environmental rehabilitation in a rapidly developing urban area

8/8/2019 Environmental Rehabilitation in a Rapidly Developing Urban Area

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Global EnvironmentFacility

United NationsDevelopment Programme

United Nat ions Of ce orProject Services

Partnerships i nEnvironmental Management

or the Seas o East Asia

Environmental Rehabilitation in aRapidly Developing Urban Area

Decades ago, Xiamen pursued economic developmentwith little regard or the environment. Capture shersused destructive and illegal shing methods. Fisheriesstocks were overexploited. Causeways rom XiamenIsland to the mainland (Gaoqi-Jimei) and across themouths o Xinglin Bay, Maluan Bay, and Yuandang Baybuilt rom the 1950s to the 1970s restricted natural waterand silt ow. In 1955-2005, 122 km 2 o sea or 7.5 percento Xiamens current land area, were reclaimed primarily

rom the West Sea and Tongan Bay. Beach sand wasillegally taken rom the storm-vulnerable east coast o Xiamen Island to support the booming constructionindustry. Marine aquaculture rapidly increased sincethe 1980s and intensi ed with new technology in themid-1990s. It covered nearly hal o the sea area by 2001.

Wastes rom coastal aquaculture ponds and excreta andexcess eeds rom sh cages polluted the sea. Nearlyall domestic and industrial wastewater was dischargedinto the sea untreated. Various industrial and shippingaccidents spilled oil and chemicals into the sea. As aconsequence, coastlines and water ow were altered.Natural habitats were damaged and polluted. Mangrove

orests declined to 1.793 km 2 in 1987 and to just 0.203km2 in 1995. Major sh kills occurred around twice peryear (1984-1996), and populations o dolphins, egrets,and lancelets declined (ITTXDP, 1996a; XDPO, 1998; Xue,et al., 2004; Lin, et al., 2005; PEMSEA, 2006a & b).

A Lesson from Yuandang

The situation was especially bad in Yuandang. This bayhad once sheltered huge ocks o egrets that earnedXiamen its nickname Egret Island. By the early 1980s,the bay had been cut o rom the sea by a causewayand reclamation, and untreated industrial and domesticwastewater was being discharged into the bay. Thewaterbody shrank to just one- th o its original sur acearea. The oul smell repulsed would-be investors andred tides o ten arose on the lake. The ocks o egretsdisappeared. Residents began leaving the area (PEMSEA,2006b). The National Environmental Protection Agencyblacklisted the site giving the local government adeadline to clean up the lake.

C a s e

S t u d y

In 1988, Xiamen began phase 1 o Yuandangrehabilitation at an estimated cost o US$25 million.In rastructure was built to intercept wastes and a sewagetreatment plant was built to treat the wastes. The citygovernment dredged silt out o the bottom, built tidalchannels to increase water exchange with the West Sea,and tightened en orcement o regulations on the disposalo wastes. By the end o phase 1 in 1992, dissolved oxygenhad risen rom 0 to 5.2 mg/liter ( Figure 1 ). However,total sewage had also increased by then and other waterquality parameters still ailed government standards. Thus,Xiamen began phase 2 o rehabilitation at an estimatedcost o US$19 million: building more waste interceptors,upgrading sewage treatment capacity, increasing tidalchannels, actively pumping water through the tidal

channels, and dredging out more silt. Water quality thenmet the national standards.

The public and the national government praisedgovernment achievements in Yuandang. High-risebuildings rapidly increased in number around Yuandang,housing big names o the corporate world.

Yang Donghong, a real estate developer, observedIn 1970s, we were losing money invested in real estatebecause no one wanted to buy the houses around thisarea (Yuandang) due to its bad environment. Fortunately,the government paid attention to it, and began to repair Yuandang Lagoon and got good results. Our industry has

boomed, we investors got great profts.

The Yuandang rehabilitation had been costly but this baywas in a very prominent location o the city. Rehabilitationwas mandated by national government, and so was hardto ignore. The West Sea was also in a prominent locationand polluted. It was larger and was the site o con ictsbetween among economic sectors: aquaculture, shipping,tourism, and pollutive coastal industries. Government

unds were limited and environmental managementwas not directly an income-generating activity. Wouldcleaning up the West Sea, which would be costlier thanYuandang, be worth the cost? Would cleaning up lesscentral areas be worth the cost?

