environmental assessment report · nripendra kumar singh, mr. shrikant singh who have assisted in...
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The environmental impact assessment is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.
Environmental Assessment Report
Environmental Impact Assessment Project Number: 37139-02 January 2010
IND: Uttaranchal Power Sector Investment Program – Subproject 1 Prepared by Water Resources Development & Management for the Asian Development Bank (ADB).
EIA & EMP REPORT
FOR
PROPOSED SOBLA-I SMALL HYDRO POWER PROJECT
ON
SOBLA GAD
A PROJECT OF
UTTARANCHAL JAL VIDUT NIGAM LTD.
Maharani Bagh, GMS Road, Dehradun DISTRICT DEHRADUN – 248 001 (U.K.)
Prepared by :
Water Resources Development & Management
Indian Institute of Technology, ROORKEE. Ph : 01332-285774 Fax : 271073
Draft Report
CONTENTS
Sl. No. Contents Page No.
1. Introduction 1-9
2. Description of the Project 10-17
3. Description of the Present Environment 18-66
4. Alternatives 67-69
5. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 70-82
6. Economic Assessment 83-89
7. Environment Management Plan 90-110
8. Disaster Management Plan 111-122
9. EMP Implementation and Monitoring 123-124
10. Conclusion* -
Remark
*Conclusion will be submitted final report
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are grateful to the Management of UJVNL, Dehradun, U. K. for appointing
us as a Consultant for EIA/EMP study for proposed Small Hydel Power Project
at Sobla, Distt. Pithoragrah, Uttarakhand.
We are happy to convey our deep sense of gratitude, appreciation and
thankfulness for the unstinted co-operation continuously extended to us by
Chairman UJVNL Sri Yogendra Prasad and the Managing Director Sri. R.P.
Thapliyal.
We also express our thanks, to Mr. S.K. Rastogi former G.M. S.H.P., Mr. Arvind
Kumar G.M. S.H.P., Mr. S.C. Baluni D.G.M. ADB Project and other staff
members of UJVNL, Dehradun and Dharchula, for the unstinted co-operation
continuously extended to us by them.
We also express our thanks to villagers, census department, Forest
Department, PHED, Irrigation department, Statistical department, Wild Life of
India, and Indian Meteorological Department for providing us necessary
information and congenial atmosphere during study.
It is my pleasant duty to thank our Team of experts from the Deptt. of Water
Resources Development Management (WRDM) Indian Institute of Technology,
Roorkee: Mr. Pradeep Nagrath, Er. A.K. Kakkar, Dr. S.C. Sharma and Dr.
Nripendra Kumar Singh, Mr. Shrikant Singh who have assisted in preparing
this report. We are also thankful to the supporting staff especially Mohd.
Nadeem, Jagdish Bhatt, Ravi Kumar whose contribution is significant.
Devadutta Das
Date : WRDM, IIT Place : ROORKEE
List of Tables Table No. Particulars Page No.
1.1 Installed capacity of power 2
1.2 Percentage of hydro share in total installed capacity 3
1.3 Region wise hydro power capacity 3
1.4 Sector wise hydro power capacity 3
1.5 Plan of UJVNL in Uttarakhand 4
1.6 Litho tectonic sucession of Kumaun Himalya 7
2.1 Classification of Hydro Power Station 11
3.1 Likely impacts of the project 19-20
3.2 Environmental attributes and frequency of monitoring 20
3.3 Altitude wise prevailing climate 22
3.4 Prevailing wind direction and average cloud cover 23
3.5 Average Temperature, Humidity, Wind Speed & Predominant
wind direction during April-May 09
23
3.6 Mean monthly temperature (in 0C) at Dharchula (1972-78) 24
3.7 Mean monthly rainfall (in cm) at Dharchula (1972-78) 24
3.8 Details of Ambient Air Sampling Locations 25
3.9 Ambient Air Sampling Schedule 26
3.10 Summarized Air Quality Data 26
3.11 National Ambient Air Quality Standard 27
3.12 Ground Water Sampling Location with distance & direction
from Sobla
28
3.13 Surface Water Sampling Location with distance & direction
from Sobla
28
3.14-3.18 Results of underground water analysis 29-33
319-3.21 Results of surface water analysis 34-36
3.22 Water Quality Criteria as per CPCB Guidelines for aquatic
Resources
37
3.23 Ambient Noise Monitoring Location 38
3.24 Summarized Noise Level (dB) data of various locations 38
3.25 Ambient Quality norms in respect of noise 38
3.26 Soil sampling locations 39
3.27 Physical properties of soil 39
3.28 Chemical properties of soil 40
3.29 Available Nutrients in Soil 40
3.30 Rating of soil 41
3.31 Exchangeable Cations 41
3.32 Available Micronutrients in Soil 41
3.33 Critical Limits 42
3.34 Land Use Pattern of Pithoragarh district 42
3.35 Land use pattern of Dharchula block 43
3.36 Land requirement for the project 43
3.37 Geographical indicators 44
3.38 Size of block and No. of family 45
3.39 Population details of Pithoragarh district 45
3.40 Population statistics of Dharchula block 46
3.41 Literacy rate of the state district wise (2001 census) 46
3.42 Literacy rate of Pithoragarh district 47
3.43 Literacy rate of Dharchula (2001 census) 47
3.44 School and college available in Dharchula block 48
3.45 Population wise no. of villages in Dharchula block &
Pithoragarh distt.
48
3.46 Economical distribution of population 48
3.47 Health facilities available in Dharchula block & Pithoragarh
distt.
49
3.48 Details of electrified villages and available roads in
Dharchula block & Pithoragarh distt.
49
3.49 Other facilities like Post Office, Telegraph Office, PCO and
Telephone available in Dharchula block & Pithoragarh distt.
49
3.50 Population Statistics of surveyed villages 50
3.51 Size of Holding 50
3.52 Occupational Pattern of Selected Households. 50
3.53 Cooking Fuel Used 51
3.54 Animal available in Dharchula block & Pithoragarh district 51
3.55 Disease and their proportion found in surveyed villages 52
3.56 Family Budgets 53
3.57 Irrigation facilities in Dharchula block and Pithoragarh
district
54
3.58 Irrigated land area in Dharchula block & Pithoragarh district 54
3.59 Size of Land Holding 54
3.60 Use of Agricultural tools, fertilizer and No. of wear house for
seed & fertilizer storage
55
3.61 Area under important crops in Dharchula block and
Pithoragarh district
55
3.62 Area under important crops in Dharchula block and
Pithoragarh district
56
3.63 Average productivity of important crops Pithoragarh district 56
3.64 Productivity of important crops Pithoragarh district 57
3.65 Van Panchayat Status in Uttarakhand 58
3.66 Habitat and other species associated meadow vegetation 62
3.67 List of flora found in study area 63-64
3.68 List of Fauna found in study area 65
3.69 Fish dwelling in rivers of project surrounding area 66
5.0 Emission level from Coal Fired Power Plants (tons/Yr.) 70
5.1 Extent of tree removal 72
5.2 Ambient status Impact wise mg/m3 73
5.3 Expected Noise Emissions 74
5.4 Water quality standards for fresh water classification 75
5.5 Effluent Discharge stands (Inland surface water) 76
6.1 Cost Estimate (Reconstruction of Sobla SHP) 83-84
6.2 Cost estimate for the implementation of EMP 85
6.3 Cost estimated for catchment area treatment work 85
6.4 Cost estimates for the implementation of DMP 86
6.5 Direct Employment and Income Generation during
construction period
87
6.6 Direct Employment and Income generation during operation
period
88
7.1 Magnitude of anticipated impacts and proposed Environment Management Plan
92-95
7.2 Proposed management plan (phase wise) 96-101
8.1 Important Telephone no. of Govt. Officials 122
9.1 Monitoring/Analytical Equipment/required for Project 124
List of Figures
(At the end of Report)
Fig. No. Particulars 1.1 Political Map of Pithoragarh
1.2 Proposed site marked in trekking map of Kumaun Hills
1.2(A) The proposed site and location of Askot Sanctuary and Nanda Devi Bio Sphere
Reserve and Ecological resources of Pithoragarh Distt.
1.3 The physiographic-lithotectonic domains separated by intracrustal boundary
thrusts of regional simension most of these thrust faults are active.
1.4 Simplified Geological map of the Lesser Kumaun Himalaya (After Valdiya,
1980b)
1.5 Occurrence of various mineral deposit in Kumaun in the context of Geological
formations.
1.6 Relief Map of Uttarakhand
1.7 Drainage network of Kumaun showing different hydrographic regimes and their
typical drainage basins.
1.8 Forest Map of Uttrakhand State
1.9 Seismic zoning map of India
2.1 General Layout Plan of Sobla – I Small HEP
5.1 Impact Identification Matrix for proposed Small Hydro Power Project of UJVNL
on Sobla Gad at Saobla, Pithoragarh
8.1 Emergency Management Organization Chart
List of Plates
(At the end of Report)
Plate No. Plates details
(A) A view of land sliding at Chautuldhar Plate 1
(B) Water sampling on Sobla Gad
(A) Surface water sampling on Dhauli Ganga Plate 2
(B) Water sampling at village Dar
(A) Ambient Noise Monitoring in village Dar Plate 3
(B) Ambient Noise Monitoring at diversion site
(A) Soil sampling at village Khairi Gaon Plate 4
(B) Soil sampling at village Dar
(A) Socio economic survey work at Sobla Plate 5
(A) Socio economic survey at site
Abbreviations
Sl. No. Abbreviation Full Form
1. AAQMS Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station
2. AE Assistant Engineer
3. ADB Asian Development Bank
4. BOD Biological Oxygen Demand
5. BPL Below Poverty Line
6. CIC Chief Incident Controller
7. CO Carbon Monoxide
8. CPCB Central Pollution Control Board
9. CFC Chlro floro Carbon
10. CEC Chief Emergency, Co-ordinator
11. CFC Chloro Fluoro Carbon
12. CAT Catchment Area Treatment
13. DB Decibel Audible
14. DMP Disaster Management Plant
15. DO Dissolved Oxygen
16. EE Executive Engineer
17. EAG Environment Action Group
18. EPG Environment Planning Group
19. ECC Emergency Control Centre
20. ECO Emergency Co-ordinator Officer
21. EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
22. EIU Environmental Impact Unit
23. EMP Environment Management Plant
24. EPO Emergency Planning Officer
25. EQ Environmental Quality
26. EPG Emergency Planning Group
27. EAG Emergency Action Group
28. EMD Environment Management Department
29. FD Forest Division
30. GOI Government of India
31. HFL High Flood Level
32. IA Implementing Agency
33. IED Integrated Education Development
34. IIT Indian Institute of Technology
35. IMD Indian Metrological Department
36. IS Indian Standard
37. MBT Main Boundary Thrust
38. MCT Main Central Thrust
39. MoEF Ministry of Environment & Forest
40. MoP Ministry of Power
41. MSL Mean Sea Level
42. NOx Oxides of Nitrogen
43. NDBR Nanda Devi Bio-sphere Reserve
44. O&M Operation & Maintenance
45. PIU Parameter Importance Unit
46. PFR Preliminary Feasibility Report
47. PTCUL Power Transmission Corporation of Uttaranchal Limited
48. RoW Right of Way
49. RMU Rehabilitation and Modernization
50. RSPM Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter
51. SHP Small Hydel Project
52. SO2 Sulphur Dioxide
53. SC Schedule Cast
54. ST Schedule Tribe
55. SPCB State Pollution Control Board
56. SPM Suspended Particulate Matter
57. TLV Threshhold Limit Value
58. UEPPCB Uttaranchal Environment Protection & Pollution Control Board
59. UJVNL Uttaranchal Jal Vidyut Nigam Ltd.
60. UPCL Uttaranchal Power Corporation Limited
EIA/EMP Report of Sobla – I SHP A Project of UJVNL
1
CHAPTER – 1
1.0 Introduction
1.1 General
The new state of Uttrakhand came into being on 9th November 2000, in accordance to the Uttar
Pradesh reorganization Act, 2000. The new state of Uttrakhand has been formed out of the
existing twelve hill districts of Garhwal and Kumaon division. In addition one more district of
Haridwar has been included in new state of Uttrakhand. The state borders with Nepal and Tibet
on the east, Central Himalayas on the north, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh on the west and
northwest respectively. The region in conspicuously different from the plains of Uttar Pradesh
due to its topography, soil, climate, relief, vegetation, language, culture and historical
background.
Geophysically the state has four Mountain Zones namely Foot hills, Lesser Himalayas, Greater
Himalayas and Trans-Himalayas. The mountains are covered with perpetual snow and glaciers
and have gifted the north India a perennial river system of the Ganga and its tributaries. The
tributaries of Ganga, namely Alaknanda, Bhagirathi, Yamuna and Sarda originate from the
foothills of snow capped peaks and glaciers in the Central Himalayas and incise their respective
courses through the rugged terrain, splash and surge the steep gradients and most of the stream
offer excellent potential for Hydro power development.
The state is divided into Kumaon and Garhwal Divisions with 13 districts, 42 tehsils, 95 blocks
and 15689 inhabited villages and 73 towns. The State has a geographical area of 53119 sq. km
which is 1.62% of the total area of the country and supports 84.8 lakh populations which is
0.83% the total population of India. The percentage of villages having population more than 500
is about 11.4% (1991 Census). The existing majority smaller settlements of Uttarakhand pose a
serious challenge for economic infrastructure and lack of services to the far flung places in the
hilly terrain makes Uttarakhand as one of the extremely backward states of India.
It has 76.1% electrified villages as compared to 75.3% of villages of U.P. The average per capita
consumption of electricity is 245.57 kwh, whereas Mukteshwar and Nainital consume 480.81
and 447.33 kwh respectively with a minimum consumption of 43.7 kwh in Uttarkashi.
The hill region of districts are less developed in terms of infrastructure i.e. electricity, roads and
irrigation. The inter district inequality in infrastructure leads to increasing disparity in terms of
EIA/EMP Report of Sobla – I SHP A Project of UJVNL
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income and livelihood between the hills and the plain. Low levels of income not only result in
low levels of consumption and material derivation, but also constrain human potential by
restricting access to education and health facilities thereby creating a vicious cycle of poverty.
1.2 Power Scenario in India
India, currently generates about 83% of its electricity from conventional thermal power plants
and about 14% from hydroelectric plants (mainly located in Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and
the northeast). GOI has launched a 50,000 MW hydroelectric initiative. In Uttarakhand,
approximately $4 billion will be invested over the near term in transmission and distribution
systems, new power plant development, and hydropower rehabilitation and modernization
(RMU).
Uttarakhand has little or no fossil fuel resources. It is focusing on developing hydropower and
associated transmission systems for evacuation and export. Currently a net importer of electric
power, the state plans to be a net exporter by 2010. Hydropower potential is approximately
20,000 MW, of which 16,500 MW is well defined and technically viable operating at 1,160 MW
and about 5,525 MW is under construction.
1.3 Hydro Power Share
At present the hydro power share in the total installed capacity in the country accounts for 26%.
The total installed capacity of the country is 1,26,839 MW presented in table 1.1.
Table 1.1 Installed Capacity of power
Sl.No. Fuel Capacity (MW) %
1. Total Thermal 83,772 66
(i) Coal 68,988 54.4
(ii) Gas 13,582 10.7
(iii) Oil 1,202 0.09
2. Hydro 32,976 26.0
3. Nuclear 3,900 3.1
4. Renewable 6,191 4.9
Total 1,26,839
The position of hydro share in the total installed capacity over successive plan periods is
presented in table 1.2.
EIA/EMP Report of Sobla – I SHP A Project of UJVNL
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Table 1.2 Percentage of Hydro Share in total installed capacity
1956 65 - 66 78 - 79 89 - 90 As on 31st July 06
Hydro Share % of the
total installed Capacity
36.78 45.68 40.60 28.77 26.0
Presently total hydro power capacity of India is 32,976 MW. Region and sector wise installed
hydro power capacity in India are presented in table 1.3 and 1.4.
Table 1.3 - Region wise Hydro Power capacity (as on 31.07.2006)
Sl. No. Region Capacity (MW)
1. Northern 11520.3
2. Western 6798.8
3. Southern 11004.35
4. Eastern 2429.35
5. North Eastern 1094.7
Total 32847.5
Table 1.4 - Sector wise Hydro Power capacity (as on 31.07.2006)
Sl. No. Region Capacity (MW)
1. Central 9256.7
2. State 22445.35
3. Private 1136.45
Total 32847.5
Three government units serve as leading agencies: Uttaranchal Power Corporation Limited
(UPCL) is responsible for distribution at 33 kilovolts (kv) and lower. PTCUL develops and
operates high voltage transmission lines and substations from 132–400 kv, and UJVNL is
responsible for hydropower generation assets, including management of private sector
participation.
1.4 Hydro Power Development in Uttrakhand
1.4.1 Hydro and Thermal Power Ratio
The main resources for generating electricity are by utilising the hydro potential available along
the river drops, besides the use of fossil fuel. Presently the ratio of thermal generation and
EIA/EMP Report of Sobla – I SHP A Project of UJVNL
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Hydro-electric generation in Uttarakhand Power grid is quite disproportionate. With the
diminishing coal resources and difficult oil position all over the world, it is necessary that
electric generation be aimed to achieve the economic balance of 40:60 between the hydro and
thermal generation of power, as against the existing 25:75 ratio.
1.4.2 Small Hydro Power Generation: UK Scenario
The requirement of power in Uttarakhand is very fluctuating because of many seasonal and other
similar demands of industries. To improve the share of hydro-power generation it is essential to
develop the hydroelectric power potential of state.
Uttaranchal Jal Vidyut Nigam Limited (UJVNL) was incorporated as a Company by the
Government of Uttarakhand on 14th February 2001, under the Companies Act 1956. UJVNL
manages hydropower generation at existing power stations, organizes development and
promotion of new hydropower projects with the purpose of harnessing already identified and yet
to be identified hydro power resources of the State of Uttarakhand. UJVNL is among of the large
hydropower companies of the country operating more than 34 power stations of different sizes
ranging from 0.2 MW to 304 MW with a combined capacity of 1305.9 MW and of different
vintages up to 100 years. Currently, UJVNL is in the process of developing 14 new large
hydropower projects and 16 new small hydropower projects.
The existing installed generating capacity in the State is about 3140 MW which is contributed by
hydro generation. There is no thermal power station in the state.
1.4.3 Power plan
In Uttarakhand the estimated potential of small hydro projects is app. 1478 MW. Out of which
UJVNL is operating nearly 53.75 MW. The plan of UJVNL is detailed in table 1.5.
Table 1.5 – Plan of UJVNL in Uttarakhand
Sl.No. Status No. of Projects Capacity (MW)
1. Under Operation 34 1305.90
2. Under Construction 7 39.5
3. Under Development 7 39.1
4. Under RMU 5 992.3
5. Project under Rehabilitation 1 8.0
Total Capacity 2384.8
EIA/EMP Report of Sobla – I SHP A Project of UJVNL
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Before separation from Uttar Pradesh, 32 small hydro projects of a total capacity about 182 MW
were allocated to private developers by the UP Government. These projects are in various stages
of development and some of them will be commissioned soon. Uttarakhand Govt. has allocated 8
small hydro projects of a total capacity of 85MW to 57 private developers. Apart from these, 35
nos. of small hydro projects (capacity ranging from 0.4 MW to 25 MW) of a total capacity 175
MW are still available for allocation to private developers.
1.5 Present Studies
With a view to among the large number of identified schemes harness vast untapped hydro
resources in the order of their attractiveness for implementation, ranking studies were carried out
by UJVNL. The GOI with ADB financial assistance directed for the process development of new
hydro power projects of which Sobla hydel project is a part is covered under rehabilitation in the
state of Uttarakhand. The project will support not only increased generation of power but also
strength an the economic development.
In order to achieve the above objective the UJVNL has entrusted WRDM, IIT, Roorkee to
carryout an EIA/EMP study for Sobla – I SHP on Sobla Gad located at Sobla in Dharchula tehsil
of Pithoragarh Distt., as detailed in the subsequent Chapters.
1.6 About Pithoragarh
Pithoragarh is the eastern-west Himalayan district in the state of Uttrakhand. It is a natural
landscape with high Himalayan mountains, snow capped peaks, passes, valleys, alpine meadows,
forests, waterfalls, Perennial rivers, glaciers and springs. The flora and funna of this area is rich
in ecological diversity. The geographical area of the district is 7169 km2, with a total population
of the district is 4,62,149 the total literacy rate is 76.48 percent Pithoragarh town, which is
located in Sour. Figure 1.1 shows the proposed site.
1.7 The Project Area
The Sobla - I SHP is located on the Sobla Gad river at Sobla which is a tributary of Dhauli
Ganga River originating at Panchachulli Glacier at an attitude of 4260 mtr. and meeting with
Kali river before Tawaghat. The Kali is the largest river of Kumaun and forms a natural boundry
between Kumaun and Nepal. Encompassing the largest drainage area, the Kali has two
headwaters (a) the Kalapani originating on the slope of Indo-Tibetan waterdivide near Lipulekh
Pass at an elevation of about 4,266 m, and (b) the kuti on the west, which carries water three
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times greater in volume than the Kalapani. The Kuti originates from a small glacier at the base of
the Lampia Pass south through Garbyang to Tanakpur. Figure 1.2 and 1.2 (A) indicates proposed
site and location of Askot Sanctuary and Nanda Devi Bio Sphere Reserve and Ecological
resources of site of Pithoragarh Distt.
