environmental overview and environmental …

ENVIRONMENTAL OVERVIEW AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

FOR EXPLORATION ACTIVITIES ON EXCLUSIVE PROSPECTING LICENCE

EPL4185 AT WLOTZKASBAKEN

January 2013

Prepared by: Gecko Namibia (Pty) Ltd Gecko House 8 Sinclair Road Windhoek, Namibia

Reviewed by:

Nam Enviro Management and Training Services cc Mutjinde Katjiua

Gecko Namibia (Pty) Ltd

EIA for EPL4185 January2013

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SUMMARY

Gecko Namibia (Pty) Ltd, in the name of its subsidiary Gecko Salt (Pty) Ltd holds EPL4185

which covers 75,335 hectares of coastal desert plains from north of Swakopmund to just

south of the Henties Bay peri-urban area.

Gecko intends to establish the “Vision Industrial Park” and harbour within the area. The

development will require a large amount of fine and coarse aggregate material as well as

armour stone for the construction of a breakwater facility. Besides the envisaged VIP

development, Gecko is in the process of exploring a number of high-grade marble

occurrences on this EPL.

As part of the EPL4185 falls within the Dorob National Park, Gecko is submitting this EIA

together with Environmental Questionnaires and other prescribed documentation in

application for an Environmental Clearance Certificate under the Environmental Management

Act of 2007.

The company has drawn up an Environmental Management Plan for the prospecting

operations and is currently in the process of implementing those measures. Management and

exterior control on the adherence of the proposed mitigation actions are considered important

tools in preventing negative environmental impacts from the operations.

Activities during the exploration phase include sampling, testing and exploratory drilling. The

activities are temporary and are conducted at a small scale than those at the

drilling/development, production, and decommissioning/reclamation phases. The impacts

described for each resource would occur from typical exploration activities, such as vehicular

traffic exploration drilling and bulk sampling. Potential impacts from these activities are

presented in this study.



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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................. 4

2. OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT .................................................................................................................... 4

2.1 EXPLORATION ON EPL4185 .................................................................................................................. 4

2.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) ............................................ 5

3. ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK .............................................................................................. 5

4. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT .................................................................................................................. 7

4.1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ....................................................................................................................... 7

4.1.1 Location and geography of the area ................................................................................................ 7

4.1.2 Land ownership and surface rights .................................................................................................. 8

4.1.3 Exploration Targets .......................................................................................................................... 9

4.1.4 Exploration conducted and activities undertaken to date ................................................................. 9

4.1.4.1 Solar salt ................................................................................................................................. 9

4.1.4.2 Marble Exploration carried out and activities undertaken to date .......................................... 10

4.1.4.3 Aggregates & armour stone raw material .............................................................................. 12

5. EXISTING DAMAGE ....................................................................................................................................... 13

6. INDUSTRIAL USES OF THE LICENSE AREA ............................................................................................... 14

6.1 SALT COMPANY ................................................................................................................................... 14

6.2 AREVA REVERSE OSMOSIS DESALINATION PLANT AT WLOTZKASBAKAN ................................. 14

7. ENVISAGED FUTURE EXPLORATION ......................................................................................................... 14

7.1 AGGREGATES FOR THE VIP DEVELOPMENT: SAND, CRUSHED ROCK, BOULDERS AND AMOUR STONE ................................................................................................................................................. 14

7.1.1 SwaCa calcite marbles .................................................................................................................. 14

7.1.2 Granitic pegmatites ........................................................................................................................ 15

7.1.3 General reconnaissance for industrial minerals mineralization within the EPL .............................. 15

7.1.4 Further work to explore the possibility of crystallizing salt within the area ..................................... 15

8. DESCRIPTION OF THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT AND ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL IMPACT BY THE ENVISAGED EXPLORATION ................................................................................................................ 15

8.1 GEOLOGICAL SETTINGS ..................................................................................................................... 15

8.1.1 Regional Geology .......................................................................................................................... 15

8.1.2 Local Geology ................................................................................................................................ 16

8.2 CLIMATE ................................................................................................................................................ 17

8.2.1 Wind and Atmospheric Dispersion Potential .................................................................................. 17

8.2.2 Precipitation ................................................................................................................................... 19

8.2.3 Temperature .................................................................................................................................. 20

8.3 AIR QUALITY AND NOISE LEVELS ...................................................................................................... 21

8.3.1 Baseline Air Quality for the Region ................................................................................................ 21

8.3.2 Baseline Noise Levels ................................................................................................................... 24



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8.4 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT .............................................................................................................. 24

8.4.1 Fauna ............................................................................................................................................ 24

8.4.1.1 Avifauna ................................................................................................................................ 25

8.4.2 Flora .............................................................................................................................................. 25

8.4.3 Lichens .......................................................................................................................................... 27

8.5 OTHER POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ................................................................................ 28

8.5.1 Archaeology and Cultural History .................................................................................................. 28

8.5.2 Health and Safety .......................................................................................................................... 28

8.5.3 Hazardous Materials and Waste Management .............................................................................. 28

8.5.4 Land Use ....................................................................................................................................... 29

8.5.5 Socio-economic Environment ........................................................................................................ 29

8.5.6 Visual impact ................................................................................................................................. 29

8.5.7 Water Resources (Surface Water and Groundwater) .................................................................... 29

8.5.8 Accommodation of Exploration Labour .......................................................................................... 30

8.5.9 Conduct of the Workers ................................................................................................................. 30

8.5.10 Tourism .......................................................................................................................................... 31

9. MANAGEMENT PLAN TO MITIGATE NEGATIVE IMPACTS ........................................................................ 31

9.1 INFRASTRUCTURE............................................................................................................................... 32

9.2 WORKFORCE AND ACCOMMODATION.............................................................................................. 32

9.3 WATER .................................................................................................................................................. 32

9.4 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND REHABILITATION ................................................................. 32

10. IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ARISING FROM THE ENVISAGED EXPLORATION ACTIVITIES .......................................................................................................................... 34

11. REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................... 40

12. LIST OF ATTACHMENTS .............................................................................................................................. 41



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1. INTRODUCTION

Gecko Namibia is a wholly Namibian-owned private company, which was established in 2008

by Mr. Kobus Smit and a number of Namibian partners. A number of ventures and

subsidiaries were created in the field of industrial minerals and services to the Namibian

mining industry.

Gecko Namibia holds EPL4185 in the name of its subsidiary Gecko Salt (Pty) Ltd. The mineral

exploration license is situated along the central Namibian coast and covers 75,335 hectares. It

was granted by the Ministry of Mines and Energy on 19 June 2009; the Environmental

Clearance was issued by the Ministry of Environment and Tourism on 17 September 2009.

The exploration project targets to secure the supply of fine and coarse aggregate materials for

Gecko’s Vision Industrial Park (VIP) development. Another aspect is the exploration, testing

and resource definition for the production of armour stone material for the building of a

breakwater facility at the VIP site.

Gecko focuses on the development of projects in the industrial mineral sector in Namibia.

Independent of the VIP development, the company is busy exploring a number of occurrences

of high-grade calcitic marbles within this EPL.

An EIA and EMP is presented in application for an Environmental Clearance Certificate for the

prospecting operations in line with the Environmental Management Act of 2007 and the

corresponding Regulations which came into effect on 6 February 2012.

2. OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

2.1 EXPLORATION ON EPL4185

Gecko recognizes that Namibia possesses excellent potential with a number of industrial

minerals, which are as yet still untapped. Engaging in exploration, mining and value-adding

were possible, both upstream and downstream, results in products for which great demand

currently exists in the local and global markets.

The VIP project was borne from the need of the emerging uranium mines in Namibia for

locally produced leaching reagents. A separate Environmental Scoping Study was conducted

for this project and an EIA for this envisaged development is on its way.

One of the objectives of Gecko Namibia (Pty) Ltd is to provide sustained employment to

Namibians. Thereby a local input into the economy of the country and the mining industry can

be achieved in particular through export of products and subsequent foreign exchange

earnings.



