient vehicle inspections. Visibility of the piggery to adjacent land owners.
Construction X
Project Phase Applicability Operation X
Decommissioning
Impact Description
Environmental Objective
Management / Mitigation/ Monitoring Measures
Monitoring compliance and reporting
Time frames Responsible Party
Wear of access roads, accidents on access roads, unpermitted transport of pigs and loss of pigs being transported on access roads.
To minimise the impact of the increase in traffic on access roads to the site.
Ensure that all construction vehicles using access roads are roadworthy.
All loads are to be securely fastened when being transported.
All vehicles are to adhere to the tonnage limitation and acquire a permit as required.
All speed limits and other traffic regulations on the roadways must be adhered to.
Safety signage should be erected along the construction site.
Construction Phase: ECO to verify implementation of the mitigation measures proposed in this EMP. ECO to submit monthly compliance reports to the competent authority. Operational Phase: Regular site inspections. Internal audits against this EMP must be conducted every
During the Construction and operational phase.
CC, FM, ECO
79
6 months and records kept onsite. Shortcomings must immediately be addressed.
Visual impact upon receptors surrounding the piggery, including adjacent land owners. The residential dwellings of all adjacent properties are further than 2km from the four alternative sites.
To minimise the visual impact of the piggery on receptors in the vicinity of the site.
Trees should be planted around the periphery of the piggery, outside of the piggery fence, to reduce the visibility of the piggery to receptors in the vicinity of the piggery.
Directional lighting can be used at the piggery, but must be directed inwards (towards the piggery) and not outwards towards the neighbouring properties.
No high floodlights may be erected at the piggery.
Construction Phase: ECO to verify implementation of the mitigation measures proposed in this EMP. ECO to submit monthly compliance reports to the competent authority. Operational Phase: Regular site inspections. Internal audits against this EMP must be conducted every 6 months and records kept onsite. Shortcomings must immediately be addressed.
During the construction and operational phase.
CC, FM, ECO
CC – Construction Contractor; FM – Facility Manager; ECO – Environmental Control Officer
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CLOSURE PHASE
Decommissioning of the piggery is not anticipated for the foreseeable future. Should
the piggery be decommissioned, a detailed closure and rehabilitation plan will be
submitted to the Ministry prior to decommissioning.
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7. CONCLUSION
The construction of a 1000 sow piggery facility at Stampried Farm in the Hardap
Region has negative environmental impacts. The EIA study findings showed
negative environmental impacts to the environment to varying degrees depending on
the nature of the activity and impacts arising thereof. The key impact identified relate
to the following categories:
Resource use and specifically water given that the area relies on lots on
groundwater while the project utilizes a lot of water for both drinking and
waste management.
Solid and liquid waste, the planned facility generates large quantities of
nutrient rich (N, P, K) solid and liquid waste which if not management properly
can pollute the environment (soil, groundwater and air) with serious resultant
environmental impacts.
Management and corrective measures were formulated and implementation
timelines proposed depending on the gravity of threat to human life and the
environment. The identified impacts, mitigation and monitoring activities, indicators,
responsible parties and monitoring frequency are indicated in the EMP. The EMP
should form the obligatory conditions upon which the EIA clearance certificates will
be issued and non-compliance attracts prosecution. The EMP should be
implemented throughout the project lifecycle and an Environmental Management
System formulated and implemented based on the EIA study findings. Environmental
monitoring and performance evaluations should be conducted and targets for
environmental improvement set and monitored throughout the project lifespan. It is
also our determination that the findings should be incorporated earlier and sound
SHE policies and supportive programmes implemented.
82
Works Cited Forestry, D. o. (2018). Livestock Piggeries: Management of Environemntal Impacts: odour.
Queensland: (www.daf.qld.gov.au/environment/intensive livestock/piggeries/managing-
environmental-impacts/odour).
Jeroen van der Bergh, V. a. (April, 1999). Spatial sustainability, trade and indicators: An evaluation of
the ecological footprint. Research gate volume 29, 61-72.
Mathis Wackernagel, L. O. (1997). Ecological footprints of nations. Mexico: Universidad Anahuac de
Xalapa Apdo.