In fact Sobla is the entrance point of Darma valley of Dharchulla tehsil of Kumaon region. It lies
at the borders area of Tibet in the north and Nepal in the east. The entire valley lies at an altitude
between 7500 and 14000 ft. The valley extend to about 100 km. from Sobla to Dhave beyond the
last inhabited village Tidang near Tibet border. The entire valley has rich plant bio-diversity.
1.8 Down Stream Projects Detail
There are two main in down stream projects which detail are as follows.
1. Dhauliganga stage I HEP – 280 MW
Project under operation and EIA clearance given by GOI.
2. Dhualiganga stage II HEP – 120 M
Project and & study is under investigation
1.9 Geology and Mineral Resources of Kumaun
Kumaun Himalya comprises all the four latitudnal zones identified on the basis of varied
geotectonic and physiographic feaures. These lithotectonic zones are seprated by the tectonically
active boundry thrusts. Physiographic lithotectonic division is presented in figure 1.3 at the end
of report.
The Sub-Himalayan Zone north of the Ganga Plains is demarcated in the north by the Main
Boundary Thrust (MBT). This subprovince of the Siwalik is autochthonous in nature comprising
mainly sandstones, shales and conglomerates. The homoclinal unit shows Jura-Type folding and
thrusting with intervening synclines filled with subrecent gravels giving rise to the intermontance
flat plains or 'duns' in southwestern (Kotabagh-Patkot) part.
The Lesser Himalaya subprovince comprising predominantly unfossiliferous sedimentary rocks
of Precambrian to early Palacozoic age is delimited by the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) in the
south and the Main Central Thrust (MCT) in the north. The larger part of Kumaun is made up of
Lesser Himalayan sedimentary formations. The vast, imbricately thrust succession of
metamorphics of the Ramgarh and Almora Group divide the Lesser Himalaya into two domains.
The outer Lesser Himalaya is predominantly made of the sedimentary succession of the Krol
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Belt which is thrust over imbricately by Ramgarh and Almora rocks. The rock-formations of the
inner Lesser Himalaya comprise the succession Rautgara-Gangolihat-Sor Slate-Thalkedar
Limestone and Berinag Quartzite of the Precambrian age. This sedimentary succession is thrust
over by the Baijnath-Askot crystallines, occurring in the form of klippen (which were once parts
of the huge Almora Group). Geological map of the lesser Kumaun Himalya (after valdiya, 1980)
is presented in figure 1.4.
The Great Himalaya is delimited at the base by the Vaikrita Thrust (Main Central Thrust) in the
south and the Malari Fault in the north. This hue tectonic slab of the granite-injected katazonal
metamorphics of early Precambrain age exhibits homoclinal structures, plastic deformation and
superimposed folding. The Tethys Himalaya comprises sedimentary rocks ranging in age form
Precambrian to Cretaceous. This complexly deformed zone is demarcated against the Great
Himalaya by the steep-dipping Malari Fault. Lithotectonic succession of Kumaun Himalyais
presented in table 1.6.
Table 1.6 Lithotectonic Succession of Kumaun Himalya
Northern Belt Southern Belt Jungbwa Ultrabasics
----------- Jungbwa T ----------- Kiogarh Ophiolitic Melange --------- Kiogarh T ---------
(Precambrian) ----------Main Central (Vaikrita)T--------
Munsiari formation (Early Precambrian)
----------Munsiari T------------- (Schuppen Zone)
------------------T------------------
Berinag Formation (Precambrian)
---------Berinag T---------------- Damtha- Tejam Group
(Precambrian) (Base not exposed)
Almora group
(with 550 + 50 m.y. granite) -----------Almora T-------------
Ramgarh Group (With 1900 + 100 m.y. porphyroids)
----------Ramgarh T----------- Krol Succession
(Late Precambrian – Lower Cambrian) -----Krol or Main boundry T------
Siwalik Group (late Tertiary)
-------Himalyan front Fault----------- Ganga Plain with Bhabhar Fan
(quaternary-Recent) Occurrence of various mineral deposits in Kumaun is presented in figure 1.5.
1.10 Climate
The elevation of the district ranges from 500 mtr. Above sea level in the valleys in the south to
over 7000 mtr. In the snow bound Himalyas in the north and North West. The climate therefore
largely depends on altitude and varies according to aspect and elevation. Although tropical beat
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may be experienced in the southern valleys during the summer, the winters are severe. As most
of the district is situated on the southern slopes of the Himalayas, monsoon currents penetrate
through the deep valleys and rainfall is at the maximum in the monsoon season (June to
September) particularly in the southern half of the district. The northern half of the district also
gets considerable rain during the winter season which lasts from mid November to March.
1.11 Soils
Soils of the study area have been formed either through pedogenetic processes or are transported
soils. The pedogenetic soils are the one which have been formed by long duration of exposure to
atmospheric agencies, physical and chemical weathering and rock slides. Such types of soils are
derived from granite gneiss, schist and phyllite rocks. These soils obtained high percentage of
silica from their parent body, while the soils formed from the limestone are rich in calcium
carbonate. The transported soils are carried and deposited by the streams. Their parent body and
source rocks lie at far away places. Some of these soils have mixed origin of glacial and fluvio-
glacial origin. These soils of takus, fans and terraces are silt to clayey loam and are very fertile.
The brown forest soils contain very high percentage of organic matter. The katil soils are stony,
immature and extremely poor. Soils of Upraon are gravelly and sandy Loams. The Talaon soils
are brown in colour with clayey texture. The stony texture provides higher rate of erosion.
1.12 Topograophy
The study area is situated around longitude 30 3” N to 80 35” E. The bordering districts of
Pithoragarh are in Tibet & NNE, in E and SE Nepal, in South & SW Chamoli distt., in SW
Almora, Bageshwar in west. This district can be divided into three parts according to
geographical features:
o 0
(i) Higher mountain region (ii) Lower mountain region (iii) valley Maximum part of Dharchula
tehsil falls in higher mountain region & some of its part remains snow covered. It's highest
mountain peak is Nandakote (6861 M). The high altitute regions of lower mountains area &
steep lands are heavily covered with forest. Where there is gentle slope there are terraced fields
in which different sort of crops are grown while too steep areas are covered with grass which is
used as fodder. The situation caused by the different rivers & their tributaries on the river banks
are popularly known as 'seras'. These fields are more fertile than the terraced fields due to
irrigations facilities.The main rivers of the district are Saryu, Gomti, Pindar, Lahur, Pungar &
Eastern Ramganga in eastern border. Relief Map of Uttrakhand is presented as figure 1.6 at the
end of report.
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1.13 Drainage Pattern of Kumaun
The eastern Dhauli orginates from the glaciers near Dawe (5000m) and flows in a southeastern
course. Below the confluence with the Lissar River, the Dhauli is called the Darma River. Kali
River is the major river system within the territory of the district and Dhauli Ganga is one of the
major tributes of Kali. There are many other streams which bring quite good quantum of water
to drain in this river. Drainage network of Kumaun showing different hydrographic regimes and
their typical drainage basins is presented in figure 1.7 at the end of report.
1.14 Ecology
The natural vegetation is influenced by climate and elevation. Tropical, moist deciduous forest at
one time covered all of the Sub-Himalayan area. With few exceptions most of this forest has
been cut for commercial lumber or agricultural land. In the Middle Himalayas at elevations
between 1520 and 3660 m (between 5000 and 12,000 ft) natural vegetation consists of many
species of pine, oak, rhododendron, poplar, walnut, and larch. Most of this area has been
deforested; forest cover remains only in inaccessible areas and on steep slopes. Below the timber
line the Great Himalayas contains valuable forests of spruce, fir, cypress, juniper, and birch.
Alpine vegetation occupies higher parts of the Great Himalayas just below the snow line and
includes shrubs, rhododendrons, mosses, lichens, and wildflowers such as blue poppies and
edelweiss. These areas are used for grazing in summer by the highland people of the Great
Himalayas. Forest Map of Uttrakhand state is presented as figure 1.8.
1.15 Sesmicity
Seismically, the area constitutes one of the most active domains of the Himalayas. Within a
period of 183 years from 1816 to 1999 a total of 298 seismic events have been recorded. Out of
these, 32 events are of M > 5.5 frequency. Area wise seismicity is quite high in Main Himalayan
Belt subdued within Tibetan Plateau and a few events located over Indo-Gangetic Plains. Several
damaging earthquakes have been recorded in the area of which largest was that of 28th August,
1916 which caused heavy damage in Dharchula. Uttarkashi Earthquake of 19th October, 1991
caused extensive structural damage and maximum intensity of IX on MM scale was observed.
Chamoli Earthquake (M-6.8) occurred on 29th March, 1999. Other events include Kinnaur
Earthquake (January, 1975). Keeping in view the seismicity set up and active nature of
seismicity, the area has been kept in zone IV as per Map Showing Seismic zone of India
[IS:1893 (part-I) : 2002] presented as figure 1.9.
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CHAPTER – 2
2.1 Description of the project
Hydropower or hydroelectricity is a source of energy produced by the fall of water turning the
blades of a turbine. The turbine is connected to a generator that converts the energy into electricity.
The greater the flow and the head, the more electricity produced. Some hydropower facilities
include dams to increase the head of a waterfall or to control the flow of water, and reservoirs to
store the water for future energy use (storage dam), while others produce electricity by
immediately using a river's water flow (run-of-river). Some hydropower plants also use pumped
storage systems, which store the water for reuse in the production of electricity during periods of
high demand.
Sobla-I SHP, is a run of the river scheme, offers a sustainable power generation system within
the overall scenario of the entire state. Though the state of Uttarakhand has been gifted
generously by Mother Nature in terms of water and forest resources, the area remains backward
due to lack of any comprehensive policy in the past combining the harnessing of its potential
together with socio-economic development. Since the proposed scheme is of the magnitude of
8.0 MW installed capacity, it is proposed that it will primarily cater to the need for quality power
to meet local requirements. However the local demand in the area at the time being is not
substantial and therefore it is proposed that, the surplus power would eventually be put in the
state grid. Also the tourist route to Kailash Mansarovar and local infrastructure in terms of small
scale industries, irrigation facilities for terrace cultivation, tourist centers like top class hotels,
clubs, water sports complexes, ropeways and facilities for trekking and skiing etc could be
developed. This will lead to an overall increase in per capita local income which would in turn
increase local electricity demand and bring about an increase in socio-economic activities. Thus
the impetus provided by the project in developing the area, both in short and long term would be
immense.
It is understood from local enquiry that on 6th June, 2000, the river brought down huge boulders
along its course and deposited it along the river bed. The water channel guided by the disposition
of the boulder deposits on the right bank changed its course. The river took a right angle turn
towards NNE and directly hit the powerhouse terrace on the left bank. As a result the terrace
materials got washed away from the base. The powerhouse structure and column foundation
collapsed partly leaving the structure overhanging. Out of two generators, one of 3 MW was
salvaged from the river bed but this machine could not be used for this project, due to very bad
condition. It is proposed two units each of 4 MW capacity will be installed in the new proposed
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Power House. The switchyard site is also damaged and eroded from base. Half of the steel girder
bridge connecting Power House with right bank approach road has also been washed away
during this flood. The adjacent terrace on which colony is located has also been affected.
However the colony as a whole is not damaged. The river after hitting the powerhouse takes a
turn towards East and flows through a rocky gorge till its confluence with Dhauliganga.
Necessary provision has been made for required repairs of existing structures & reconstruction of
the power house building as well as supply & erection of all the electro-mechanical equipments
& machines of the power house.
The scope of the project is to reinstall a new powerhouse at location, which is preferable from
safety point of view and is technically and economically feasible. The scope of the project also
includes the study of possible augmentation of the Installed Capacity beyond 6 MW, which was
being produced before the flood on June 6th 2000.
2.2 Small-scale Hydro
A small-scale hydroelectric facility requires that a sizable flow of water and an adequate head of
water is available without building elaborate and expensive facilities. Small hydroelectric plants
can be developed at existing dams and have been constructed in connection with water level
control of rivers, lakes and irrigation schemes. By using existing structures, only minor new
civil engineering works are required, which reduces the cost of this component of a
development.
In other, more rugged regions of the country, it is possible to develop relatively higher heads
without elaborate or expensive civil engineering works so that relatively smaller flows are
required to develop the desired power. In these cases, it may be possible to construct a relatively
simple diversion structure and obtain the highest drop by diverting flows at the top of a waterfall
or steeply falling watercourse.
2.3 Examples of small-scale developments
Small-scale hydroelectric facilities have become more popular over the past two decades. Many
new sites have been created and older, existing sites have been refurbished.
SHP (small hydro power) technology was introduced in India shortly after the commissioning of
the world's first hydroelectric installation at Appleton, USA in 1882. The 130 Kw plant at
Darjeeling in the year 1897 was the first SHP installation in the country. A few other power
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houses belonging to that period such as Shivasundaram in Mysore (5 MW, 1902), Galogi in
Mussoorie (3 MW, 1907), and Chaba (1.75 MW, 1914) and Jubbal (50 KW, 1930) near Shimla.
The above stations have since been uprated and refurbished.
2.4 Types of small-scale hydropower developments
Small-scale hydro stations are classified in three types and presented in table 2.1.
Table 2.1 Classification of Hydro Power Station Sl. No.
Size of Hydropower
Power Out put
1. Micro 100 kW or less – For one or two houses. 2. Mini 100 kW to 2 MW – For a small factory or isolated community. 3. Small 2 MW to 25 MW – For supply to a regional or provincial power grid.
In large facilities, custom design detailed engineering is required. Small-scale hydroelectric
developments have to be approached quite differently to achieve economical feasibility.
Over the last twenty-five years, efforts have been made to reduce development costs by improving
all phases of project development. Some of the innovations produced by these efforts are:
Improved methodologies for hydro resource assessment and project identification.
Improved methods of hydrologic assessment.
Standardized designs of turbines and generators.
Standardized requirements for connection to grid.
New contracting methods – turnkey.
Improvements in computational technology.
Standardized civil designs and partial development.
2.5 Environmental benefits of small hydroelectric energy
Small-scale hydroelectric developments do not take up much space and they rarely cause
significant shoreline flooding or required river diversions. Large-scale projects, however, can
create adverse environmental impacts such as shoreline flooding. Most of the negative
environmental impacts of small-scale hydroelectric developments can be avoided in part or in
whole by a good design and appropriate construction and operating practices. In general the
environmental impacts of a small hydro power station is negligible if not totally non-existent.
2.5.1 Reducing risk of transporting fuel supplies (fossil fuel generation)
Fuel supplies must be transported over long distances. The risk of fuel spills is significant,
especially in remote areas of Northern India where the roads can be ice covered and the
environment is ecologically fragile. In urban India, the risks to public safety from collisions or
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derailments in crowded road or rail corridors are also significant. Hence increased use of
electricity from small hydro power plants can reduce the consumption of fuel oil and thereby
reduce the adverse impact of fuel oil on the environment appreciably.
2.5.2 Socio-economic benefits
The most obvious social benefit of small hydroelectric projects is the supply of reliable low-cost
electric energy to provide the comforts of modern living. Small-scale hydroelectric projects
provide a competitive source of reliable and inflation- proof energy. Small-scale hydroelectric
energy is an especially attractive alternative to traditional high-cost diesel generation that
currently provides electric energy in remote communities across India. Compared with diesel
generation, small-scale hydroelectric developments offer other interesting advantages such as:
Used as a local resource and therefore produce electricity at a stable price that is not subject
to the fluctuations of the international oil market
It provides more economic benefits to the region by way of employment during construction
and operation and use of local services, 10% accounting upto 25% of capital cost.
It provides greater opportunities for local residents to learn and upgrade their construction skills.
It provides an opportunity for wealth creation.
2.5.3 Drinking Water and Irrigation facilities
In certain cases projects are helpful in providing drinking water and irrigation facilities in
addition to power benefits.
2.5.4 Business benefits
Most small hydro projects in Himalayan region are being developed in remote and backward
areas where substantial support for economic development is actually needed. The Indian small-
hydro project includes more than 20 equipment manufacturers and about 70 engineering firms
employing more than 2,000 people. Over the last decade, the small-scale hydroelectric project
has contributed about $150M per year to the Indian economy in manufacturing and services and
added about 100 to 150 MW yearly to India’s power supply. India’s small hydroelectric
manufacturers and service providers, such as consultants and financiers, also export to overseas
customers.
2.5.5 Fish protection
At sites where fish migration is a concern, small hydroelectric developers may have to provide
measures for fish passage or habitat compensation.
2.5.6 Institutional
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Management of small-scale hydroelectric project sell the output of their plants to regional or
provincial grids.
Detail of project is presented in DPR here only salient feature of project is presented. A General
layout plan of Sobla – I small HEP is presented as figure 2.1
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SALIENT FEATURES 1. Location
i) State Uttarakhand
ii) District Pithoragarh
iii) Taluka Dharchula
iv) Village New Sobla
v) Nearest Rail Head Tanakpur (282 km.)
vi) Geographical Co-ordinates
Latitude 300-3’
Longitude 800-35’
2. River Catchments i) Catchmetns Soblagad
ii) River Dhauliganga
iii) Tributary Soblagad
3. Hydrology i) Catchments area of the stream/nallah 87.0 Sq.Km.
ii) Catchment area at the diversion site 80.00 Sq. Km.
iii) Precipitations :
Annual 2000 mm
iv) Climate data
Normal Maximum Minimum
Atmospheric
Temerature(C) 200c 350c 00c
Humidity(Percent) 70 to 90%
Wind (Km/Hr) average 5.67
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v) Floods
Historical
Maximum discharge (Cumecs) 91.00
Maximum discharge observed (Cumecs) 24.00
Date of occurrence July 1981
Design Flood (Cumecs) 434.68 cumecs
Months of NIL flow 0
4. Diversion Works a) Diversion Structure
i) Type of structure Trench Weir
ii) Length(m) 15.00 m
Over-flow section 15.00 m
Non-overflow section N.A.
iii) Maximum discharging capacity 5.55 Cumecs for two units
iv) Intake 5200X5000
iv) Gates of Intake Structure
Number of gates 2
Types of gates Sluice Valve 600 for flushing, 2
Nos. Vertical lift, Mechanical
operated gates one for Trench Weir
& other for Power Duct
Operation
b) Desilting Basin
i) Settling length(m) 51.00 m
ii) Width (m) 14.63 m
iii) Depth required 1.10 m
iv) Design discharge 4.62 cumecs
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c) Water Conductor System
i) Length (m) 1200 m
ii) Shape Rectangular open channel
iii) Size (w x h) in m 2.7 x 1.3
iv) Full supply depth (m) 1.3 including freeboard
v) Thickness of lining (mm) Base 200 thick (1:2:4 cc)
vi) Design Discharge (Cumecs) 4.62 for two machines
v) Free flow 1.0
d) Forebay
i) Size of Forebay (1 x b x d) in m 43 x 8 x 5
ii) Water level at Forebay (masl) 1941.2
iii) Number of off-takes One (another opening provided
for future provision)
- Size (m) 1.2 m dia
- Capacity 4.62 cumecs for two m/c (7.00 for
three m/cs for future extension if
possible).
iv) Maximum discharging capacity
(Cumecs) 4.62
v) Diurnal storage (cubic m) 723.6
vi) Penstocks
a. Number 1 (provision for 2nd penstock is kept
in Forebay for future Extension if
possible)
b. Diameter(m) and thickness (mm) 1.2 and 16 mm thick for main
penstock 0.84m for additional
penstock
c. Length 475.0 m
d. Size of valve 650 mm dia. Main Inlet valve
e. Bifurcations if any at lower end One provided
f. Design discharge (Cumecs) 4.62
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5. Power House
i) Type Surface
ii) Head (m)
Design 209.66
iii) Size of power House
a) Length (m) 36.5
b) Width (m) 9.50
c) Height (m) 9.60
d) Machine hall floor level (EL m) 1732.825
iv) Installed Capacity (KW) 8000 KW
Turbines
- Type Francis
- Number 1+1
- Capacity (KW) 8000 KW (2 x 4000)
v) Type of generator
a) Excitation system Static/Brushless excitation
b) Regulation system AVR
c) Power house crane/lifting tackle 18 tonnes (Electric operated)
6. Tail Race
i) Shape Rectangular channel
ii) Size 2.0m x 1.1m
iii) Length (m) 50.00
iv) Water level (EL m)
- average 1735.00
7. Power
i) Installed Capacity (4000 + 4000) KW
a. Firm power (KW)-Load factor in
percent 8000 KW – 48.52%
b. Seasonal (max) Power (KW) 8000 KW
c. Annual energy (KWh) 28,910 kWH
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8. Switchyard
i) Voltage level/basic insulation level 170 KV
ii) No. of bays 2 (Two) incoming & 2 (Two)
out going feeders Indoor type
iii) Size
Length 40 m
Width 15 m
9. Estimate of Cost i) Total cost (Rs. Lakhs) 3542 without IDC
3626.11 with IDC
ii) Cost per MW installed (Rs. Lakhs) 442.75 without IDC
iii) Cost of generation per kWH (Rs.) 2.03 without CDM benefits
in First 10 years 1.64 with CDM benefits
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CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE
Taking into account the volume of work involved and the constraints imposed due to heavy
rainfall and severe weather conditions, an innovative work schedule has been evolved to
ensure project completion within 24 months period. The constraints are:
Heavy monsoon rains and extremely cold climate during winter months.
