Environmental impact of coldset against inkjet in newspaper production: a Study

www.agaprint.com Alexis Lozano Medina gerencia@agaprint.com alozano@dfis.ulpgc.es

Contents • Structure of Printed and Electronic Media • Analytical tools as source of environmental information • The Life Cycle of Newspaper (based on paper cycle) • What is Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) • Environmental communication tools related to Life Cycle Assessment • The Life Cycle Assessment Framework

• Phase 1: Goal and Scope Definition • Unit process • System boundaries

• Phase 2: Inventory Analysis • Coldset and Inkjet Flown Diagram • Plate imagin operation unit process and and others related units process · Different ways to obtain data

• Phase 3: Impact Assessment • Environmentallmpacts

• Global Warming Potential and Carbon Footprint • Newspapers studies Carbon Footprint • GWP Inkjet-Coldset 10.000 copies

• Characterisation models in LCA. Printed Paper (Inkjet - Coldset) • Edip 2003 • ReCiPe

• Phase 4: Interpretation • Conclusions and further research • The background for this presentation and literature references

Sources of Information

Content Development

Structure of Print and Electronic Media

............ Radio, TV

Data visua lization Equipme nt

r---<~ IP~r~O:d~u~ct:io:nJ:~~~'~n~te~,~n~et~i>:=~ Distribution , --1 lectronlc I l'lformatlo~-", L ovo, Flash Memory - -r¡ ____ -'

Electronlc Media

Digita l Printing System

Print Media

Fi'1Ís ll i n.~ Distribution __ :;~~t~~--fIoi

User

8o>ed on Ho<'dbool:: 01 pril"( medi.:~ .. ....:I PfoductiO" met!'Od •. Kippllon 2001

The Life Cycle of Newspaper (based on paper cycle)

r ........ ~~breSUPPIY

-Incineration

/

/ Recyclinll

Paper \

}t ..... Otherresources~) ~ and raw materials ~

ChemicaiS\

, Plates )

~anufacturing ~l. ~ Inks )

life Cyele of Newspapers (based on 11M! ~ (ydel

t 4

Emissions and waste

Analytical tools as source of environmental information

physical metrics

• environmental risk assessment (ERA) • life cycle assessment (LCA) • material flow analysis (MFA)

• energy analysis • ecological footprint

monetary metrics • cost benefit analysis (CBA) • total cost analysis (TCA) • life cycle costing (LCC) • input-output analysis (lOA)

What is Life Cycle Assessment - LCA?

• 15 a product-oriented method for sustainability analysis

• 15 a comprehensive life cycle approach that quantifies ecological and human health impacts of a product or system over its complete life cycle.

• LCA uses credible scientific methods to model steady-state, global environmental and human health impacts.

• LCA helps decision makers understand the scale of many environmental and human health impacts of competing products, services, policies or actions.

• LCA uses for Ecolabel, Environmental Declaration, Carbon Footprint

Environmental communication tools related to Life Cycle Assessment

Ecolabels *** -: f :

~* ;;: ¡EPDf ::-~~~ "' ~ Environmental Product - ~ § -;/f'if

Nordic Label (The Swam)

EU Ecolabel (The flower) ISO 14024:1999, Environmentallabels and declarations. Type I environmentallabelling­Principies and procedures

Climate labels worklng wlth

the Carbon Trust PA52050:2008 5pecification for the assessment of the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of goods and services.

Declaration ;." ¡¡¡ :=.--

Paper Profile ISO 14025:2006. Environmentallabels and declarations. Type III environmental declarations­Principies and procedures

15014067: Carbon footprint af products. Requirements and

guidelines for quantification and communication

Life Cyele Assessment framework

Goal and scope

definition

Inventory ana lysis

Impact assessment 1---------.

ISO 14040:2006

• Product development and improvement

• Strategic planning • Public policy making • Marketing • Others

Phase 1: Goal and Scope Definition Goal and scope definition is the LCA phase in which the aim of the study is established. The breadth and depth of the study are also established in relation to that.