83
Annex 1: Risk assessment model results
84
Annex 2: Background information and invitation to participate
document
BACKGROUND AND INVITATION TO PARTICIPATE DOCUMENT (BID)
FOR
A PIGGERY PROJECT AT STAMPRIED FARM, STAMPRIET, HARDAP REGION.
PROPONENT: STAMPRIED FARM
DECEMBER 2018
PREPARED BY
Number 34 Old Power Station Building, Windhoek, Namibia. Cell Number: +264 812 683 578
E.Mail Add: [email protected]
85
PROJECT DETAILS
TITLE BACKGROUND AND INVITATION TO PARTICIPATE
DOCUMENT
AUTHORS OUTRUN CONSULTANTS CC
CLIENT STAMPRIED FARM
REPORT STATUS FINAL BID REPORT
DATE DECEMBER 2018
AUTHORISED SIGNATURE: __________________________________________
JOSIAH T. MUKUTIRI LEAD CONSULTANT / ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
PRACTITIONER
86
1. PURPOSE OF THE DOCUMENT AND CONTENTS
The purpose of this Background Information Document (BID) is to provide
stakeholders with the opportunity to register as Interested and Affected Parties
(I&APs) in the scoping exercise for the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Study for a piggery project at Stampried Farm. We will share with you the process
being followed and also obtain your initial comments on the project. The document
also gives you information on the benefits of the proposed project, potential impacts
of the project and proposed environmental studies needed. Further to that we
advise you on how you can become involved in the project, raise concerns which
you may have or receive information which may be of interest to you. This is the core
of public participation during the EIA process. Information sharing is the cornerstone
of successful Public Participation and your input will help ensure that all potential
issues are taken into consideration before critical decisions are made.
2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The applicant, Stampried Farm (Pty) Ltd plans to embark on a piggery project at
Stampriet, Hardap Region. The piggery facilities will be set up to accommodate one
thousand sows at any one time. This is an intensive large scale activity making it a
prescribed activity under the Environmental Management Act (2007) and requires
environmental clearance before implementation. It is against this background that
an independent environmental consultant, Outrun Consultants cc was contracted by
the Proponent to carry out the EIA study and apply for an environmental clearance
certificate.
2.1. Terms of Reference The proponent, (Stampried Farm Pty Ltd) hired Outrun Consultants CC to carry out
an Environmental Impact Assessment Study for the piggery project in Hardap
Region. The EIA process will consist of two phases, the scoping phase and the
detailed EIA phase.
2.1.1. Activities planned for the scoping phase The scoping process undertaken includes the following activities:
87
Policy and legislation relevant to construction and operation of a pig production
facility.
Description of the proposed project
Description of the affected environment
The public participation process
A detailed description of the potential impacts associated with the proposed
project
Evaluation of the significance of the potential impacts
Submission of the final scoping report to MET: DEA for consideration and
decision making.
2.1.2. Project Location
Figure 4: Stampried Farm locality Map. Source: Own map.
3. PROPOSED STUDIES
a. Biodiversity Study A biodiversity study is necessary given that vegetation will be destroyed
during land clearing to make way for the construction of the pigster and
other associated infrastructure.
88
b. Waste management A huge amount of organic solid and liquid waste will be generated daily
and this warrants a study on the handling and management of waste.
c. Assessment Of Alternatives
i. No-Go Option The “no-go” option means maintaining the status quo. This option will be
explored to assess the implications of not implementing the project.
ii. Sites Sites within the project that pose minimal impact on the environment will
be chosen for putting up the infrastructure. Similarly access routes will be
assessed and those with minimal environmental impacts chosen.
iii. Technological Alternatives There are different technologies available that are used in waste
management and environmental monitoring. The various options will be
explored and appropriate recommendations made for the sustainability of
the project.
89
4. THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCESS
An EIA is the process of identifying, predicting, evaluating and mitigating
the biophysical, social, health and other relevant effects of development
projects prior to major decisions being taken and commitments made.
The objectives of the EIA will be to:
Provide you with adequate information to understand the potential
environmental and socio-economic impacts of the proposed project
and opportunities to comment on the project and the process.
Provide information that will assist the consultants to incorporate
effective mitigation measures into the design and implementation of
the project.