Deployment of heavy construction machinery, not possible at all sites.
The main civil work in the project will be the construction of powerhouse, tailrace and
switchyard, extensive repair of weir, damaged water conductor system, laying of penstock in
remaining length and transmission lines to the proposed substation. These shall be
constructed using appropriate machinery and predominantly using labour force.
EIA/EMP Report of Sobla – I SHP A Project of UJVNL
CONSTRUCTION PROGRAMME‐ BAR CHART OF 2X4000 kW Sobla‐I SHP Sl.
No.
ACTIVITY
M 1 M 2
M 3
M 4
M 5
M 6
M 7
M 8
M 9
M 10
M 11
M 12
M 13
M 14
M 15
M 16
M 17
M 18
M 19
M 20
M 21
M 22
M 23
M 24
1 Site development – construction of approach roads, site office and stores
Not Required, Already Existing
2 Finalization of designs / drawings and issue of construction drawings
3 Setting up reference points and marking detailed layout of Power House
4 Site mobilization by civil works contractor
5 Earthwork excavation for trench weir, power channel, desilting tank, forebay, saddles and anchors
Not Required as the structures already exist, only repairs required.
6 Stone masonry and RCC works in trench weir, intake, desilting tank, forebay, saddles and anchors for repair purpose only
1
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7 Excavation leveling for power house building, layout of raft and erection of columns, superstructure
8 Erection of penstock pipe in remaining 200m length
9 Receipt of electro‐mechanical equipment
10 Erection of electro‐mechanical equipment
11 Erection of control and relay panels
12 Laying of control and power cables
13 Erection of switchyard equipment
14 Testing & commissioning of plant
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CHAPTER - 3
3.0 Description of Present Environment
3.1 General
The objective of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is to ascertain the baseline
environmental conditions and then assess the impacts as a result of the proposed hydel project
during different phases of project. A scoping matrix has been formulated to identify the attributes
likely to be affected due to project. The likely impact for Sobla SHP is presented in table 3.1.,
while anticipated environmental impact is presented with help of identification matrix in chapter
5. The environmental baseline includes inventory of physical, ecological and socio economic
parameters. The data has been compiled for:
1. Air Environment (Air quality);
2. Water Environment (Water resources, water use, water quality, hydrology);
3. Noise Environment (Noise levels);
4. Land Environment (Land use, geology, seismology and soils);
5. Ecological Environment (Terrestrial and Aquatic ecology); and
6. Socio-Economic Environment (Demography, Socio-economic, public health etc.)
Based on environment scoping matrix and project setting the attributes likely to be affected are
identified for baseline data generation. The information presented in this chapter has been
collected from various sources. Majority of the data has been generated and collected from field
studies. WRDM have carried out field studies to generate data on air, water, noise, soil, ecology
and socio-economics in and around the project site during April-June 2009. Surveys were
conducted for assessing the ecological status of the project area. In addition, data has been
compiled from literature, books, maps and reports. Discussions held with local people residing in
the project area, and local government/non-government organizations during field survey have
provided very useful information. The methodology and frequency adopted for data collection is
highlighted wherever necessary. Likely impacts from a hydro electric project is presented in table 3.1
while a general environmental attributes and frequency of monitoring for data collection is summarized
in table 3.2.
This Chapter deals with the description of Present environmental scenario in the study area as
per the guidelines for water resource projects. Negative and positive impacts have been
quantified wherever possible and presented in Chapter-5. The description and findings of present
socio-economic status are given in same Chapter-3 while detail Environmental Management
Plan (EMP) with magnitude of impacts is presented in Chapter-7.
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Table 3.1 - Likely Impacts of the Project
Aspect of Environment Likely Impacts A. Air Pollution Construction Phase - Impacts due to emissions generated by crushers and
other equipment. - Impacts due to increased vehicular movement. - Fugitive emissions from various sources.
B. Water Resources & Water Quality Construction Phase - increase in turbidity of nearby receiving water
bodies. - Degradation of water quality due to disposal of wastes from labour colony and construction sites.
C. Noise Pollution Construction Phase - Noise due to operation of various equipment.
- Noise due to increased vehicular movement.
D. Land Environment Construction Phase - Increase in soil erosion.
- Pollution by construction spoils. - Use of land for labour colonies. - Problems due to muck disposal. - Solid waste from labour camps. - Acquisition of land for various project appurtenances.
E. Aquatic Ecology Construction Phase - Increased pressure on aquatic ecology as a result of
indiscrimate fishing. - Reduced productivity due to increase in turbidity.
Operation Phase - Impacts on migratory fish species. - Impacts on spawning and breeding grounds. - Degradation of riverine ecology. - Increased potential for reservoir fisheries.
F. Terrestrial Ecology Construction Phase - Increased pressure on nearby forests due to labour
force to meet their fuel wood and timber requirements. - Adverse impacts due to migration of labour population. - Loss of forest. - Impacts on natured reserves due to various project
appurtenances. - Impacts on wildlife movement. - Impacts on wildlife habitats. - Impacts on diversity and productivity of flora. - Impacts on economically/genetically/biologically
important plant species. G. Socio – Economics Construction Phase - Acquisition of land and private properties.
- Impacts on mineral reserves. - Improved employment potential during project
construction phase. - Development of allied sectors leading to greater
employment.
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- Pressure on existing infrastructure facilities. - Friction between guest and host community.
Operation Phase - Increased revenue from power generation. H. Public Health Construction Phase - Increased incidence of water related diseases.
- Transmission of disease by immigrant labour population.
Operation Phase - Increased incidences of vector borne diseases.
Table 3.2 - Environmental attributes and frequency of monitoring
Sl. No.
Attribute Parameter Frequency Source
Air Environment 1. Meteorology Wind speed wind direction
Temperature, Relative humidity
--- IMD data
2. Ambient Air Quality
SPM, RSPM, SO2 and NOx
One Season Field Studies and data generation.
Water Environment 3 Water Resources Flow, Design/Design
Flood Hydrograph --- DPR
4 Water Quality Physical, Chemical and Biological parameters
One Season Field studies and lab analysis.
Noise Environment 5 Ambient Noise
Monitoring Weighted sound Pressure level
For 24 hrs on 1 hr. interval
Field studies with data generation.
Land Envrironment 1 Land Use Land Use pattern --- SOI Toposheets &
Ground Truth Studies. Geology Geological history --- Survey of India
Toposheets & Ground Truth Studies.
Soil Soil Types One seasons secondary sources and soil sample analysis
Field studies and Lab analysis.
Ecology Environment Noise Noise levels in dB (A) One Season Field monitoring. Ecology Flora & Fauna Diversity One Season Survey and book
literature review. Aquatic Ecology Density & diversity of
aquatic species One Season Field study, Fisheries
Department, Literature review
Socio-Economic Socio-economic
aspects Socio economic characteristic of the 10 km. approx radius of proposal file.
Socio-economic
Field Studies, Literature review, Statistical book.
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3.2 Location of the Site
A small hydroelectric power project of 8 MW is proposed at Sobla location on Sobla river.
Proposed Sobla SHP is situated nearby Sobla in Dharchula tehsil of Pithoragarh district. It is
about 660 km. (approx.) from Dehradun capital of Uttrakhand state and 900 km. approx from
New Delhi. The area is connected with roads, and railways (Up to Tanakpur).
3.3 Site Topography
The topography of whole district (Pithoragarh) is by and large rugged, the entire region is
mountainous. This district can be divided into three parts according to geographical features:
(i) Higher mountain region
(ii) Lower mountain region
(iii) Valley
3.4 Existing Industries and Pollutants load in Study Area
No industries are situated inside Sobla Gad basin.
3.5 Site Environmental Monitoring
Site Environmental monitoring was carried out for one season as per guidelines for summer
season. The purpose of the environmental monitoring was just to know about the background
load of the area. Based on pre dominant wind direction/speed all monitoring location was
selected. Results of baseline studies are summarized further in this chapter.
3.6 Existing Environmental Status
The existing Environmental status of surrounding of the proposed Sobla SHP up to an area of 10
km radius has been studied covering the following parameters:
1. Meteorology
2. Air Quality
3. Water Quality
4. Noise
5. Soil
6. Land Environment
7. Socio-economic aspects
8. Ecology
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3.6.1 Meteorology
Variation in the altitude range of the Sobla basin from 1000 mtr. Above mean sea level to over
7000 mtr., along with slope aspect give rise to considerable variations of microclimates and
weather patterns. Altitude wise the prevail climates is presented in table 3.3.
Table 3.3 - Altitude wise prevail climate
Sl. No. Altitudes Prevail climate
1. Up to 1200 Mtr. Sub Tropical
2. 1200- 1800 mtr. Warm Temperate
3. 1800 – 2400 mtr. Cool Temperate
4. 2400 – 3000 mtr. Cold Temperate
5. Higher Altitudes 3000 + The climate tends tp become Polar
Though deep inside the Himalya the broad climate and weather patterns that influence much of
northern India prevail here also. The south east monsoons, dominates in maximum part of the
year. Most of the valley, excepting the higher parts (the Trans Himalyan region), receives 2600
mm of rainfall in the SW monsoons. This contributes to as much as 80% of the rainfall of the
valley. The North West monsoons, originating from over central Asia and traveling the length of
the Himalya brings the winter snows and rains. Snow in the higher reaches could be many feet
deep and the winter snow line comes down to around 3500 mtrs. msl. The lower parts of the
valley do not receive snow. Temperature, influenced by altitude, aspect and season range from
extremes, touching 400 C in the lower parts of the valley to many places below zero in the higher
altitude.
The study area is situated near Askot. So meteorological data of Askot have been considered for
site selection.
3.6.1.1 Wind and Cloud
The wind directions during different months with average cloud cover at near by IMD location
of study area are given in table 3.4.
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Table 3.4 - Prevailing wind direction and average cloud cover Wind Cloud
Prevailing Wind Directions No. of days with cloud amount (All Clouds)
OKTAS
Sl. No. Months
Main Followed by
0 T-2 3-5 6-7 8 1. January W NE 16 2 4 3 6
2. February NE W 12 3 4 4 5
3. March NE E 15 3 5 4 4
4. April NE E 11 3 5 6 5
5. May NE E 13 3 5 5 5
6. June NE E 5 4 6 7 8
7. July NE W 2 1 5 8 15
8. August NE SW 1 1 6 7 16
9. September SW NE 4 4 8 5 9
10. October NE E 16 6 4 3 2
11. November E NE 20 4 2 2 2
12. December SW W 21 3 3 2 2
Prevailing wind speed and direction during April & May month of nearest IMD location is also
presented in table 3.5. Maximum temperature was found 25 in middle of May month while
average wind speed during April and May was 1.8 to 2.0 km/hr. In May month rain fall is
observed.
Table 3.5 - Temperature, Humidity, Average Wind speed and Predominant wind direction during (April-May 09)
Temperature (Avg.)
Humidity (Avg.)
Pre dominant wind Direction
Week
Max. Min. Max. Min.
Avg. Wind Velocity (km/hr)
Main
April 09 23.5 12 79 36 1.8 NE
May 09 25 16 - - 2.0 SE 3.6.1.2 Temperature
The details of temperature recorded at the meteorological observatories in the district show that
the highest temperature was 270 C and lowest 60 C. January is the coldest month after which the
temperature begin to rise till June or July. Temperature varies with elevation. During the winter
cold waves in the wake of western disturbances may cause temperature to fall appreciably. Mean
monthly temp. at Dharchula of year 1972-78 is presented in table 3.6.
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Table 3.6 - Mean Monthly Temp. (In 0C) at Dharchula (1972-78)
Sl. No. Month Temperature 1. January 8.3 2. February 13.0 3. March 18.1 4. April 19.0 5. May 22.5 6. June 23.8 7. July 24.4 8. August 25.3 9. September 24.4 10. October 19.4 11. November 15.6 12. December 10.6
After Joshi et. al., 1983
3.6.1.3 Relative Humidity
The relative humidity is high during monsoon season, generally exceeding 77% on the average.
The driest part of the year is the pre monsoon period when the humidity may drop to 35% during the
afternoon. During the winter months humidity increases toward the afternoon at certain high station.
3.6.1.4 Rain Fall
Most of the rainfall occurs during the period June to September when 70 to 80 percent of the
annual precipitation is accounted for in the southern half of the district and 55 to 65 percent in
the northern half. The effectiveness of the rains is among others, related to low temperature
which means less evapo-transpiration and forest or vegetation cover. However, the effectiveness
is neither uniform nor even positive in areas where either the vegetational cover is poor or has
steep slope or the soils have been so denuded that their moisture absorption capacity has become
marginal. The average rainfall during July is 701 mm and in August is 692 mm. Mean monthly
rainfall at Dharchula of year 1972-78 is presented in table 3.7.
Table 3.7 - Mean Monthly Rainfall (In cm) at Dharchula (1972-78)
Sl. No. Month Rainfall 1. January 0.9 2. February 8.7 3. March 2.3 4. April 12.3 5. May 11.1 6. June 38.0 7. July 5.8 8. August 51.9 9. September 18.2 10. October 5.7 11. November 3.0 12. December 2.5 13. Annual 150.4
After Joshi et. al., 1983
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3.6.2 Air Quality
3.6.2.1 Ambient Air Quality
The first step to assess the impact on air quality due to proposed project not directly but
indirectly as well as its construction activity is to evaluate the existing air quality so as to
determine the respective assimilative capacity of the ambient air in the surrounding area of the
project. In view of this, monitoring of ambient air was done, in the months of April - May 2009
at two locations whose detail is a given in table 3.8.
3.6.2.2 Monitoring Station Location
As such whole study area is virgin and remote area of Himalyan zone, so ambient air monitoring
in surrounding area is very difficult. To assess the ambient air quality 2 (two) monitoring stations
have been setup. Table 3.8 gives the locations of the ambient air quality monitoring stations.
Table 3.8 - Details of Ambient Air Sampling Locations
Sl.
No.
Locations Station No. Distance from Sobla
(In Km.)
Direction from Sobla
1. Sobla Village AAQMS – 1 - -
2. Nyu Village AAQMS – 2 1.5 SSE
In the entire study area (within 10 km. from Sobla) as there is no polluting activity, so it will be
generally assumed that ambient air quality may be affected due to increase of population load,
traffic density etc.
The ambient air quality is expected to be affected in and around the proposed SHP site or colony
site up to a limited distance. Keeping this in view, neighborhood SHP diversion site was planned
to be monitored.
The site selection process begins with acquisition of the necessary background material. Three
basic kind of information are required i.e. geographical, emissions and climatological. The
geographical material is used to determine the distribution of natural features – forests, rivers,
lakes and the work of human being. Useful sources of such information may include road and
topographical maps, and other geographical map etc. The climatological summarises of greatest
use are the frequency distribution of wind speed and direction. This information is sually taken
from IMD centre of concerned area. Emission inventories will be most useful for identifying the
source of SPM and gas. On the basis of above discussed information and also guidelines for
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Ambient Air Quality Monitoring of CPCB all AAQMS was setup and subsequently monitoring
has been done.
3.6.2.3 Sampling Schedule
Air samples were collected with the help of Respirable Dust Air Sampler. The sampling schedule
is given in table 3.9.
Table 3.9 - Ambient Air Sampling Schedule
Parameters Sl. No.
Particulars SPM RSPM SO2 NOx
1. Measurement Method
Gravimetric High Volume
Gravimetric High Volume with Cyclone
EPA Modified West & Gaeke
method
Arsenite modified Jacob & Hochheiser
2. Flow Rate 1.2 + 0.2 m3/min
1.2 + 0.2 m3/min
0.5 + 0.1 LPM
0.5 + 0.1 LPM
3. Duration of Sampling
24 hours
24 hours
24 hours
24 hours
4. Number of Samples taken
April ‘09 May 09
6 6
6 6
6 6
6 6
3.6.2.4 Sampled and Analysed Parameter
The following parameters were monitored in surrounding area of proposed site near Pithoragarh
as per EIA Guidelines :
* Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)
* Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM)
* Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
* Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)
Table 3.10 - Sumarised Air Quality Data
Location Code Location Name SPM in g/m3 RSPM in g/m3
SO2 in g/m3 NOx in 3g/m
AAQMS - 1 Sobla 114 – 54
(76)
39 – 28
(36)
<10 – <10
(<10.0)
12.7 - <10
(<10)
AAQMS - 2 Nyu 128 -64
(80)
78 – 56
(68)
<10 - <10
(<10)
14.8 - <10
(<10)
Result in parenthesis shows average value. National Ambient Air Quality Standard is presented in table 3.11.
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Table 3.11 - National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS)
Concentration of Ambient Air Pollutant Time weighted Average Industrial Area Residential Sensitive
Annual Average 360 g/m3 140 g/m3 70 g/m3 SPM 24 hors 500 g/m3 200 g/m3 100 g/m3
Annual Average 120 g/m3 60 g/m3 50 g/m3 RSPM 24 hors 150 g/m3 100 g/m3 75 g/m3
Annual Average 80 g/m3 60 g/m3 15 g/m3 Sulphur Dioxide 24 hors 120 g/m3 80 g/m3 30 g/m3
Annual Average 80 g/m3 60 g/m3 15 g/m3 Oxides of Nitrogen 24 hors 120g/m3 80 g/m3 30 g/m3
3.6.2.5 Traffic Density
The mix and growth in motor vehicle population in any city determines the contribution of auto
emissions to the overall air pollution in that city. As the pollution load attributable to auto
exhausts depends on the vehicle kilometers traveled and the growth with time therein, for
assessing the need for improvement in the vehicular emissions and fuel quality to contain
pollution from auto exhaust, it is necessary to study the growth trends of motor vehicles and the
changes in the air quality.
All villages with scattered houses are situated in remote hill area. Mostly people of these areas
coalk on foot. Maximum load was found only in day time. Assessment of additional traffic load
near project site was quite impossible because road was blocked due to land slide. Tendency and
flow of tourist is not similar in hills. Tourist for Mansrovar Yatra are also using this
road. In last one decade it has been seen that tourist visiting the hill has increased many fold.
Incremental tendency of load by tourist, due to the proposed activity of SHP especially by
transport facilities is very little.
Presently there is no other potential source of NOx generation in study area except domestic or
agricultural activity. Thus it is assumed that SO2 and NOx levels may be slightly increased
throughout the study area, which may be due to rapid urbanization and increasing growth of
population and their activities.
3.6.3 Water Sources and Quality
The proposed project is located in a remote area of upper middle Himalya of Pithoragarh district.
There are some settlements in the surrounding area of the project site. The catchment area
intercepted at the diversion structure site has also some settlements. There are no industries in the
area. Likewise, use of agrochemicals is negligible in the catchment area. Thus, in absence of
pollution sources, water quality of this area is satisfactory. The D.O. level in such water bodies is
close to saturation level. The other parameters are also well within permissible limit.
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Contamination can enter the water bodies through one or more of the following ways:
Direct point sources: Transfer of pollutants from municipal industrial liquid waste disposal
sites and from municipal and household hazardous waste and refuse disposal sites.
Diffuse agricultural sources: Wash off and soil erosion from agricultural lands carrying
materials applied during agricultural use, mainly fertilisers, herbicides and pesticides.
Diffuse urban sources: Run off from city streets, from horticultural, gardening and
commercial activities in the urban environment and from industrial sites and storage areas.
At present, the source of water in study area is spring water from natural source. People’s of area
using spring water for drinking purposes.
Water quality monitoring was carried out in order to gather baseline data on existing water
quality, which can be used to predict the impacts of the project on water quality. Ground and
surface water sampling location with the distance and direction are presented in table 3.12 and
3.13. Result of ground and surface water analysis report is presented in table 3.14 to 3.21.
Table 3.12 - Ground Water Sampling Location with distance & direction from Sobla
Sl.
No.
Locations Station No. Distance from
Sobla (In km.)
Direction from
Sobla
Type
1. Sobla GW - 1 - - Spring Water
2. Dar GW – 2 2 ENE Spring Water
3. Khairi Gaon GW – 3 1.0 E Hot Spring
4. Khairi Gaon GW – 4 1.0 E Spring Water
5. Nyu Gaon GW - 5 1.5 S Spring Water
Table 3.13 - Surface Water Sampling Location with distance & direction from Sobla
Sl.
No.
Locations Situation Station No. Distance from
Sobla
(In km.)