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Within EPL4185 a number of potentially viable mineral occurrences are present. Exploration

work on this license can be divided into two main purposes.

Supply of building materials to the envisaged VIP project and associated

infrastructure. This includes securing of different fractions of aggregate materials

for mortar, concrete and railway ballast. For the construction of a harbour and

marine breakwater different options of armour stone materials are being assessed.

Mineral exploration for a variety of industrial rocks. Emphasis is given on calcium

carbonate, feldspar and areas suitable for salt crystallisation.

2.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)

The objective of this Environmental Impact Assessment for the prospecting activities is to

ascertain the potential effects those have on the local environment in its broadest sense.

The objectives of this document are to:

Communicate the results of the EIA for the ongoing and proposed exploration

activities

Ensure that the impacts identified are adequately addressed

Facilitate an informed, transparent and accountable decision-making process by the

relevant authorities

3. ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK

There are a number of laws In accordance with the national legal framework which are

applicable to the proposed site:

LAW/ORDINANCE APPLICABILITY

The constitution of Namibia (1990) Article 95 (1)

Preservation of Namibia's Ecosystems, essential ecological process and biological diversity

Sustainable use of Natural Resources

Environmental Assessment Policy of 1995

Prescribes Environmental Impact Assessments for any developments with potential negative impacts on the Environment



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Water Resource Management Act 24 of 2004

Effluent discharge permit required under section 56

Seawater abstraction permit required under Section 32

Water related pollution and abstraction

Environmental Management Act 7 of 2007 with Regulations of 2012

Establishes Principles for EA

Ensures that significant effects of activities are considered timorously and carefully

Allows for opportunities for participation by I & APs throughout the assessment process

Sea Birds and Seals Protection Act 46 of 1973 (Replaced by the Marine Resources Act, 27 of 2000)

No disturbance of sea birds and seals

Seashore Ordinance 37 of 1958 as amended in 1982

Removal of living and non-living resources from seashore or seabed and depositing of rubbish within 3 nautical miles of the sea shore

Nature Conservation Ordinance 4 of 1975 with amendments and special regulations

Protection of various species

Convention of Biological Diversity Protection of various species

Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Ordinance No.11 of 1976 with amendments as well as the associated proclamations of controlled areas

Pollution prevention

Hazardous Substance Ordinance 14 of 1974, and amendments

Pollution prevention

Petroleum Products and Energy amendment Act of 2000

Disposal of used oil

Draft Pollution and Waste Management Bill (1999)

Protection for particular species, resources or components of the environment

National Monuments act Disturbance of shipwrecks, archaeological and cultural sites

Convention on Desertification of 1994

Combating desertification and mitigation of the effects of drought

Minerals (Prospecting and Mining) Act 33 of 1992 and special regulations

Exploration and exploitation of mineral resources

Table-1: Legal framework applicable the exploration work



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4. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

4.1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

4.1.1 Location and geography of the area

EPL 4185 covers 75,335 hectares. From the southern boundary which is situated within the

municipal lands of Swakopmund the license stretches north-west along the coast line for

approximately 51 km to just south-east of the town lands of Henties Bay. The width of the

license varies from 11 to 26 km with an average of about 14 km. An overview on the license

and a table rendering the corner coordinates are given below.

Figure 1: PL 4185 location map



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Label Longitude Latitude Label Longitude Latitude

1 14.34906000 -22.22098000 11 14.66151000 -22.58227000

2 14.35232000 -22.21649000 12 14.55690000 -22.63826000

3 14.37660000 -22.20306000 13 14.55913000 -22.57617000

4 14.40568000 -22.20016000 14 14.55047000 -22.57680000

5 14.44263000 -22.25216000 15 14.55054000 -22.58257000

6 14.56954000 -22.21046000 16 14.53716000 -22.58367000

7 14.58542000 -22.26068000 17 14.51519000 -22.52503000

8 14.63222000 -22.24195000 18 14.49607000 -22.53355000

9 14.67274000 -22.30117000 19 14.38985000 -22.27564000

10 14.57450000 -22.34150000

Table 2: Corner coordinates of EPL 4185

Geographically the license is situated within the coastal plains of the Central Namib Desert.

The EPL area consists mainly of flat ground with some rolling and hilly terrain. Steeper

topography occurs in the north-eastern portion of the license. The highest elevation of 261

metres AMSL is found close to the license boundary in the north-eastern part of the EPL.

The Namib coast is an extremely arid area, which is interspersed with several ephemeral,

westward-flowing rivers which drain the hinterland and dissect the coastal landscape.

The drainage system in the prospecting area is that of an alluvial plain which covers the

Namib platform as a broad, braided stream system. The rivers are all ephemeral with only

erratic and very short-lived flow which often only happens every couple of years (3). The

longitudinal profile along the drainage shows a convexity towards the sky due to the result of

discharge reduction downstream (21).

The area is characterised by a hot, hyper-arid climate typical for a Namibian west coast desert

environment. Rainfall is scarce, totalling an average of 30 mm per year. Fog precipitation is

the prime source of water supply to the area, but this is highly dependent on topography and

inclination of the receiving surfaces. In particular locations fog precipitation can be as high as

200 mm per annum, but this is site specific and generally decreasing from the coastline. It

varies between 25 and approximately 100 days of fog per year. Also the evaporation rate is

strongly dependant on the distance from the coast and varies within the area between

approximately 1400 mm and 3300 mm per annum (22).

4.1.2 Land ownership and surface rights

Except of the municipal lands of Swakopmund and the peri-urban area of Wlotzkasbaken the

extent of the EPL is situated on state land. The state land is all governed by the rules and

regulations concerning the Doros National Park which was proclaimed over the area in

December 2010.



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4.1.3 Exploration Targets

The exploration targets pursued within EPL4185 are the commodity suite of industrial

minerals with emphasis on salt, calcium carbonates, silica, gypsum, feldspar as well as

aggregate materials from fine (sand) to coarse and armour stones. Work conducted within

this area is intimately linked to Gecko’s VIP development. Requirements for the production of

the envisaged suite of alkaline chemicals are salt and limestone. Therefore initial exploration

comprised the establishment of a potential resource of marble as lime source as well as the

reconnaissance work for establishing a salt production facility. Gecko also investigated the

potential resources of gypsum in view of roasting the mineral to produce sulphuric acid.

Four alternative sites for the development of VIP were investigated in detail within EPL4185

during the project’s scoping study. For the envisaged industrial development together with a

port and bulk handling facility large quantities of coarse and fine aggregates as well as armour

stone will be required.

The investigation for calcium carbonate as lime raw material has resulted in the discovery of

large potential deposits of high-grade calcitic marbles. The targets generated from detailed

mapping are shown with Attachment-1.

4.1.4 Exploration conducted and activities undertaken to date

4.1.4.1 Solar salt

With evaporation exceeding by far the precipitation rate, the Namib Desert offers ideal

conditions and the opportunity to produce salt by solar evaporation. Numerous salt pans

occur within the area of the EPL, several of them have been in production on a small scale in

the past. With the emerging of bigger operations at the Panter Beacon pans, north of

Swakopmund, which is situated just outside of the EPL, as well as at Cape Cross and at

Walvisbay, the smaller salt producers ceased operations in the 1950s (17).

Attachment-2 shows the natural salt pans existing within the EPL.

As part of a reconnaissance study Gecko has explored different options for producing salt

within EPL4185. The following opportunities were looked at:

Salt production by evaporation of sea water

Salt production by crystallising brine from Cape Cross salt pan (EPL4167)

Salt producing by evaporation of brine from the reverse osmosis process (Areva or

Namwater plants)

Gecko's consultant for the establishment of salt production, Vladimir Sedivy from Salt Partners

in Switzerland had looked at the individual options. For the production of salt from brine piped

from EPL4167 at Cape Cross a separate study was undertaken by Koos Calitz.