Goal definition: • intended application: product development and improvement,

strategic planning, public decision making, marketing, other • reasons for carrying out the study • intended audience

Scope definition: • function, functional unit and reference flow • initial choices • system boundaries • data quality • Critical review and other procedural aspects

Goal The objective of this research is to identify environmental impacts and resource consumption during the life cycle of a newspaper printed by offset-coldset and inkjet­digital in a printing company in Europe. The results will be used to calculate several environmental indicators for the subsequent comparison with electronic devices

System product • printed newspaper by coldset · printed newspaper by inkjet • newspaper through a digital device*

Unit process Smallest portion of a product system for which data are collected - --Functional unit • 1 ton of tabloid Newspaper of 360 mmx 289 mm in 45 g/m2 for a specific range

of circulations and paginations · consumption of a number of newspapers by a single reader to one year*

System boundaries

--.-...,,----

~-""-"'--"--'~ · (radie to gateo Environmental efficiency of a product or service until it is ., T =+~",, \_'

produced or delivered. ,_ 2 "-';:; " ~== - """" · (radie to grave*. Materials and energy needed to make a product from _1 _ :! ._

their extraction to their dicarded destination ,_ ::::

Use

End of life

For

Prod 01

estry

uction Pulp _

t uction] ,-!~r

Product system for generic offset printed matter

r Agricu lture I Extraction and Extraction of

I Ext ract ion and

refin ing of oil minera ls refining of

LLon

Aluminium

proJetion I I prodLtion I prod~etion I I prod ~etion I of RrSin of Pigments of Biocides of EmlUISion of Chemicals

1 • • Production of Solvents Production of Production Production of Production

and Dergents Fountain Solution ofGum Developers and fixer of Al. Plates

Production • of Inks

-- ------------ ---------------- --- -------------- ------------------ - ---------- ----------- --- ----- ------------- - ------------ - --------------- ------ ----------------

Platemaking

I

f·· ············ . ___ 0 __________ ••• ------------- • • •• • ------------- • • _. -L End of lite ----------i Printi ng {------l, Wa~te Management]

t [Finishing

----------------- --------------- ---------------- --------------------- ' jo ----- ---- --------- ------- ----------------- -------------- --------------------- -------------- ---------------

L Delivery I

~ , ................ ............... ................ ................... + [. ........................................................................................... j End 01 Lile I

Phase 2: Inventory Analysis

15 the LeA phase involving the compilation and quantification of inputs and outputs for a given product system throughout its life cycle

Steps • preparing for data collection • data collection • calculation procedures • allocation and recycling • flows of intermediate products or waste for

treatment • elementary flows from or to the environment

Flow diagram • graphical representation of structure product system • showing the interdependence of economic processes • can be organized as hierarchical (multi-Ievel) flow diagrams

.... CMd;,;",,¡.,.

Comp"""'" ~;ocuum Pu""" Genét.,or T,..,,,,,,,,, Foo"'aifl Sy>'om

fJon '" Oo . ... '" 'Q"_' Oh lIC~"'~ W.WC""¡",

DY>t hlf..ni<>rt

E~"ótitl

Coldset

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G Preprint ~W." .... 1<, •

~";----1~::' _____ "::l " Ium " ''''-------' ------'W.,.,. Pi>d<>¡¡ ........ '_1 • ~ ....

.. ~ -----~ldclf\ll t .

,,-'<mil,. ... ti'ef-

'"

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T

Real Spicers

Printing Un its

Folder

Coldset Web Press

.~.

.. ,---~ .... ""' ''' .. 1

w" , ..... ---. con,........ • [motv n "m' "' ''''¡ '"I!'-­

.h ",.>1. ,~

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um " ' ''-----------' .. _,-------­w.,t.-------. e"""

,

t---w."

____ ",::~i~oo-----il1i==:F:¡:":¡:::h:¡"=,==i I~---wc-;:·:.'. ~~_--.-~---' •• 1\0,,- L!:::" "'.,t<t.oo-------t

Delivery

T

End of Life

----- -----1----, , , ,

RecycllnB Pape,

Ink (ontaine, Aluminium

Coldsed - Inkjet flow diagram

•~~~~F'iO:~~:2~1~;:;~~;;O,oc~~~:!:1~~~~~~~~~!~=:;~A¡"~'~;i:~;;iO~O~>==:::! Gum ~ Preprint hemicals wa5te--' Plates ~ Waste water ~ Water Aluminium waste--'

, ackaging material--, Cleaning

Plates with ¡maslns

y

I Rea l Spicers u.,. , :====:;;;;pape Sticking

:====:;::;;; 'o, fountaln s - Osmotic water an

_~~~~a~,~.~ni ng s Cleaning Other Che

W"'

olUllon ~ d remineralizer---':~ Printing Units olu t ion r¡¡gs .:

mecals ~~ er •

Folder

Coldset Web Press

I Newspaper

{-

===~'''" "P'~I==~.~. strapping tape • Pallets • L. ________ ...1

Fi nishing

,

",----->, ¡¡ckagin g material-------'

te ink •

con la in ers-------t

nated rags--' als Waste---------. umwast~

e Paper·- -->

Waste---~

ewater---,

W .. -Emptyink

ontami

hemóc

Alumini

Wast

iI

Wast

Heat----' Waste Paper---' Waste Wood---' Waste tape ..