D

V o l . 1 N o . 4

N o v e m b e r 2 0 0 9

evelopment and Damage


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Integrated Coastal Management

In 1994, the GEF/UNDP/IMOs Regional Programme orthe Prevention and Management o Marine Pollutionin the East Asian Seas (MPP-EAS) introduced integratedcoastal management (ICM) to Xiamen. MPP-EAS begansupporting the integration o science into managementdecisionmaking, supporting the integration o bothsocioeconomic and environmental considerations,and acilitating cooperation among various sectors. Inaddition to supporting the development o an integratedcoastal pro le and a joint strategic plan, the programmealso supported an assessment o the Yuandang project

including its bene ts and costs, an environmental pro le,a pollution management plan or Xinglin Bay, and sea usezoning (MPP-EAS, 1999).

The coastal environmental pro le (ITTXDP, 1996a)showed that even as the various bureaus were eachtrying to reduce pollution in their individual sectors,there was no e ective operational mechanism orbureaus to coordinate their individually limited e orts. There was also no mechanism or bureaus managingcon icting activities to jointly decide to avor one sectorover another to optimize overall societal bene ts. ICMhelped Xiamens various government bureaus better

understand the use ulness o interagency cooperationand helped them better understand the need or sectoralbureaus to support the objectives o other sectors oroverall holistic development. In particular, ICM helpedemphasize the importance o sustainability in Xiamensdrive or development. Together the various sectoralbureaus orged a joint Strategic Management Plan orMarine Pollution Prevention and Management in Xiamenbased on the citys overall vision o a socialist, modern,international, and scenic port city (ITTXDP, 1996b).In support o the initiative, the municipal legislativeassembly issued Regulations or Marine EnvironmentalProtection and Management in 1996.

The multisectoral interaction and the joint strategyalso acilitated the articulation o a zoning plan whichreduced con icts among sectors by allocating each use tovarious areas according to the optimal uses o each areasresources. In 1997, Regulations or the Management o Sea Area Use in Xiamen consciously chose large-scaleremoval o pollutive aquaculture in avor o shipping andtourism in the West Sea. Also, despite inconvenience toits top earning shipping and tourism industries, Xiamenissued in 1997 the Regulation or the Protection o Chinese White Dolphins. Aquaculture operations werephased-out and compensation was paid out to help shi ta ected sea armers to other locations or occupations

(Ruan and Yu, 1999).

Commissioned technical studies estimated the economicdamage o pollution and the value o improving theenvironment. This was done through environmentalmonitoring and interviews o the public regarding itswillingness-to-pay and o investors relocating aroundYuandang. The studies showed that individuals werewilling to pay an average o US$34/year to manage

sheries, endangered species, and beaches and totreat sewage (Abansi, 1999). Fi ty-three percent o 173investors cited the good environment as a reason orlocating around Yuandang. Despite the estimated totalrehabilitation cost o between US$43.75 million and135.5 million, Yuandangs central location helped it yielda bene t-cost ratio estimated at 9:1! This helped convinceXiamens leaders that good environmental managementcould return social and economic bene ts. As early asthe rst phase o the ICM program, the city governmentinitiated Xinglin Bay rehabilitation including sewagetreatment and tightening en orcement o waste disposalregulations applying the ramework and approaches o theXiamen Demonstration Project (MPP-EAS, unpublished).Later, the second phase o the GEF/UNDP/IMO RegionalProgramme helped expand the ICM program bysupporting the development o a easibility study or the

Figure 1 . Water quality in Yuandang ( rom data in Hao, 1998).

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rehabilitation o Maluan Bay and the management o Jiulong River Basin.

Rehabilitation of coastal areas

Nature protected areas were set up or lancelets in 1991,Chinese egrets in 1995 and Chinese white dolphinsin 1997 (PEMSEA, 2006a). In addition to protecting

remaining natural eatures, the rehabilitation programalso exerted a lot o e ort to open and reconstructcauseways, build sewage treatment plants, return andretain beach sand, and revive populations o plants andanimals.

A ter investing in the rehabilitation o Xinglin Bay, Xiamen

initiated a US$87 million project or rehabilitating andmanaging Maluan Bay (West Sea) then continued toinvest signi cant amounts in a program or rehabilitatingvarious other areas ( Table 1, Figure 2 ). Among its morerecent projects is the US$2 billion Tongan Bay IntegratedRehabilitation Project began in 2006 (Lin, 2008). Xiamenhas invested a total o US$2 billion in sewage treatmentover the last 20 years (XOFB, 2009). Treatment o industrial

sewage rose rom 20 percent in 1994 to nearly 100 percentin the 2000s while treatment o domestic sewage roserom 28 percent in 1995 to 85 percent in 2007 (Zhang,

unpublished; PEMSEA, 2006a). Green area as a ratio o totalland area has risen rom 27 percent in 1995 to 37 percentin 2007 (Zhang, unpublished). Modern business centers,convention areas, landscaped parks, and beaches now

Table 1 . Summary o environmental rehabilitation activities by area (Pei, 2008).

