environmental impact of abattoir effluents on surface waters of … · 2018-03-17 · more than 70...

https://doi.org/10.25240/TJANS.2018.2.2.01

Tropical Journal of Applied Natural Sciences Trop. J. Appl. Nat. Sci., 2(2): 1-9 (2018)

ISSN: 2449-2043


Available online: https://tjansonline.com

Environmental Impact of Abattoir Effluents on Surface Waters

of River Idemili

Ibemenuga, K. N.

Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Anambra State, Nigeria.

E-mail: [email protected]; Phone no: +234 812621299

1. INTRODUCTION

Water is a finite resource that is very essential for human

existence, agriculture, industries, etc (Calamari and Naeve,

1994; Aina and Adipe, 1996). It could be described as the

engine of life because water in its varied forms accounts for

more than 70 percent of the entire earth and life forms. Fresh

water has become scarce commodity due to over exploitation

and pollution (Gupta and Shunkle, 2006; Patil and Tijane,

2001; Singh and Mathur, 2005).

Rivers are the most important freshwater resources for man.

Unfortunately, river water in developing areas is increasingly

being polluted by man. Several rivers in urban and semi urban

areas of Nigeria have been polluted with untreated solid

waste and waste waters. This high pollution status threatens

and in many cases, has already altered the ecological balance

of most rivers in Nigeria (Arimoro and Osakwe, 2006;

Zabbey and Hart, 2006; Arimoro and Ikomi, 2008). Untreated

organic effluents from abattoir contaminants flushed into

streams particularly in areas of human activities pollute rivers

and streams.

Mason (1996) reported that the excessive production of

organic matter leads to the buildup of "sludge" and the

mineralization process consumes all dissolved oxygen from

a water column. Organic effluents also frequently contain

large quantities of suspended solids which reduce the light

available to photosynthetic organisms and on setting out,

alter the characteristics of river bed, rendering it an unsuitable

habitat for many organisms (Raheem and Morenikeji, 2008).

This study presents a comprehensive report on the influence

of abattoir wastes on the physico-chemical parameters of

River Idemili.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 Description of the Study Area

River Idemili (Figure 1) is a hydrographic stream in South-

eastern Nigeria. It is located at an elevation of 64 meters

above sea level and its coordinates are 6°7'0"N and 6°46'0"

E. The river lies approximately 7 kilometers south of Onitsha,

along the old Owerri-Onitsha Trunk road. This tropical area

has an average annual rainfall of 2000mm. The river's

tributaries include Idemili stream and close to this river is an

abattoir house located at its bank. Slaughtering of cows

occurs within the slaughter house while roasting of cow

heads, skin and hind limbs with wood and condemned tyres

occur in the open. These activities have darkened the soil

within the roasting area while waste water from washing of

roasted cow parts and abattoir drain into the river. Three

stations were sampled.

ABSTRACT

The physico-chemical parameters of River Idemili that receives effluents from an

abattoir located close to its bank in Umuota Akuora Village, Obosi, Idemili North

Local Government Area of Anambra State Nigeria, was determined using standard

methods. High water temperature (30.030.01 °C), low dissolved oxygen (1.030.04

mg/l), higher levels of BOD (5.530.04 mg/l) and higher levels of hardness

(4.020.03 mg/lCaCO3), nitrate-nitrogen (6.820.03 mg/l), phosphate-phosphorus

(3.130.004 mg/l) and conductivity (52.210.05 scm-1) which were recorded in

station 2 was attributed to discharge of abattoir effluents into the station. Lower levels

of the physico-chemical parameters were, however, recorded in station 3.

Improvement can be achieved by prohibiting the discharge of untreated abattoir

effluents into the river considering the usefulness of this river to the community;

waste water treatment should be applied in order to minimize the influence on water

quality.

Original Research Article

Received: 10th Nov., 2017

Accepted: 18th Jan., 2018

Published: 14rd Mar., 2018

Keywords:

Impact

Abattoir effluents

Surface waters

River Idemili

1


Figure 1: Map of the Study Area.

Station 1

This station had a mixture of sandy and loamy soil with

intensive agricultural activities occurring around the river, It

is wide and deep. Light penetrates directly into this station.

There are no canopies of leaves and true aquatic littoral flora

consists of macrophytes growing along the river banks which

include Pennisetum purpereum, Colacasia esculenta and

Elaeis guineensis.

Station 2

The abattoir is located close to this station. It has sandy,

loamy and clayey soil. The soil is mostly oily because of the

slaughtering activities. Human activities in and around this

station include slaughtering of cows, roasting and washing of

cow hides and viscera. Macrophytes in this station include

Bambuseae sp., Heteropogon controtus and Raphia hookeri.