1I Unwinder

----Pape , I Printing Units - Stick ing U .,. ----<o, ---Cleanin~

Dryer rags

Rewinder - ~

Inkjet Web Press , I

Newspaper ro ll

t

11 Unwinder

1I Folder

I News paper

{-

Finishing ----j(rafl pap: ;, ====~ ---SIra ppin¡¡; t ape

----Pa llets

1

l'

~

,

r l'

w,o "'-;;::==~ ~ Pap~ r

ac kaein e ma t ~ria l-------' t e ink ~

conta i ners-------' na ted raes-------' Wast~ ~

w .. ----{~Ptv ink ----Contam i

"

aperWaste

Heat Waste Paper Waste Wood Waste tape

Phase 2: Inventory Analysis

INPUTS

economic products flows

Igoodsl_ services ----.

materials _

energy _

waste' (Ior treatment) _

UNIT PROCESS I -PRODUCT SYSTEM ----

OUTPUTS

goOOs

services

materials products ' economic

flows energy

waste (Ior treatment)

--------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ----------------------------- --------------_. _ chemicals to the air - chemicals to water

abiotic resources _ - chemicals to the soil

environmental biotic resources _ - radionuclides environmental interventions land translormation _ - sound interventions

land occupation _ - waste heat - casualties - etc.

• the lunctional I lows 01 the process

Phase 2: Inventory analysis

Different ways to obtain data

• Primary data collected on-site

· measurements • interviews • annual reports · manuals · MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet)

• EMAS • Environmental deelarations · patents · CAS - Chemieal Abstraet Serviee

• Secondary data from generie sources • LCA databases: Ecoinvent V 2.2, KCL-ECO. ELCD · LCA software: Sima Pro, Gabi4, Umberto • previous LCA-studies

• lOA data

:ed

•

)file ~Is and I declarations-

nd 'e cycle.

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~10and aftor

Europe, Weote,n ~_m tochnology [l"t~ hom a>peC tk procer...s dnd ~y F't1)"icol c~u,", l ;y

Nc< W k:.able Ncot owIicoble Th o,; ",<1M ( ~ oI"*'1i ~~1a1 ¡p;><!o.¡ Ncot owI icoble

'o 1!5-'Oz.2012 AkI, " Lo="" Ale,;. Lo""""

ISIC r • • .• eooin;'ent 1611: Pri ntng

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Geo. ratO( Ltlera ture refe re n", Col<>c.k>n me' hod Da' a treatment VerlficaU ""

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Material Safety Data Sheet

PL 10 PHOTOPOL YMER DEVELOPER

Version 1 Revision Date 3-20-2007

SECTION 1. PROOUCT ANO COMPANY IOENTIFICATION

Identification 01 the subslance/preparation

AGFA +

5UBID:OOOOOOOI1962

Print Date 03/20/2007

Product name PL 10 PHOTOPOL YMER DEVELOPER MSDS Number 000000011962

Use of the Substance/Preparation Product code Synonyms

Offset plate developer concentrate

Business group

P106R, PITLW, P7KTR, PSKBC, PSKGN SO HV430 POL DEV, Saphira V Developer GS

Company/Undertaking Identification

Agfa Corporation 100 ehaHenger Road Ridgefield Park, NJ 07660 U.S.A.

Transport Emergency Can CH EMTR EC : + 1 800 4249300

International : + 1 703 5273887

Non-transportalion Health Emergency Phone : + 1 303 6235716

Agfa Information Phone: +12014402500

SECTION 2. COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDlENTS

Aqueous offset plate developer solution, mainly consisting of:

• Potassium silicate

• Water • Elhyleneoxide/propyleneo

xide-copolymer

CAS-No.