Area (timeframe) Issues Actions Results

Yuandang Bay (1988-1996)

Causeway constructionReclamation or agricultureDecreased water owSilt accumulation

Interception o wasteSewage treatment plantImproving water exchangeDredging sludgeCleansing wastes with the helpo mangroves and seaweeds

Water quality has improvedconsiderably.Egrets have returned.Area surrounding Yuandang ispleasant.Real estate values have risen.

Xinglin Bay(1995-2005)

Yintan-Xiamen railway cuto Xinglin Bay rom the seaAquaculture developed inside

Aquaculture removedDredgingLandscaping and park development

Flood and drainage were controlled.Xiamen Garden Expo Park wasdeveloped.

West Sea, including

Maluan Bay(2002-present)

Excessive aquaculture

Causeway decreased waterow

Degradation o wetlands

Aquaculture removed

Reclamation restrictedOpening o causewayDredging out sedimentsConstruction o shoreprotection and wetlands

Dolphins are now more common.

Water ow is expected to increase(30 million m 3), as well as increasecoastline (14 km) and sea areas (8 km 2).

Wuyuan Bay (2005-present)

Seawall constructionReclamation or armlandDecreased water ow and siltaccumulation

Opening o seawallDredgingKeeping water level in dams low

Reclaimed land o 0.013 km 2 wasreturned to sea.High-tech park and business centerwere developed. (developed already)

Uninhabited islands

(2005- present)

Revegetation and landscaping Beauti ul landscapes appeared on

Monkey and Lantau Islands.East Coast, including Tongan Bay (2006-2013)

Gaoji causeway and Jixingseawall

Opening and rebuildingo causeway and seawall;dredging; reclamation betweenDadeng and Xiaodeng

Reclaimed land o 4.5 km 2 wasreturned to sea.Rehabilitation is ongoing.

XiangshanChanwei,Guanyinshan, andEastern beach(2007-2009)

Mining sand rom the beach Beach rehabilitation witharti cial sandRemoving stones, replenishingsand, and stabilizing slope

Beach is now protected rom sandextraction and is used or publicrecreation and tourism.


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Houyu Island be ore

Houyu Island a ter

Wuyuan Bay be ore

Wuyuan Bay a ter

East beach be ore East beach a ter

Yuandang be ore

Yuandang a ter

West Sea be ore

West Sea a ter

Xiangan be ore

Xiangan a ter

Tongan be ore Tongan a ter

Xinglin be ore

Xinglin a ter

make Xiamen attractive or both work and play.

Rehabilitation of selected species

Xiamen also began helping selected species recover byreleasing arti cially bred prawns ( Penaeus penicillatus,Penaeus japonicus ) and sh ( Sparuslatus sp., Pagrosomusmajor, Pseudosciaena crocea ) beginning in 2002, andhorseshoe crabs and lancelets ( Branchiostoma belcheri )

beginning in 2005. Fish catch o both Pagrosomus major and Pseudosciaena crocea has increased since 2003compared to a slump be ore 2002 (Zhang, unpublished).Plan on mangrove planting, Plan on wetland protectionin Xiamen, and Program on the Construction o ShelterForest were developed. By 2006, nearly 0.27 km 2 o mangrove orests had been planted. Although still muchless than what it used to be, mangrove abundance hassince risen to 0.40 km2 and 0.60 km 2 more mangroves

Figure 2 . Map showing location o protected and rehabilitation areas surrounded by pictures or each site showing be ore and

a ter rehabilitation.


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are to be planted. These mangroves and other suitabletree species planted on the eastern shore o XiamenIsland are expected to help reduce erosion, cleanse water,and protect against more extreme storms expectedwith climate change. Xiamen has established a warningsystem or and removed several square kilometers o aliencord grass species and has improved implementationo regulations to reduce the transport o alien species

through ship ballast water. Egrets have returned anddolphins have more than doubled (XOFB, 2009).