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4.1.4.2 Marble Exploration carried out and activities undertaken to date

4.1.4.2.1 Marble as lime raw material

One of the main mineral feed materials for the production of alkaline chemicals is calcium

carbonate. With a great plethora of marble occurrences within EPL4185 numerous potential

resources of lime raw material were looked at.

Initially an inventory of the different stratigraphic marble horizons was undertaken. The table

below gives a summary on the different carbonate lithologies present within the EPL together

with characteristics of the individual units.

Formation Member Lithocode Description

Arandis Okawayo Naroy Marble with interbedded calc-silicate rock; interbedded layers of siltstone and clasts of siltstone

Karibib Nkb Undifferentiated marble with minor calc-silicate rock,local mica schist

Karibib Arises river Nkbai White, coarse grained calcite marble; disseminated graphite and phlogopite flakes; rare calc silicates; layering poorly developed; frequent mylonite zones close to hanging wall contact

Karibib Otjongeama Nkboj yellowish brown impure marble with interbedded calc-silicate; thickness >500m; ~75% dolomitic calcite marble, marble and dolomite, ~25% calc silicate and bio schist

Karibib Onguati Nkbon Schist, impure marble and calc silicate rock

Rossing NRs Highly variable lithologies; bluish grey dolomitic marble, minor quartzite, metaconglomerate schist, gneiss and calc- silicate rock.

Table 3: Stratigraphic marble horizons within EPL4185 (12) During an initial reconnaissance survey the individual units were visited in the field. The

different rocks were described and the variance within the horizons was recorded where

possible. Samples were taken from a large number of occurrences after makroscopical

determination of the purity of the materials. When sufficient quality was indicated from those

grab samples, they were sent to a laboratory for full element analyses.

From the above testing and selection process samples from a marble occurrence named ME,

which forms part of the Karibib Formation indicated the best results. The ME marble

thereafter underwent detailed exploration comprising of mapping, pitting, groove sampling as

well as diamond drilling of ten boreholes.



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4.1.4.2.2 SwaCa marble project

In the southern portion of EPL4185 extensive lithologies of calcite marbles occur. A huge

reserve base of high-grade calcium carbonate is supplemented by areas of marbles with

calcium carbonate in access of 96% and very low iron content. Detailed mapping was done

and revealed a number of narrow bands which exhibit extraordinary calcite of high purity with

CaCO3 >99%. A large portion of the high-grade calcite forms a fold with very coarse grained

semi translucent crystals. In recent months Gecko has conducted a drilling program over

these high-grade occurrences. Holes were drilled as detailed with the following table.

Borehole No

Date Coordinates Collar Incl Bearing/ Drilling

completed Northing Easting elev. Azimuth

(TN) Depth

SDD - 02 16/09/2012 -22.582657 14.621564 117 -60 351 50.74

SDD - 03 14/09/2012 -22.582443 14.621096 122 -60 2 95.75

SDD - 04 19/09/2012 -22.581845 14.621178 121 -90 N/A 30.00

SDD - 05 22/09/2012 -22.581402 14.621199 119 -60 53.81

SDD - 06 26/09/2012 -22.581887 14.620577 118 -60 12 74.74

SDD - 07 13/10/2012 -22.581159 14.620588 114 -60 8 44.55

SDD - 09 22/10/2012 -22.580111 14.620106 111 -60 190 54.00

SDD - 10 3/11/2012 -22.579900 14.619345 113 -52 356 50.05

SDD - 11 8/11/2012 -22.579811 14.619099 112 -50 0 50.34

SDD - 12 13/11/2012 -22.579397 14.619090 118 -50 181 50.20

SDD - 13 17/10/2012 -22.579373 14.620687 115 -56 24 110.20

SDD - 14 14/11/2012 -22.579467 14.619454 118 -52 182 50.20

SDD - 15 24/10/2012 -22.579617 14.619297 116 -90 N/A 63.00

SDD - 17 11/10/2012 -22.581531 14.620560 112 -90 N/A 41.40

Total metres 818.98

Table 4: SwaCa Drilling program September to November 2012 Please note that the largest part of the marble resource under investigation falls within the

municipal area of Swakopmund and therefore outside the Dorob National Park. The area of

the SwaCa project is indicated with Attachment-1 in the southern portion of EPL4185.

A number of bulk samples of the high grade calcite were taken for purposes of test work in

order to upgrade the material to pure calcite for use as GCC in the paper and mineral filler

industry. The tests are presently still ongoing. Pending the results we are looking at

additional drilling, bulk sampling and trial mining concerning this project.



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4.1.4.2.3 Gypsum Exploration

Fortunately substantial work was undertaken on the gypsum mineralisation during historic

exploration programs within the area. Between 1968 and 1971 B&O Mineral Exploration

Company (Pty) Ltd. undertook detailed mapping and trenching within a large part of the

present EPL (20). During this exploration work a total of 141 prospect pits were dug down to

about 3 metres depth; most of those are still open in the field today.

All geological information and trench positions were digitized from the old records and

followed up in the field. Attachment-3 shows the trench positions and areas of sheet gypsum

mineralisation.

During the field work ground profiles were taken where it was possible but use was made

mostly of pits and trenches from the various exploration endeavours. Emphasis was given on

the composition and succession of the top gypsum sequence and 16 samples were taken for

analysis and determination of the bulk density of the materials.

4.1.4.3 Aggregates & armour stone raw material

Different potential rocks were evaluated as sources for the production of coarse and fine

aggregate material as well as for the cutting of armour stone in view of the planned

construction of a new harbour facility within VIP. Preliminary tonnages were calculated from

the early exploration data.

A high-level assessment of the availability of aggregates material within the license was

undertaken. The material considerations were conducted as part of the concept design stage

for a bulk harbour facility within VIP. For the erection of the envisaged marine structure

including a breakwater substantial volumes of different sized armour stone would be required.

Armour stone blocks are essential to protect a marine structure against wave and current

action and scouring.

Close proximity of the material quarry to the construction site is of great importance of the

viable supply of such materials for a marine structure.

Attachment-4 is an overview on the locations and sizes of the potential deposits determined

from this exploration program. A summary on the different options of aggregate source

material is enclosed as Attachment-5. The table also gives an overview on size and potential

tonnage of the envisaged deposits.



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5. EXISTING DAMAGE The entire area of EPL4185 shows numerous tracks. The amount of tracks reveal the

intensive presents of human activities in this area between Swakopmund and Henties Bay.

For the last century or more individuals as well as exploration teams, small and medium scale

miners and tourists have entered the area on their own liking. Human-induced disturbances

in the form of vehicle traffic on beaches and the desert plains cause a shearing and

compression of the soil that extends to depths of 20cm.

Former prospecting and mining has left trenches, pits and holes that were not rehabilitated.

The table below renders a list of historic exploration licenses which were granted within the

extent of the current EPL4185. Pictures and air-borne imagery from the license are compiled

with Attachment-6. The remnants of various forms of disturbance are highly visible from the

air and on the ground.

COMPANY NAME LICENCE NO Size - ha Informal name

Valid from

Valid to Mineral Groups

KAEMPFE, A F EPL17 10154.5 BEACH DEPOSITS 1959 1963 industrial minerals

ARTNELL EXPLORATION EPL25

1244263 1959 1964 non nuclear fuel

B & O MINERALS EPL230 397185.8 SWAKOP GYPSUM 1969 1971 base metals

RIO TINTO EPL541 90178.4 OAMITES EXTENSION

B & O MINERALS EPL599 96403.3

base metals

WESTERN MINING EPL600 75767.6 GOANIKONTES 1975 1983 nuclear fuel

KARSTEN, W M EPL612 50445.2 1975 1978 nuclear fuel

RAND MINES EPL889 64054.6 1978 1983 nuclear fuel

NAMEX EPL1599 40239.9 1986 1987

ISCOR EPL1986 84524.2 WLOTSKAS BAKEN 1994 1994 base metals

ISCOR EPL1987 49442.8 NONIDAS 1994 1994 base metals

API MINING EPL2403 98639.0 base metals

MINERAL MINING INDUSTRIES EPL2635 86754.6 SWAKOPMUND 1999 2002 industrial minerals

COASTAL GEMS EPL2908 11525.5 WLOTZKABAKEN precious metals

Table 5: Historic exploration licenses with EPL4185 (source: Ministry of Mines and Energy of Namibia)

The above list is witnessed by a large number of trenches and sample site as well as several

mine sites within the project area.