Station 3

This station is located near the bridge across the river that is

along Owerri-Onitsha express road. The soil is sandy and

human activities in and around this station includes

performing of rituals by idol worshippers, washing of

motorcycles, swimming and dumping of refuse. Psidium sp.,

Algae and Heteropogon contortus were among aquatic plants

observed in this station.

2.2 Collection of water samples

Water sample collection was done forth nightly for twelve

months (January to December) between 9am to 10am, using

acidified plastic bottles. Water sample for dissolved oxygen,

which was collected using 500 ml Nessler bottles at about 12

noon. Air and water temperatures were determined in situ by

2 min. immersion of mercury in bulb thermometer.

Transparency was measured using a 25 cm secchi disc. Other

physico-chemical parameters were measured based on

methods described in APHA (1989).

2.3 Data analysis

Data obtained from the study were expressed as mean ± S.D

of triplicate determinations. Differences in means were

compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at p<0.05.

Where the difference in ANOVA is significant least

significant difference (LSD) was used to separate means.

3. RESULTS

Mean values of physicochemical parameters in the 3 stations

are presented in Figures 2-12.

Air temperature (°C)

Air temperature varied significantly (p<0.05) at the study

stations. The highest mean air temperature value (35.760.01

°C) was recorded in March while the lowest mean value

(25.520.00 °C) was obtained in July (Figure 2). Station 2

with the highest mean air temperature (35.76±0.01°C) is

significantly higher (p<0.05) than station 1 with the lowest

mean value (25.52±0.00 °C) and station 3 (25.90±0.28 °C)

which are not significantly different from each other.

2


Figure 2: Mean variation in air temperature (C) in relation to stations of River Idemili.

Water temperature (°C)

Mean water temperature values for the study stations varied

significantly (p<0.05) from 25.150.07 °C at station 1 in July to

30.030.01 °C at station 2 in February (Figure 3) in the three

study stations. Station 2 is significantly higher (p<0.05) than

stations 1 and 3 which are not significantly different from each

other.

Figure 3: Mean variation in water temperature (C) in relation to stations of River Idemili.

pH

The mean pH values of River Idemili did not vary significantly (p>0.05) from 5.000.00 at station 1 in November to 6.760.04 at

station 3 in September in the three stations (Figure 4).

Figure 4: Mean variation in pH in relation to stations of River Idemili.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Air

Te

mp

era

ture

(°C

)Station 1

Station 2

Station 3

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Wat

er

Tem

pe

ratu

re (

°C)

Station 1

Station 2

Station 3

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

pH

Station 1

Station 2

Station 3

3


Turbidity (NTU)

Turbidity varied during the study. The minimum value

(12.020.02 NTU), station 1 and maximum value

(53.000.00 NTU), station 3 were respectively obtained in

November and May (Figure 5). One-way analysis of variance

revealed that the mean turbidity values in the three stations

were significantly different (p<0.05). Station 3 is

significantly lower (p<0.05) than stations 1 and 2 which are

not significantly dissimilar.

Figure 5: Mean variation in turbidity (NTU) in relation to stations of River Idemili.

Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l)

Figure 6 revealed that the maximum mean value of dissolved

oxygen was recorded in station 1 (5.48±0.02 mg/l). This was

followed by station 3 (5.45±0.00 mg.l). The minimum mean

value of dissolved oxygen was recorded in station 2

(1.03±0.04 mg/l). Station 2 is significantly lower (p<0.05)

than stations 2 and 3 which are not significantly different

from each other. The values of dissolved oxygen in the

stations ranged from 1.03±0.00 mg/l (Station 2) in January to

5.48±0.00 mg/l (station 1) in July.

Figure 6: Mean variation in dissolved oxygen (mg/l) in relation to stations of River Idemili.

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) (mg/l)

Station 1 had the lowest biochemical oxygen demand mean

value (1.020.69 mg/l) in March (Figure 7). The highest

mean value (5.530.04 mg/l) was recorded in May. Station 2

with the highest mean value (5.53±0.04 mg/l) is significantly

higher (p<0.05) than stations 1 and 3 which do not differ

significantly.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60Tu

rbid

ity

(NTU

)

Station 1

Station 2

Station 3

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Dis

solv

ed

oxy

gen

(m

g/l)

Station 1

Station 2

Station 3

4


Figure 7: Mean variation in biochemical oxygen demand (mg/l) in relation to stations of River Idemili.

Alkalinity (mg/l CaCO3)

The mean values of alkalinity which ranged from 0.210.01 mg/l at station 1 and 4.220.03 mg/l at station 2 were both obtained

in June (Figure 8). Analysis of variance result showed a significant difference (p<0.05) in alkalinity at the three stations. Station

2 is significantly higher (p<0.05) than stations 1 and 3 which are not significantly different from each other.

Figure 8: Mean variation in alkalinity (mg/l CaCO3) in relation to stations of River Idemili.