Provide the regulatory authorities with sufficient information to
serve as a basis for sound decision making.
a. Project elements to be covered by the EIA.
The EIA will cover the following elements:
Planning and design;
Construction;
Operation and maintenance;
90
PHASE 1: SCOPING
Determine scoping of EIA
Policy, regulatory review
Desk review of previous studies
Reconnaissance site visit
Scoping workshop
Draft scoping report with terms of reference & work plan for phase 2
PHASE 2: Environmental Impact
Aseessment
Biophysical, Socio-economic and Specialist Studies
Impact Assessment
Mitigation Plan
Draft EIA Report
Decision making
Implementation
On-going consultations
Including Public Meetings
Public Consultation & Disclosure
Includes community consultation
& Public Meeting
Draft Public Consultation &
Disclosure Plan (PCDP)
Development not approved Environmental
Impact Assessment
Development not approved
Development approved
Figure 5: The EIA process that will be followed. Figure 6: The EIA process to be followed.
91
b. Scope Of The Work
The EIA will focus on the issues related to biodiversity-land clearing,
waste management (solid and liquid), operation and management of the
piggery. The EIA will be done in 2 phases (See Figure.2).
PHASE 1 – SCOPING
It is a formal requirement during the EIA process to carry out a scoping
study and this is in-line with the Namibian Environmental Management
Act (2007). The purpose of this study is to direct the assessment on the
key issues for assessment and at the same time eliminate those that do
not require detailed intensive studies.
Scoping Activities
Consultations with key stakeholders, government
departments etc.
Advertising and carrying out public meetings.
Distribution of project information to the public.
Producing draft scoping report.
Gathering public comments on draft scoping report.
Submission of final scoping report to Ministry of Environment
& Tourism (MET).
92
PHASE 2
Issues that are raised during the scoping study will be used to develop
terms of reference for specialist studies. Experts within the Consultancy
Team will be assigned to carry out the specialist studies. The results from
the specialist studies will be incorporated into the Draft EIA report.
c. Draft EIA Report The draft EIA report will reflect all the identified issues, mitigation
measures and the proposed environmental management plan. The draft
EIA document will be made available to the public for comments on issues
of interest and can also raise any concerns they may feel require further
attention.
d. Legal Framework
The Namibian Government gazetted the Environmental Management Act
in 2007 and is supported by a set of guidelines and regulations. The EIA
process will follow the EIA Policy and the Environmental Management Act
& its regulations. The EIA will also take cognizance of applicable
international standards and guidelines, conventions and treaties.
5. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE PLAN
According to the Environmental Management Act (2007), public
participation forms an integral part of the EIA process. Adequate public
consultation is important to identify issues relevant to the project,
evaluating their significance and deciding measures to mitigate these
impacts. A public consultation plan has been developed in line with the
Environmental Management Act (2007) and seeks to achieve the following
objectives:
To ensure all stakeholders are included in the consultation and
disclosure process;
93
To ensure initial information disclosure about the project is
appropriate and understandable to the non-technical stakeholders
and the local population;
To ensure that adequate and timely information is provided to the
public;
To ensure that all stakeholders are given sufficient opportunity to
express their issues, concerns and opinions;
To ensure that stakeholders’ opinions and concerns influence
project decisions;
To ensure regular feedback is given to the public;
To ensure that effective communication will continue during the
construction and operational phases of the project;
Stampried Farm (Pty) Ltd and the Outrun Team are committed to active
and ongoing communication and consultation with all members of the
public with regards to the Piggery Project.
a. How you can be involved?
Attend public meetings that will be advertised in the press.
Contact the EIA consultants for further information.
Review the draft reports when you are invited to do so within the
timeframes provided.
Please ensure that you are registered on the project database by
providing your contact details to the EIA consultants. Registration will
ensure that you receive on-going communication about the EIA process,
meeting invitations, project updates and invitations to review the draft
reports.
94
STAMPRIED FARM PIGGERY PROJECT
REGISTRATION AND COMMENTS FORM
Please register me as an Interested and Affected Party (I&AP) to
receive ongoing communication about the EIA process and the
proposed project.