Getting things done

Early on, it was evident that Xiamen exhibited one o thekey principles o ICM: policy- unctional integration, that is,implementing policy. A ter development o a pro le andstrategy, Xiamen cra ted an appropriate policy and legal

ramework which it then translated into laws, regulations,and plans. More importantly, Xiamen then allocatedhuman and nancial resources to carry out eld action.

The government remains as the major nancier o environmental rehabilitation, but the private sectorinvestors have also been involved in providingenvironmental services ( Figure 3 ). Funds were alsogenerated by levying ees or the use o sea areas, wastedisposal, and exceeding waste standards. Landscapedareas were developed into business parks and propertysold or leased or large sums. Even dredging materialshave been used to reclaim sea areas that were thenauctioned o to generate unds. Funds generated romsea area use are allocated or marine management andhelp support costs o the management program.

ICM Delivers Results

The ICM program has remained relevant to developmentpriorities through various changes in leadership and ve-year plans. It has helped various sectors in Xiamen realizethat environmental quality matters to their sector and tooverall social and economic development. Its relevanceand attractive bene t-cost ratio have put environmental

rehabilitation into laws and plans and have helped it getpersonnel, unding, and sustained on-the-ground action.Although these rehabilitation programs will not be ableto return the many damaged areas to their pre-industrialstate, they have nevertheless considerably improvedenvironmental conditions and made Xiamen a verypleasant place to live in. The rehabilitated natural habitatsand species are under less stress and are thus more robustto more intense climate variability expected in the comingyears.

Zhou Lumin, Deputy Director o the Xiamen Oceans and Fisheries Bureau, stated that ICM is playing a great role in

solving the tension between development and protection,as well as sea-use con ict, in the context o rapid economic development, urban expansion, increasing population, and growing pressure on resources and the environment.

Xiamens incorporation o sustainability considerationsin its pursuit o development has delivered results andwon it many awards: the 1997 National Model City orEnvironment Protection, the 2002 International GardenCity Award, the 2004 UN Habitat Scroll o Honor Award,the 2005 National Sanitary City Award, and Chinas 2005 Top Ten Livable Cities Award. Xiamen has not only become

Figure 3 . Government and private investments in environmental services (PEMSEA, 2006a, based on data romXiamen statistics yearbooks, 1992-2002 and Xiamen environmental statistics, 1995-2001).

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more sustainable, its beauty has also attracted immigrants,tourists, and real estate development. A sense o pride inthe beauty o their city has also grown in Xiamens people.

Dr. Yu Xingguang, Director o the Third Institute o Oceanography said, The environmental restoration project in Xiamen like the rehabilitation o Xiamen East Sea and West Sea is advanced and is a demonstrative model or

China. It is rare that a city has initiated ecological restorationand paid attention to the harmony o human and nature inthe development o its economy.

Much still remains to be done to repair the extensivedamage to the environment. Moreover, despite muchrehabilitation work and the rapid rise in wastewatertreatment, the ollowing still persist:

A lot o previously disposed o waste continues toexude pollutants.Xiamens population and economic productioncontinue to increase very rapidly.A signi cant proportion o nutrient pollutioncontinues to ow in rom adjacent upstream citiesthrough the Jiulong River. Nutrient pollution has thuscontinued to increase ( Figure 4 ).Maluan Bay, Jiulong River estuary and West Sea arethe major polluted areas ( Figure 5 ). In response,Xiamen has ollowed through on initial studies orMaluan Bay and Jiulong River Basin developed duringICM phase 2. The city government has removedaquaculture, opened up the causeway, and dredgedout silt in Maluan Bay; however, more time is needed

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Figure 4 . Nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in the East and West Seas.

or natural processes to clean the water.It has also developed partnerships and iscontributing nancially to adjacent cities toreduce the in ux o silt, and agricultural andother pollution into Xiamen via Jiulong River(Zhou, 2007).

Xiamen not only continues to regularly allocate

e ort in ICM and environmental rehabilitationto acilitate its own sustainable development. Ithas also become an active proponent in usingand sharing these lessons beyond its borders.Xiamen has been sharing its lessons with othercities by hosting the annual Xiamen World OceansWeek and leading the PEMSEA Network o LocalGovernments (PEMSEA, 2009).

In the late 1980s, Xiamen aimed to be a SEZ[Special Economic Zone] which is economicallyprosperous, and has advanced science andtechnologies, a beauti ul environment, and a highdegree o social civilization, and which implementscertain policies o a ree port (Erjun, 1988) by2000. In the mid-1990s, Xiamen envisioned asocialist, modern, international, and scenic portcity by 2000. It has certainly achieved these.

