Environmental Science 环境学 ( 双语 )

Prof. Ge YingNanjing Agricultural Univ

ersity

幸运 幸运 100'100'

Environmental ScienceEnvironmental Science

What is this measureWhat is this measure?

BeautifulBeautiful

Protect the environment Protect the environment

Concerning about plantsConcerning about plants

Planting trees 绿化造林

Efficient Efficient

朱晨蓉 设计

What is this term?

the undesirable materialsthe undesirable materials

may damage human healthmay damage human health

create unpleasant smellscreate unpleasant smells

related to human activities related to human activities

PollutantsPollutants严佳 设计

Sustainable development

• Central idea: we should use Central idea: we should use

resources (anything that is useful resources (anything that is useful

for creating wealth or improving for creating wealth or improving

our lives) in ways that do not our lives) in ways that do not

diminish them.diminish them.

Afterthought

• « 寂静的春天 », 1962.

Limit of growth ( 增长的极限 )

• Outlook of world developmentOutlook of world development

1972 model1972 model 1992 model1992 model

1972: Stockholm, Sweden

• United Nations Stockholm Conference United Nations Stockholm Conference on the Environmenton the Environment

• 人类环境宣言 Declaration on the HumDeclaration on the Human Environmentan Environment

• 确定每年的 6 月 5 日为世界环境日

World Environment Day• Established by the United Nations General Established by the United Nations General

Assembly at the Stockholm Conference in 1972Assembly at the Stockholm Conference in 1972

UNEP: UNEP: 联合国环境规划署联合国环境规划署

World Environment Day

• 2008 Slogan ( 主题 ):

“Kick the Habit! Towards a Low Carbon Economy”

“ 转变传统观念， 推行低碳经济” .

1983: WCED establishment

WCED: World Commission on EnvironmWCED: World Commission on Environment and Developmentent and Development ( 世界环境与发展委员会 )

1987: “Our Common Future”1987: “Our Common Future” 我们共同的未来

首次提出 sustainable developmentsustainable development

Sustainable development

Development that meets the needs oDevelopment that meets the needs of the present without compromising f the present without compromising the ability of future generations to mthe ability of future generations to meet their own needs.eet their own needs.

满足当代人的需求又不损害子孙后代满足其需满足当代人的需求又不损害子孙后代满足其需求能力的发展，这充分体现了求能力的发展，这充分体现了公平性、持续性公平性、持续性和共同性和共同性原则。原则。

1992: Rio, Brazil

• World summit on Environment and DeWorld summit on Environment and Developmentvelopment

• 里约环境与发展宣言 Rio Declaration on Rio Declaration on Environment and DevelopmentEnvironment and Development

• 21 世纪议程 Agenda 21Agenda 21

2002: Johannesburg, South Africa

• 约翰内斯堡可持续发展宣言 The JohannesburThe Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Developmentg Declaration on Sustainable Development

• 可持续发展的中心目标和根本需求：消除贫困、改变消费和生产方式、保护和管理经济与社会发展所需的自然资源

Sustainable development

• Key questions in environmental Key questions in environmental

science: Can development be science: Can development be

sustainable? How we can continue sustainable? How we can continue

improvements in human welfare improvements in human welfare

within the limits of the earth’s within the limits of the earth’s

natural resources? If so, how?natural resources? If so, how?

Sustainable development

• Does SD mean raising all the Does SD mean raising all the world’s people to the same level world’s people to the same level of consumption that North of consumption that North Americans and Europeans have? Americans and Europeans have?

• No. It means trying to raise the No. It means trying to raise the level of health, security, political level of health, security, political stability, and quality of life stability, and quality of life around the world.around the world.