Direction
from Sobla
1. Sobla Gad On Sobla River SW - 1 - -
2. Dhauli Ganga On Dhauli Ganga SW – 2 0.5 E
3. Kali River On Kali River SW – 3 8.0 S
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Table 3.14 - Results of Underground Water Analysis
Location : Sobla Village
Location Code : GW - 1
Date of Monitoring : Summer
Norms as per IS : 10500
Sl. No
Parameters
1* 2*
Result
Essential Characteristics
1. Colour, Hazen Units 5 25 <5 2. Odour ** - Unobjectionable 3. Taste # - Agreeable 4. Turbidity, NTU 5 max 10 <5 5. pH 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 7.76 6. Total Hardness (as CaCO3) mg/l 300 600 64 7. Iron (as Fe), mg/l 0.3 1.0 0.025 8. Chloride (as Cl), mg/l 250 1000 21.5 9. Residual free Chlorine, mg/l 0.2 min - Nil 10. Flouride (as F), mg/l 1.0 1.5 0.064
Desirable Characters
11. Dissolved Solids, mg/l 500 2000 169 12. Calcium (as Ca), mg/l 75 200 16.0 13. Magnesium (as Mg), mg/l 30 100 5.8 14. Copper (as Cu), mg/l 0.05 1.5 BDL 15. Manganese (as Mn), mg/l 0.1 0.3 0.001 16. Sulphate (as SO4), mg/l 200 400 14.4 17. Nitrate (as NO3), mg/l 45 100 0.003 18. Phenolic Compounds (as C6H5OH), mg/l 0.001 0.002 BDL 19. Mercury (as Hg), mg/l 0.001 0.001 BDL 20. Selenium (as Se), mg/l 0.01 0.01 BDL 21. Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l 0.05 0.05 BDL 22. Arsenic (as As), mg/l 0.05 0.05 BDL 23. Cyanide (as CN), mg/l 0.05 0.05 BDL 24. Lead (as Pb), mg/l 0.05 0.05 BDL 25. Zinc (as Zn), mg/l 5.0 15 0.01 26. Chromium (as Cr), mg/l 0.05 0.05 BDL 27. Aluminium (as Al), mg/l 0.03 0.2 BDL 28. Boron (as B), mg/l 1.0 5 BDL 29. Pesticides, mg/l Absent 0.001 - 30. Anionic Detergents (as MBAS), mg/l 0.2 1.0 - 31. Mineral Oil, mg/l 0.01 0.03 BDL 32. Alkalinity (as CaCO3), mg/l 200 600 56
*1 Desirable Limits. *2 Acceptable Limits in absence of alternate source ** Unobjectionable. # - Agreeable.
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Table 3.15 - Results of Underground Water Analysis
Location : Dar Village
Location Code : GW - 2
Date of Monitoring : Summer
Norms as per IS : 10500
Sl. No
Parameters
1* 2*
Result
Essential Characteristics
1. Colour, Hazen Units 5 25 <5 2. Odour ** - Unobjectionable 3. Taste # - Agreeable 4. Turbidity, NTU 5 max 10 <5 5. pH 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 7.71 6. Total Hardness (as CaCO3) mg/l 300 600 80 7. Iron (as Fe), mg/l 0.3 1.0 1.24 8. Chloride (as Cl), mg/l 250 1000 13.5 9. Residual free Chlorine, mg/l 0.2 min - Nil 10. Flouride (as F), mg/l 1.0 1.5 0.39
Desirable Characters
11. Dissolved Solids, mg/l 500 2000 151 12. Calcium (as Ca), mg/l 75 200 24.0 13. Magnesium (as Mg), mg/l 30 100 4.9 14. Copper (as Cu), mg/l 0.05 1.5 BDL 15. Manganese (as Mn), mg/l 0.1 0.3 0.014 16. Sulphate (as SO4), mg/l 200 400 24.6 17. Nitrate (as NO3), mg/l 45 100 0.07 18. Phenolic Compounds (as C6H5OH), mg/l 0.001 0.002 BDL 19. Mercury (as Hg), mg/l 0.001 0.001 BDL 20. Selenium (as Se), mg/l 0.01 0.01 BDL 21. Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l 0.05 0.05 BDL 22. Arsenic (as As), mg/l 0.05 0.05 BDL 23. Cyanide (as CN), mg/l 0.05 0.05 BDL 24. Lead (as Pb), mg/l 0.05 0.05 BDL 25. Zinc (as Zn), mg/l 5.0 15 BDL 26. Chromium (as Cr), mg/l 0.05 0.05 BDL 27. Aluminium (as Al), mg/l 0.03 0.2 BDL 28. Boron (as B), mg/l 1.0 5 BDL 29. Pesticides, mg/l Absent 0.001 - 30. Anionic Detergents (as MBAS), mg/l 0.2 1.0 - 31. Mineral Oil, mg/l 0.01 0.03 BDL 32. Alkalinity (as CaCO3), mg/l 200 600 52
*1 Desirable Limits. *2 Acceptable Limits in absence of alternate source ** Unobjectionable. # - Agreeable.
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Table 3.16 - Results of Underground Water Analysis
Location : Khairi Gaon
Location Code : GW - 3
Date of Monitoring : Summer
Norms as per IS : 10500
Sl. No
Parameters
1* 2*
Result
Essential Characteristics
1. Colour, Hazen Units 5 25 <5 2. Odour ** - Unobjectionable 3. Taste # - Agreeable 4. Turbidity, NTU 5 max 10 <5 5. pH 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 7.95 6. Total Hardness (as CaCO3) mg/l 300 600 148 7. Iron (as Fe), mg/l 0.3 1.0 1.35 8. Chloride (as Cl), mg/l 250 1000 19.6 9. Residual free Chlorine, mg/l 0.2 min - Nil 10. Flouride (as F), mg/l 1.0 1.5 0.027
Desirable Characters
11. Dissolved Solids, mg/l 500 2000 251 12. Calcium (as Ca), mg/l 75 200 35.2 13. Magnesium (as Mg), mg/l 30 100 14.6 14. Copper (as Cu), mg/l 0.05 1.5 BDL 15. Manganese (as Mn), mg/l 0.1 0.3 0.042 16. Sulphate (as SO4), mg/l 200 400 48.0 17. Nitrate (as NO3), mg/l 45 100 0.086 18. Phenolic Compounds (as C6H5OH), mg/l 0.001 0.002 BDL 19. Mercury (as Hg), mg/l 0.001 0.001 BDL 20. Selenium (as Se), mg/l 0.01 0.01 BDL 21. Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l 0.05 0.05 BDL 22. Arsenic (as As), mg/l 0.05 0.05 BDL 23. Cyanide (as CN), mg/l 0.05 0.05 BDL 24. Lead (as Pb), mg/l 0.05 0.05 BDL 25. Zinc (as Zn), mg/l 5.0 15 BDL 26. Chromium (as Cr), mg/l 0.05 0.05 BDL 27. Aluminium (as Al), mg/l 0.03 0.2 BDL 28. Boron (as B), mg/l 1.0 5 BDL 29. Pesticides, mg/l Absent 0.001 - 30. Anionic Detergents (as MBAS), mg/l 0.2 1.0 - 31. Mineral Oil, mg/l 0.01 0.03 BDL 32. Alkalinity (as CaCO3), mg/l 200 600 100
*1 Desirable Limits. *2 Acceptable Limits in absence of alternate source ** Unobjectionable. # - Agreeable.
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Table 3.17 - Results of Underground Water Analysis
Location : Khairi Gaon Location Code : GW - 4 Date of Monitoring : Summer
Norms as per IS : 10500
Sl. No
Parameters
1* 2*
Result
Essential Characteristics
1. Colour, Hazen Units 5 25 <5 2. Odour ** - Unobjectionable 3. Taste # - Agreeable 4. Turbidity, NTU 5 max 10 <5 5. pH 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 7.81 6. Total Hardness (as CaCO3) mg/l 300 600 124 7. Iron (as Fe), mg/l 0.3 1.0 0.07 8. Chloride (as Cl), mg/l 250 1000 9.8 9. Residual free Chlorine, mg/l 0.2 min - Nil 10. Flouride (as F), mg/l 1.0 1.5 0.08
Desirable Characters
11. Dissolved Solids, mg/l 500 2000 175 12. Calcium (as Ca), mg/l 75 200 20.8 13. Magnesium (as Mg), mg/l 30 100 17.5 14. Copper (as Cu), mg/l 0.05 1.5 BDL 15. Manganese (as Mn), mg/l 0.1 0.3 0.012 16. Sulphate (as SO4), mg/l 200 400 18.0 17. Nitrate (as NO3), mg/l 45 100 0.076 18. Phenolic Compounds (as C6H5OH), mg/l 0.001 0.002 BDL 19. Mercury (as Hg), mg/l 0.001 0.001 BDL 20. Selenium (as Se), mg/l 0.01 0.01 BDL 21. Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l 0.05 0.05 BDL 22. Arsenic (as As), mg/l 0.05 0.05 BDL 23. Cyanide (as CN), mg/l 0.05 0.05 BDL 24. Lead (as Pb), mg/l 0.05 0.05 BDL 25. Zinc (as Zn), mg/l 5.0 15 BDL 26. Chromium (as Cr), mg/l 0.05 0.05 BDL 27. Aluminium (as Al), mg/l 0.03 0.2 BDL 28. Boron (as B), mg/l 1.0 5 BDL 29. Pesticides, mg/l Absent 0.001 - 30. Anionic Detergents (as MBAS), mg/l 0.2 1.0 - 31. Mineral Oil, mg/l 0.01 0.03 BDL 32. Alkalinity (as CaCO3), mg/l 200 600 72
*1 Desirable Limits. *2 Acceptable Limits in absence of alternate source ** Unobjectionable. # - Agreeable.
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Table 3.18 - Results of Underground Water Analysis
Location : Nyu Gaon
Location Code : GW - 5
Date of Monitoring : Summer
Norms as per IS : 10500
Sl. No
Parameters
1* 2*
Result
Essential Characteristics
1. Colour, Hazen Units 5 25 <5 2. Odour ** - Unobjectionable 3. Taste # - Agreeable 4. Turbidity, NTU 5 max 10 <5 5. pH 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 8.08 6. Total Hardness (as CaCO3) mg/l 300 600 360 7. Iron (as Fe), mg/l 0.3 1.0 0.034 8. Chloride (as Cl), mg/l 250 1000 27.4 9. Residual free Chlorine, mg/l 0.2 min - Nil 10. Flouride (as F), mg/l 1.0 1.5 0.023
Desirable Characters
11. Dissolved Solids, mg/l 500 2000 557 12. Calcium (as Ca), mg/l 75 200 41.6 13. Magnesium (as Mg), mg/l 30 100 62.2 14. Copper (as Cu), mg/l 0.05 1.5 BDL 15. Manganese (as Mn), mg/l 0.1 0.3 0.008 16. Sulphate (as SO4), mg/l 200 400 78.2 17. Nitrate (as NO3), mg/l 45 100 0.022 18. Phenolic Compounds (as C6H5OH), mg/l 0.001 0.002 BDL 19. Mercury (as Hg), mg/l 0.001 0.001 BDL 20. Selenium (as Se), mg/l 0.01 0.01 BDL 21. Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l 0.05 0.05 BDL 22. Arsenic (as As), mg/l 0.05 0.05 BDL 23. Cyanide (as CN), mg/l 0.05 0.05 BDL 24. Lead (as Pb), mg/l 0.05 0.05 BDL 25. Zinc (as Zn), mg/l 5.0 15 BDL 26. Chromium (as Cr), mg/l 0.05 0.05 BDL 27. Aluminium (as Al), mg/l 0.03 0.2 BDL 28. Boron (as B), mg/l 1.0 5 BDL 29. Pesticides, mg/l Absent 0.001 - 30. Anionic Detergents (as MBAS), mg/l 0.2 1.0 - 31. Mineral Oil, mg/l 0.01 0.03 BDL 32. Alkalinity (as CaCO3), mg/l 200 600 312
*1 Desirable Limits. *2 Acceptable Limits in absence of alternate source ** Unobjectionable. # - Agreeable.
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Table 3.19 - Results of Surface Water Analysis
Location : Sobla Gad River (Near Sobla Bazar)
Location Code : SW – 1
Season : summer
Sl. No.
Parameters Results
1. Colour, Hazen Units <5 2. Turbidity, NTU, Max. <5 3. pH 7.90 4. Dissolved Oxygen, mg/l 6.4 5. BOD (3 days at 270C, mg/l) 2 6. Total Hardness (as CaCO3) mg/l 116 7. Iron (as Fe), mg/l 1.48 8. Chloride (as CI), mg/l 23.5 9. Flouride (as F), mg/l 0.064 10. Dosolved Solids, mg/l 214 11. Calcium (as Ca), mg/l 30.4 12. Magnesium (as Mn), mg/l 9.7 13. Copper (as Cu), mg/l BDL 14. Manganese (as Mn), mg/l 0.039 15. Sulphate, (as SO4) mg/l 50.4 16. Nitrate (as NO3), mg/l 0.108 17. Phenolic Compounds (as C6 H5 OH), mg/l BDL 18. Mercury (as Hg), mg/l BDL 19. Cadmium (as Hg), mg/l BDL 20. Selenium (as Se), mg/l BDL 21. Arsenic (as As), mg/l BDL 22. Cyanide (as CN), mg/l BDL 23. Lead (as Pb),mg/l BDL 24. Zinc (as Zn), mg/l BDL 25. Aninoic Detergents (as MBAS), mg/l - 26. Chromium (as cr6+), mg/l BDL 27. Mineral Oil, mg/l BDL 28. Alkalinity (as CaCO3), mg/l 92 29. Aluminum (as Al), mg/l BDL 30. Coliform Organism MPN/100 ml - 31. Sodium Absorption Ratio 0.081
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Table 3.20 - Results of Surface Water Analysis
Location : Dhauli Ganga River
Location Code : SW – 2 Season : summer
Sl. No.
Parameters Results
1. Colour, Hazen Units <5 2. Turbidity, NTU, Max. <5 3. pH 7.11 4. Dissolved Oxygen, mg/l 5.8 5. BOD (3 days at 270C, mg/l) 2 6. Total Hardness (as CaCO3) mg/l 138 7. Iron (as Fe), mg/l 0.003 8. Chloride (as CI), mg/l 21.5 9. Flouride (as F), mg/l 0.02 10. Dosolved Solids, mg/l 216 11. Calcium (as Ca), mg/l 46.0 12. Magnesium (as Mn), mg/l 28.0 13. Copper (as Cu), mg/l BDL 14. Manganese (as Mn), mg/l 0.029 15. Sulphate, (as SO4)mg/l 40.7 16. Nitrate (as NO3), mg/l 0.013 17. Phenolic Compounds (as C6 H5 OH), mg/l BDL 18. Mercury (as Hg), mg/l BDL 19. Cadmium (as Hg), mg/l BDL 20. Selenium (as Se), mg/l BDL 21. Arsenic (as As), mg/l BDL 22. Cyanide (as CN), mg/l BDL 23. Lead (as Pb),mg/l BDL 24. Zinc (as Zn), mg/l BDL 25. Aninoic Detergents (as MBAS), mg/l - 26. Chromium (as cr6+), mg/l BDL 27. Mineral Oil, mg/l BDL 28. Alkalinity (as CaCO3), mg/l 208 29. Aluminum (as Al), mg/l BDL 30. Coliform Organism MPN/100 ml - 31. Sodium Absorption Ratio 0.072
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Table 3.21 - Results of Surface Water Analysis
Location : Kali River (Near Tawa Ghat)
Location Code : SW – 3
Season : summer
Sl. No.
Parameters Results
1. Colour, Hazen Units <5 2. Dissolved Oxygen, mg/l <5 3. pH 8.06 4. Dissolved Oxygen, mg/l 5.7 5. BOD (3 days at 270C, mg/l) 1 6. Total Hardness (as CaCO3) mg/l 116 7. Iron (as Fe), mg/l 0.98 8. Chloride (as CI), mg/l 17.0 9. Flouride (as F), mg/l 0.017 10. Dosolved Solids, mg/l 242 11. Calcium (as Ca), mg/l 28.8 12. Magnesium (as Mn), mg/l 10.7 13. Copper (as Cu), mg/l BDL 14. Manganese (as Mn), mg/l 0.03 15. Sulphate (as NO3), mg/l 42.5 16. Nitrate (as SO4), mg/l 0.10 17. Phenolic Compounds (as C6 H5 OH), mg/l BDL 18. Mercury (as Hg), mg/l BDL 19. Cadmium (as Hg), mg/l BDL 20. Selenium (as Se), mg/l BDL 21. Arsenic (as As), mg/l BDL 22. Cyanide (as CN), mg/l BDL 23. Lead (as Pb),mg/l BDL 24. Zinc (as Zn), mg/l BDL 25. Aninoic Detergents (as MBAS), mg/l - 26. Chromium (as cr6+), mg/l BDL 27. Mineral Oil, mg/l BDL 28. Alkalinity (as CaCO3), mg/l 80 29. Aluminum (as Al), mg/l BDL 30. Coliform Organism MPN/100 ml - 31. Sodium Absorption Ratio 0.081
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Table 3.22- Water Quality Criteria as per CPCB Guidelines for Aquatic Resources
Designated-Best-Use Class of
water Criteria
Drinking water Source without conventional treatment but after disinfection.
A 1. Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 50 or less 2. pH between 6.5 and 8.5 3. Dissolve Oxygen 6mg/l or more 4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 Days 200C 2 mg/l or less
Outdoor Bathing (organised) B 1. Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 500 or less 2. pH between 6.5 and 8.5 3. Dissolve Oxygen 5mg/l or more 4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 Days 200C 3 mg/l or less
Drinking water Source after conventional treatment disinfection.
C 1. Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 5000 or less 2. pH between 6 and 9 3. Dissolve Oxygen 5mg/l or more 4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 Days 200C 3 mg/l or less
Propagation of wildlife and fisheries.
D 1. pH between 6.5 and 8.5 2. Dissolve Oxygen 4mg/l or more 3. Free Ammonia (as N) 1.2 mg/l or less
Irrigation Industrial Cooling Controlled Waste Disposal.
E 1. pH between 6.0 and 8.5 2. Electrivity conductivity at 250C micro mhos/cm Max. 2250. 3. Sodium absorption Ratio Max. 26 4. Boron Max. 2 mg/l
Below E Not meeting A, B, C, D & E Criteria
Table 3.22 above gives water quality criteria as per CPCB guidelines for Aquatic resources.
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3.6.4 Ambient Noise Level 3.6.4.1 Location Details
For the measurement of noise levels 3 nos. of locations in the surrounding area of proposed SHP
are selected as per description given in table 3.23.
Table 3.23 - Ambient Noise Monitoring Location
Sl.No. Location Details Location Code Direction from the Sobla
1. Sobla Village ANQS - 1 -
2. Nyu Village ANQS - 2 S
3. Near Diversion Site ANQS - 3 N 3.6.4.2 Noise Monitoring Frequency
Noise measurements have been carried out once in the season at all the three monitoring stations.
At each monitoring station, Leq. Noise level has been recorded at hourly intervals for 8 hours
continuously by operating the noise recording instrument for five minutes during each hour.
3.6.4.3 Results and Discussions
Summarised results have been presented in table 3.24 and compared with the standard specified
in schedule III, Rule 3 of Environmental Protection Rules given in table 3.25.
Table 3.24 - Summarised Noise Level (dB) data of various locations
Day Time Location Location
Code Max. Min. Avg.
Sobla Village ANQS - 1 44.4 37 .2 41.6
Nyu Village ANQS – 2 48.1 38.1 42.8
Near Diversion Site ANQS – 3 47.2 38.9 43.2 All Values in dB (A).
Table 3.25 - Ambient Quality norms in respect of noise
(As per Schedule III, Rule 3 of Environment Protection Rules)
Type of Area Day (06.00 – 21.00 hrs.) Night (21.00 – 6.00 hrs.)
Industrial Area 75 70
Commercial Area 65 55
Residential Area 55 45
Silence Zone 50 40
All Values in dB (A)
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All the noise-monitoring stations are falling in “Residential Areas” and Silence area. The result
satisfies the prescribed norms, in general.
3.6.5 Soil Characteristics
Thickness of topsoil in the study area varies from 0.5 to 1 m (approx), the average being 0.7m.
Area is hilly so thickness of top soil layer is not very high. To assess the quality of soil in and
around the study area, soil samples were collected from four locations for physico chemical
analysis. Table 3.26 lists the soil sampling locations.
Table 3.26 - Soil sampling locations
Sample No. Location Distance Direction from
Proposed site (Sobla village)
Type of land
SS – 1 Sobla Village - Agriculture Land
SS – 2 Dar Village 2.0 ENE Agricultural Land
SS – 3 Khairi Village 1.0 E Agricultural Land
SS - 4 Nyu Gaon 1.5 S Agricultural Land
3.6.5.1 Soil Analysis Discussion
The soil texture analysis consists of determination of the percentage of the particles of different
sizes (i.e. sand, silt and clay), as they exist in soil. The soil textures have a profound influence on
tree and plant growth because of moisture retention, nutrient supplies, aeration and root
development. The soils having a clay and sandy clay texture get easily eroded and washed during
rains. Physical properties of soil are presented in table 3.27.
Table 3.27 - Physical properties of Soil
The pH value is more important because it determines the soils for growth of plants, availability
of nutrients, bacterial activity and the physical condition. Soil microbial activity is also
dependent on pH. The soil may be termed as suitable for plant growth if its pH value ranges
between 6 - 8. While afforestation is necessary to keep the pH in limits by growing suitable tree
species. The pH value is ranging from 7.11 to 8.37 which indicate that the soil is suitable for
plant growth. Chemical properties of soil are presented in table 3.28
Parameters SS – 1 SS – 2 SS – 3 SS - 4 Texture Sandy Sandy Sandy Sandy
Color Blackish grey Blackish grey Greyish Black Greyish Black
Bulk Density (g/cc) 1.17 1.15 1.24 1.21
Water Holding Capacity % 40.6 34.2 35.4 27.8
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Table 3.28 - Chemical properties of Soil
Location Code Parameters
SS – 1 SS - 2 SS - 3 SS -4 pH 7.53 8.37 7.11 7.82
Electrical Conductivity (ms/cm) 0.262 0.247 0.094 0.068
Electrical conductivity is a measure of the soluble salts and ionic activity in the soil. In the
collected soil samples the conductivity ranged from 0.068 to 0.262 ms/cm. Salt concentration is
directly proportional to the osmotic pressure which governs the process of osmosis in the soil
plant system. Since the salt concentration in the study area soil, is slightly good.