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6. INDUSTRIAL USES OF THE LICENSE AREA

6.1 SALT COMPANY Namibia is the largest producer of salt in sub-saharan Africa. The Swakopmund-based Salt

Company (Pty) Ltd produces around 130 000 tons of food-grade salt annually (24). The salt

works are situated on Mining License 66 which borders on Gecko’s EPL on the south-western

side.

6.2 AREVA REVERSE OSMOSIS DESALINATION PLANT AT WLOTZKASBAKAN

The recently constructed reverse osmosis desalination plant near Wlotzkasbaken, some 30

km north of Swakopmund is located within EPL4185. The design net production of treated

water from this facility is 20 million m3 per annum with an associated sea water abstraction of

more than 48 million m3. The plant has an expansion capacity to cater for possible future

water demand of 45 million m3/year (19).

7. ENVISAGED FUTURE EXPLORATION Gecko plans to pursue the following projects and exploration activities within EPL4185 in the

next three years:

7.1 AGGREGATES FOR THE VIP DEVELOPMENT: SAND, CRUSHED ROCK, BOULDERS AND AMOUR STONE

The envisaged exploration will entail mapping, sampling (possibly blasting of samples),

diamond drilling and pending on the results of the aforementioned also trial mining. The

preliminary targets are rendered with Chapter 4.1.4.3 above.

7.1.1 SwaCa calcite marbles

A direct continuation of the ongoing exploration and test work is envisaged. The work will

encompass diamond drilling, bulk sampling including blasting of fresh material and possibly

trial mining of a limited tonnage of less than 300 tons.



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7.1.2 Granitic pegmatites

Numerous occurrences of granitic pegmatites render good targets for the exploitation of

different types and qualities of feldspar, lithium minerals and quartz. The exploration work

would need to start at grass-root level and progress through a typical range of exploration

activities once targets for detailed follow-up work could be identified.

7.1.3 General reconnaissance for industrial minerals mineralization within the EPL

The location of the license, in close proximity to major infrastructure, together the ground

covered, render it attractive for industrial mineral exploitation. More reconnaissance work is

planned for defining potential targets for follow-up exploration work.

7.1.4 Further work to explore the possibility of crystallizing salt within the area

As a continuation of the reconnaissance work and studies undertaken by the company in the

past, more work is required for assessing the viability of large-scale salt production within

EPL4185.

8. DESCRIPTION OF THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT AND ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL IMPACT BY THE ENVISAGED EXPLORATION

8.1 GEOLOGICAL SETTINGS

The area covered by the grant is underlain by rocks of Damaran age belonging to the Swakop

Group as well as by younger sediments of the Namib Sequence.

8.1.1 Regional Geology

The plains of the Namib Desert are underlain by rocks of the late Proterozoic Damara Orogen.

The Damaran lithologies consist of highly metamorphosed rock types including marbles and

schists, parasediments and volcanics. Recent sediments (sands and silts) of the Namib Group



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constitute an extensive cover over much of the region filling the stream channels and

overlying the Damaran rocks.

EPL4185 belongs to the Northern Central Zone (NCZ) of the Damara Orogen. The Zone is

characterized by medium to high grades of metamorphism and numerous granitic intrusions

(12). The bed rock structure is comprised of northeast–southwest elongated anticline and

synclines of tightly folded Neoproterozoic rocks consisting mainly of amphibolite-facies

metasediments. Folding, combined with regional granitization took place between 550 and

470 million years ago (12).

The Neoproterozoic Damaran sequence consists of a lower Nosib Group and an upper

Swakop Group. Overlying the clastic sediments of the Nosib, the Swakop Group consists of

pelitic and calcareous rock types and includes the Rossing, Chuos, Karibib and Kuiseb

Formations.

The orogenic Salem granite suite intruded these metasediments during and after the peak of

regional metamorphism. Foliated Salem granite covers a large area to the east of the license.

From the Eocene in the early Tertiary the plains of the Namib started to fill with sediments

deposited by numerous drainage lines. The successions belong to the Namib Sequence

which covers large areas in the eastern, south-western and northern parts of the country. The

sediments filling the Namib plains vary in thickness from 0 to 120 m depending on the depth

and width of the palaeo-valleys. Parts of the Tertiary sediments were eroded as a result of

uplift that caused the rejuvenation of river flows. The current stream system of braided river

beds appears to be mostly dormant and is incised into the Cenozoic palaeo-valley

sedimentary cover (13, 21).

Potential / actual impacts

none

8.1.2 Local Geology

Numerous rock types such as marbles, schists, quartzites, dolerites and granites are present

within Wlotzkasbaken area and they form part of the Damara Orogen. The rocks are

Neoproterozoic in age and belong to Swakop and Nosib Groups with both forming part of the

Damara sequence. Parts of the prospecting area are covered by surficial deposits with bed

rocks of the Damara sequence. Gypsum crusts are widespread on the lower surfaces and

along stream beds.


The endeavours undertaking are focussing on creating a viable mine and the supply of raw material to the VIP project.



17

8.2 CLIMATE

Aridity, strong winds, regular fog and scarce rains are characteristic of the Namibian coastal

area.

The central coastal area have average annual maximum temperature of 22°C and annual

minimum temperatures of 11°C, with summer convective storm precipitation. High solar

radiation, low humidity and high temperature lead to very high evaporation rates 2400 mm

annually for surface water. As a result frosts and temperatures above 35°C are rare at the

coast (22).

The Benguela current and the associated cold water upwelling system enhanced by winds

blowing from the sea supplies moisture for the area in the form of fog that can reach as far as

140 km inland. The cold, north-flowing Benguela current accounts for some of the low

precipitation. Air saturated with moisture creates banks of fog in the coastal zone for at least

160 days a year. The relative humidity on these days is about 80 % and a precipitation of

about 130 mm of fog during a year here is more than eight times the average annual rainfall

on the coast of less than 15 mm. Mean annual precipitation increases from south to north

along the coastline; 31 mm/yr- at Walvis Bay and 37 mm/yr at Swakopmund (21).

As part of the scoping work for the selection of the VIP site, Gecko had an evaluation done on

air quality and noise impact (8). Some of the characteristics for the coastal zone are

summarized in the following.

8.2.1 Wind and Atmospheric Dispersion Potential

The meteorological characteristics of a site govern the dispersion, transformation and

eventual removal of pollutants from the atmosphere (16). The extent to which pollution will

accumulate or disperse in the atmosphere is dependent on the degree of thermal and

mechanical turbulence within the earth’s boundary layer. The wind speed determines both

the distance of downwind transport and the rate of dilution as a result of plume ‘stretching’.

Pollution concentration levels therefore fluctuate in response to changes in atmospheric

stability, to concurrent variations in the mixing depth, and to shifts in the wind field. Spatial

variations, diurnal and seasonal changes in the wind field and stability regime are functions of

atmospheric processes operating at various temporal and spatial scales (4). The analysis of

meteorological data observed for the project area provide the basis for the parameterisation of

the meso-scale ventilation potential of the site.

Seasonal shifts in the wind field is shown in Figure 2. The summer months (December to

February) reflect winds to be mainly from the southwest to the northwest. During Autumn

(March to May) the northeast and south-westerly flow is dominant. Winter months reflect an

increase in north-easterly flow whilst the Spring months defaults back to the summer pattern.