1312·76·1

7732-18-5 9003-11 -6

Concenlration [%]

>= 1.0 <= 5.0

>'" 80.0 >= 1.0

<= 100.0 <= 5.0

• UPM

"'oduct

1.1.2010 10 31.1 2 2()10

Date of iSSlJe 26.4.2011

Environmenla l Management

Cei1i11ed envlronmental management system al the mili 1'''''''' ): ISO 14001 (1997)

Comp", .,.teml ensu,e uaceablllly al Ihe orlgln 01 wood no x1OO% .eco_ pape.

ti "" PEFC and Sg "" FSC C*1i11lMl II!>tes Id lIwt pape' machw, ,,'Ih Chaln 01 CuslOdy urtJllcatlon

(PEFC 'e<:ycled and FSC recycled).

Copies 0 1 cer1Wlcat ... avallable al www.upm.com

Environmenlal parameters

The /igu"fl .... ba ... d on melhod. and procedUfft

of measu",","'" ~V$d by !he local 1'" na'ional) ""vir(M'rnerotal ~I.ot<n a' th<! P<O<lIJCIion .~e The figtxe-s Indl>da boIh p.ap&' ...-.d polp production.

Water '" U '.-'"

, ...... ... n.a. kgh",""",

'" n .•. ... ~ •• "" (1.(12 ...~.

", O., ... ~ Co, (fossi) ~ ... ~

Sotid wa&1e I.ondfitled 26 BOI<!Jflonne

Pu,d>aseoj electricity consumptiOl'1

¡tome 01 f ..... product 650 kWh

Product compositlon

More Informatlon

Ft~"",,5700 lloo ... _ i. Finland

Phonoo +358~1S3 537

E-mait amII.titW<lnen@upm.com

www.upm.com

.,.t:..:a~ e r f 'l pro le

"'oduct Company

MIli

HOLMEN S1 ANDARO NEWSPRINT

HOLMEN PAPER

HOLMEN PAPER MADRID S.L.

Inrotmalion gathered from Januaoy 2010 lo Decembe,2010

Date oI lswe 3OI051Z01 1

Environ e ta

Envl ron mental Management

Certllled " nvlto ........ !al ........ ge .... nl sySl8m al ISO 14001 :2(1(14

C<Jmpany "yatems ensu,," tr.., .... blllly 01 lhe origin 01 wGOd ... n<I X 100% recovered pepe'

Envl ronmental parameters

l he l i9LXe5 are based DO meltlods and procedu,es

01 measuremen! appfOved by lhe IocI!I (ar nalional) e<wi"",menta l regulalGrS al !he produtlion sile . lile ligl-O'es incIOOe bolh ~per and ~ prodl>Clion.

Wa1er 00' , ... 1Ig,'''''"''

'" O --.... 0.12 ~gilOMe

e •• 0.002 ,_o

•• "" O ,_o "", '" ~Oflonne

00, (Iosslf) 393.2 ,_.

Salid wasle landlilled 22 .• BOkgllonr.e

!'u,eh.sed etectr1clty consumptton

424.2 kWh

Product composillon

More informatlon

Address CI Popo! . 1. Pot. 100. la G.on1l>efla

f'tlone .34 el 6420603

r STORAENS~

" 1 Jiln 2010 10 31 D&C 2010

Date 01 issl>& 26April2011

Environmenlal Management

Cerlill .... envlronmental """,_en1 s~lem .11M mili : ISO 14001

Company syslems ensure IraceabUity 01 tne 0I191n 01 wood , .. no • 100% recavere<! pape<

Certiliecl CMin o/ Custody 51"'1"'" in placa al \he mil: FSC and f'EFC.

hUp'!Iwww l1"r!ltnso g>m!rm¡poO¡jbililylcer1i!ica!e&lPagulGlrli!ica!es asP'

Environmental parameters

TIla figures ~e t>as8d (Hl me1hods ~nd pr¡o:;eojures 01 rneasureme<>l approved by Ihe Iocallor nalional) erwil""""",!aI regulalors!l!!he produdiM .de. The figures indude bolh pape< and ~ prodoclion,

Water 000 ' .0 '>_. '" 0.002 kgllM M

',. 0.063 k¡¡-IMM

0,. 0.012 k¡¡-IMM

., "" 0.022 k~onn.

"" O.5g kg,IOOM

CO,jfossll) = kg.!.,.,ne

Solld waSle lancllllled 47 BDI<w1onne

P",chased elect,lclty consumption

Itonne 01 final prodcoct 574 kWh

Product composition

moi .....