Hardness (mg/lCaCO3)

There was wide variation in mean values of hardness

recorded during the study. Station 1 had the lowest mean

value of 0.520.03 mg/l while station 2 had the highest mean

hardness concentration (4.020.03 mg/l) (Figure 9). Station

2 is significantly higher (p<0.05) than stations 1 and 3 which

did not differ significantly from each other. Hardness mean

values in the months varied between 0.52±0.03 mg/l in April

(station 1) and 4.02±0.03 mg/l in July (station 2).

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Bio

che

mic

al o

xyge

n d

em

and

(m

g/l)

Station 1

Station 2

Station 3

00.5

11.5

22.5

33.5

44.5

Alk

alin

ity

(mg/

l CaC

O3)

Station 1

Station 2

Station 3

5


Figures 9: Mean variation in hardness (mg/l CaCO3) in relation to stations of River Idemili.

Nitrate-nitrogen concentration (mg/l)

The mean concentration of nitrate-nitrogen recorded for the

three stations ranged from 3.520.03 mg/l at station 1 to

6.820.03 mg/l at station 2 (Figure 10). Station 2 with highest

mean value (6.82±1.03 mg/l) was significantly higher

(p<0.05) than stations 1 and 3. The highest mean

concentration value (6.82±1.03 mg/l (station 2) and the

lowest mean value (3.52±0.03 mg/l, station 1) of nitrate-

nitrogen were recorded in September and January

respectively.

Figure 10: Mean variation in nitrate-nitrogen (mg/l) concentration in relation to stations of River Idemili.

Phosphate-phosphorus concentration (mg/l)

Figure 11 showed that the range of mean phosphate-

phosphorus values recorded during the study was 0.020.01

mg/l at station 1 in April and May, and 3.130.04 mg/l at

station 2 in July. The mean concentrations of phosphate-

phosphorus at station 2 is significantly higher (p<0.05) than

that of stations 1 and 3 which are not significantly different

form each other.

Figure 11: Mean variation in phosphate-phosphorous (mg/l) in relation to stations of River Idemili.

00.5

11.5

22.5

33.5

44.5

Har

dn

ess

(m

g/l C

aCO

3)

Station 1

Station 2

Station 3

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Nit

rate

-nit

roge

n c

on

cen

trat

ion

(m

g/l)

Station 1

Station 2

Station 3

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

ph

osp

hat

e p

ho

sph

oro

us

(m

g/l)

Station 1

Station 2

Station 3

6


Conductivity (μscm-1)

The lowest mean value for conductivity was recorded at

station 1 (31.020.01 mg/l) in January (Figure 12) while the

highest mean value of 52.210.05 scm-1 was recorded at

station 2 in October. The mean conductivity values at the

three stations are not significantly different (p>0.05).

Figure 12: Mean variation in conductivity (μscm-1) in relation to stations of River Idemili.

4. DISCUSSION

The mean air and water temperature range recorded from

River Idemili are typical of tropical rivers. Water temperature

falls within the surface water stipulated range of 25-30 °C for

aquatic organisms (WHO, 1984). The maximum water

temperature obtained in station 2 can be attributed to abattoir

effluent discharge from the abattoir located around this

station. Temperature rise depends on the amount of heat

discharge, the mode of release, the properties and quantity of

receiving waters, climate and weather (Haslam, 1990;

Reheem and Morenikeji, 2008). An increase in temperature

will lead to an increase in the rate of chemical reactions and

formation of dangerous complexes. It also shortens the life

cycles of some invertebrates in a river below a heated

discharge (Raheem and Morenikeji, 2008).

pH measures the acidity or basic nature of solution

(Chapman, 1996). The maximum pH in station 3 may be due

to the photosynthetic activities of algal and plant growth in

this station. pH is a vital environmental characteristic that

decides the physiological, metabolic survival, and growth of

aquatic organisms (Ramanathan et al., 2005). The mean pH

recorded indicates that River Idemili was slightly acidic.

Normal biological activity is restricted to 6-8, for natural

water (Adakole and Anunne, 2003; Adakole, et al., 2008). pH

varied slightly at the study stations with an approximate mean

range of 6.80.04 to 5.00+0.00. This is in consonance with

the observation of Wetzel (1975) that, low pH are found in

natural water rich in dissolved organic matter. The low

variability of pH value could be as a result of abattoir wastes

not having significant effect on the pH of the River. Hynes

(1975) has attributed low variability to streams being

resistant to pH changes to chemical buffering effects.

Although definitive, pH range of the aquatic systems is an

important indicator of the water quality and the extent of

pollution in watershed area (Adakole, 2007). Ibemenuga and

Inyang (2007) recommended a pH range of 6.5-9.5 as suitable

for aquatic life.