The so called “east wind” conditions are reflected in the north-easterly flow that is prevalent

during the winter months.



18

Figure 2: Annual wind roses for the BIOTA station near Wlotzkasbaken

Figure 3: Period, day-time and night-time wind roses for the station near

Wlotzkasbaken



19

Figure 4: Seasonal wind roses for the station near Wlotzkasbaken

Along the coast winds are predominately from the south and west. High-pressure systems

over the interior of southern Africa cause strong north-easterly winds, the so-called Berg

winds, during the winter months. These Berg winds can blow for a number of days, and are

characterised by very high temperatures associated with dry and dusty conditions (15).


Wind erosion of disturbed soil surface and gravel roads

High wind speed will affect poorly managed waste disposal system

Impact from exploration is regarded as minimal and localized because of the limited

nature of the activities

8.2.2 Precipitation

The EPL area is characterised by low and very sporadic rainfall (see Figure 5). Over the last

ten years the highest recorded monthly rainfall occurred in April 2006, which was 47.4 mm.

This accounts for the peak in Figure 5. In February 2009 another very high rain event

occurred in the area.



20

Figure 5: Average Rainfall (2002-2009) (source: BIOTA station, Wlotzkasbaken)

Besides rain, the EPL area also receives fog which forms when moist air that has been cooled

over the Benguela Current is blown on-shore. Along the coast, the air remains humid

throughout the year as a result of moist air feeding off the Atlantic. Even at 14h00 in winter,

average humidity values drop only to 60% or 70%, while they are generally above 80 % at

other times (11). Walvis Bay area receives on average >125 fog days per year (14). No data

could be obtained for Swakopmund, however, experience shows that the number of fog days

per year are higher.

Potential / actual impacts Flash floods as a hazard to workers and machinery

8.2.3 Temperature

Temperature extremes, characteristic of most hot deserts, are moderated in the Namib

caused by the presence of the cold current off-shore. Minimum temperatures below freezing

are seldom recorded, and maximum temperatures lie in the region of 40°C are mainly

experienced during February and March (6).

Figure 6 provides the recorded temperature for ten years. The coldest month on average in

the last ten years is August at 9°C, whilst the hottest is April at 27°C. The average annual

minimum temperature was 13°C, whilst the average annual maximum temperature is 25°C.

Seasonal temperature variances are minimal.

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

mm

Months

Average Rainfall 2002 - 2009



21

Figure 6: Min & Max Temperatures (1996-2005) (source: Namibian Meteorological

Service)


Dehydration of workforce

Sunburn risk

Exposure in extreme cold events

8.3 AIR QUALITY AND NOISE LEVELS

For the VIP site selection also a baseline study on air and noise (7) was undertaken during

2011. The site selected for Gecko’s envisaged VIP development is situated, south of

Wlotzkasbaken, within EPL4185.

8.3.1 Baseline Air Quality for the Region

Particulates represent the main pollutant of concern within the Erongo Region due to

incidences of windblown dust from natural exposed surfaces and existing mining operations in

the area (i.e. Rössing Uranium Mine, Langer Heinrich Uranium Mine and Trekkopje Mine that

is under construction).

Particulates are divided into different particle size categories with Total Suspended

Particulates (TSP) associated with nuisance impacts and the finer fractions of PM10

(particulates with a diameter less than 10 μm) and PM2.5 (diameter less than 2.5 μm) linked

with potential health impacts. PM10 is primarily associated with mechanically generated dust

whereas PM2.5 is associated with combustion sources. Gaseous pollutants (such as sulphur

dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, etc.) derive from vehicle exhausts and other

combustions sources at the mines and towns such as diesel generators and engines.

Min & Max Temperatures (1996-2005)

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

° C

elc

ius

Min Values Max Values



22

Limited ambient monitoring data are available for the region both on particulate and on

gaseous concentrations. As part of the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) “Central

Namib Uranium Rush”, a dust fallout and ambient PM10 monitoring campaign was

undertaken. The dust fallout campaign started in August 2009 and is still ongoing whereas

the PM10 monitoring, also initiated in August, only lasted for six months delivering limited

data. In addition, the baseline was simulated (predicted) including all existing sources of dust

generation in the region (i.e. existing mines, roads and windblown dust from the natural

environment) (7).

As part of the Walvis Bay Coal Fired Power Station EIA, a short monitoring campaign was

undertaken sampling PM10, SO2 and NOx. The results are presented in the subsequent

illustrations.

Figure 7: Simulated baseline PM10 highest daily average concentrations for the

Erongo Region (7)



23

Figure 8: Simulated baseline PM10 annual average concentrations for the Erongo

Region (7)


Vehicular movement creates dust

Percussion drilling creates various fractions of dust which are hazardous for humans

and wild life

Blasting, mining and processing operations generate dust.

Pollutants would include particulates , oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide , sulfur

dioxide, and volatile organic compounds

Impacts would depend upon the amount, duration, location, and characteristics of the

emissions and the meteorological conditions (e.g., wind speed and direction,

precipitation, and relative humidity).

Dust is carried by the wind and although dispersed, it affects a larger area.

High wind speed will affect poorly managed waste disposal system

Impact from exploration is regarded minimal and localized because of the limited

nature of the activities

http://teeic.anl.gov/glossary/glossary.cfm#488











24

8.3.2 Baseline Noise Levels

Baseline noise measurements were conducted in 2009 for the Nampower Coal Fired Power

Station project near Walvis Bay as well as for the Etango uranium project (9). The information

provides some background to ambient noise levels within the wider area of EPL4185.

In general ambient noise levels are considered to be low in the absence of wind interference,

and are generally lower than 40 dBA during the day and below 30 dBA during the night.

However noise monitoring indicates that vehicular movement contributes significantly to the

measured noise levels, although on an intermittent basis.

Measurements were conducted at two locations:

MP1 – approximately 2.5 km north of Walvis Bay halfway between the coastline and the

main road to Swakopmund (B2)

MP2 – approximately 7.5 km east-north east of Walvis Bay inland of Dune 7

Day-and night-time1equivalent noise levels were recorded and summarised.

A low rumbling noise was probably caused by the surf several kilometres away contributed to

the day and night measurements being very much the same.. Surf causes very low frequency

noise that can propagate over very long distances, given the right climatic and atmospheric

conditions (9).


Vehicles and machinery create noise with is harmful to humans and wildlife

Primary sources of noise associated with exploration include earth-moving equipment,

vehicle traffic, seismic surveys, blasting, and drill rig operations

Noise originating from the machines and other equipment will be silenced to industry

standards

Workers to wear earplugs together with other PPE

8.4 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

8.4.1 Fauna

Animal life on the gravel plains tends to be concentrated in the washes and is sustained by

the plants in them (15, 18). During the exploration work springboks and jackals were

encountered regularly. Other large mammals known to be occasionally seen in the area are

hyenas.

The area is known to host a large variety of amphibians, reptiles, insects and rodents (Photo

1). No evidence however was found of any red data species in the area, although this would

have to be confirmed by the appropriate scientist.





25

Reptiles are well adapted to desert conditions and species diversity of this group is high in the

Namib. Lizards are particularly diverse, with 28 species of geckos, skinks and typical lizards

known or expected to occur in this area (5).


none

Photo 1: The Desert Chameleon was encountered next to the SwaCa exploration site.

8.4.1.1 Avifauna

No specialist report has been conducted covering the EPL area. During exploration care has

to be taken not to disturb ground nesting birds.


disturbance of ground nesting birds by vehicles and individuals

8.4.2 Flora

The EPL falls within the Central Namib undulating sandy-gravel plains, incised by ephemeral

sandy washes (10).

Just over 400 plant species occur in the Central Namib - making up to 10% of the flora of the

country (23)

The entire EPL area is characterized by scattered specimens of Arthraerua leubnitziae (pencil

bush), Zygophyllum stapffii (dollar bush) (Photo 2), Helmstedtia spathulifolia and a large

variety of lichens; all of those endemic to the Namib Desert. Lichens are the first colonists of

bare habitats and therefore form a ground-cover that prevents wind and water erosion (1).