The organic matter is related to soil genesis and soil fertility. It includes altered and rather
resistant organic residues of plants, animals and micro organisms at various stages of
decomposition (sometimes termed as ‘humus’) and little altered organic residues of plants,
animals and living & dead micro-organism subject to rather rapid decomposition in the soils. The
percentage of organic matter in the forest dominated hills area varies between 0.31-3.0%
whereas in the study area it is varying between 1.47 to 3.32 %, thus indicating that the soil are
rich in mineral constitutes. Available Nuterients present in soil are mention in table 3.29.
Table 3.29 - Available Nutrients in Soil
Location Code Parameters
SS - 1 SS - 2 SS - 3 SS - 4
Organic carbon (%) 1.65 1.08 0.62 0.81
Organic matter 3.32 2.29 1.47 1.81
Available Nitrogen (kg/ha) 630 785 905 1061
Available Phosphorous (kg/ha) 9.3 13.1 11 19.7
Available Potassium (kg/ha) 118 210 78 38
Organic Carbon values are in high range. Input on minimum doses compost & Nitrogen manure
or bio-manures are desirable to bring the status of these elements to a satisfactory level or to
expect good crop yields.
Phosphorous and nitrogen are limiting nutrients. In the tested soil samples nitrogen and
phosphorous was available in low & medium quantities. This indicates small quantity of
nitrogenous fertilizer to improve crop productivity. Potassium levels are also found in lower to
medium land. Rating of soil are presented in table 3.30.
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Table 3.30 - Rating of soil
Low Medium High
Organic Carbon % < 0.5 0.5 – 0.75 > 0.75
Available Nitrogen < 280 280 - 560 > 560
Available Phosphorus < 10 10 – 25 >25
Available Potassium < 120 120 - 280 > 280
Values of available Ca & Mg are in high range, which indicate that the soil processes have good
exchange capacity and will respond satisfactorily when properly fertilized & manured.
Exchangeable cations and these ratings are shown in table 3.31.
Table 3.31 - Exchangable Cations Location Code Parameters
SS - 1 SS - 2 SS - 3 SS - 4 Calcium (meq/100gm) 0.3
(45.32) 0.53
(46.74) 0.024
(31.57) 0.216
(59.67) Magnesium (meq/100gm) 0.32
(48.33) 0.51
(45.15) 0.024
(31.58) 0.072
(19.89) Sodium (meq/100gm) 0.015
(2.27) 0.044 (3.88)
0.01 (13.16)
0.01 (2.76)
Potassium (meq/100gm) 0.027 (4.08)
0.048 (4.23)
0.018 (23.68)
0.064 (17.68)
Total Bases (meq/100 gm) 0.662 (100)
1.134 (100)
0.076 (100)
0.362 (100)
Figures in parenthesis gives the % contribution of the respective cation of the total Cations.
Heavy metals are integrated components of the biosphere and thus occur naturally in soils and
plants. Out of seventeen essential elements known to be essential for plant growth, eight are
required in such small quantity that they are called micronutrients or trace elements. These are
iron, manganese, Zinc, copper, boron, molybdenum, cobalt and chlorine. Other element such as
silicon, vanadium and sodium appear to be helpful for the growth of certain species. Available
micronutrients and there critical limit present in soil sample are presented in table 3.32 and 3.33.
Table 3.32 – Available Micronutrients in Soil
Location Code Parameters
SS - 1 SS - 2 SS - 3 SS - 4 Copper 0.37 0.34 0.32 0.18
Zinc 2.28 5.64 0.70 0.84 Iron 14.88 2.80 9.2 2.64
Manganese 2.43 2.0 0.95 0.60
(Values in mg/kg)
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Table 3.33 - Critical limits (mg/kg)
1. Iron - 4.5 – 6.0
2. Copper - 0.20 – 0.66
3. Zinc - 0.50 – 0.65
In this region soils are alkaline in nature derived from the sub aerial weathering under climatic
condition of alternate wet and dry season with high rainfall. Excess phosphate may encourage a
deficiency of zinc, iron and copper in any area. Phosphorus in study area is found medium level.
Also heavy nitrogen fertilization intensifies copper deficiencies. In this area both nutrients are
found in low to medium range. 3.6.6 Land Environment
The project is situated in district Pithoragarh of Uttarakhand state. The dam site lies about 0.75
approx. km NW of Sobla village, at a height of about 2000 m above MSL. Parameters involved
in land environment are physiography, geology, minerals, soils, land use pattern and seismicity.
These are already discussed in chapter 1.
3.6.6.1 Land Use Pattern
Land use and land cover patterns are important in environment impact assessment study. The
land use describes its use such as agriculture, settlement, etc and land cover, describes the
material on it such as forest, vegetation, rocks or building etc. The land use pattern of
Pithoragarh distt. and Dharchula block are presented in table 3.34 and 3.35. Forest are spread
over 50.0% in the district area, Agriculture waste land area occupies 9.9% and Barren and
uncultivable land are 5.1%.
Table 3.34 - Land Use Pattern of Pithoragarh District
Sl.No. Land Use Area in Hectare 1. Total Land Area 410640 2. Land under Forest 205239 3. Agricultural waste land 40899 4. Present waste land 1359 5. Other waste land 6174 6. Land not fit for agriculture purposes 20679 7. Land utilized for than agriculture 9999 8. Pasture land 53156 9. Land used for trees, orchards etc. 27451 10. Carsent fallow land 45774 11. More than one time fallow land 38260 12. Total area sown 84034
Source Statistical book Pithoragarh, 02-03
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The proposed SHP dam site is located near Sobla Village of Dharchula block of Pithoragarh
distt. Land required for different works of project and its use is presented in table 3.35. The area
of submergence is very small due to steep slopes of the river valley.
The proposed project is falling under Dharchula block of Pithoragarh. The study depicts that
more than 54.1% of the area is covered by mixed jungle forest and about 8% is barren with rocky
outcrops. About 10% is under cultivation, 1% in water bodies and less than 1% in
settlement/roads.
Table 3.35 - Land Use Pattern of Dharchula Block
Sl. No.
Land use Area in Hectare
1. Total Land Area 70139
2. Land under Forest 37940
3. Agricultural waste land 6502
4. Present waste land 2
5. Other waste land 2315
6. Land not fit for agriculture purposes 3258
7. Land utilized for Other purposes except agriculture 437
8. Pasture land 11492
9. Land used for trees, orchards etc. 4560
10. Carsent fallow land 3633
11. More than one time fallow land 3312
12. Total area sown 6945 Source Statistical book Pithoragarh, 02-03
It is observed that neither any agricultural land nor any house/structure is coming under
submergence. The project is under rehabilitation, so new construction works will be minimum.
Most of the existing establishment will be used by UJVNL. Detailed of land required as per
UJVNL is presented in table 3.36.
Table 3.36 - Land Requirement for the Project
Existing land (in acre) Forest Van Panchayat Civil Benap Nap land Total - 0.078 HA 0.3 ha 0.043 ha 0.421 ha
Land Requirements (HA) Sl.
No. Description
Forest Private Total Proposed land
1. Diversion Site: Desilting tank, Channel
2. Power house 3. Power Sub Station 4. Official Building 5. Staff colony
Total 0.276 0.058 0.334
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3.6.7 Socio-Economic Status
In the process of planning, the study of socio-economic profile of any region or an area holds an
important place. For it helps in accessing the potentialities and weakness of the region, helps in
understanding the dynamic of forces operating within the region and suggests possible areas of
interventions. The success of any project/programme, therefore, depends to a large extent, upon
the potentialities and resources the region offers, and their judicious exploitation. This socio
economic study is based on survey/interview of local people and Govt. Statistical data reference
paper.
The state of Uttrakhand encompasses a geographical area of 53483 sq.km. which accounts for
only 1.63 percent of India’s area. The state contains about 4.53 percent of India’s forest area and
about 3.1 percent of India’s agriculture area. 43.6 percent of the agricultural area is under
irrigation as against the national average of 40.3 percent and average rainfall is also above the
national average. The ratio of irrigated area in the hills and plains is 10.1: 88 in Uttrakhand. Some facts
about district with contest of state and India is presented in table 3.37 as geographical indicators.
Table 3.37 - Geographical Indicators
Sl.No. Indicators India Uttrakhand Pithoragarh
1. Total Geographical Area (Sq. Km.) 3287240 53483(1.63 %) 7090 (0.22%)
2. Area Under forest (Sq. Km.) 765210 34651(4.53%) 3544 (0.46%)
3. Area Under Agriculture (ha) 183016000 5671704 1450
4. Area Under irrigation (%) 40.3 43.6 (7709 ha) 1.9
5. Average annual rain fall (mm) 1432 1547 1408
Source: Indiastat and Uttrakhand at a Glance 2006-07 Figure in parenthesis are the % of India.
Uttarakhand is sparsely populated, which has total 13 districts, 40 Tehsils, 95 Community
Development Blocks and 16414 villages. However, the total population of the state according to
2001 census is 84,79,562 comprising of 43,16,401 males and 41,63,161 females which
accounted for 0.83% of the country’s population. The sex ratio is 964 females as per 1000 males.
The literacy rate is 72.28 percent with 84.01% for males and 60.26% for females.
3.6.7.1 Economy
The economy of the Uttarakhand state is mainly agriculture based. Tea cultivation mainly takes
place in maximum area of Kumaon and Garhwal regions between Himalaya and Shiwalik
ranges. However, the total forest area in state is 63 percent of the total area but the cultivate area
is 12.5 percent only. The total irrigated area in the state is about 11.5 lakh hectare.
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Besides agriculture tourism and hydroelectric power projects the main industrial sector which is
backbone of economy of Uttarakhand. Nevertheless in recent a rapid growth of industries sector
in some place of Uttarakhand has been done and as a result of scientific and technological
developments is the result of human activities and thus, the whole human race is concerned with
the associated negative impact due to technological, physiological, psychological, environmental
and socio-economic factors. These industrial growths ultimately affect in many fold of
concerned area of Uttarakhand.
The study area is the gateway of Darma valley. The valley is inhabited by Bhotias who are
locally known as Darmani. The villagers migrate to the lower location situated at or above 3500
ft. between Dharchulla and Jauljibi during Month of October and November to spend winter in
relatively warmer areas. They return to Darma valley in March April.
3.6.7.2 Area, Population and Family No.
As per 2001 census, the total population of the Pithoragarh district is 4,62,289 with male
population of 2,27,615 and female population of 2,34,674. There is an increase of 10.95% in
population in comparison of 1991 census. The population was 3,35,172 in 1981 and 2,86,550 in
1991. The district is not densely populated. The population density per sq. km.is 65 in 2001.
Study area is mainly falling under Dharchula block which area, No. of villages and existing
family no. is presented in table 3.38 whereas population details of Pithoragarh district and
Dharchula block is presented in table 3.39 and 3.40.
Table 3.38 - Size of block, No. of villages and No. of family in Dharchula block & Pithoragarh district
Name of block Area in sq.km. No. of Villages No. of family Dharchula 2884 72 9795 Pithoragarh Distt. 7090 1579 98510
Table 3.39 - Population details of Pithoragarh district
Year Total Population S.C Population S.T. Population Male 180241 48599 8760
Female 184961 46546 8577 1981
Total 365202 95145 17337 Male 209177 46613 9081
Female 207470 44845 9071 1991
Total 416647 91458 18152 Male 227615 53501 9422
Female 234674 52948 9857 2001
Total 462289 106449 19279 (Source :- District Statistical handbook year 2005)
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Table 3.40 - Population statistics of Dharchula block
Year Total Population S.C Population S.T. Population Male 25734 4282 3271
Female 25292 4391 3301 Dharchula
Total 51026 8674 6572
The majority of the population lives in villages as indicated by the rural population of 402456.
The sex ratio in the district is 1031 females per 1000 males. The total population in Pithoragarh
distt.of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes is 1,06,449 and 19279 which is 27.2% of total
population. The religion wise populations are as 4,56,277 (98.70%) Hindu, 4031 (0.87%) Muslims,
1215 (0.26%) Partian, 437 (0.09%) Sikhs, 17 (0.004 %) Jain, 206 (0.0041 %) Budha and 98 (0.02%) has
not mention their religion.
3.6.7.3 Educational Level
Despite a generous fund flow from the Central Government for the SARVA SHIKHSHA
ABHIYAN (Project-Education for all) during the past five years, the state government does not
seem to have achieved the target. The Govt. has also initiated in the 13 district of the state,
various education scheme for the physically and mentally challenged children under the schemes
like education guarantee scheme (EGS), integrated education development (IED), girl child
education and alternative education and so on. The important aim of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
(SSA) is to make the primary education available to the age group of 6-14. They are
compulsorily to be educated up to standard five by 2007 and standard eight up to 2010.
Population and literacy rate of all thirteen district of State are presented in table 3.41.
Table 3.41 - Litracy rate of the State: district-wise (2001 Census)
Literacy Rate (Percent) Sl. No. District
Total Male Female 1. Udham Singh Nagar 64.9 75.2 53.4 2. Pithoragarh - Garhwal 77.5 90.9 65.7 3. Hardwar 63.8 73.8 52.1
4. Dehradun 79.0 85.9 71.2 5. Nainital 78.4 86.3 69.6 6. Almora 74.0 89.0 61.0
7. Tehri-Garhwal 66.7 85.3 49.4 8. Pithoragarh 76.0 90.1 62.6 9. Pithoragarh 75.4 89.7 61.6 10. Uttarkashi 65.7 83.6 46.7
11. Bageshwar 71.3 87.7 57.0 12. Rudra Prayag 73.7 89.8 59.6 13. Champawat 70.4 87.3 54.2
14. Uttrakhand 71.6 83.3 59.6 15. India 64.8 75.3 53.7
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While large populations certainly inhibit development, the lack of key social infrastructural like
education, female literacy, female health services boost population growth. The country has
dramatically improved literacy from an average of 12 percent in 1947 to 65.4 percent in 2001 but
still the country is woefully behind even countries like Vietnam (1991, 92 percent), Malaysia
(1995, 84 percent), Indonesia (1995, 84 percent), and Myanmar (1995, 74 percent). Literacy rate
of Pithoragarh district is shown in table 3.42 while Dharchula block is presented in table 3.34. School
and Colleges available in Dharchula block and Pithoragarh district are presented in table 3.44.
Literacy picked up and as people become educated, they looked for better jobs elsewhere in the
plains. Due to increase level of awareness about education literacy rate in Darma valley
according to the 2001 census report ranges from 64.03 to 93%.
Table3.42 - Literacy Rate of Pithoragarh district
Literate Person % of Literacy
Male Female Total Male Female Total
1991 137574 72504 210078 80.31 42.41 61.38
2001 170872 125490 296362 90.06 62.59 75.95
On social indicators Uttrakhand fares quite well with a literacy rate of 71.6 % against the
national figure of 64.8 %. Some hill districts have a literacy rate above the state average.
As expected the literacy rate for females is lower than that for males; more than 80 % of
the males are literate and the female literacy rate varies across districts. However, the
unexpected part is that these numbers are much higher than the national average. This can
be considered a unique feature and the main reason for rapid growth.
Table 3.43 - Literacy rate of Dharchula block wise (2001 Census)
Literate Person % of Literacy
Male Female Total Male Female Total
Dharchula 17612 10263 27875 83.8 49.07 66.48
In terms of basic education, the number of school/colleges in the state in 2003-04 was 19700,
which accounted for 1.7 % of the national figure. Figure for 08-09 shows that there were
1,22,838 students in the Pithoragarh distt. compared to Uttarakhand state 2302066 in around
5.3%. The number of student in the hills is 53.5 % of the state total whereas students in the plains
make up 46.5 %. As per September 2008 statistics total working teacher in primary school of
Pithoragarh distt. are 1596 and upper primary school are 817 while vacant post of both category
are 618 which account 7.2% of state total vacant post in both category.
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Table 3.44 - School and Colleges in Dharchula block and Pithoragah distt.
Sr. Basic School Hr. Secondary
School
Degree College PG College Jr. Basic
School
Total Girls Total Girls Total Girls Total Girls
Dharchula 174 34 8 13 - 1 - - -
Pithoragarh Distt. 1252 300 60 137 13 4 - 2 -
Year – 04-05
3.6.7.4 Village Status
Pithoragarh district have 1579 villages of different size. Population wise existing village status of
Dharchula are presented in table 3.45.
Table 3.45 - Population wise Nos. of villages in Dharchula block & Pithoragarh distt.
Less than
200
200 - 499 500 - 999 1000 -1499 1500 - 1999 2000 - 4999 More than
5000
Total
Dharchula 27 17 9 7 6 3 1 70
Pithoragarh
Distt.
930 457 142 32 9 8 1 1579
As per 2001
3.6.7.5 Occupational Pattern
The study of distribution of work force, among different sectors and occupation, assumes a
significant place in the process of planning as it enables the planners to understand the pattern of
their utilization, on one hand, and the important role each sector plays within their respective
regional economics. As per census 2001 block wise economical distribution of population are
presented in table 3.46.
Table 3.46 - Economical distribution of population
Farmer Faring worker
Domestic Marginal worker
other Total worker
Dharchula 7995 169 1030 9281 5200 23675 Pithoragarh Distt
74361 615 4415 74647 124062 198709
As per year 2001
Percentage of cultivators and people in Govt. service is indicative of changed lifestyles in the
valley. Locals now began to give up the traditional way of living for a modern and relatively
easier and physically less demanding way of living. This changes the demography of the area
completely. Now only few peoples (25-30 % approx) of the area engage themselves in the
traditional way of living. Local inhabitants now come to their villages only to perform traditional
pujas (worship) and for customary celebrations, thus keeping the link their roots intact.
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3.6.7.6 Health
Health facilities available in Dharchula block and Pithoragarh distt. are presented in table 3.47.
Table 3.47 - Health facilities available in Dharchula block & Pithoragarh distt.
Total Staff Ayurvedic Homeopathic Name of Block
Allopathic Hospital
Primary health Centre
No. of
bed Doctor Paramedical Other Hospital Doctor Hospital Doctor
Dharchula 7 1 32 5 39 22 7 4 - -
Pithoragarh Distt*
46 18 610 54 319 220 52 29 6 5
As per year 2004-05
3.6.7.7 Basic Facilities available in study area
The primary purpose of social sector schemes has been to provide basic minimum needs to as
many focus group households, as possible, so that their socio economic level and status be
uplifted and they be brought back into the main stream of development to enable them to benefit
from other development programmes that are in vogue. An attempt has also been made to study
the available amenities in the study area which is presented in table 3.48 and 3.49.
Table 3.48 - Details of electrified Villages and available roads in Dharchula block &
Pithoragarh district
Length of Road (inKm.) Sl. No. Name of Block Total Villages
Electrified Villages Total PWD
1. Dharchula 72 42 134 95 2. Pithoragarh Distt* 1672 1369 1160 818
As per year 2004-05
Table 3.49 - Other facilities like Post Office, Telegraph Office, PCO and Telephone available in Dharchula block & Pithoragarh district
Sl.No. Name of Block Post Office
Telegraph PCO Telephone Bus Stop
1. Dharchula 54 - 23 733 37 2. Pithoragarh Distt* 318 9 509 14699 685
As per year 2004-05
3.6.7.7 Methodology for Socio economic survey
A random sample of villagers/respondents of study area from Dharchula block of 50 households
was drawn and for collection of necessary data pre tested questionnaire (a formate of
questionnaire attach as Annexure at the end of report) were adopted for collection of socio-
economic data with the emphasis of family size, main occupation, income source, health of
people, diseases, cooking fuel used etc. from the total 8 villages spread in surrounding of Sobla
consisting from Dharchula block have been randomly selected. Further, 50 house holds were
randomly selected after villages listing of households. Of these, 27 households are marginal, 11
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small, 8 medium and farmers 1 are large. However, 3 are either landless or employed with
service/traders. Before collection of primary data from selected villagers, a rapid survey i.e. an
interaction with villagers helped study the perception, behaviour and attitude of the villagers.
Population statistics of near by Villages are presented in table 3.50.
Table 3.50 - Population Statistics of surveyed villages
Sl. No.
Village Name
No of House hold
Total Populat
ion
Male Female Sex Ratio
Literacy Rate
Male Literacy
Rate
Female Literacy
Rate 1. Sobla 29 155 73 82 1123 52.67 81.35 20.75 2. Baram 198 904 490 414 845 71.68 86.70 54.05 3. Suwa 100 648 336 312 929 62.14 81.71 42.20 4. Syankuri 243 1384 719 665 925 73.18 92.17 53.51 5. Umachiya 64 344 184 160 870 67.13 90.54 41.48 6. Watan 13 75 43 32 744 52.83 67.85 36.0 7. Dar 102 544 299 245 819 46.96 64.31 25.60 8. Nyu 50 231 125 106 848 71.50 86.45 54.21
3.6.7.7.1 Occupational Status
The occupation (main and subsidiary) of surveyed households has also been studied. The
analyzed data shows that a majority of studied households (i.e. 72%) have farming as the main
occupations followed by farming and dairying. However, a smaller numbers of households have
dairying or poultry as a subsidiary occupation. The collected information about size of holding
and occupational pattern is presented in table 3.51 and 3.52.
