environmental mgmt unit 1

7/28/2019 Environmental Mgmt Unit 1

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Environment simply means surrounding

Environment means sum total of conditions

which surrounds man at a given point inspace and time.

With the advancement of society mans

environment surrounds with physical aspectsincluding earth, biotic communities andsocial aspects also.


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Two main component of the environment

a.] Biotic [Biological aspects]

b.] Abiotic [ Physical aspects]

The third aspect is developed by man is

Cultural Environment


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Environment

Physicalenvironment

CulturalEnvironment

Biologicalenvironment

Lithospheric

Atmospheric

Hydrospheric

Floral

Faunal

Microbial

Social

Economic

Political


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PHYSICS

ECONOMICS

PHILOSOPHY

SOCIOLOGY

CHEMISTRY

COMPUTER

BIOLOGY

POLITICS

LAW

AGRICULTURE

EARTH

SCIENCE

ENGINEERING


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Environmental Science is a inter-disciplinaryarea of study which includes the followingaspects

ENVIRONMENTAL

SCIENCE

THEORETICAL ASPECTSIdentification of environmental

problems

APPLIED ASPECTSDeveloping solutions to the

problems


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To maintain the quality of life Environment protection For social development Self preservation To understand food chains To maintain ecological balance To generate concern for environmental

changes Directs attention towards environmental

problems


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A resource is anything we get fromenvironment

Natural environment such as land, water, airminerals, forest, grassland and wildlife all areresources.

Natural resources can be renewable or non-renewable.


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Renewable resources are those resourceswhich are inexhaustible and hence canprovide continuous supply

Non- renewable resources are thoseresources which are exhaustible in nature andcan not be regenerated or if generated it

takes millions of years to develop.


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Renewable resources

Solar energy wind Power

Waterresources

Geothermalenergy

BiogassForest

Resources

HydroelectricPower

Tidal Power

Soil resources

Land resources


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Solar energy means electro magneticradiation from the sun.

Solar radiation felt on the earth mostly in theform of light and infrared rays.

Techniques used for trapping solar energyare

a.] solar heating

b.] Photovoltaic conversion- conversion ofsolar energy into electricity


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Wind energy is used to create electricity byusing wind turbines

Wind energy is a function of wind speed

Wind speed increases with the height.

ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS

Bird kills

Noise effect High cost involve


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Tidal power is used to generate electricity bythe force of tides

Tidal power is tapped by placing a barrageacross an estuary and forcing the tidal flow topass through turbines

Two ways to generate electricity

One-way system

Two-way system


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Disturbs the aquatic ecosystem Can destroy the habitats and nesting places

of water birds.

Interference with fisheries

Flow of polluted water creates healthproblems

High cost


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GEO means earth and THERMAL means Heat Geothermal energy starts with hot, molten

rock called magma deep inside the earth.

The heat rising from magma warmsunderground pools of water know asgeothermal reservoirs.

Direct use of reservoirs as a deep well.

It also helps to form gaysers


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Geothermal reservoirs contains minerals thatare corrosive and polluted

Geothermal fluids are a problem whichrequire treatment before use.

Geothermal reservoirs are sometimes

available in a hard form.


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This uses water flowing down a naturalgradient to turn turbines to generateelectricity

ADVANTAGES Long life of hydropower plant

Very low operating and maintenance cost

Absence of inflationary pressure


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To produce hydroelectric power, large areasof forest and agricultural lands aresubmerged

Conflicts over land


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Biogas is produced from plant material,animal waste, garbage, waste fromhouseholds and some types of industrialwastes such as fish processing, dairies and

sewage treatment plants It is a mixture of gases and includes

methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphideand water vapor

It is the best way of using gas as a fuel


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Forest are complex ecosystem which includessoil, fungi, bacteria, herbs, insects, birds,animals and many other organisms

Important functions of Forest Watershed protection [reducing surface run

off, floods]

Atmospheric regulation[absorption of solar heat, maintaining level ofcarbon dioxide]


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Erosion control [holding soil]

Land bank [maintaining soil nutrients andstructure]

Local use [food, timber]

Medicine plants

Fuel wood

Provide habitat


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Water resources includes all the sources ofwater including atmospheric water, lakes,ponds, river and sea water

USES OF WATER Drinking, cooking and washing

Domestic uses

Agriculture and irrigation


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Aqua culture and fisheries

Waste disposal for natural self- purification

Power generation

Ecological conservation

Recreation


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Soil is an important resource of thelithosphere