26

Remnants of a sparse cover of grasses is evident along the seasonal drainage lines. These

drainages function as critical habitats to animal life.

A number of rocky outcrops and ridges of varying geological composition are located

throughout the gravel plains. Superficially those rock outcrops appear largely unvegetated,

but on closer examination numerous shallow drainage lines harbour considerable plant life,

including endemic and near-endemic species.


Plant growth will be affected by dust from the exploration activities

Uncontrolled off-road driving

Illegal plant collecting

Photo 2: Zygophyllum stapffii (Dollarbush), notice the windblown waste trapped at

the base of the plant.



27

Photo 3: Image of sandy flats with ephemeral riverbed

8.4.3 Lichens

The Namibian coastal fog belt has many lichen species, some of which are endemic. Lichens

are an important component of desert ecosystems, and they cover a substantial area of the

Namib Desert. Attachment-7 shows the lichen fields and assemblages within EPL4185.

The humid and temperate conditions occurring in our coastal desert provide conditions that

lichens require to flourish and as a result they can be found colonising almost any undisturbed

surface, from natural to man-made.

The area previously known as the West Coast Recreational Area had attracted a huge

number of traffic which created a crisscross of tracks on the substrate by off-road driving. The

lichens were negatively affected by this direct mechanical impact.

The main impact that prospecting activities may have on lichen is through disturbance of the

local habitat. Physical damage and dust of composition which the lichens are not used to

might pose threats to the lichen fields.

Physical damage can be caused by driving or stepping onto the lichens. Both dust generation

and physical damage during the initial stages of prospecting is minimum as most work

involves ground truthing. Movement has to take advantage of existing tracks. Also at

advanced stages of prospecting where drilling is be required, driving will be restricted to

designated roads.



28


Plant/lichen growth will be affected by dust from the exploration activities

Mechanical impact destroys the lichens

Uncontrolled off-road driving

8.5 OTHER POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

8.5.1 Archaeology and Cultural History

No known archaeological artefacts or areas of interest are located within the EPL area.

Extensive middens found along the coast indicate that at least seasonal occupation and use

of coastal resources by people during the past thousand yeas took place (DRFN, 2003).

Indigenous people, possibly Topnaar, conducted copper mining at Hope and Gorob Mine and

may have had mines elsewhere in the area. In the late 1800s and 1900s extensive

prospecting work took place on the central Namib Desert plains.


none

8.5.2 Health and Safety

The potential impacts on human health and safety resulting from exploration activities could

include: occupational accidents and injuries; vehicle or aircraft accidents, exposure to weather

extremes, wildlife encounters, trips and falls on uneven terrain, adverse health effects from

dust generation and emissions, and contact with hazardous materials (e.g., from spills).


low because of the limited range of activities and number of workers required during

exploration

8.5.3 Hazardous Materials and Waste Management

Exploratory crews may generate waste (plastic, paper, containers, fuel leaks/spills, food and

human waste). Wastes produced by exploratory drilling would be similar, but occur to a lesser

extent than those produced during the operation of a mine. They would include drilling fluid

and muds, used oil and filters, spilled fuel, drill cuttings, spent and unused solvents, scrap

metal, solid waste, and garbage.

As the people involved with the work are undergoing an environmental induction they are

made aware of the environmental sensitivity and procedures in place relating to waste and

hazardous materials. Therefore avoidance of generating waste and recycling of all applicable

materials are made daily issues.

The household waste, which is separated from all paper and organic materials, is taken to the

official dump site at Swakopmund. Oil from the servicing of the vehicles and machines is


http://teeic.anl.gov/er/oilgas/impact/drilldev/index.cfm










29

collected in drums and gets taken together with all other industrial waste which is generated

on site to the destined dumping site at Walvisbay.


low because of the limited range of activities and number of workers required during

exploration

environmental awareness training and control is mandatory

8.5.4 Land Use

Temporary and localized impacts to land use would result from exploration activities. These

activities could create a temporary disturbance in the immediate vicinity of an exploration site

or drilling camp (e.g. disturb recreational activities). Exploration activities are unlikely to affect

mining activities, military operations, or aviation.


low because no farming or other activities are known to take place in the area

8.5.5 Socio-economic Environment

As the activities conducted during the exploration phase are temporary and limited in scope,

they would not result in significant socioeconomic impacts on employment, local services, or

property values. Nevertheless, the projects and associated investment contribute to the

regional economy and target creation of sustained employment.

8.5.6 Visual impact

Impacts to visual resources would be considered adverse if the landscape were substantially

degraded or modified. Exploration activities would have only temporary and minor visual

effects, resulting from the presence of drill rigs, workers, vehicles, and other equipment. The

project area is not regarded as pristine due to the amount and period of disturbance it has

received.


low because of the limited range of activities and small number of workers and

equipment required during exploration

8.5.7 Water Resources (Surface Water and Groundwater)

Minimal impact to water resources (water quality, water flows, and surface water/groundwater

interactions) would be anticipated from exploration activities. Exploratory drill holes may

provide a path for surface contaminants to come into contact with groundwater or for waters

from subsurface formations to commingle. In the area of the exploration license not











30

groundwater of the extent or quality suitable for human consumption is know. Only saline

aquifers appear to be present under the entire area (2). All water needed to support drilling

operations will be trucked in from off-site.


Low. No ground water abstraction takes place within the larger area.

Only small amounts of water will be required. This will be trucked in.

8.5.8 Accommodation of Exploration Labour

Only a limited number of personnel is required for conducting the envisaged exploration work.

For all activities, except of drilling programs, the people will reside in Swakopmund and only

come to the exploration area for the day.

During any drilling program a temporary tented camp will be established on site. Chemical

toilets will be erected and their use is compulsory for all personnel working with the drilling

program.


low because of the limited range and duration of activities and small number of

workers and equipment required during exploration

Uncontrolled off-road driving destroys and creates new tracks

Collection of firewood poses hazard to plant life and vegetation

Waste storage and littering

8.5.9 Conduct of the Workers

All people working in the area must be made aware of the important features of their

environment and the importance of protecting them. Certain basics rules are laid out and it

has to be ensured that these rules are being adhered to. Some of the most important ones

are:

No killing or capturing of animals

No littering

No speeding

Driving only on existing roads

Problems associated with the conduct of the work force are be mitigated by giving the workers

a basic training and outlining and stressing the importance of abiding by the rules. Penalties

and fines may in some cases be required in order to ensure adherence to these rules.



31

8.5.10 Tourism

The EPL falls within the Dorob National Park, which stretches from Swakopmund 200km

northwards to the Ugab River. The area is renowned for its excellent angling potential and

visited annually by thousands of fishermen. A particular environmental feature along this

stretch of coastline is the extensive lichen fields which are orientated in a north-easterly

direction. These are threatened by uncontrolled off-road driving. With tight management

control to make sure that the rules laid out in the Environmental Management Plan are

adhered to in a proper manner, no significant negative impact is expected to derive from the

exploration activities. A positive factor in this is that the mineral targets are not visible from

any of the official roads.


low because of the limited range of activities and small number of workers and equipment

required during exploration

9. MANAGEMENT PLAN TO MITIGATE NEGATIVE IMPACTS

The purpose of the EMP is:

To summarise the project activities that have the potential for adverse environmental

impacts.

To identify and outline the aspects of the environment which require management.

To compile Project Environmental Specifications for inclusion in contract documents

and enforcement on site.

To set out the roles and responsibilities of all role-players with regard to environmental

management.

To specify rehabilitation requirements.

To establish monitoring requirements to ensure that all staff members on site comply

with the Environmental Specifications. One of the senior geological team members on

site should be designated to perform this function on a day-to-day basis.