Turbidity was highest in station 3 as a result of excessive

algal growth, riparian vegetation, in addition to the abattoir

effluent transported downstream from station 2. Turbidity

measures the clarity or cloudiness of water. The more

suspended solids in the water the murkier it seems and the

higher the turbidity (Rao, 1993). High turbidity will reduce

primary production and also oxygen levels in pond which will

increase the susceptibility of fish to fungal diseases (Boyd,

1979).

Dissolved oxygen is an important gas, necessary for

respiration of aquatic biota hence Adeniji (1986) described it

as one of the most important substances which aquatic

organisms cannot survive without. Dissolved oxygen is a

relative measure of the amount of oxygen that is dissolved or

carried in a given medium (Chiya and Izumi, 1995). The

minimum concentration of dissolved oxygen in fresh water

necessary for aquatic fauna to live in is about 5 mg/litre

(Odiete, 1999). Dissolved oxygen mean value obtained for

the three stations ranged from 1.030.04 mg/l in station 2 to

5.480.2 mg/l in station 1. These values were lower than the

value Offem et al. (2011) reported for Calabar River, and the

WHO (2004) limit of 6.0 mg/l. The low dissolved oxygen

recorded during the study could be attributed to high organic

pollution. BOD which measures organic pollution of aquatic

bodies was maximum in station 2. This could be due to

abattoir effluents containing large amounts of organic waste

which was as a result of the abattoir located here.

Low alkalinity values were recorded in the three stations.

ANOVA revealed significant difference (p<0.05) in the mean

concentrations of alkalinity in the three stations.

The mean hardness values for the stations which ranged from

0.520.03 mg/l CaCO3 in station 2 falls within the

classification of soft water. This probably was due to inflow

of rain water which neutralizes the chemical composition of

the abattoir effluent within the river. The maximum mean

value of hardness recorded in station 2 could be due to

concentration effect from entry of organic effluents and

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

con

du

ctiv

ity

(μsc

m-1

)

Station 1

Station 2

Station 3

7


evaporation due to high temperature based on the hardness

classification of water; soft (0-55 mg/lCaCO3), slightly hard

(56-100 mg/lCaCO3), moderately hard (101-200 mg/lCaCO3

and 201-500 mg/lCaCO3 as modified from Outreach

Department (OD) of natural Water Resources Institute

Kaduna (1997).

Nitrate-nitrogen is among the common nitrogen compounds

occurring in dissolved particulate and gaseous forms. Nitrate-

nitrogen is soluble and easily absorbed by aquatic biota.

Generally, the mean value (4.570.9 mg/l) of nitrate

concentration in River Idemili was lower than the WHO

(2004) limits of 10 mg/l for rivers and streams. Odiete (1999)

noted that a characteristic feature of most tropical waters is

low rate which results in rapid utilization of nutrients. The

low level of nitrate- nitrogen also indicates the good health

status and self-purification capacity of the river despite the

discharge of abattoir waste into it as excessive concentrations

of nutrients can over stimulate aquatic plant and algal growth

and cause oxygen depletion and eutrophication which may

deprive fish and invertebrates of available oxygen in the

water (Agwa et al., 2013).

Phosphate-phosphorus is among nutrient determinants of

phytoplankton productivity and hence fish production

(Welcome, 1978; Boyd and Lichtkoppler, 1979; Wetzel and

Likens, 1978; King, 1998). The concentration of phosphate-

phosphorous above 0.5 mg/l was an indication of pollution

(Agarwal, 1991; Raheem and Morenikeji, 2008). This

indicates that station 1 with the maximum mean phosphate-

phosphorous concentration (1.60.75 mg/l) is polluted. This

station is mostly polluted compared with station 1 (0.250.19

mg/l) upstream and station 3 (0.420.23 mg/l) downstream.

Electrical conductivity in natural waters depends on the

geology, land use, flow, runoff, ground water inflows’

temperature, evaporation and dilution. The higher mean

value 45.710.01 uscm-1 recorded in station 2 may be

attributed to concentration effect of the water due to abattoir

effluent discharged through this point into the river.

Conductivity of freshwater ranged from 10-1000 μscm-1 but

may exceed 1000 μscm-1 (Asuquo, 1999; Offem et al., 2011).

The mean value of conductivity recorded for the three

stations is within the range for fresh water.

5. CONCLUSION

The result of this study revealed that the abattoir effluents

discharged into River Idemili impacted negatively on the

physical and chemical characteristics of the river. Since water

quality attributes are prime factors that influence the survival

of aquatic life, there is need to treat abattoir effluents before

discharge into the river.

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How to cite this article

Ibemenuga, K. N. (2018). Environmental Impact of Abattoir Effluents on Surface Waters of River Idemili. Tropical Journal of Applied

Natural Sciences, 2(2): 1-9. Doi: https://doi.org/10.25240/TJANS.2018.2.2.01.

Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

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