Table 12: IAP REGISTRATION AND COMMENTS FORM
Full name Contact Number Comment (s)
95
96
Annex 3: List of registered Interested and Affected Parties and
Neighbours’ questionnaires.
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
Annex 4: Advertisements and posters
110
Annex 5: EIA Practitioner’s details CONSULTANT’S PARTICULARS
CURRICULUM VITAE Mukutiri, Josiah Tonderai
Name of Firm
: Outrun Consultants CC (Formerly
Outrun Investments CC)
Full Name (s) : Josiah Tonderai Mukutiri
Position : Director
Date of Birth : 28 March 1976
Years with Firm/Entity : 12Years
Nationality : Zimbabwean
Permanent residence : Zimbabwe
Position in Company : Director
Detailed Tasks
assigned
: Compilation of Project Proposals,
BIDs, Carrying out Environmental
Impact Studies and compiling
Environmental Management Plans,
Managing Client Relationship, and
Carrying out feasibility studies, Project
Appraisal, Project Management and
Monitoring & Evaluation. Training and
facilitation, Project Management and
Coordination, Resource Mobilization
and Information Dissemination.
111
Education:
Years Institution Degree/Diploma
1 Year
3 Years
2 Years
City & Guilds of London Institute
University of Zimbabwe
Aldersgate College
Certificate in Quality
Assurance & Materials
Processing Solids
BSC Honours in Applied
Environmental Science
Master in Business
Administration
Employment Record:
2006 to date Outrun Investments CC, Windhoek, Namibia.
Position: Director – Conducting Impact studies and feasibility studies, data
collection, data analysis report writing, training, impact identification and analysis,
developing management plans, business plans, feasibility studies, Agronomy,
Developing training materials, facilitation, training needs assessment and
managing client relationship, Project Management and Coordination, Information
Dissemination.
2003 – 2006 University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
Position: Research and Teaching Assistant focusing environmental monitoring & management, impact studies and waste management & pollution control.
1997 – 1999 Broken Hill Proprietary (BHP) (Pty) Ltd, Selous, Zimbabwe
Position: Senior Process Controller responsible for production, quality control, safety, health and environmental management.
1995 - 1997 Zimbabwe Alloy Refinery Division (Pty) Ltd, Gweru, Zimbabwe
Position: Process Plant Controller responsible for production, quality control, safety, health and environmental management.
PREVIOUS ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN THE TARGET ENVIRONMENT
PROJECT TITLE: Training of 150 Rural Water Extension Officers for the MAWF – WASH
capacity building programme. Client: Ministry of Agriculture, Water & Forestry
Contact Person: CAVIN MWINGA Cell No.: +264 811 486 360
PROJECT TITLE: Feasibility Study and Environmental Impact Assessment for the
Establishment of Omaenene Business Park. Client: OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT COMPANY
(ODC). ODC is the infrastructure development arm for the Ministry of Trade and Industry
112
with a focus on Export Processing Zones (EPZ). CONTACT PERSON: PHILLIP NAMUNDJEBO
AND / OR REUBEN AMAAMBO
OTHER PROJECTS:
PROJECT TITLE: Feasibility Study and Business Plan, Environmental Impact Assessment and
Environmental Management Plan for the Establishment of a Dimension stone / Granite
Mine at Otjohorongo in Erongo Region - Namibia, (Four Mining Claims within an EPL).
Client: Ekungungu Trading CC
Contact Person: Lukas Sasamba Cell No.: +264 811 275 423
PROJECT TITLE: Environmental Impact Assessment and Management Plan for the
Installation of New Incinerators at Intermediate Hospital Katutura in Khomas Region.
Client: Ministry of Health & Social Services
Contact Person: Benjamin Ongeri Cell No.: +264 813 462 013
PROJECT TITLE: Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Management Plan for
the Establishment of a Lithium Mine and Processing Plant at Karibib in Erongo Region, (Eight
mining Claims within an EPL).
Client: LiCore Mining (Pty) Ltd
Contact Person: Gert Nell Cell No.: +264 812 945 895
LANGUAGE Speaking Reading Writing
English Very Good Very Good Very Good
Afrikaans Bad Not at all Not at all
German Not at all Not at all Not at all