environmental feasibility of biogas and biodiesel as fuel ...regpalzs/ppt_pdf/selma...

SHIPPING AND MARINE TECHNOLOGY

MARITIME ENVIRONMENT

1 5432

Which are the future propulsion options?

MGO LNG Biodiesel Biogas/LBG ?

Environmental feasibility of biogas and Environmental feasibility of biogas and Environmental feasibility of biogas and Environmental feasibility of biogas and biodiesel as fuel for passenger ferries biodiesel as fuel for passenger ferries biodiesel as fuel for passenger ferries biodiesel as fuel for passenger ferries

–––– a case studya case studya case studya case study

SETAC LCA Case Study Symposium, 28 of February – 1 of March, Budapest

Selma Bengtsson, PhD student, [email protected],Chalmers University of Technology



SELMA BENGTSSON

PH.D. STUDENT

SETAC LCA CASE STUDY SYMPOSIUM

28 OF FEBRUARY 2011, BUDAPEST



SELMA BENGTSSON

PH.D. STUDENT



Shipping is efficient...Shipping is efficient...Shipping is efficient...Shipping is efficient......per transported mass cargo and distance for most types of vessels, but not always at high speeds and at low fill rates.

(Buhaug et al., 2009)



SELMA BENGTSSON

PH.D. STUDENT



But, shipping still But, shipping still But, shipping still But, shipping still contributes significantly contributes significantly contributes significantly contributes significantly to global emissions...to global emissions...to global emissions...to global emissions...

• ~90% of the global freight volume in terms of tonne km

• ~14% of the CO2 emissions

• more than 3% annual growth rate in sea-borne trade

Adopted from Eyring et al. (2007)

(Eyring et al. , 2010)



SELMA BENGTSSON

PH.D. STUDENT



Environmental regulations Environmental regulations Environmental regulations Environmental regulations for shippingfor shippingfor shippingfor shipping

• Global stepwise reduction of sulphur dioxide emissions and nitrogen oxide emissions, more stringent regulation in special emission control areas

• The North Sea and Baltic Sea are emission control areas for sulphur dioxide

• Discussion about different regulations for decreased emissions of carbon dioxide, e.g. EEDI



SELMA BENGTSSON

PH.D. STUDENT



Alternative fuels in shipping?Alternative fuels in shipping?Alternative fuels in shipping?Alternative fuels in shipping?

Drivers

• ”Peak-oil”

• Global warming

• Air pollution

Solutions

• Reduce fuel consumption

• New fuels

Slide adopted from Fridell (2010)

Which alternative fuels could be used in shipping?

How could a transition toward alternative fuels take place?

Environmental end economical performance?



SELMA BENGTSSON

PH.D. STUDENT





SELMA BENGTSSON

PH.D. STUDENT



Which alternative fuels could Which alternative fuels could Which alternative fuels could Which alternative fuels could

be used in shipping?be used in shipping?be used in shipping?be used in shipping?• Diesel /distilled fuels?

• Liquefied natural gas?

• Methanol?

• Di-methyl ether?

• Liquefied biogas?

• Biodiesel?

• Uranium?

• Hydrogen?



SELMA BENGTSSON

PH.D. STUDENT



Swedish biomass could replace a large share of the Swedish use of fossil fuels (about 300TWh).

Sweden

Biomass: 138-234 TWhLBG: 58-122 TWhBiodiesel:

Gotland

Biomass:LBG: 0.28-0.20 TWhBiodiesel:

Europe

Biomass: 1600-6000 TWhLBG:Biodiesel:

Availability of biogas Availability of biogas Availability of biogas Availability of biogas and biodieseland biodieseland biodieseland biodiesel



SELMA BENGTSSON

PH.D. STUDENT





SELMA BENGTSSON

PH.D. STUDENT



Why Gotlandstrafiken?Why Gotlandstrafiken?Why Gotlandstrafiken?Why Gotlandstrafiken?