"

More information

CMIac1 pe,son luc: De Smel

200. 9000 Gem. Belgium

.3292577211

1uc.<Iesmet@s!Olaenso,com

STORAENS~

" InfOlll1aoon galhered from l Jan2010 10 31Dec2010

Date oI lssue 4 A¡)oiI 2011

Environmental Management

c.nll'-<l etwlfonmenlal man.a¡¡e ..... nl syslem 81 tl>e m~1 and lhe wood suppIy unit: ISO 14001

Company sys1emS ensure Iraceablllly 01 lhe orlgin 01 wood X yes ., 100% recoVMed paper

Certilied Chain o/ C .... lody system '" place at!he mil and tl>e wood o.upply ""it: FSC and PE FC,

htlp:l/Www $IOIUOSO CQmfreSQOns' bitilylcell'!lcateGlB1gos!ce!lificatu_asox

Envl ronmental parameters

lile figLXes are Msed on methods and procedLXes

of measuremem awove<l bylhe facallar nalional) e<1vi'O<1mental regulators al lile prodUCIiO<1 $~e_ l l>e figer8S ioc:UOe both paper and pul¡¡ ¡::.-odl-'Clion_

Water 000 LO ~gltome

'" O .... ~l)I'Io<1ne

.... 0.037 ~gltO<1ne

o .. 0.003 ~Oflonne

•• ,o, O . .,. ~Oflonne

", 0.24 ~gltO<1ne

00, (Iossif) " ~Oflonne

SoUd wasle IancmUed 60 BOkgIIO<1ne

Purdlased elec1r1cl1y consurnpllon

Itonne 01 final prodlJCl 1511 >WO

Product composillon

More informatlon

Contact pe!$On Marte Montan

Address 510111 Enso PublicatiO<1 Pape<

314 81 H yltebruk, 5weden

.46 (0)1046 79327

rnarie,montan@slaraenso,com

Phase 3: Impact assessment

This LeA phase is aimed at understanding and evaluating the magnitude and significance of the potential environmental impacts of a product system with the information and results of the inventory analysis.

Steps

• Selection and definition of impact categories, indicators, models and classification

• Characterisation

• Normalisation

• Aggregation and/or Weighting

• Selection of impact categories and classification (mandatory). The environmental impacts relevant to the study are defined . The elementary flows from the life eycle inventory (e.g. resource consumption, emissions into air, etc.) are then assigned to impact categories according to the substances ability to contribute to different environmental problems.

• Characterisation (mandatory). The impact of each emission or resource consumption is modelled quantitatively, according to the environmental mechanism . The result is expressed as an impact score in a unit common to all contributions within the impact category by applying the so-called -characterisation factors (e.g.). For example, kg of C02-equivalents for greenhouse gases contributing to the impact category "Climate Change". Here, the characterisation factor of C02 for elimate change is 1, whilst methane has a characterisation factor of more than 20, reflecting its higher climate change potential.

• Normalisation (optiona l) The characterised impact scores are associated with a common reference, such as the impacts caused by one person during one year in a stated geographic contexto This facilitates comparisons across impact categories and/or Areas of Protection.

• Weighting (optional) The different environmental impact categories and/or Areas of Protection are ranked according to their relative importance. Weighting may be necessary when trade-off situations oceur in LCAs which are being used for comparing alternative products.

Environmentallmpacts

• Climate change. Refers 10 the warming of the climate as a consequence of an increase in so called greenhouse gases.

• Human toxicity. Exposure to substances harmful to human health occurs in three ways: through drinking water and toad,

through the air we breath, and through the skin. In addition to acute (i.e. sudden) and chronic (i.e. slowly developing) toxicity, other harmful effects include the risk of cancer, genetic changes and reproductive disorders.

• Ecotoxicity (terrestrial and freshwater). Refers to the harmful effects of dangerous chemicals on plants, animals and ecosystems. For example, toxic substances can make it more difficult for animals to breed.

• Acidification. 15 caused by emissions of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen compounds to the airo Acidification influences forest growth and the pH level of aquatic ecosystems. Acid deposits also damage building surfaces and other materials.

• Eutrophication . 15 caused by emissions of phosphorus and nitrogen to waterways. Eutrophication of waters refers to the increased growth rate of aquatic organisms and the increase in phytoplankton and water plants due to an imbalance in the

aquatic ecosystem.