Gecko’s management is conscious of the company’s special operating conditions within the

Dorob National Park. The company is emphasizing on all staff being aware of the DOs and

DON’Ts in this project and area.



32

9.1 INFRASTRUCTURE

Equipment Items

Vehicles 1 to 2 4x4 vehicle

Drilling equipment (note: only one drilling

method will be conducted at the time)

1 diamond drill rig; 1 equipment truck; 1 water truck;

Bulk sampling 1 excavator; 1 truck

Table 6: Vehicles and equipment to be used during the exploration work planned

9.2 WORKFORCE AND ACCOMMODATION

Mapping and sampling will include 2 -3 people in the field at any given time. The individuals

are accommodated in Swakopmund.

During drilling operations approximately 4 - 6 people will be working on site – the drill crew

and one geologist. A maximum of 4 of these people will be accommodated at a temporary

exploration camp near the drilling project.

During bulk sampling the excavation team will also be housed at Swakopmund.

9.3 WATER

A rough estimate shows that approximately 40 – 50 m3 per month is needed during diamond

drilling per drill rig. As per procedure during the previous drilling programs within the license,

the water will be trucked in from Swakopmund, purchased from the Municipality of

Swakopmund. The amount of water includes the requirements at the camp for human

consumption.

9.4 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND REHABILITATION

Gecko Salt / Namibia (Pty) Ltd will submit annual Environmental Reports to the Ministry

stating the exploration activities and environmental performance of the project. Staff of the

MET or Ministry of Mines and Energy may at any time inspect the exploration area. Internal

and external monitoring should involve Gecko’s safety and environmental department and

members of the MET.

Should the decision be taken that the project is not economically viable the area will be

rehabilitated. The rehabilitation measures that are set out in the EMP are binding to all

personnel on site including the crew and contractors.



33

The main environmental impacts will occur during the drilling activities and pitting and it must

be ensured that rehabilitation takes place at the end of each exploration phase, especially

before the drilling crew leaves the site.

Unnecessary vehicle movement will be minimised. All vehicular movement must make us of

existing tracks and roads as far as possible.

EMP for Gecko Namibia (Pty) Ltd exploration activities on EPL 4185 34

10. IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ARISING FROM THE ENVISAGED EXPLORATION ACTIVITIES

Table 7 sets out the general aspects and potential environmental impacts arising specifically from the envisaged exploration activities

Activity Aspect Affected

environment Potential impact

Mitigation measure/recommendations/explanation

Exploration initiation

To establish a strong Environmental Awareness Protocol from the beginning of the exploration programme in order to ensure the least possible damage to the environment.

General EPL area General behaviour of exploration team in the EPL area.

Provision in the budget is made for Environmental Awareness and training and for internal and external Environmental Monitoring Costs as well as for rehabilitation.

Appointment of a senior person to assume responsibility for environmental issues (Environmental Officer).

All individuals who work on, or visit, the sites are aware of the contents of the EMP.

The EMP should be included in all Tender Documents.

Field visit should take place during which main access tracks should be discussed in co-operation with the Ministry of Environment and Tourism staff members or representatives.

Implementation of the EMP

To define roles and responsibilities in terms of the EMP. To make all persons aware of these roles and responsibilities to ensure that exploration activities are conducted in compliance with the EMP. To implement environmental management that is preventative and proactive.

General EPL area General behaviour of exploration team in the EPL area.

Senior exploration staff and all senior contractors are aware of, and implementing, EMP requirements. These people shall be expected to know and understand the objectives of the EMP and will, by example, encourage suitable environmentally aware behaviour to be adopted on all sites.

Immediate recognition should be given to appropriate environmentally acceptable behaviour. Any inappropriate behaviour should be immediately corrected. An explanation as to why the behaviour is unacceptable must be given, and, if necessary, the person should be disciplined.

Environmental awareness briefings

To implement environmental awareness briefings for all individuals who visit,

General EPL area General behaviour of exploration team in the EPL

Every senior/supervisory member of the team is to familiarise themselves with the contents of the EMP and to understand their roles and responsibilities in 'walking the talk' and ensuring





or work, on site. area. compliance with the EMP.

If agreed upon the Environmental Officer will hold an Environmental Awareness Briefing meeting which has to be attended by all exploration and drill contractors before the start of the drilling operation. The meeting should discuss the potential dangers to the environment of the following activities: littering, off-road driving, waste disposal, poaching & plant theft etc. The need to conserve water and implement water saving measures should also be presented.

The need for soil / substrate preservation should be explained.

Public relations To maintain sound relationships with the

landowner (MET)

Inform the relevant person at MET regarding movement.

No littering occurs.

Management of hazardous substances

To minimise the risk of pollution through the implementation of all reasonable measures to prevent leakage, spillage or inappropriate disposal of hazardous substances. To minimise the risk of hazardous substances affecting the health of all individuals and plant and animal life. To use biodegradable products as far as is reasonably possible.

General environment

The Project Manager / Geologist and Contractor have identified all activities that involve the handling of potentially hazardous substances and protocols for the handling of these substances have been put in place and their implementation supervised. Hazardous substances are handled in accordance with the manufacturer’s specifications and existing legal requirements.

The Project Manager / Geologist encourages the use of the least polluting, most rapidly biodegradable cleaning product, solvent, etc.

The Project Manager / Geologist and Contractor will ensure that all individuals, who could be exposed to hazardous substances, are adequately protected and educated about the safe and proper methods for handling of these substances.

Procedures for the containment and clean up of accidental hazardous accidents are developed by the Project Manager / Geologist in accordance to the manufacturer’s specifications.

The Project Manager / Geologist or Contractor should immediately implement actions to stop or reduce and contain any spills.

The Project Manager / Geologist arranges and supervises





implementation of the necessary clean up procedures and proper disposal of contaminated soil, water and other materials at an approved facility.

Clean up, and dispose of contaminated soil at an official waste site.

Waste management

To maintain a clean and tidy site / area.

Fauna, general environment, visual impact

Disturbance to fauna. Visual impact

The following waste management procedures shall be implemented:

Minimisation of waste production;

Where possible, compact waste to reduce its bulk;

What is taken in has to be taken out and disposed of at an official waste site;

Waste containers with suitable lids are provided on site;

Illegal dumping and littering is not to be tolerated.

Accommodation (during exploration drilling only)

Provision for environmental camp standards, waste management and rehabilitation; Disturbance of general environment

Camp area and surroundings; Fauna, Flora

General behaviour of exploration team in the EPL. Disturbance to fauna & flora. Visual impact

The geological / geophysical team is accommodated in Swakopmund.

A long drop or chemical toilet must be established at the camp. Gecko / the contractor is responsible for the maintenance of this toilet. After programme completion the long drop will be decommissioned.

Development of Access Roads and Tracks

Disturbance of general environment

General environment

Visual impact. Destruction of flora

The old tracks which were pre-existing to exploration activities shall be used to access the target area.

No additional new tracks shall be made or otherwise be rehabilitated. If practically possible areas will be entered on foot. To enter the drill sites as much as possible along previously established tracks.

All newly created tracks shall be rehabilitated after the drilling program has been finalized.

Management of drill sites

To undertake and rehabilitate the respective drilling programmes in such a

Disturbance of natural

environment

Loss of indigenous vegetation Disturbance of

Impervious rubber or plastic sheeting is to be used to prevent pollution by diesel, oil and other related sources of pollution.

All litter is placed in a container with a lid that is secured





manner that it will be difficult to determine where these activities took place in 5 years time.

fauna against wind. The rubbish is taken to an official waste site.

Soil contaminated by oil or diesel is removed and dumped on an approved dumpsite and the area treated to neutralize hydrocarbon contamination.

The area of disturbance around the borehole site is kept as small as possible.

Boreholes (not drilled at an angle) that intersect water have the casing left in them, the top of the hole around the casing is grouted and the borehole capped before rehabilitating the area.

Holes / site are rehabilitated before moving to the next site to minimise vehicle movement to the area.