For developing countries

• Improve living conditions: Improve living conditions:

housing, clean water, sanitation, housing, clean water, sanitation,

food, education, health care, food, education, health care,

transportationtransportation

Urbanization

Urbanization

Brazilia

Rio deJaneiro

SaoPaulo

ParanaCuritaba

BRAZIL

PARAGUAY

ARGENTINA

URUGUAY

ATLANTICOCEAN

City center

WorkersInterdistrict Direct FeederExpressRoute

Curitiba, BrasilCuritiba, Brasil

For developed countries

• Change the life styleChange the life style

• Reduce energy consumptionReduce energy consumption

• Reduce CO2 emissionReduce CO2 emission

Recycling

Recycling

For us

• Dr. David SuzukiDr. David Suzuki

a well-known Canadian scientist a well-known Canadian scientist and broadcasterand broadcaster

a world leader in sustainable a world leader in sustainable ecologyecology

• Nature ChallengeNature Challenge

Sustainable DevelopmentBalance among Economy, Society & Environment

Sustainable Development

EnvironmentMaterials & Energy

Emissions & Wastes

Economic System (including industry)

Economy

Goods & Services

Society

Earth’s Life-Support System Human Culturesphere

Air(atmosphere)

Water(hydrosphere)

Soil and rocks(lithosphere)

Life(biosphere)

Population Technology

Economics Politics

Traditionaldecision making

Environmental

Social Economic

© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning

Decision making in asustainable society

Social Economic

Environmental

SustainableSolutions

循环经济核心理念

Characteristic

Production emphasis

Natural resources

Resource productivity

Resource throughput

Resource typeemphasized

Resource fate

Pollution control

Guiding principles

UnsustainableEconomic Growth

Quantity

Not very important

Inefficient (high waste)

High

Nonrenewable

Matter discarded

Cleanup(output reduction)

Risk–benefitanalysis

EnvironmentallySustainableEconomic

Development

Quality

Very important

Efficient(low waste)

Low

Renewable

Matter recycled,reused, or composted

Prevention(input reduction)

Prevention andprecaution

Economics EnvironmentallySustainable

Economy(Eco-Economy)

Resource Useand Pollution

Ecology andPopulation

Reward (subsidize) earth-sustaining behavior

Penalize (tax and do not subsidize) earth-degrading behavior

Tax pollution and waste instead of wages and profits

Use full-cost pricing

Sell more services insteadof more things

Do not deplete naturalcapital

Live off income fromnatural capital

Reduce poverty

Reduce resource useand waste by refusing,reducing, reusing, andrecycling

Improve energyefficiency

Rely more onrenewable solar andgeothermal energy

Shift from a carbonbased economy to asolar–hydrogen basedeconomy

Mimic nature

Preserve biodiversity

Repair ecologicaldamage

Stabilize population by reducing fertility

Sunset Business Eco-Friendly Business

Coal mining

Oil production

Nuclear power

Energy-wasting motorvehicles

Mining

Throwaway products

Clearcut logging

Paper production

Conventional pesticideproduction

Unsustainable farming

Water well drilling

Conventional economics

Conventional engineering,design, and architecture

Business travel

Solar cell production

Hydrogen production

Fuel-cell production

Wind turbine production

Wind farm construction

Geothermal energyproduction

Production of energy-efficient fuel-cell cars,trucks, and buses

Conventional and electricbicycle production

Light-rail construction

Sustainable agriculture

Integrated pestManagement

Agriculture

Recycling, reuse, andcomposting

Soil conservation

Water conservation

Pollution prevention

Ecoindustrial design

Biodiversitymanagement andprotection

Ecological restoration

Disease prevention

Environmentalengineering, design,and architecture

Ecocity urban design

Environmental science

Environmentaleducation

Ecological economics

Environmentalaccounting

Strategy for sustainable development in China

• China’s Agenda 21

• 经济的可持续发展：保持国民经济持续、快速、健康发展，不断消除贫困，以相应的能力和条件来支持可持续发展

• 社会的可持续发展：努力实行计划生育，控制人口数量，提高人口素质和改善人口结构

• 资源与环境的可持续发展

Thank you!