Lessons Learned

The socioeconomic bene ts o environmentalmanagement are much higher than itscosts. It can even justi y billions o dollars


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o investment i used wisely. There are many meanso raising revenue or and rom the environment,including taking advantage o the increase o realestate value due to environmental improvements.

To manage e ectively, coastal managers have to ocuson the objective and sometimes look beyond onesarea and sector o jurisdiction.

An environmental rehabilitation program mustcontribute to both socioeconomic development aswell as sustainability priorities i it is to be relevantand sustained. It must be mainstreamed in variouseconomic sectors to achieve those. ICM can acilitatemainstreaming.

To help carry good policy directions throughto eld actions, there must be strong politicalwill backed by a management and an e ectiveen orcement mechanism institutionalizedwithin the government through legislation,relevant objectives, sound scienti c basis, andbroad public support ostered by high publicawareness.

Larger investments are sometimes needed

to repair environmental damage which hasoccurred as compared to the costs o simplyprotecting the environment early on. Moreover,human interventions can only do so much.It can still take a long time or nature to heal.

Figure 5 . Integrated assessment o seawater quality in Xiamen 2008.


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For comments and suggestions, please contact:Partnerships in Environmental Management or the Seas o East Asia (PEMSEA)

P.O. Box 2502, Quezon City 1165 Philippines Tel.: (+63 2) 929 2992Fax: (+63 2) 926 9721

Email: in [email protected]

www.pemsea.org

Early investments in environmental managementcan have un oreseen bene ts such as improvedrobustness to climate change.

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PEMSEA (Partnerships in Environmental Management or the Seas o EastAsia). 2006a. A perspective on the environmental and socioeconomicbene ts and costs o ICM: the case o Xiamen, PR China. PEMSEA Technical Report. No. 17, 132 p. Quezon City, Philippines: GEF/UNDP/IMO PEMSEA.

PEMSEA (Partnerships in Environmental Management or the Seas o EastAsia). 2006b. Xiamen: an ICM journey. 2nd ed. PEMSEA TechnicalReport No. 18, 86 p. Quezon City, Philippines: GEF/UNDP/IMO PEMSEA

PEMSEA (Partnerships in Environmental Management or the Seas o EastAsia). 2009. Charting the uture course o the PNLG. Retrieved on 28September 2009 rom http://pemsea.org/about-pemsea/pemsea-news/charting-the- uture-course-o -the-pnlg/.

PEMSEA (Partnerships in Environmental Management or the Seas o EastAsia). The recovery o Yuan Dang Lake. PEMSEAs notes or ICMpractitioners. (Unpublished).

Qin, Y. and Xue, X. 2009. The integration and embodiment o themanagement concept based on ecosystem in the integratedmanagement o local coastal zone. Ocean Development andManagement 26 (4).

Ruan, W.Q. and Yu, H.M. 1999. Design and implementation o marineunctional zoning scheme in Xiamen, China, p. 341-354. . In Chua,

T.E. and Bermas, N., eds. Challenges and opportunities in managingpollution in the East Asian Seas. MPP-EAS Con erence Proceedings 12/PEMSEA Con erence Proceedings 1, 567 p. Quezon City, Philippines:GEF/UNDP/IMO Regional Programme or the Prevention andManagement o Marine Pollution in the East Asian Seas.

Sina Web. 2009. Xiamen wont encounter huge tsunamis and has threepotential dangerous zones. Retrieved on 13 September 2009 romhttp://news.sina.com.cn/c/2009-05-28/053815697711s.shtm .

Statistics Bureau o Xiamen Municipality. 20042008. Yearbook o Xiamenspecial economic zone. China: Statistics Press.

Lin, T., Xue, X.Z., Shen, S., and Lu, C.Y. 2005. Systematic analysis o coastalwetland changes and their ecological impacts: a case study in Xiamen,China. Environmental In ormatics Archives 3: 137-145.

XDPO (Xiamen Demonstration Project Of ce). 1998. Integrated coastalmanagement in Xiamen, 1994-1998. Quezon City, Philippines: GEF/UNDP/IMO Regional Programme or the Prevention and Managemento Marine Pollution in the East Asian Seas.

XOFB (Xiamen Ocean and Fisheries Bureau). 2009. Bulletin o marineenvironmental quality in Xiamen 2008.