Open water should be fenced off and preferably covered during night to avoid attraction of bees and wildlife.

Sumps are fenced in to avoid fatalities of animals attracted by the water.

Surface & groundwater management

To conserve water. To avoid the pollution of any water and prevent polluted water from entering stream channels or underground aquifers. To monitor the rest water

levels and quality of production boreholes, if water is encountered.

General environment

Visual Groundwater / stream pollution

Borehole rest water levels and quality are recorded.

Working areas, where hazardous substances are handled or stored, are designed to collect and contain hazardous substances. Impervious materials are provided, e.g. drip trays, or sumps to collect and contain liquid pollutants.

Site rehabilitation To rehabilitate the drill sites and camp to as close an approximation of the pristine state as is financially and reasonably possible.

General environment

Visual impact Tourism activities

The following rehabilitation actions are recommended:

All drill mud and cores are removed from site to avoid additional scars in the landscape;

All litter from the site i.e. bottles, tins, piping, etc are taken to an appropriate disposal site.

All debris, scrap metal, etc is removed before moving to a new drill site.

All drilling mud is either disposed of in the open borehole or





taken off site and disposed of at an official waste site.

All water tanks are dismantled and removed.

All sumps are covered and contoured. The stored top soil / substrate is distributed and raked over the disturbed site.

2 years after rehabilitation the drill sites are not visible from 500m.

Management of the natural habitat

To avoid, or reduce, the potential negative impact on the bio-physical environment, including the scenic value thereof.

Disturbed areas are kept to a minimum.

No incidents of poaching or illegal plant or reptile collection are reported. Offenders will be handed over to the authorities.

No permanent infrastructure will be developed at the exploration camp;

No domestic or other animals are brought to the exploration site.

Any person who causes wilful or malicious damage to the environment will be held responsible for repairing the damage immediately and handed over to the authorities.

Managing natural heritage sites & artifacts

To avoid disturbance of known archaeological / palaeontological sites. To record accurately any

new sites found and report to the responsible

authority.

The likelihood that a new site will be found during the exploration work is minimal. However the following measures are to be implemented in case of any new found:

Documented consultation with an archaeologist, and/or local expertise when in doubt.

All individuals are aware of which areas are sensitive.

Every pile (not waste or ore material dumps) of stones is treated as a possible archaeological site. Do not use them, as the rocks could be a burial cairn or hunting blind.

No heritage objects are moved without a permit from the National Monuments Council and any permitted removal of heritage objects is done under the supervision of a qualified archaeologist, palaeontologist or historian.

Any archaeological sites that are found are not be disturbed, but be carefully photographed, the exact location recorded and





the finding reported to the National Monuments Council.

Visual quality Management

To preserve the scenic aspects of the target area and surroundings. To minimise visual impacts created by exploration as far as reasonably possible.

Tourism activities

The movement and use of vehicles be limited to prevent unnecessary damage to vegetation.

could be potential sites of scientific interest are not defaced.

No new tracks are created as far as practically possible.

The exploration camp and any other area disturbed by exploration activities are rehabilitated.

Establishment of pits

To keep the disturbance of flora at a minimum Try to minimize the visual impact as much as possible.

Flora Loss of (indigenous) vegetation Visual impact Tourism activities

Locate pits at sites suitable for sampling purpose and where the least floral disturbance is encountered.

Locate pits at sites suitable for sampling purpose and where they are least visible to the public.

11. REFERENCES

1. Craven, P., Marais, C., 1986. Namib Flora. Gamsberg Publ, Macmillan, Windhoek, Namibia. 128 pp

2. Christellis, G, et al, 2001. Groundwater in Namibia. An explanation to the Hydrogeological Map. Publ. Dept o Water Affairs, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Rural Development. P.15

3. GIESS, W. 1971, 1998. Eine vorläufige Vegetationskarte von Südwestafrika. - Dinteria 4: 31-114

4. Goldreich, Y. and Tyson, 1988. Diurnal and Inter-Diurnal Variations in Lage-Scale Atmospheric Turbulence over Southern Africa. South African Geographical Journal, 70(1). P 48-56

5. Griffin, M. 2003. ‘Annotated checklist and provisional national conservation status of Namibian reptiles’. Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Windhoek.

6. Lancaster, J., et al., 1984. Climat of the Central Namib Desert. Madoquo14(1): p 5-61

7. Liebenberg-Enslin, H, 2011.: Strategic Environmental Assessment for the Central Namib ‘Uranium Rush- Air Quality Specialist Report, APP/09/MME-02-Rev0.

8. Liebenberg-Enzlin, H., Krause, N., 2011. VIP Site Option Ranking: Air Quality and Noise Impact Evaluation. Report No.: App/11/GHN-01, 41p

9. Malherbe, F., 2009. Noise Impact Study for a Coal Fired Power Station near Walvis Bay in Namibia.

10. Mannheimer, C A & Curtis BA. (eds) 2009, ‘Le Roux & Muller’s Field Guide to the Trees and Shrubs of Namibia’. Windhoek: Macmillan Education Namibia.

11. Mendelsohn J., Jarvis, A., Roberts, C. and Robertson, T., 2002. Atlas of Namibia: A portrait of the land and its people. David Philip Publishers, Cape Town.

12. Miller, R. McG. 2008. The Geology of Namibia: Vol.2, Neoproterozoic to lower Palaeozoic. geol. Surv., Windhoek, Namibia.

13. Miller, R. McG. 2008. The Geology of Namibia: Vol.3, Palaeozoic to lower Cenozoic. geol. Surv., Windhoek, Namibia.

14. Molloy F. and Reinikainen T. (2003) Namibia’s Marine Environment, Directorate of Environmental Affairs, Ministry of Environment and Tourism. Cape Town, South Africa.

15. Pallett, 1995. The Sperrgebiet. Desert Research Foundation of Namibia and Namdeb Diamond Corporation, Windhoek, Namibia. P.84

16. Pasquill and Smith, 1983. Atmospheric Diffusion: Study of the dispersion of Windborne Material from Industrial and other sources. Ellis Horwood Ltd. Chichester. 437 pp

Gecko Salt (Pty) Ltd

Environmental Impact Assessment EPL4185 December2012

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17. Schneider, G. and Genis G. 1992. Gypsum. In: The mineral resources of Namibia. Ministry of Mines and Energy, Geol. Surv. Namibia publ.

18. Seely, M. Pallett, J. 2008. Namibia – Secrets of a desert uncoverved, Windhoek, Namibia

19. Turgis Consulting, 2008: Trekkopje Uranium Project: Final ESIA Report.

20. Villiers, J.S. 1971. Final Report on Concession Grant M46/3/230. Unpubl. rep. B & O Mineral Exploration Company (Pty) Ltd. 12p.

21. Wilkinson, M.J. 1990. Paleaoenvironments in the Namib Desert. University of Chicago, Geography Research Paper No. 231

Online:

22. Digital Atlas of Namibia, http://www.uni-koeln.de/sfb389/e/e1/download/atlas_namibia/main_namibia_atlas.html

23. Namibian Coast Conservation and Management project (NACOMA), http://www.nacoma.org.na

24. Salt Company of Namibia, http://www.saltco.com

12. LIST OF ATTACHMENTS

Attachment-1: Map showing marble exploration targets within EPL4185

Attachment-2: Map showing the salt pans within EPL4185

Attachment-3: Overview map showing historic gypsum exploration within EPL4185

Attachment-4: Overview map on aggregates targets within EPL4185

Attachment-5: Summary on potential aggregates deposits

Attachment-6: Imagery and documentation of existing environmental damage within

EPL4185

Attachment-7: Overview map of lichen fields and assemblages within EPL4185

http://www.uni-koeln.de/sfb389/e/e1/download/atlas_namibia/main_namibia_atlas.html

http://www.uni-koeln.de/sfb389/e/e1/download/atlas_namibia/main_namibia_atlas.html

http://www.saltco.com/