Table 3.51 - Size of Holding
Sl. No. Size of Holding
1. Marginal (less than 0.5 ha) 27 2. Small (0.50 to 1.00 ha) 11 3. Medium (1.00 to 2.00 ha) 8 4. Large (2 to 4) 1 5. Above 4 Nil
Table 3.52 - Occupational Pattern of Selected Households
Occupation Sl.
No. Agriculture Dairying Business Service Others Total
1. 20 10 6 8 6 50
Traditionally, the main occupation of the villagers in the region had been trading, sheeps rearing
and cultivation of mainly wheat/rice and potatoes during summer months between June and
October.
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In the present study, the main occupation considered is the one which earns more than 50% of
their annual in come. But, an occupation which earns them less than 50% annual income to the
selected farmers is considered to be subsidiary occupation. In the present case, some farmers are
also observed to be depending on the subsidiary occupation. The subsidiary occupations are
mainly poultry farming, dairying, business, service it include retired person etc, which generally
supplements the farmer’s income.
3.6.7.7.2 Cooking Fuel
The selected households spread over study area falling under Dharchula block. Villagers were
interviewed and data related to their fuel use were collected. Due to availability of LPG gas
Suppliers in Dharchula and subsidiary to BPL people some villagers are using gas for cooking
purposes. Villagers are also interested to take gas connection but due to distance and blockage of
road due to land sliding it was very difficult to supply daily needs including LPG cylindar. Three
reasons are main obstacle to take a connection i.e. easy availability of wood, minimum income
source and and Road blockage due to land sliding. The analyzed data presented in table 3.53.
Table 3.53 - Cooking Fuel Used
Source of Cooking Fuel Sl. No.
Number of families studied
Fire wood, dung cake &
biomass
Fire wood & biomass
Biomass and dung cakes
Kerosene Oil LPG Electricity
1. 50 22 8 9 1 10 -
However, 20 families used firewood, dung cakes and biomass. The size of holding of a large
number of marginal and small farmers in particular is very small; therefore the availability of
bio-mass to these families dependent on farm is insufficient. Hence, these families depend
mainly on fire wood, collected from nearby forest. Thus, the forest area is decreasing year after
year, which is a matter of serious concern because of increasing depletion of forest and
consequently environment pollution.
A large quantity of animal dung is available annually in the village area of Dharchula block,
which is generally wasted by burning the dry dung cakes for cooking purposes. Details of animal
available in Dharchula block is presented in table 3.54
Table 3.54 Animal available in Dharchula block & Pithoragarh district
Cow Buffalo Sheep Goat Horse Pig Others Total
Dharchula 35973 7405 16512 17995 564 39 3274 81762
Pithoragarh Distt 240748 86877 32804 145173 1043 138 18781 525577 As per 2003
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It is, in fact, a heavy cost to the society, that the fresh dung could have 'been used for producing
bio-gas to replace kerosene oil and fire wood used in the surveyed villages. Apart from this bio-
gas slurry might have been used as organic manure to replace fertilizer application.
3.6.7.3 Health and Health Care
The households were also interviewed for collecting the data pertaining to health and health care.
The data of different households and different villages revealed that of the total 50 households
studied, 20 percent suffered from several diseases during the last five years i.e. 2003 to 2008
approx. The collected information is presented in table 3.55.
Table 3.55 - Disease and their proportion found in surveyed villages
Disease Name Percent
Fever/typhoid 14
Respiratory diseases 07
Dysentery& Diarrhea 12
Tuberculosis 02
Lever ailment 02
Other diseases 08
Reporting no diseases 05
Effective curative and preventive measures, such as the implementation of vaccination and
inoculation scheme, improvement of environmental sanitation and provision of better medical
facilities will minimize disease.
3.6.7.4 Family Budgets
The information/ data pertaining to consumption and expenditure on different items of meet their
requirement is also collected from randomly selected households of different villages.
The analysis reveals that most of the families are non-vegetarian. However, vegetarian are also in
large numbers. But, non-vegetarians are generally, medium and large farmers or families of
services/ business occupation. Further, wheat and rice are the staple food of all the families and
milk, curd is a preferred diet in common. The average family budget are presented in table 3.56
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Table 3.56 - Family Budgets
Sl. No.
Particulars Average Expenditure (Percent)
Remarks ( if any)
1. Fooding 65 2. Clothing and health care 10 3. Health care 8 4. Education 50 5. Recreation 2.0 6. Religious discourse 1.0 7. Transportation 4.0 8. Others 5.0
Total 100
Average size of rural family = 4
The average family expenditure is a function of total annual income of the families which varies
according to the level of income earned annually. In brief, the families expenditure is directly
linked with the level of Income.
Most of the people in study area are generally vegetarian. They consume wheat, rice mandua,
jower, komi and madira. Total cereal consumption is high than the normally required. Hard work
and cold climate necessitate greater consumption of cereals. Generally soyabean, black gram and
lentil are used as pulses but its consumption is very low. Milk and curd are consumed in every
family. Food diet are usually inadequate in animal protein, fat, vitamins and minerals.
The perception of local residents shows that the area needs a marked improvement in facilities
like irrigation, agriculture, production, wage rates whereas determination was also observed on
areas like infrastructural i.e. road, electricity, education and health facilities, natural disaster is
also responsible for development of any programme or project in this area.
The foregoing facts reveal that the level of income determines the living status i.e. living
standard is directly influenced by level of income. Further, it is also observed that most of
marginal and small farmers depended on their small size of holdings and thus, their income is
quite meagre. Also several families have unemployed youths.
3.6.7.8 Agriculture
3.6.7.8.1 Irrigation Facilities
Assured means of irrigation ensure better prospects for agricultural development. The study of
sources of irrigation helps in evaluating and even predicting the future prospects for agricultural
operations. The study of distribution of irrigation sources in study area shows that agriculture is
mainly dependent on rainfed, canals and Gul in the whole district. Table 3.57 shows irrigation
facilities available while table 3.58 shows irrigated land by different facilities in Dharchula block
& Pithoragarh distt.
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Table 3.57 - Irrigation facilities in Dharchula block and Pithoragarh district
Bore Well Length
of Canal
(in Km.)
Govt. Private
Well
(Pucca)
Hauz.
(No.)
Gul
(Km.)
Hydrum
(No.)
Dharchula 51 - - - 232 118 -
Pithoragarh 404 - - - 2705 982 159 As per year 2004-05
Table 3.58 - Irrigated Land area in Dharchula block & Pithoragarh district (In hectare)
Bore Well Canal
Govt. Private
Well Pond Other Total
Dharchula 157 - - - - 301 458
Pithoragarh 1594 - - - - 2479 4673 As per year 2002-03
3.6.7.8.2 Land Holding
The development of agriculture also depends, to a large extent, upon the pattern of land
distribution in the region besides other factors like the use of improved seeds, fertilizers,
irrigation facilities etc. if the distribution of land is highly skewed, scientific cultivation could not
be implemented beyond a certain extent which limits the scope of agricultural development.
Therefore, analysis of distributor of land into various sizes of holdings assumes significance.
Land holding size in Dharchula block & Pithoragarh Distt. is presented in table 3.59.
Table 3.59 - Size of Land Holding
Land Holding size in Hectare Less than 0.5 hect.
0.5 to 1.0 hect.
1.0 to 2.0 hect.
2.0 to 4.0 hect.
4.0 to 10.0 hect.
More than 10.0
Total land Holding size and
area Dharchula 5989
(1384) 2360
(1626) 1231
(1655) 254
(662) 24
(120) 3
(84) 9864
(5331) Pithoragarh Distt.
53974 (12576)
21282 (14844)
9663 (12947)
1898 (4839)
164 (856)
14 (276)
86995 (46338)
Results in parenthesis shows area in hectare
The study and distribution pattern shows that land distribution in hill area is more acute or
skewed. It could be seen that 60.7% of the cultivators has less than 0.5 hectare of land holding.
3.6.7.8.3 Use of Agriculture tools & Fertilizer
The improvement in the performance of agriculture sector, over the last few decades, has only
been possible on account of consistent changes, brought about from time to time, in various facts
of agricultural operation. The regions, that have marched ahead, over the others have largely
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been an account of the fact that they have discarded traditional mode of cultivation and have
shifted to modern and scientific methods tool and inputs. Traditional plough was being taken all
over the district. Use of Agricultural tools & fertilizer consumption is presented on table 3.60.
Table 3.60 - Use of Agricultural tools, fertilizer and No. of wear house for
seed & fertilizer storage
Plough Fertilizer Distribution (M.Tonne)
Wood Iron Advance Cultivator
Thracing Machine
Tractor Nitrogen Phosphorous Potash Total
Seed & Fertilizer Weir House
Dharchula 6196 196 322 - 181 43.71 13.31 0.34 57.16 10 Pithoragarh Distt.
47513 261 261 1 181 220.97 101.71 5.7 328.38 102
3.6.7.8.4 Cropping Pattern
The crops grown by the farmers in Dharchula block are also studied. The analyzed data revealed
that the socio-economic conditions of the farmers is influenced by the pricing policy, climatic
conditions and profitability of competing enterprises which in turn influenced the volume of
production. The area under different crops and productivity itself vouched this. In fact, area and
productivity of crops have changed from year to year during the last several years.
The important crops grown in the kharif season in the area are paddy, and maize whereas the rabi
crops are wheat, barley and mustard is also grown as a cash crop. But, the comparative analysis
reveals that the farmers cultivated only those crops which utilized more irrigation water,
fertilizers and human labour. The area under important crop is presented in table 3.61 and 3.62
while avg. productivity of important and productivity crops is given in table 3.63 and 3.64.
Table 3.61 - Area under important crops in Dharchula block and
Pithoragarh district (hectare)
Rice Kharif Total Rice Wheat Barley Total Pulse
Block Total Irrigated Total Irrigated Total Irrigated Total Irrigated Total Irrigated
Dharchula 1474 250 1474 250 2993 421 289 - 88 1
Pithoragarh
Distt.
23911 4012 23911 4012 27462 3553 3518 19 5254 14
As per year 2002-2003
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Table 3.62 - Area Under important crops in Dharchula block and
Pithoragarh district (hectare) Year 2002-2003
Total Maize Total Paddy grains Total Telhan Potato Block
Total Irrigated Total Irrigated Total Irrigated Total Irrigated
Dharchula 580 5 6060 676 185 - 325 -
Pithoragarh
Distt.
3290 25 68207 7609 1861 - 953 16
As per year 2002-2003
The study of land utilization pattern under different crops presents some what similar trend in
each year of the whole area. The perusal of table 3.61 and 3.62 shows that rice, wheat, barley is
the main crops sown in kharif season with rice accounting for over 32.5 percent and wheat
37.4% of total swon area of district. Almost same tendency have seen in crop production in
Dharchula block. Wheat account for 48.7 follows by rice and maize with 24 & 9.4%.
3.6.7.8.5 Crop Productivity
The analysis of productivity of different crops reveals that the productivity of some crops has
decreased in year 99-2000 from the year of 98-99 and in some other like telhan, the productivity
has marginally increased. Although, there are several reasons for decrease in the productivity, yet
it is partly due to untimely rains and inadequate irrigation facilities in the study area.
Further, the productivity of maize, paddy and wheat increase in 2002-2003 as compared to 1998-
99 partly due to due even distribution of rains and favorable climatic condition.
Table 3.63 - Average productivity of important crops : Pithoragarh district (Qt. per hect.)
Year Total
Rice
wheat Barley Total
Maize
Total
paddy
grains
Total
Pulse
Total
crops
Total
Telhan
Patato Tobacco
1998-99 12.72 11.21 9.98 10.37 12.39 6.57 11.75 5.33 228.17 70.58
1999-2000 10.54 13.92 10.50 12.80 12.63 7.44 12.26 7.99 225.36 76.73
2002-2003 12.24 13.42 15.73 9.84 12.86 4.19 12.24 5.73 186.50 0.0
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Table 3.64 - Productivity of important crops : Pithoragarh district (Metric Ton)
Year Total
Rice
wheat Barley Total
Maize
Total
paddy
grains
Total
Pulse
Total
crops
Total
Telhan
Potato Tobacco
1998-99 25496 24774 3739 3083 71874 4681 76555 1141 59416 367
1999-2000 29709 36663 3715 3430 94489 4203 98692 1527 27156 399
2002-2003 29266 36862 5535 3237 87771 2202 89933 1066 17773 -
3.6.7.8.6 Forest Management
Forests are also ecological entities directly and indirectly supporting and sustaining life in varied
forms, including humans. In India a large number of indigenous communities live in densely
forested areas and depend on them for their life and livelihood. Their dependence on forest is
such and association so long that forest has been imbibed in their life and culture. For the same
reason they seem to have deep understanding of even the complex ecological issues and have
developed indigenous methods of protecting and utilizing the forest in a sustainable manner.
3.6.7.8.6.1 Van Panchayat in Uttarakhand
Van Panchayats are a unique institution, characteristic of the state of Uttarakhand, for organized
utilization and protection of forests and related natural resources by local communities that are
dependent on them. They are locally elected bodies or voluntary groups of local people that
govern the local forests with a view to fulfill the needs of local people for forest produce, in a
sustainable and equitable manner. Thus Van Panchayats in a way are a form of Local
Government. Formally as an institution, Van Panchayats have been in existence now for a little
over 75 years. However, the association of people of Uttarakhand with forests and their history
of protecting it is much longer and eventful. At present there are 6,777 van Panchayats in
Uttarakhand covering an area of 5,241.08 square kilometres (Forest Department, Uttarakhand,
May 2001). Forming about 12% of the total forest area of the state.
Geographically Van Panchayats cover a small portion of the forest area of the state, though in
some districts namely Almora and Pithoragarh they cover significant; nearly 30% of the total
forest area. Practically, Van Panchayats are the only areas of direct involvement of the local
communities in managing forests. In the state people have a long history of a strong association
with the forests. Thus it is necessary that local people should equally and strongly involved in
managing and administering the forest area, especially, in the changing scenario over the last
decade. Table-3.65 shows some basic statistics of the Van Panchayats in the state.
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Table 3.65 - Van Panchayat Status in Uttarakhand
District District Area (Sq. km.)
Population (1991)
Area under Van
Panchayats (Sq. km.)
Total Forest
Area (Sq. Km.)
Forest Area (Ha)
per Person
Panchayat Forest
Area (Ha) per
Person
Number of Van
Panchayats
Area (Ha) Per Van
39.90Pancha79.03yat
Pauri Garhwal 5440 683000 651.53 4507.14 0.660 0.095 1633 39.90
Chamoli &
Rudraprayag
9125 455000 618.02 5210.40 1.145 0.136 782 79.03
Uttarkashi 8016 240000 77.80 6948.30 2.895 0.032 68 114.41
Tihri Garhwal 4421 580000 16.38 4058.90 0.700 0.003 85 19.27
Dehradun 3088 1026000 98.28 2276.89 0.222 0.010 159 61.81
Haridwar 2360 1124000 0.00 375.19 0.033 0.000 0
Garhwal 32450 4108000 1462.01 23376.82 0.57 0.04 2727 53.61
Almora &
Bageshwar
5385 837000 1204.75 3944.26 0.471 0.144 1898 63.47
Pithoragarh &
Champawat
8856 566000 1092.98 3302.43 0.583 0.193 1657 65.96
Nainital 6794 1540000 286.84 3026.90 0.262 0.019 495 57.96
Udhamsingh
Nagar
0.00 1011.11 0
Kumaon 21036 2943000 2584.57 11284.70 0.38 53.61 53.61 53.61
Grand Total 53485 7051000 4046.58 34661.52 0.49 53.61 53.61 53.61
Source : Uttaranchal State Forest Statistics (2000), Forest Department Nainital
Van Panchayat is a democratically elected village level institution set up in Uttarakhand for the
management of forests. It is responsible for the management of grazing, collection of full wood,
fodder and timber, and protection of community forests. A Van Panchayat can be formed if one
third of the inhabitants of a village resolve to form one. At the village level, it is teh sole
arbitrator for the management of the Van Panchayat forests. It has linkages with the forest
Department for technical assistance and for the preparation of development plans. So without
discussion on forest and Van Panchayat Socio-economic study will not completed specially in
hill area. There is an urgent need to management of any upcoming project in hilly area to work
together with Van Panchayat for Socio, eco and enviro development.
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3.6.8 Ecological Status
Ecological situation of Sobla micro hydel site is in the transitional area, out side the buffer zone
of the NDBR which is covering some parts of districts Chamoli, Bageshwar and Pithoragarh.
The transitional area falls under orobiome – ecotonal zone. This area is as important as the
NDBR it self. Ecologically it maintains the high biological diversity and harbours the mix of
species, which are found on other side of the ecotonal zone. Ecologically this area not to be safe
guarded for the continuity of the species diversity and orobian ecosystem of the NDBR. The
Geographical characteristic as well as geological characteristic has been given else where in the
report. The ecological climate of the area is temperate sub alpine and alpine. In the following
times the vegetation of the zone has been given as per the altitude.
3.6.8.1 Himalayan Moist Temperate Forests
These forests have the following subtypes
(i) 'Bank oak (Quercus leucotrichophora) forests occupy the altitudinal zone of 1800 to 2100m
and descending to 1500 m on northern slopes or even to 1100 m in deep valleys and ravines.
Incidently, the zone of its occurrence overlaps the most populated zone of Kumaun. Banj' occurs
mostly pure with its chief associates of 'burans', 'ayar' 'kaphal', 'garpipal (Populus ciliata), 'rianj'
(Quercus lanuginosa) and 'phaniyat' (Q. glauca), etc. the undergrowth is dense with Viburnum
spp., Rubus spp., Berberis asiatica. Desmodium, Indigofera, Rosa moschata, ringal etc.
(ii) 'Tilonj' Oak (Q. dilatata) forests occur between 2000 to 2600 m. being more mesophytic than
'banj' it is being replaced by 'banj' on dry ridges. It also forms almost pure crops with associates
like 'burans', 'kaula', Iles chamkharik, (Carpinus viminea) etc. the undergrowth is dense, consisting
of Rubus, Spirea, Indigofera Viburnum, Deutzia corymbosa, Strobilanthus, Rosa moschata, etc.
(iii) 'Kharsu' Oak (Q. semecarpifolia) forests grow above the 'tilonj' zone, extending upto tthe
tree line. The ground cover may consist of Viburnum species, Strobilanthus, 'ruins' (Cotoneaster
acuminata), Rosa moschata, etc.
The three types of oak forests mentioned above constitute the bulk of the broad-leaved forests of
the Himalayan zone with 'chir' representing the main conifer species. The oak forests have nearly
lost their capacity of regeneration due to overgrazing and heavy lopping. There are ten types of
forests in this zone.
The Moist Deodar (Cedrus deodara) Forests occur mostly in small patches, known as 'bain'
which appear to have been planted as temple-groves. The bulk of these forests are confined to
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the Pithoragarh District. In Almora district the main ones are Jageshwar and Dhauladevi. The
natural regeneration of 'deodar' comes adequately if protection is afforded.
The moist Temperate Deciduous Forests occur on deeper and moist soils, and have a rich variety
of species, such as Aesculus indica, Juglans regia, Carpinus viminea, Fraxinus micrantha, Ulmus
waltichiana. Betula alnoides, Acer sp. etc. with equally large number of species as the undergrowth.
The Low-level Blue (Pinus wallichiana) is found mixed with 'banj and 'kharsu' in small patches
between 1800 and 3000m. some good planted patches are also seen on the Nain ridge in the
Nainital Forest Division.
The West Himalayan Upper Oak Fir Forests are found between 2600 and 3400m, with silver fir
(Abies pindrow) and rare Picea smithiana (rare).
The western district of East Himalayan Mixed Confiferous 'tansen (Tsuga dumosa), forests with
a large number of broad leaf species are confined to 2400-3100 m in the upper reaches of the
valleys in the Pithoragarh district along with silver fir (Abies pindrow), blnepine (Pinus
wallichiana), and Taxus baccata.
The Montane Bamboo (Ringal) Brakes are commonly seen as undergrowth in high altitude
forests above 1500m. The species include 'deoringal' (Thamnocalamus falconeri), 'tham'
(Thamnocalamus spathiflorus) and 'jumra' (Arundinaria jaunsarensis) in higher altitude and
Arundinaria falcata in the 'bank' forests.
The Cypress Forests are found on dry temperate sites confined to the steep inner ranges. To a
limited extent the cypress is often mixed with silver fir and 'kharsu'. In the Nainital Tahsil mainly
in the neighbourhood of Nainital, old and new plantations of cypress are quite common.
The Alder Forests are confined to the places which have permanent water supply such as on
ralisnewly formed shingle beds in streams and on landlips and screes. These are found
throughout the region from 1000 to 3000 m providing greenery to steam banks. 'Utis' (Alnus
nepalensis) occurs in strips of varying width. 'Garh pipal' (Populus ciliata), 'chamarmowa'
(Ulmus wallichiana), 'pangar' (Aesculus indica) and 'kharak' (Celtis australis) are its common
associates.
The Temperate Pastures have resulted from repeated burning and continual grazing near
habitation, where a variety of grasses such as Chrysopogon, Heteropogon, Dactylis, Agrostis
have found footholds.
