Environmental

Diseases and Hazards

Hazards and Diseases

Environmental Pollution

Chemicals Physical Nutritional Trauma

Environmental Pollution Air Tobacco Pneumoconioses

Coal Dust Silica Asbestos Berylium

Air Pollution Chemicals

Hydrocarbons Sulfur Oxides Nitrogen Oxides Ozone Free radicals

Factors Solubility in water Particle size Concentration Chemical reactivity Duration of exposure Host clearance

Effects Respiratory

Irritation Fibrosis cancer

Tobacco

Asthma Emphysema Chronic Bronchitis Lung Cancer Atherosclerosis MI

Pneumoconioses Trapped by mucus MO phagocytosis Inflammatory

chemicals IL-6 TNF-alpha

ROS Fibrosis

Coal Dust

Asbestosis Forms

Serpentine (curly) Amphibole (straight)

Sources Insulation

Diseases Interstitial fibrosis Cancers

Bronchi Larynx Mesothelioma

Pleural effusions

Asbestos

Silica Silicone Dioxide

Crystalline: Quartz Amorphous: Talc

Sources Sandblasting Quarrying Stone cutting Ceramics

Nodular fibrosis

Berylliosis Beryllium Source

Aerospace Nuclear

Disease Acute pneumonitis Delayed

hypersensitivty granulomatous lesions in the lung

Poisoning

Ingested Inhaled Injected Absorbed

Chemical Therapeutic Agents

Dose Metabolism Detoxification Absorption Excretion Drug Interactions Immune response

ADR clinical symptoms Blood: aplastic anemia, pancytopenia Cutaneous: hives, macules, papules, petechiae Cardiac: dysrythmias, cardiomyopathy Renal: tubular necrosis, glomerular nephritis, interstitial

nephritis

Pulmonary: asthma, pneumonitis, interstitial fibrosis

Hepatic: fatty liver, cholestasis, hepatocellular damage

Systemic: anaphylaxis, lupus CNS: tinnitus, dystonia, respiratory depression

Lead Poisoning

Cleaning Agents

Dose Metabolic

Conversion Absorption Excretion Individual

tolerance

Petroleum Distillates

Insecticides

Carbon Monoxide

Alcohol

Drug Abuse

Cocaine Source: coca plant Chemical: Cocaine

hydrochloride Forms

Crystalline: Crack Powder (diluted with talc)

Effects Acute

Stroke, MI, and Dysrhythmias

Artery vasoconstriction Disrupts Na+, Ca++, K+

Facilitates NT (blocks reuptake) Dopamine Epinephrine NE

Chronic Respiratory gas exchange Reproductive

Teratogenesis Premature labor Abruptio placenta

Heroin Source: Poppy plant Forms/Use

Diluted powder IV, SC

Effects Sudden death Pulmonary

Edema Abscess Granulomas

Infections : skin, heart, liver Bacterial, fungal, viral

Kidney disease

Marijuana Source

Cannabis sativa THC active chemical

Use Smoke Ingested

Effects CNS: cognitive/psychomotor Respiratory Angina Chromosome damage

(germ cells)

Inhalants

Source Glue Paint thinner Nail polish

remover Other Aerosols

Effects CNS depression Heart failure

Mechanical Trauma Type of object Amount of energy discharged Tissue/Organ affected at point of impact Patterns of injury

Abrasion Contusion vs. Concussion Laceration Incised wound Puncture wounds

Trauma: 3rd leading cause of death

Head: Brain, Skull, Eardrum Chest: Ribs, Heart, Lungs Abdominopelvic

Hemorrhage Shock Organ perforation Bacteria

Neck/Spine: Spinal Cord Extremities: Sprains, Strains, Fx

Laceration vs Abrasion

Physical Injury

Contusions

Puncture Wounds

Surgery

Physical Agents Temperature Ionizing Radiation Pressure (ATM) Electrical Poisoning Near Drowning Bites/Stings Asphyxiation Burns

Thermal Injury

1st Degree Burn 2nd Degree Burn 3rd Degree Burn

Hyperthermia

Hypothermia

Hypothermia

Temperature and Wind Chill

Burns

Bites and Stings

Ionizing Radiation Forms

Electromagnetic X-rays Gamma rays

High Energy Alpha particles Beta particles

Effects Dosage dependant Oxygen reaction (ROS) DNA damage

Radiation Injury

Pressure

Rapid changes High to low (Pilots) Low to high (Divers)

Gasses dissolved Gasses escaping

Electrical Injury Source

Low Voltage Hight Voltage Electromagnetic fields

Injury Burns Ventricular fibrillation Cancer (EMFs)

Formula F = P (voltage)/R

[ohms] Amperes [current flow]

can kill

Near Drowning

Aspiration Hypoxemia Respiratory

Distress

Nutritional

Vitamin and Mineral Deficiency

Food Pyramid

Malnutrition

Anorexia

Bulemia

Obesity

Questions?