• Photochemical oxidant formation. Photo oxidants (such as ozone) are created from hydrocarbons and NOx in bright sunlighl. High concentrations of ozone in the troposphere are harmful to both humans and plants.

• Particulate matter formation. Emissions of small particulates are caused by industrial activities, energy production and traffie. Small particulates can penetrate deep into the lungs and cause respiratory disorders.

• Fossil fuel and Mineral resource depletion . Depletion of non renewable resources (fossil and mineral) is a topical issue that is particularly relevant to certain metals as well as fossil fuels.

Lite cycle inventory results

V Impact category

LCI resu lts assigned to .. impact category

Characterisation model

"(7 Category indicator

Environmental re levance

"(7 Category endpoint(s ) •

•

Example

Cd. CO,. NO,. SO,. (kglfunctional unit)

Acidification

Acidifying emissions (NO,. SO,. etc . assigned to acidification)

Proton release (Waq)

O~ • - vegetation

- etc.

Example impact categories, characterisation models, factors & units

Impact category Ablotlc depletion

Climate change

Stratospheric olone depletion

Human toxicity

Ecological toxicity

Photo-oxidant smog formation

Acidification

Indicator

Ultlmate reserve! annual use

Infrared radiative forcing

Stratospheric olone breakdown

Predicted daily intake, Accepted daily intake

PEG, PNEG

Tropospheric ol one production

Deposition/ criticalload

Characterisation model

.. GUlnee & HelJungs 95

International Panel on Glimate Ghange

World Meteorological Organ ilation model

EUSES, California Toxicology Model

EUSES, California Toxicology Model

UN-ECE trajectory model

Regional Acidification Information & Simulation

Characterisation factor

. . Ablotlc depletlon potential

Global warming potential

Stratospheric olone layer depletion potential

Human toxicity potential

AETP, TETP, etc.

Photo-oxidant chemical potential

Acidification potential

Equivalency unit kg Sb eq

kg CO2 eq.

kg CFC-11 eq.

kg 1,4-DGB eq.

kg 1,4-DGB eq.

kg S02 eq.

Example o/ a category indicator Global Warming

• Global Warming Potential (GWP): Measure for Global Warming in terms of radiative forcing of a mass-unit

• Example calculation:

Charaoten ... hon: Simp le "'''''''''''''' .nd aggre¡;at'oo 01 Gf1G,

5 kg C02 (GWP = 1) + 3 kg CH4 (GWP = 21)

1 X 5 + 21 X 3 kg C02 equivalents = 68 kg C02 equivalents

Carbon footprint

A Carbon footprint is the result of life cycle thinking applied to one impact category: Global Warming (Climate Change)

• It is not a true LCA because it only models one impact category · Carbon footprint impact units are kg C02 equivalents or global

warming potential (GWP)

• Global warming potentials of some Greenhouse Gases (lPCC, 2007, 100 year ti me frame)

Species Chemical formula

Carbon dioxide C02 Methane CH'

Nitrous oxide N20 HFCs

Sulphur hexaftuoride SF6 PFCs

GWP1 00

1 25

298 124 - 14800

22800 7390 - 12200

Newspapers Studies Carbon [ootprint

Global Warmmg

eh mate Change

Studies Autor Vear kg C02-equlv

Ecolabelling of printed matter l arsen 2006 1,35

Assessment of chem ica l em issions in life cyele impact assessment. Thesis larsen 2004 1,4

Environmental Life Cyele Assessment of Paperback Book Printing Alternatives in the USA Clément 2011 2,65

Comparative life (yele Assessment of Marketing Collateral Print HP (Offset ) lesage 2010 3,67

Waste managernent options for discharged newspaper Helsinki Dahlbo 2008 1

Carbon footprint and environmental impacts of print products form cradle to grave (Newspaper) Pihkola 2010 1,16

Enviromental perfomance of digital printing (Offset) Viluksela 2010 1,28

5creening environmentallife cyele assessment of printed, web based and tablet epaper newspaper Moberg 2007 2,12

Calculating the carbon footprints of a Finnish newspaper and magazine from cradle to grave Nors 2009 0,75-0,94

Carbon footprints in the supplV chain : the next step for business Carbon Trust 2006 0,95

A Life (vele Assessment of t he production of a dailV newspaper and a weeklv magazine Infras 1998 2,3

Newsprint alife CVele studV Eeobilan 1998 1,4 · 1,5

*differents funetionaI units eonverted from the information sourees

~ UPM

UPM CARBON FOOTPRINT INFORMATION

Product Newsprint paper (UPM News)

Company UPM-Kymmene Corporation

Site Shotton PM 1 &2

Information gathered from 1.1. 2010 to 31.12.2010

Carbon Foolprinl

UPM calculates the Carbon Footprint af its paper products based on the ten elements of the Carbon Footprint Framework for Paper and Board Products developed by CEPI (the Confederation of European Paper Industries). Detailed information on the CEPI Framework can be found at www.cepi.org .