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The Oak Scrub Forests developed on an extensive scale, specially in the civil forests, due to
degeneration of the oak forests as a result of constant maltreatment through overgrazing,
repeated lopping, burning and cutting for firewood. The oaks (mainly 'banj and tilonj') today
represented by dead stumps or shrubs are accompanied by thorny bushes of 'kilmora' (Berberis),
'ghingaru' (Crataegus crenulata), jhatela' (Prinsipia utilis), Wikstroemia, Indigofera,
Cotoneaster, etc. In fact all oak forests are in a state of degeneration. If this state of affairs is
allowed to continue, the entire hill region in due course of time will become barren. Unscientific
felling for charcoal and firewood; and clearance of areas in the name of horticultural extension
and potato cultivation are responsible for the degeneration of once thick forests of oaks.
The oak forests have also degenerated within the reserved forests, because of unlimited rights
and concessions granted to and maltreatment by local villagers, and certainly not by contractors
and foresters, as is being wrongly publicised lately.
3.6.8.2 Himalayan Dry-Temperate Forests
This type is represented by scrubs of Hippophae – Myricaria occuring in small patches along the
inner Himalayan streams between 2300 to 3200m. The Hippophae salicifolia thickets include
Salix elegans, Myricaria elegans and germenica spp., Epilobium spp. and occasional Populas
ciliata. Higher up this type merges with Juniperous and its associates.
3.6.8.3 Sub-Alpine Forest
Two subtypes are discernible. The birch and fir forest growing between 300w and 3500 m
comprise fir (Abies spectabilis), birch or 'Bhojpatra' (Betula utilis) and 'kharsu' with
undergrowths of Rhododendron campanulatum, Cotoneaster acuminata, Rosa sericea Ribes
rubrum, Lonicera sp., Rubus niveus, smilax vaginata, and ringal. The degeneration due to
overgrazing in the forests has given rise to sub-alpine pastures having a variety of grasses.
3.6.8.4 Moist Alpine Scrubs
The scrubs are a continuation of the alpine pastures below the snow-line. They have, however, a
longer snow-free period. Betula utilis, with thickets of Rhododendron campanulatum,
Rhododendron anthopogon, Sorbus foliolosa, Berberis kumaonensis, Lonicera parviflora,
Juniferous species and a number of flowering plants from the vegetal consociation of the scrubs.
The alpine pastures occur above 3500m, the meadows bearing mostly mesophytic herbs such as
Primula, Anemone, Iris, Gentiana and many plants of Ranunculacea, Criciferae, Compositae
etc.
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Table 3.66 - Habitat and other species associated meadow vegetation
Sunny meadow Continuous green vegetation
Dominated by Saussurea graminifolia. Other genera: Ranunculus, Delphinium, Corydalis, Draba, Sisymbrium, Arenaria, Impatiens, Geranium, Potentilla, Saxifraga, Astragalus, Pleurospermum, Gentiana and Swertia. Perennial mesophytic herbs are restricted to the edges of melting snow, e.g. Primula denticulata, P. macrophylla, P. munroi, Kobresia hookeri and Caltha palustris
Alpine scree Dry exposed rocks
Dominated by Euphorbia stracheyi. Other species include: Rheum webbianum, R. australe, Saussurea obvallata, S. gossypiphora and Pleurospermum densiflorum. Outlying patches of Rhododendron campanulatum, R. anthopogon, Juniperus recurva, Lonicera myrtillus and Salix fruiticulosa in lower regions of alpine scrub
Shaded meadows
Shaded slopes Dominated by the genus Aconitum, principally A. atrox. Other species include Aconitum heterophyllum, A. violaceum, Angelica glauca, Pleurospermum angelicoides, Megacarpaea polyandra, Delphinium cashmirianum and Parnassia pusilla
Glacial moraine - Poor vegetation cover because of debris flows and avalanches. Common species are Epilobium latifolium, Waldheimia glabra, W. tomenosa, Sedum roseum, S. crassipes, Oxyria digyna, Saxifraga imbricata, Salix spp. and Rheum speciforme
Alpine stony desert
Virtually covered with snow, except for the two months of rainfall (June–July)
Highly specialized, short-lived species: Christolea himalayensis, Arenaria spp., Corydalis bowerii, C. crithimifolia, Draba spp., Pleurospermum spp., Sedum bouveri, S. quadrifidum, Androsace spp., Thylacospermum spp., Saussurea gossypiphora and Cremathodium nanum
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Table 3.67 - List of flora found in study area
S. No. Botanical name Local name Trees
1. Aesandra butyracea. Chiura 2. Aesculus indica. Pangar 3. Alnus nepalensis Utees 4. Betula alnoides Saur Bhojapatra 5. Betula utilis Bhojpatra 6. Carpinus viminea Putli 7. Cedrella toona Tun 8. Celtis australis. Kharik 9. Cinnamon tamala Dalchini, Tejpat 10. Dalbergia sissoo Sisham 11. Dandroclamus strictus Bans 12. Ehretia laevis Chamror 13. Erythriana arborescens Dhauldhak 14. Ficus glomerata Gular 15. Ficus hispida Totmila 16. Ficus palmata Bedu / Anjir 17. Ilex excelsa Gauloo 18. Juglans regia Akhrot 19. Litsea glutinosa Singrau/Mai da lakri 20. Myrica esculenta Kaphal 21. Pinus wallichiana Kail 22. Pterocarpus marsupium Bija Sal 23. Quercus leucotrichophora Banj 24. Rhamnus persica Chirla 25. Rhododendron arboreun Burans 26. Rhus japonica Beshmeel 27. Salix acutifolia Bhains 28. Sapindus mukorossi Reetha 29. Sapium insigne Khinna 30. Sorbus aucuparia Mohli
Shrubs 1. Ageratum conizoides Gundrya 2. Artemisia vulgaris Kunja 3. Artemisia nilagirica Kunja 4. Arundo donax Tinta 5. Berberis aristata Kingor 6. Berberis lycium Kingor 7. Bistorta amplexicaulis Kutrya 8. Boehmeria platzphylla. Khagsa 9. Cannabis sativa Bhang 10. Cissus rependa Pani-bel 11. Colebrookia oppositifolia Binda 12. Cotoneaster microphyllus Bugarchilla 13. Callicarp arboria Kumahr 14. Duchesnea indica Bhiun-Kaphal
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Herbs 1. Anaphalis adnata Bugla 2. Anemone vitifolia Mudeela 3. Acorus calamus Bauj, Bach 4. Agrostis nervosa - 5. Apium leptophyllum - 6. Arabidopsis thaliana. - 7. Artemisia japonica Patee, Pamsi 8. Bergenia ciliata Silpara 9. Bistorta amplexicaulis Kutrya 10. Centella asiatica Brahmibuti 11. Clematis tibatiana - 12. Curcuma aromatica Ban Haldi 13. Cymbopogon flexuosus - 14. Cymbopogon msrtinii Priya-ghas 15. Cynodon dactylon Dubla 16. Deyeuxia scabescens - 17. Echinops cornigerus Kantela 18. Eragostis poaeoides - 19. Eulaliopsis bineta Babula 20. Impatiens balsamina -
3.6.8.5 Wildlife Ranging from area under permanent snow cover to the hot sub-tropical jungles of the foothills,
the catchment area presents diverse habitats with significant levels of variation. This area is the
home of a wide variety of mammals, reptiles and birds. The major part of the catchment area lies
in the central Himalayas which has a relatively less rainfall as compared to that of eastern part of
the Himalayas and the climate is temperate to sub-temperate with fairly heavy snowfall above
2500 meters. It has restricted the wildlife habitat significantly. Zoo-geographically the study area
adjoining the project can be divided into two regions:
- Himalayan Foothills
- Temperate region
3.6.8.5.1 Himalayan Foot Hills
This area has elevation upto 2000 meters. The fauna of this region is more or less similar to that
of the Indo-Gangetic plain. This is characterised by grassy meadows and savannah vegetation.
This region is reported to harbour various Mammalian fauna i.e. sambhar, barking deer, wild
boar, jackal etc. This area was frequented by the famous tiger enthusiast Jim Corbett. However,
growth of human settlement have narrowed the wildlife habitat in this area to a significant extent.
Due to terrain characteristics, the sighting of wildlife is poor.
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3.6.8.5.2 Temperate region of Western Himalayas This region comprises the temperate areas above an elevation of 2000 meters. The climate is
moist temperate with snowfall in the winter months. The faunal species include jackal, sambhar,
cats, brown bear and black bear. Amongst the avi-fauna, the common species include the
Himalayan Golden Eagle, Himalayan woodpecker, Indian Mayna,and Hill Patridges. The
important faunal species reported in the project area and its surroundings are documented in
Table-3.68. These information’s are based on secondary sources as well as field observations
during the ecological survey.
Table 3.68 - List of Fauna found in study area
S. No. Zoological Name Local Name Mammals
1. Felis bengalensis Ban Biralu 2. Felis chaus Ban Biralu 3. Hystrix indica Solu 4. Lepus nigricollis Khargosh 5. Macaca mulatto Banar 6. Muntiacus muntjak Kakar 7. Nemarhaedus ghural Gural 8. Panthera pardus Bagh 9. Selenarctos thibetanus Rikh 10. Sus scrofacristatus suwar
Birds 1. Acridotheres tristis Myana 2. Alectoris Chukar Chukor 3. Aquila crysaetos Garud 4. Arborophila torqueola Titar 5. Bubo bubo bengalensis Ghughu 6. Corvus macrorhynchos Kawwa 7. Corvus splendens Kawwa 8. Dendrocoposhimalayensis Kathphorwa
Reptiles 1. Agama tuberculata Chhipkali 2. Argyrogena ventromaculatus Saanp 3. Varanus bengalensis Goh 4. Xenochrophis piscator Saanp 5. Ptyas mucosus Saanp
The fisheries in the project area are poorly developed due to unfavorable climate. The elevation,
temperature, current, velocity and natural biota are the factors governing the growth of fish in the
rivers and water bodies in the area. Most of the streams, rivers, and other aquatic body in the
upper reaches maintain fairly low temperature which results into low primary productivity.
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Hence, generally small sized fish are available in upper streams. The list of major fish species
found in study area are presented in table 3.69.
Table 3.69 - Fish dwelling in the rivers in the surrounding area of the project
Name of the Fish Local Name
Family Cyprinidae
Schizothorax sinuatus Asala
Schizothorax kumaonensis Asala
Tor tor Dansulu
Tor putitora Dansula
Garra lamta Gondal
Garra gotyla gotyla Gondal
Crossocheilus latius Sunhera
Barilius bendelisis Fulra
Barilius vagra Fulra
Labeo dyocheilus Kharont
Family Cobitidae
Noemacheilus botia Gadiyal
Noemacheilus rupicola Gadiyal
Family Sisoridae
Glyptothorax pectinopterus Nau
Pseudoecheneis sulcatus Mungria Nau
Since the fishing is not being practiced in the area hence the quantify of fish is found in water could not be estimated.
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CHAPTER – 4
4.0 Alternatives
The development of small hydropower not only in India but also around the world is on the
increase. In maximum area of the world has huge potential to further develop hydro power
resources. Small hydropower offers a wide range of benefits especially for rural areas and
developing countries. The resource is environment friendly and has substantial economic
advantage. Uttrakhand has large network of rivers and canals which provides and immense scope
for hydro-power energy. There is an urgent need to develop this promising sector of renewable
energy as only a fraction of available potential has been harnessed so far.
4.1 General Information
A. Site Information : The entire region is ecological fragile unstable and less rigid from the origination point. The whole area is more sensible and falls under the seismic prone region. The natural hazards both terrestrial and atmospheric can be seen all over Himalyan region. As such the area is restricted so topo sheet of study area is not presented in this report.
B. Geographical Location
Sl. No.
Village Project Code
Proposed capacity (MW)
Power house
site
District Tehsil State
1. Sobla Sobla - I 8 Sobla Pithoragarh Dharchula Uttarakhand
C. Latitude D. Longitude E. Elevation above Mean Sea Level (mtr.)
*Diversion site
F. Total Area proposed for the Project (in ha.), if any Forest area (in ha), if any
G. Nature of Terrain
H. Technical Classification of Soil (loam, sandy etc./aerial extent (ha.)
300 03’
800 35’
1950
0.755
0.354
Hilly
Sandy
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4.2 Existing land usage of the proposed project site area (in hectares)
In Hectare Total i) Agriculture a) Irrigated b) Unirrigated
- -
- -
ii) Homestead
- -
iii) Forest
0.354 0.354
iv) Grazing
- -
v) Fallow
- -
vi) Water bodies
- -
vii) Marshes
- -
viii) Others(Pl. Specify)
0.401 0.401
Total
4.4 Alternate sites considered from the environment angle.
Yes Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Check list for hydropower sector as per ADB is
enclosed as appendix at the end of report.
4.4 Reason for selecting the proposed site from the environment & Engineering angle.
Narrow Gorge.
Hard Rock.
Approach Road available.
Maximum discharge & head available on this location.
Best Option for create Job opportunity in Hill area.
Project to cause Socio Economic development in area.
No submergence.
Not affecting agricultural land.
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Without the project will be omitted because the state has power shortage and has good potential
for hydropower and intends to develop a power surplus to faster economic growth. Figure 5.1
shows EIU and there magnitude with project at the end of report.
(1) Without the project the energy (mkwh) likely tobe produced shall not be produced. In that
event the shortfall between supply and demand will continue which will impact economic
growth of the population in the state including the local population and may lead to social
backwardness.
(2) With the project, the annual energy production in the state shall go up by ….mkwh and shall
cause reduction of…….tons of CO2, if the same quality if energy is produced from a thermal
power situation to meet the deficit of that amount.
Identification matrix presented in Chapter – 5 indicate adverse and beneficial impact of a hydel
project. Any development work/project in any area gives some adverse impact while another site
gives beneficial impact. Increasing population it-self is main root of all problems so any
development project especially small hydel project should not be derailed.
Alternative were discussed while finalization of the location of different structures of the project
initially when theproject was taken up for construction. Now as all other structures are existing
only alternatie site were reviewed for power house. The site considered for which clearance was
given by geologist. At this site hard rock is existing in river bank near power house & therefore
possibility of scouring is eliminated. The detail is already presented in DPR No other feasible
alternative is available for this site.
4.5 Power House Selection Site
Three alternatives has been selected choosen for selection of proposed site
Old site
Alternative - I
Proposed site
Alternative - II
Another New Site
Alternative – III
1. Already this site is
omitted
As per geological survey this site is situated
with hard rock and fulfill all criteria with
safety angle flow to river not affected this
site and fulfill all the reason mention in
point 4.4 in same chapter. A Geological
Map indicating proposed site is enclosed as
figure 2.1 at the end of report.
This location is not fit for
establishment of power
house as per safety point
of view.
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CHAPTER – 5
5.0 Introduction
Hydropower development in the country is being given priority to improve the hydrothermal
mix, and to optimize the efficiency of the country’s power system and usage of resources for
sustainable power generation in an environment-friendly manner. From the operational
perspective, hydropower projects also provide synergy for optimizing generation, result in fuel
savings, minimize greenhouse gases, and produce power in an environment friendly manner,
supporting sustainable development. Hydropower results in energy being generated from
renewable resources and avoids emissions from equivalent thermal plants. Table 5.0 presents the
emission factors from a comparable coal-fired power plant offset by ensuring power generation
from clean hydropower.
Table 5.0 Emission levels from Coal Fired Power Plants (tons/Yr.)
Particular CO2 SO2 NOx TSPM
1 MW @ 50% PLF, 8
months/Yr
14.1 0.074 0.053 0.049
5.1 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and mitigation measures
The first step in Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is identification of all potential
significant environmental impacts. These are then critically examined and the major impacts
(both beneficial and adverse) are analysed in details in this EIA.
In order to ensure comprehensiveness, the various aspects considered in impact identification of
the project are as follows:
Project components.
Project phases
Impact generating Activities.
Types of Impacts.
Various techniques are available for impact identification. These include checklists, matrix,
networks, cause-effect diagrams, computer simulation models etc. For the present project, the
matrix method has been chosen.
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5.2 Identification Matrix
The impact identification matrix is shown as figure 5.1 at the end of report. The environmental
attributes that may be affected are:
Air
Water
Noise
Soil
Flora & Fauna (Ecology)
Aesthetics
Land use
Socio-economics
Infrastructure
Health & safety.
The various activities have been considered under the four following groups:
Siting
Construction
Operation
Secondary Activities
The activities have been arranged in columns and environmental attributes in rows in the matrix.
A Preliminary scrutiny has been done and the cells which fall at the junction of "activity" and
"attribute" that have possible interaction with each other have been crossed.
The matrix thus identifies the environmental attributes likely to be affected and the activities
responsible for this. The impacts may be beneficial or adverse. These will be analysed during
evaluation of the impacts.
5.2.1 Siting
This is the first phase of activity in a project and involves:
Construction of access roads.
Site survey.
Site clearing.
Since the proposed hydroelectric power project will be set up in the vicinity of trans Himalayas
which is an ecofragile and sensitive areas needs a special care during all phases.
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5.2.2 Construction
This will involve excavation, construction, drainage, erection of structures and equipment,
engagement of construction labour and laying of drain/pipelines & power lines green belt
development will be taken up in the initial phases and hence is included in this phase. Air, water,
noise and soil/land may be affected by these activities.
Since the proposed Hydro Power will be developed in the hill area where, no industrial activity is
in existence (except small villages) an addition of Hydro Power will also have anticipated
negligible impacts on aesthetics and land use. Local labourers will be employed as construction
workers and to increase their income. New businesses may develop to cater to the needs of the
construction work force. Environmental impacts of preconstruction and construction activities on
physical resources, ecological and human environment are as follows:
5.2.2.1. Environmental Impact of preconstruction and Construction Activities Construction of power house, colony site, transmission lines will involve tree removal along the
alignment where required, excavation for installation of towers, erection of towers, erection of
substation equipment, civil works related to the transmission line, and line stringing. Table 5.1
indicates the extent of tree removal required for the power house, ADM office/colony site and
right-of-way (RoW). SHP construction will involve tree removal at the project site; excavation
work; erection of equipment; and civil works relating to construction of the desilting chamber,
forebay, penstock, powerhouse, and other related works. During the operation phase, most of the
construction phase impacts will be stabilized; impacts during operation and maintenance of the
project will be limited. As such the projects under rehabilitation plan so existing land will be
utilized by project and removal of free is negoligable.
Table 5.1 Extent of tree removal
Sl. No. Site Removal of Tree Land Area 1. Power house site Nil -
2. Diversion site Nil Already existing structure no new construction required.
3. Colony site Nil -do-
4. Transmission lines Nil -do-
5. Power Sub Station Nil -do-
Total Nil -do-
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Environmental impacts associated with the transmission system, substations, and SHP locations
will be studied on a case-by-case basis. The EIAs provide site selection criteria to avoid
unnecessary problems, and to avoid ecologically sensitive areas such as reserve forest and
wildlife sanctuaries.
5.2.2.1 Physical Resources
A. Impact on Topography
During construction, the topography will change due to excavation and erection of towers’ and
fill cuts for leveling the tower erection sites and construction powerhouse, fore bay, desilting
chamber, and penstock. A minor change of surface features will occur because of tree removal at
the tower erection site and along the RoW to facilitate construction. The most prominent impact
on the surface topography will be in the hilly region along the reserve forest for both
transmission lines and the SHPs. The impact will be local but irreversible due to the presence of
the transmission line, substations, and SHPs.
B. Impact on Air Quality
During construction, activities will involve excavation for tower erection and power channel
construction for the SHPs, movement of vehicles carrying the construction material, etc. All will
result in the emission of dust particles thereby affecting air quality marginally at site; this will be
transitory. Spraying of water during excavation will reduce the dust emission to a great extent.
Overall the major impacts regarding Ambient Quality are limit to the construction period and can
be mitigated to an acceptable level by implementing recommended measures and using the best
engineering and environmental practices. The expected ambient air quality is presented n table
5.2
Table 5.2 Ambient status Impact wise mg/m3
Residential Industrial
Pollution level SPM SO2 & NOx SPM SO2 & NOx
Low (Negligible impact) 0-70 0-30 0-180 0-40
Moderate (Significant impact) 70-140 30-60 180-360 40-80
High (Advance impact) 140-210 60-90 360-540 80-120
Critical < 210 < 90 > 540 > 120
Note : Impact are manageable and can be managed existing with cost effectively with strong will
power of management.
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C. Impact on Noise
During construction the major sources of noise pollution will be movement of vehicles for
transporting construction material and equipment to the site. Since most of the access roads are
not motorable, nonmotorized goods will transfer the equipment, i.e. mainly using mules along a
mule road. Rope ways are the best suited with the landscape of the area to carry
instruments/materials, the major construction work is expected to be carried out during the day
time. Noise produced will not have a significant impact on existing ambient noise levels. As
noted, the predominant land use along the most part of alignment is reserve forest and
agricultural. Faunal population in the reserve forest will be disturbed marginally due to the
construction noise and they may move to nearby forest areas. Use of low-noise-generating
equipment and restriction of construction activity for limited periods will minimize disturbance
to the forest fauna. The expected noise level of construction equipment is presented in table 5.3
Table 5.3 Expected Noise Emissions
Sl. No. Machine Noise level dB(a)
1. Compactor 80-85
2. DG set 80-110
3. Dozer 80-85
4. Drilling Machine 120-130
5. Dump Truck 80-90
6. Face shovel 80-90
7. Granting Machine 100-120
8. Motor Scraper 85-95
9. Pumps 80-100
D. Impact on Surface Water Quality
Construction will not have any major impact on surface and groundwater quality in the area.