Plants takes all the nutrients for their growthfrom soil only

Owing to the porosity and water holding

capacity of soil, it provides water supply tothe plants even when land surface is dry


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NON-RENEWABLERESOURCES

COAL OIL

MINERALSNUCLEAR


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Coal is combustible solid, it usually formedby the burial of partial decomposedvegetation in the pass geological ages

IMPACTS ON ENVIORNMENT Burning coal produces oxides of sulphur and

nitrogen which combines with water and leadto acid rain

Kills forest vegetation Pollute water Affects human health


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Indias oil reserves which are being used atpresent, lie off the coast of Mumbai and inAssam.

IMPACTS ON ENVIRONMENT Accidental fire

Water Pollution

Refining process of oil generates grease andsalt which also damages environment

Air Pollution


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The nuclear rectors use Uranium to produceelectricity.

Uranium is made into rod that are fitted intoa nuclear reactor

The control rods absorb neutrons and adjustthe fission, which releases energy due to thechain reaction in a reactor unit

The heat energy produced in the reaction isused to heat water and produce steam, whichdrives turbines and produce electricity


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Reaction release very hot water and disturbsthe aquatic ecosystem

Very high cost involved

Air pollution

Skin diseases

Adverse effect on crop productivity


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Non- renewable minerals are present in earthcrust and soil

Formation of minerals takes placepredominantly in weak zone like mountains,faulted regions, lakes and continental shelvesthrough geological processes

Minerals present in the soil develops theproductivity of the soil


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Consumption of renewable

resourcesState of environment Sustainability

More than nature's ability to replenishEnvironmental

degradationNot sustainable

Equal to nature's ability to replenish Environmental equilibrium Steady state economy

Less than nature's ability to replenish Environmental renewalEnvironmentally

sustainable


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It emphasizes that in sustainabledevelopment everyone is a user and providerof information

It stresses the need to change from oldsector-centered ways of doing business tonew approaches


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Social sustainability derives that every personon the earth should use the resources in sucha manner that it could save some part for thenew generation

It emphasizes on the view of better quality oflife for all people of society


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It emphasizes the view of sustainable use ofall resources

Use of pesticides and other chemicals whichwill not harm the environment in any mannershould me used

long term wellbeing of environment practicesshould be used


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Sustainable agriculture may be defined asconsisting of environmentally-friendlymethods of farming that allow the productionof crops or livestock without damage to

human or natural systems. It include preventing adverse effects to soil,

water, biodiversity, surrounding ordownstream resources - as well as to thoseworking on the farm


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1.] Agro forestry A narrow definition of agro forestry is "trees on

farms

Agro forestry is an integrated approach of usingthe interactive benefits from combining trees andshrubs with crops and/or livestock.

It combines agricultural and forestry

technologies to create more diverse, productive,profitable, healthy, and sustainable land-usesystems. .


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It means managing a mix of different crops or

animals.

The best known form of mixing occurs probablywhere crop residues are used to feed the animals

and the excreta from animals are used asnutrients for the crop

It depends on external and internal factors.External factors like Weather Patterns, MarketPrices, Political Stability and TechnologicalDevelopment, Internal factors relate to Local SoilCharacteristics


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The process of growing two or more crops in the

same piece of land, during the same season is calledMultiple Cropping

It can be rightly called a form of Polyculture

It can be

(a) Double Cropping (the practice where the secondcrop is planted after the first has been harvested)

(b) Relay Cropping (the practice where a second cropis started along with the first one, before it isharvested).


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The process of growing two or more unrelatedcrops in the same piece of land in differentseasons is known as Crop Rotation

ADVANTAGES (a) Avoid the build up of pests

(b) The replenishment of nitrogen through theuse of green manure in sequence with cerealsand other crops

(c) Improve soil structure and fertility byalternating deep-rooted and shallow-rootedplants


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Objectives of conservation of natural resources To maintain the essential ecological processes i.e.

food chain recycling and the life support system soil, air, water, pond, plants, animals

To ensure the availability and sustainability ofresources

survival of all species in a healthy and easy manner

To preserve the diversity at the specific habitat levels.

d d kl


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Using drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigationsystems water lawns

Treating water to be provided for irrigationpurpose

Water to be used carefully and economically

for domestically for domestic and industrial

Using alternative source of energy

Taking care in using fuels

Avoiding wastage of energy

environmental mgmt unit 1

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