The data used in the ca lculation are based on annual averages ter a paper machine line.

GHG = greenhouse gas. UPM figures refer only to emissions offossil CO 2 .

Garbon footprint 01 Shotton PM 1 &2 [kg fossil C02 per tonne ol paper]

350 í-;:::=::;--l o Transport of raw 300 materials

250 o Purchased power

200 • Other raw materials

150

100 o Fibre production

50 • A.Jlp and paper

o production

Ten elemenls 01 the CEPI Framework Fossil CO 2 Biogenic CO 2 k Itonne of a er

Global Warming Potential Coldset-Inkjet

IPCC GWP lDDa 7,00

6,00 , ,"'" 5,00

~~ 4,00

~~ kg C02 eq 3,00

~ 2,00

---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------1,00

0,00 500 1000 2000 5000 10000 20000 80000

- Coldet with Capital Goods 6,22 4,39 3,18 2,25 1,89 1,69 1,53

- Coldset 5,28 3,73 2,68 1,86 1,53 1,36 1,22

--- Inkjet with Capital Goods 1,58 1,55 1,54 1,53 1,53 1,52 1,52

--- Inkjet 1,30 1,28 1,26 1,26 1,26 1,26 1,26

Global Warming Potential Coldset-Inkjet

IPCC GWP 100a tor 10.000 copies

• Capitals

24,8% 29,6% • End of life

• Transports

• Electricity Printing

• Chemicals, materials, fue

• Paper Newsprint

Coldset with Capital Goods Inkjet with Capital Goods Coldset Inkjet

1,89 1,53 1,53 1,26 kg C02 eq

, Global Warmlng Potencial Coldset 10.000 copies

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Available in the methodology, but not further investigated

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Midpoint -Endpont model available and further analysed

based on Reference Life Cyele Data System (ILeO) Handbook

Characterisation models

Methodology Developed by Country of orig in

CML2002 CML Netherlands

Eco- indicator 99 PRé Netherlands

EDIP97 - EDIP2003 DTU Denmark

EPS 2000 IVL Sweden

Impact 2002+ EPFL Switzerland

LI ME AIST Japan

LUCAS CIRAIG Canada

ReCiPe RUN + PRé + CML + RIVM Netherlands

Swiss Ecoscarcity 07 E2+ ESU-services Switzerland

TRACI US EPA USA

MEEuP VhK Netherlands

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Urban land occupation, m2a

Agricu lturall and occupation, m2a

Marine ecotoxicity, kg 1,4-0B eq

Freshwater ecotoxicity, kg 1,4-DB eq

Terrestrial ecotoxicity, kg 1,4-08 eq

Marine eutrophicat ion, kg N eq

Freshwater eutroph ication, kg P eq

Terrestrial acidificat ion, kg 502 eq

lonising radiation, kg U235 eq

Particulate matter formation, kg PMI0 eq

Photochemica l oxidant formation, kg

NMVOC

Human toxicity, kg 1,4-DB eq

Ozone depletion, kg CFC-ll eq

Climate change, kg C02 eq

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Metal depletion

Naturalland transformation

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Phase 4: Interpretation

• Conclusions • Recommendations • Analysis (contribution, uncertatinty)

all relate to the goal and scope of the research

• Interpretation should be based on an evaluation of data quality and sensitivity analysis

• Review by independent experts is required to comply with the standard ISO 14040

Conclusions

• Source and electricity mix · Transport distance • Geography • Technology • Capital goods • Pagination and circulation

There is a general perception that use of paper and printing is bad for the environment. Remember the footers of e-emails such as "Please consider the environment before printing this e-mail"

This opinion is evolving as suppliers as printers and come out with more sustainable printing solutions, including products made from recycled products, eco-friendly features

Printing supliers and printing have to make strong efforts to promote everything they do to mitigate the environmental impact of devices and their usage.