Ferry service

• Vision to bunker liquid natural gas/biogas in 2020 and hydrogen in 2030

• Procured by the Swedish authority Rikstrafiken -stresses long term economical, social and environmental sustainability

• Passenger transportation is a segment with higher demand on environmental performance

GotlandSwedish island

3184 km2

~60 000 inhabitants



SELMA BENGTSSON

PH.D. STUDENT



Situation today

• 4 ferries transporting passengers and cargo between the Swedish main land and the island Gotland

• Passenger ferries are equipped with medium speed diesel engine with selective catalytic reduction to reduce emissions ofnitrogen oxide

• Consumes about 650 GWh of heavy fuel oil with about 0,5% sulphur content each year



SELMA BENGTSSON

PH.D. STUDENT



A transition toward renewable fuels...

Gas scenario:

100% Liquefied natural gas

Gas scenario:

100% Liquefied biogas

Gas scenario:

70% Liquefied natural gas 30% Liquefied biogas

Diesel scenario:

100% Marine gas oil

Diesel scenario:

100% Biodiesel (BTL)

Diesel scenario:

70% Marine gas oil 30% Biodiesel (RME)

2010

2015

2020

2025

Increased share of renewable fuels

Situation today:

Heavy fuel oil (0.5% S) + SCR



SELMA BENGTSSON

PH.D. STUDENT



System setupSystem setupSystem setupSystem setupThe functional unit is the amount of marine fuel that correspond a total heat content of 650 GWh, which correspond to the yearly fuel consumption by the ferry traffic to and from the island Gotland



SELMA BENGTSSON

PH.D. STUDENT





SELMA BENGTSSON

PH.D. STUDENT



Primary energy usePrimary energy usePrimary energy usePrimary energy use



SELMA BENGTSSON

PH.D. STUDENT



Global warming potentialGlobal warming potentialGlobal warming potentialGlobal warming potential



SELMA BENGTSSON

PH.D. STUDENT



Land useLand useLand useLand use



SELMA BENGTSSON

PH.D. STUDENT



Acidification potentialAcidification potentialAcidification potentialAcidification potential



SELMA BENGTSSON

PH.D. STUDENT



Eutrophication potentialEutrophication potentialEutrophication potentialEutrophication potential



SELMA BENGTSSON

PH.D. STUDENT



ConclusionsConclusionsConclusionsConclusions

• The potential availability of liquid biogas and biodiesels is limited, but it could still be used in niche applications such as passenger ferries to increase the life cycle performance of marine transportation.

• Liquefied biogas show the best result overall of the fuels investigated here.

Thank you for listening! Questions?



SELMA BENGTSSON

PH.D. STUDENT



ReferencesReferencesReferencesReferences

• BUHAUG, Ø., CORBETT, J. J., ENDRESEN, Ø., EYRING, V., FABER, J., HANAYAMA, S., LEE, D. S., LEE, D., LINDSTAD, H., MARKOWSKA, A. Z., MJELDE, A., NELISSEN, D., NILSEN, J., PÅLSSON, C., WINEBRAKE, J. J. & WU, W., YOSHIDA, K. 2009. Second IMO GHG Study 2009. London, UK:International Maritime Organization.

• EYRING, V., CORBETT, J. J., LEE, D. S. & WINEBRAKE, J. J. 2007. Brief summary of the impact of ship emissions on atmospheric composition, climate, and human health. Document submitted to the Health and Environment sub-

group of the International Maritime Organization on 6 November 2007.

• EYRING, V., ISAKSEN, I. S. A., BERNTSEN, T., COLLINS, W. J., CORBETT, J. J., ENDRESEN, O., GRAINGER, R. G., MOLDANOVA, J., SCHLAGER, H. &STEVENSON, D. S. 2010. Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: Shipping. Atmospheric Environment, 44, 4735-4771.

• FRIDELL, E. 2010. Fuel consumption in the marine transport sector, emissions, consequences, trends. Workshop on alternative marine fuels. Långedrag: EffShip.

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