Xue, X., Hong, H., and Charles, A.T. 2004. Cumulative environmental impactsand integrated coastal management: the case o Xiamen, China.Journal o Environmental Management 71: 271-283.

Xue, X., Hong, H., Xu, X., and Wang, C. A review o integrated coastalmanagement in Xiamen over the past decade. Xiamen, P.R. China:Xiamen University. (Unpublished).

Ye, Q. Xiamen Ocean and Fisheries Bureau. (Personal communication).

Zhang, X.Y. Dra t state o the coasts report o Xiamen. (Unpublished).

Zhou, Q.L. 2007. Case study on developing partnerships between Xiamen,Zhangzhou and Longyan municipalities in managing JiulongjiangRiver Basin. In Proceedings o the Third Twinning Workshop onEcosystem-based Management o Interrelated River Basins, Estuariesand Coastal Seas: Policy Re orm, Sustainable Financing and Investment

or Pollution Reduction in the East Asian Seas, 17-19 October 2007, Tianjin, PR China. PEMSEA/WP/2007/21.

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Abansi, C.L. 1999. A contingent valuation survey on willingness to pay:case studies in Batangas, Philippines and Xiamen, China, p. 201-207.In Chua, T.E. and Bermas, N., eds. Challenges and opportunities inmanaging pollution in the East Asian Seas. MPP-EAS Con erenceProceedings 12/PEMSEA Con erence Proceedings 1, 567 p. QuezonCity, Philippines: GEF/UNDP/IMO Regional Programme or thePrevention and Management o Marine Pollution in the East AsianSeas.

No author. 2009. Xiamen City Guide: Economic Overview. Retrieved on 28September 2009 rom E-Chinacities.com. http://www.echinacities.com/Cityguide/Xiamen/Biz/.

Erjun Z. 1988. Success ully build up the Xiamen Special Economic Zone.China Red Flag 3: 1-6. Foreign Broadcast In ormation Service JPRSReport.

Hao, S.Q. 1998 (they were used both in 1994 and 1998 but 1994 was indra t orm). Yuandang Lagoon Integrated Treatment Project. In:Lecture Notes o the Regional Training Course on the Applicationo the Integrated Coastal Management System or Marine PollutionPrevention and Management, 7-26 September 1998, Philippines,PR China and Singapore. Quezon City, Philippines: GEF/UNDP/IMORegional Programme or the Prevention and Management o MarinePollution in the East Asian Seas.ICM Training Materials. Institution???

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Coastal environmental pro le o Xiamen. MPP-EAS Technical ReportNo. 6. Quezon City, Philippines: GEF/UNDP/IMO Regional Programme

or the Prevention and Management o Marine Pollution in the EastAsian Seas.

ITTXDP (Integrated Task Team o the Xiamen Demonstration Project). 1996b.Strategic management plan or marine pollution prevention andmanagement in Xiamen. MPP-EAS Technical Report No. 7. Quezon City,Philippines: GEF/UNDP/IMO Regional Programme or the Preventionand Management o Marine Pollution in the East Asian Seas.

Lin, H.Y. 2008. From local demonstration to regional partnership: integratedcoastal management experiences in Xiamen. Presentation at thePEMSEA/Japan Joint Seminar on Integrated Coastal Management inthe Seas o East Asia, 18 July 2008, Tokyo, Japan.

MPP-EAS. 1999. Terminal report: sharing lessons and experiences in marinepollution management. Quezon City, Philippines: GEF/UNDP/IMO

Regional Programme or the Prevention and Management o MarinePollution in the East Asian Seas.

MPP-EAS. Mission report o the regional programme manager and seniorprogramme of cer. Evaluation Workshop or Xiamen Demonstrat ionProject, 26-28 June 1997, Xiamen, PR China. MPP-EAS/In o/128.Quezon City, Philippines: GEF/UNDP/IMO Regional Programme orthe Prevention and Management o Marine Pollution in the East AsianSeas. (Unpublished).

Prepared by Andre Uychiaoco, PEMSEA; Xue Xiongzhi, XiamenUniversity; Dong Meiyan, Xiamen University; Yao Xinyue, Xiamen University; Zhuang Li ang, Xiamen University; Zhang

Xiaoyin, Xiamen University; Ye Qing, Xiamen Ocean and Fisheries Bureau; Jin Zhuxing, Xiamen Ocean and FisheriesBureau; and Lin Huaiyuan, Xiamen Ocean and FisheriesBureau.

environmental rehabilitation in a rapidly developing urban area

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