To determine the effect of our purchasing decisions would be interesting to have all information identifying the particular ecologlcal impact of manufacturing, packaging, distribution and eliminatían of a product in summary form in a manageable unit.

Publish the impacts generated in the printed product using analysis tools as shown Ufe Cycle Assessment (LCA) or other environmenta l communication tools re lated to LCA like Ecolabels or Carbon Footprint

:'( "', " .' -I~

Carbon footprint of IPAD (Apple): 180 kg C02 eq

Carbon footprint of newspaper (VTT): 1,066 kg C02 eq/1000 kg newspaper

Comparative Newspaper - IPAD Tabloid Newspaper 45 gr/m2

0,390*0,289*0,045*64/2=0,1623 kg/copy

1,06 kg C02eq*O, 1623 = 0,172 kg C02eq/copy

362 days * 0,172 kg C02/day = 62,26 kg C02eq/year

180 kg C02eq (IPAD)/62,26 kg C02eq/year (Newspaper)=2,89 year for only one newspaper reoder

Further research

Differents scenarios that compare

• Origin of raw material

• Waste management, recycling

• Comparison with others impacts for digital devices

• Methodology of impact in terms of exergy (useful energy)

• Ecological tax (eco-tax)

• Update database of products used in the industry

Background This presentation is based on the following information

• Thesis in preparation "Life cycle analysis as a tool for industrial

ecology: applying to the process of printing a newspaper"

• Environmental Oeclaration (EMAS) and Printing information from Artes Gráficas del Atlantico in Gran Canaria (Spain)

• Life Cycle Assessment studies (LCA) from Agfa, HP

• Paper profile from UPM, Stora Enso, Holmen

• Material Safe Sheet (SOS) from severals raws materials

• Studies from Larsen, VD, UNEP, Intergraf

• Ecoinvent, Sima pro

References

• CLÉMENT, É.; VAN DURME, G.and CHARRON·DOUCET, F. Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Paperback Book Printing Alternatives in the USA. Hewlett Packard Company, 2011.

• ECOINVENT. Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories. Available from:<www.ecoinvent.org>. • European Commission - joint Research Centre - Institute for Environment and Sustainability. International

Reference Life Cycle Data System (ILCD) Handbook, 2010. • FINNVEDEN, G., et al. Recent Developments in Life Cycle Assessment.journal of Environmental Management, 2009. • FRISCHKNECHT, R., et al. The Environmental Relevance of Capital Goods in Life Cycle Assessments of Products and

Services. International journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2007, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 7-17. • GOEDKOOP, M.; DE SCHRYVER, A.and OELE, M. Introduction to LCA with Sima Pro 7. 45th ed., 2010. • HP. Technical Backgrounder: HP T300fT350fT400 Series Color Inkjet Web Presses. Hewlett-Packard;, 2011 a. • HP. HP Color Inkjet Web Press Site Preparation Guide. Hewlett-Packard;, 2009. · ISO. Environmental management -- Life cycle assessment -- Principies and framework.ISO 14040:2006

• ISO. Environmental management -- Life cycle assessment -- Requirements and guidelines.ISO 14044:2006 • LARSEN, H. F.; HAUSCHILD, M.and HANSEN, M. S. Ecolabelling of Printed Matter Part 11- Life Cyle Assessment of

Model Sheet Fed Offset Printed Matter. Working Report. Technical University of Denmark, 2006, no. 24. • PENNINGTON, D. W., et al. ILCD Handbook Public Consultation Workshop. The International journal of Life Cycle

Assessment, 2010, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 231-237 • PIHKOLA, H., et al. Carbon Footprint and Environmentallmpacts of Print Products from Cradle to Grave. Results

from the LEADER Project (Part 1 ).VTT, 2010, vol. 2560. ISSN 978-951-38-7670-8. • PIHKOLA, H., et al. Communicating Environmentallmpacts of Print Products. Helsinki: VTT, 2010. ISBN

9789513876869. • UNEP-SETAC. The Life Cycle Initiative., 2002 Available from:<http://lcinitiative.unep.fr • VILUKSELA, P.; KARINIEMI, M.and NORS, M. Environmental Performance of Digital Printing., 2010. • VERCALSTEREN, An; and VAN HOOF, Veronique. Carbon Footprint (CFP) Analysis of Different Agfa Plate Systems.

AGFA,2010.