Contamination of water bodies may result due to spilling of construction materials and surface
runoff from the construction site. Contamination of water levels may increase where the
alignment crosses waterways and if the surface runoff during construction enters the river. Even
during construction of the trench weir, turbidity, total suspended solids, and some other
parameters are likely to be increase. This can be avoided by careful selection and work style of
sites and access roads so that surface runoff does not enter the river.
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Care should be taken to locate the temporary construction worker colony away from water
bodies. Adequate drinking water facilities, sanitary facilities, and drainage in temporary colonies
should be provided to avoid polluting surface water. Provision of adequate washing and toilet
facilities with septic tanks and appropriate refuse collection and disposal system should be
obligatory. Sedimentation pits should be provided at the substation site during construction. Oil-
confining pit or oil separation system should be provided at the substation area to avoid surface
water pollution. Oil traps should be provided for separating oily waste. The sludge generated at
the trap should be kept in a specified place inside the premise of substations and sold to
authorized contractors/third parties. No sludge disposal on land will be allowed. Water quality
standards for fresh water classification and effluent discharge standards for inland surface is
presented in table 5.4 and 5.5.
Table 5.4 Water quality standards for fresh water classification
Designated Use Class of Indian waters S. No. Characteristic A B C D E
1. pH Value 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 2. Dissolved Oxygen, mg/l, min 6 5 4 4 - 3. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (5 days at 200C),
mg/l 2 3 3 - -
4. Total Coliform Organisms, MPN/100 ml max. 50 500 5,000 - - 5. Color Hazen Units 10 300 300 - - 6. Chlorides (as Cl), mg/l, max. 250 - 600 - 600 7. Sodium Adsorption Ratio max - - - - 26 8. Boron (as B), mg/l max - - - - 2 9. Sulphates (as SO4), max. 400 - 400 - 1000
10. Nitrates (as NO), mg/l max. 20 - 50 - - 11. Free ammonia (as NH3), mg/l - - - 1.2 - 12. Conductivity at 250 C hm/cm max 1000 2250 13. Arsenic (as As), max. micro 0.05 0.2 0.2 - - 14. Iron (as Fe), mg/l 0.3 - 50 - - 15. Fluorides (as F), mg/l 1.5 1.5 1.5 - - 16. Lead (as Pb), mg/l 0.1 - 0.1 - - 17. Copper (as Cu), mg/l 1.5 - 1.5 - - 18. Zinc (as Zn), mg/l 1.5 - 1.5 - - 19. Manganese (as Mn) 0.5 - - - - 20. Total Dissolved Solids, Mg/l 500 - 1,500 - 2100 21. Total Hardness (CaCO3), mg/l 300 - - - - 22. Magnesium (as Mg), mg/l 100 - - - - 23. Cyanides (as CN), mg/l 0.05 0.05 - - -
A = Drinking water source without conventional treatment but after disinfections. B = Outdoor bathing (organized). C = Drinking water source with conventional treatment followed by disinfections. D = Propagation of wildlife and fisheries. E = irrigation, industrial cooling, controlled waste disposal. Source : Bureau of Indian Standards
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Table 5.5 Effluent Discharge stands (Inland Surface Water)
S. No. Parameter Units Standards 1. Color and Odor All efforts should be made to
remove color and unpleasant odor as far as practicable.
2. Suspended Solids, Max. Mg/l 100 3. Particulate Size of Suspended Solids Shall pass 850 micron IS Sieve 4. pH Value 0C 5.5 to 9.0 5. Temperature, Max. Mg/l Shall not exceed 50C above the
receiving water temperature 6. Oil and Grease, Max. Mg/l 10 7. Total Residue Chlorine, Max Mg/l 1.0 8. Ammonical Nitrogen (as N), Max Mg/l 50 9. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (as N), Max. Mg/l 100
10. Free Ammonia as (NH3), Max. Mg/l 5.0 11. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (5 days at 20
0C), Max. Mg/l 30
12. Chemical Oxygen Demand, Max. Mg/l 250 13. Arsenic (as As), Max. Mg/l 0.2 14. Mercury (as Hg), Max. Mg/l 0.01 15. Lead (as Pb), Max. Mg/l 0.1 16. Cadmium (as Cd), Max. Mg/l 2.0 17. Hexavalent Chromium (as Cr+6), Max. Mg/l 0.1 18. Total Chromium (as Cr), Max. Mg/l 2.0 19. Copper (as Cu), Max. Mg/l 3.0 20. Zinc (as Zn), Max. Mg/l 5.0 21. Selenium (as Se), Max. Mg/l 0.05 22. Nickel (as Ni), Max. Mg/l 3.0 23. Cyanide (as CN), Max. Mg/l 0.2 24. Fluoride (As F), Max. Mg/l 2.0 25. Dissolved Phosphates (as P), Max. Mg/l 5.0 26. Sulphides (as S), Max. Mg/l 2.0 27. Phenolic compounds (as C6H5OH), Max. Mg/l 1.0 28. Radioactive Materials
(a) Alpha emitters, ml, Max. Micro curie/ml 10-7 (b) Beta emitters, ml, Max. Micro curie/ml 10-6
29. Bioassay test 90% survival of fish after 96 hours in 100% effluent
30. Manganese (as Mn) Mg/l 2.0 31. Iron (as Fe) Mg/l 3.0 32. Vanadium (as V) Mg/l 0.2 33. Nitrate Nitrogen Mg/l 10.0
E. Impact on Soil and Geology
Excavation activities and land clearance may result in soil erosion at the construction site and
along access routes. Erosion-prone areas will be avoided when siting the towers. Leveling and
stabilization of tower construction sties will be done after completion of construction.
Construction chemical, if any, must be handled properly to avoid any soil contamination.
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5.2.2.1.2 Ecological Resources
A. Impact on Terrestrial Ecology
The initial construction work along the alignment involves land clearance, cutting, filling, and
leveling; and may cause loss of vegetation. This will be an irreversible impact. Care should be
taken to avoid vegetation; power house, office building and colony towers should be located
where the vegetation is thin. This will greatly minimize tree loss and compensation to be paid to
tree owners. Compensatory afforestation has to be done in association with the state Department
of Forests. Trimming of trees should be done in consultation with the Department of Forests.
The removal of herbaceous vegetation and lossening of the top soil generally causes soil erosion.
However, such impacts will be primarily confined to the project site during initial periods of
construction and need to be minimized by adopting mitigative measures like paving, surface
treatment, and water sprinkling.
B. Terrestrial Fauna. During construction, the fauna in the reserved forests may be
disturbed due to various construction activities. Care will be taken to not disturb the major
wildlife habitat. No significant commercial fisheries will be affected by water quality impacts
from construction.
5.2.2.1.3 Human Environment
A. Agriculture
Some permanent and temporary losses of agricultural land will occur due to locating towers in
agricultural fields, loss of crops along the access route, etc. Land will be acquired for
construction of new substations and the SHP. As far as possible, prime agricultural land will be
avoided for transmission lines, and construction will occur after crop harvesting. Adequate
compensation will be given to the affected land holders.
B. Socioeconomic
During construction, job opportunities will be available for the local population.
C. Resettlement
Issue related to resettlement and rehabilitation will be short out as per Govt. ruels and regulation.
D. Cultural Sits
No archaeological, historical, or culturally important sites are located near the proposed power
house site or diversion site and RoW of the alignment for transmission lines and or near
substations or powerhouses.
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E. Traffic and transport
Study area is falling in remote area so high density is not available but special attention and
precaution will be taken during the construction phase, traffic disturbance needs to be minimized
by avoiding high density areas, using proper traffic signs, ensuring proper access roads, and
avoiding roads blockage.
5.2.3 Operation
This phase will contribute its activity after the hydropower unit starts operation. The primary
impacts, if any, will be on air, water, noise, soil and due to discharge of domestic effluent, waste
disposal and vehicular movement.
The Proposed Hydro Power itself is sufficient to improve the local infrastructure i.e. Road,
drinking water, Power etc. The proposed Hydro Power will generate a lot of opportunity for the
local people so as to improve their socio economic status.
5.2.3.1 Environmental Impact of Operation Activities
5.2.3.1.1 Physical Resources
A. Impact on Topography
No topographical changes are envisaged during the operation phase; existing access routes will
be utilized during operation and maintenance.
B. Impact on Climate
The proposed project is small project so the construction of power house transmission lines,
substations, and colony will involve some tree removal which would not cause any significant
impact on climate of the area.
C. Impact on Hydrology
The headwork for SHP consists of a trench weir for diversion of water to the powerhouse. The
operation will not have significant impact. The Project will not have any impact on the water
table. Some erosion will take place mainly on the terraces and soil-covered slopes. The terraces
are glacio-fluvial in origin and soil is eroded through run-off-water. Also along the steep slopes
and escarpment, gravity fall of fragmented rock boulders are common.
D. Imbalances
Tectonically, the project area has undergone three to four phases of deformation. It is located
north of the main central thrust, a well-defined tectonic lineament.
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However, the entire project area is located in unstable area. In the stretch of power channel,
leakages may cause saturation of debris material, which may result in slope failure and may
cause land sliding. However, significant damage will be caused by project implementation. So,
proper attention will be required.
E. Sediments
The project area is characterized by steeps slopes covered with soil and thick vegetation. Small
nalas are the main source of erosion in the area, as runoff water causes flow of soil and small
rock masses from the slopes. Sedimentation is practically insignificant as the stream has
sufficient capacity to carry these sediments leading to erosion. During the rainy season, large
blocks, boulders, etc. carried from the upper zones often get dumped in the river bed at lower
reaches due to changes in gradient or broadening of the river bed.
F. Impact on Air Quality
The project does not generate any air emissions during operation, and will generate a net
environmental benefit by offsetting air emissions from thermal power generation.
G. Impact on Noise
During project operation, noise from the substation and power house operation, and corona noise
from the conductors will be felt only up to 15-30m. The noise generated will not be intense and
no major settlements are within 30 m from the proposed sites. Substation area should be
surrounded by walls with a minor sound insulation effect; total noise control will be quite
expensive. The other alternative is proper maintenance of the equipment/machines inside the
substations so that the ambient noise level meets the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
standard for residential area i.e. 55 audible decibels dB(A) during daytime and 45 dB(A) during
nighttime at the boundary of substations. Hence the impact will not be significant.
H Impact on Surface Water Quality
The operation of the proposed transmission line and SHP will not have any major impact on the
surface and groundwater quality. Transformers free of polychlorinated biphenyl will be used for
the substations.
I Impact on Groundwater Quality
Ground pollution can occur if chemical substances and oily waste percolate to the water table.
Avoiding spilling at the tower construction site and powerhouse will minimize the chances of
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leaching construction chemicals to the groundwater. Adequate treatment facilities at substation
areas should be provided to avoid groundwater pollution.
J Impact on Soil and Geology
No impact on soil is expected during the operational phase. Geological impact are related to
damage due to seismic conditions. The area under the Project primarily falls in zone V a high
damage risk zone. Foundation design of the towers and powerhouses considers the probability of
earthquake at the design stage itself.
5.2.3.1.2 Ecological Resources
A. Impact on Terrestrial Ecology
During the operational phase, clearing of vegetation and trimming of trees along the alignment
corridor will be done for maintenance purposes. This will reduce the chance of fires due to
electric sparks. The project is under rehabilitation so minimum construction work will be
required approximately 0.334 hectares of new forest land & Nap land will be required and no
trees will need to be removal. This will acquire regulatory approval (forest clearance) from
MoEF. Since the proposed sites for most of the project works are in forest-designated land, forest
clearance will be required from the state government. The Department of Forests will receive
compensation for the RoW from concern agency and for compensatory forestry from UJVNL;
this will be reported to the state ministry responsible for environment and forests.
B. Terrestrial Fauna
During the operation phase, birds may hit the transmission lines. Deflectors will be added to
minimize this risk.
C. Impact on Aquatic Ecology
The proposed transmission line will pass over rivers at several places. No significant impacts on
aquatic ecology are envisaged as tower sites near the river. Sites will be carefully selected and
designed to prevent excess run-off or erosion into the river. Some disturbance will occur during
construction of diversion site/trench weir which occur significant impacts on aquatic fauna, As
such no commercial fisheries are operating in the project area.
5.2.3.1.3 Human Environment
A. Health and Safety
Health and safety impacts, such as accidents due to electro-cutting, fires and explosions, and
exposure to electromagnetic fields along the alignment and at the substation, may occur. House
EIA/EMP Report of Sobla – I SHP A Project of UJVNL
81
will not be allowed within the project area and RoW. A safety and emergency procedures manual
will be developed and kept at the substations. Necessary training regarding safety aspects to the
personnel, working at the substation and line inspectors will be provided. Personal protective
equipment like safety gloves, helmet, and noise protection will be provided during construction
and during maintenance work. Priority will be given to maintaining hygienic conditions and
good aesthetics at the substations and power house. Efforts should be made to run medical
dispensary and run under a qualified doctor at site.
B. Socioeconomic
Rural and urban electrification is expected to have beneficial impacts on socioeconomic
conditions. Anticipated light industrial development will trigger economic growth.
C. Solid Waste Generation
Solids waste may be generated, such as metal scraps, wooden packing material, and oily waste.
Oily waste and scrap will be collected and disposed of in compliance with the Environmental
Protection Act, 1986, and applicable regulations and rules.
5.2.4 Secondary Activities
The setting up of an SHP will increase urbanization, (though to a small extent only), increased
transport and associated development. This may have a beneficial impact on the socio economic
structure and infrastructure. It may also have certain adverse impacts.
5.3 Screening of Impact
The matrix identifies the possible impacts due to various activities of the project on different
environmental attributes. Some of these impacts are insignificant and does not warrant further
analysis. Thus our objective is now to identify those impacts, which are significant and require
further detailed analysis to the extent necessary for decision making purposes.
The major construction activities like excavation, construction, erection of equipment, drainage,
laying of water pipelines etc. will all take place over a short time frame. Thus their impacts may
be considered to be temporary. The operation of a hydropower unit and their secondary activities
may have negligible impacts and will considered for detailed examination.
EIA/EMP Report of Sobla – I SHP A Project of UJVNL
82
5.4 Findings
From the Matrix (attach at the end of report as figure 5.1) it is deduced that the air quality, noise
level and vibration, surface water quality, flora and fauna, soil quality and cultural resources are
likely to be marginally negatively affected but it will be diluted by nearby forest and plantation
of different forest area. A special care and mitigative measures will be taken to minimize their
negative impacts which will be done near by project area or near by proposed colony site.
However, it is heartening to note that the overall impact of hydel project is positive, as is evident
from the Impact Assessment Matrix. The parameters which will be positively affected are
aesthetics, land and property value, land use pattern, employment quality of life, basic amenities,
trade and commerce, economy and income level.
EIA/EMP Report of Sobla – I SHP A Project of UJVNL
CHAPTER - 6
6.0 Economic Assessment
The Sobla hydroelectric project envisages construction of a 15 mt. high trench weir above the
deepest foundation level with location near village sobla on river Sobla Gad. The power house is
located just before of the confluence of Dhauliganga with river inside the right bank hill. The
major works of the project include intakes, an underground desilting basin, a 51 mt. long,
penstocks and tail race works. The salient features of the project are given in the report. The
power house will have an installed capacity of 8.0 MW. The Project estimated cost as per DPR
prepared in 2009 is Rs. 3542.00 lacs. The abstract of cost estimate Sobla SHP of project is
presented in table 6.1.
Table 6.1 - Cost Estimate (Reconstruction of Sobla SHP)
AMOUNT (Rs Lacs) S. No.
ITEM CIVIL E/M TOTAL
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) I Works
1. A-Preliminary 50.00
2. B-Land (CAT+R&R) 80.00
3. C-Works
3.1 Repair of Head Works 71.35 71.35
3.2 Construction of Desilting tank 88.49 88.49
3.3 Repair of D-tank and Protection Work 26.26 26.26
3.4 Repair of Damaged Power Channel 58.96 58.96
3.5 Repair of Fore-bay tank 1.67 1.67
3.6 Construction of Penstock, Thrust, Anchor and Saddle 238.68 238.68
3.7 Power house building & Land Development Work 252.00 252.00
3.8 Construction of Switchyard 20.51 20.51
3.9 Protection of Power House & Penstock 25.26 25.26
3.10 Water Supply Line(Lump Sum) 2.50 2.50
3.11 Construction of TRC 51.13 51.13
Total C-Works 811.55 836.81
4. K-Building (Colony Protection + Colony Repair + Old
Storage Repair) 22.26 22.26
5. M-Plantation 10.00
6. O-Miscellaneous @ 4% of Civil/E&M works 106.94
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EIA/EMP Report of Sobla – I SHP A Project of UJVNL
7. P-Maintenance @ 1% of items I-works Less item 1,2 & 11 27.18
8. Q-Special tools & plants 25.00
9. R-Communication 27.63
10. S-Power Plant & Accessories 1862.00 1862.00
11. Y-Losses on stock @ 0.25% on item 3 to 7 & 9 to 10 2.40
Total : I – works 833.81 1862.00 3050.22
II ESTABLISHMENT
1. @ 10% of I-Works 81.16 81.16
2. @ 8% of E/M Works 148.96 148.96
III ORDINARY TOOLS & PLANTS
1. @ 1% of I-Works 30.50
IV RECEIPT & RECOVERIES
1. At the rate of 0.75% of Q-spl. T&P 0.19
Total of Direct Charges
V INDIRECT CHARGES
1. Audit & Account @ 1% of I-Works 30.50
VI TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
1. 33 KV Line 200.00
GRAND TOTAL 3541.53
Say 3542.00
(Rs.Three Thousand Five Hundred Forty Two. Lacs Only)
The above cost does not include the cost of transmission. The estimate for civil & Hydro
mechanical works have been prepared based on the average rates for major items of works made
available by CWC and CEA has been followed.
6.1 Proposed EMP, CAT and DMP Estimate
The different activities required to carried out for EMP, CAT and DMP implementation
are presented in table 6.2, 6.3 and 6.4. The estimated provision of fund will be allocated
in project cost for implementation of EMP, CAT and DMP.
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EIA/EMP Report of Sobla – I SHP A Project of UJVNL
Table 6.2 – Cost estimate for the implementation of EMP
Sl. No.
Particulars Amount (Rs. In lacs)
1. Provision of sewage treatment 2.00 2. Oil Sepration System 1.00 3. Drainage system 1.00 4. Solid Waste Sepration system 0.20 5. Solid waste Disposal System (Safe & Scientific manner) 0.50 6. Restoration and landscaping of construction sites 10.00 7. Green belt development 2.50 8. Compensatory afforestation 1.00 9. Socio economic development work 10.00 Total 28.20 Running Operation & Maintenance (Yearly) 1. Muck management plan 2.50 2. Treatment and operation cost of STP 0.50 3. Maintenance cost of STP 0.20 4. House keeping cost 1.00 5. Proper Disposal of solid waste 0.50 6. Green belt maintenance 0.50 7. Social : Electricity, Water, Dispensary, School, Woman welfare etc. 2.50 Total 7.70
Table 6.3 – Cost estimates for Catchment Area treatment Work
Sl. No.
Item Amount (Rs. In lacs)
1. CAT office establishment and maintenance 1.00 2. Development and maintenance of nursery 0.25 3. Plantation in degraded forest land & maintenance for 5 years 2.00 4. Barbed wire fencing for protection 1.00 5. Road side plantation 0.20 6. Maintenance of roadside plantation 0.50 8. Providing wire crate 2.00 9. Stream bank protection 1.00 10. Stone masonry check dam - 11. Vegetative check dam - 12. Maintenance of protection works up to fifth year. 5.00
Total 12.95
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EIA/EMP Report of Sobla – I SHP A Project of UJVNL
Table 6.4 – Cost estimates for the implementation of DMP
Sl. No. Particulars Amount
(Rs. In lacs)
1. Installation of alert systems, Setting up of Control Room 2.00
2. Setting up of Communication System 2.00
3. Setting up of Emergency Response Organization 1.00
4. Public Information System 1.00
5. Training & miscellaneous 2.00
6. Annual Budgetary provision for implementation of DMP 2.00
Total 10.00
Note : EMP and DMP implementation cost may vary depending on the market value prevailing
at that very time.
Since the area is prone to natural disaster, suitable provision in the design of the diversion,
desilting and power house structures should be made to withstand the fury of flood. Adequate
provision in the shape of flood protection works should be provided to protect the power station
building, the desilting tank and other structures lying close to the river bank. The staff of the
power plant should be trained in disaster management related activities.
VHF communication system shall be provided in the power station for notifying the state disaster
management agency of the disaster.
The cost on the above measures including table 6.2, 6.3 and 6.4 are included in the project cost.
6.2 Impact of Hydel Project
Any project is likely to have some beneficial or harmful impacts, which may be either beneficial
or adverse. The likely impact of the proposed hydel project have been worked out on the basis of
the data collected pertaining to socio-economic aspects i.e. base line survey, which has been
discussed in the previous chapter.
6.2.1 Impact on Agricultural Scenario
The proposed project is expected to generate more employment for the local people, which in
turn, will generate more income to the people. At the same time, the development of the local
area in terms of an enlarged market economy may provide the local farmers with proper outlet
for their agricultural products to enjoy the price incentive, which is likely to be strong enough to
offset the expected local inflation through real-balance effect. Therefore, the impact of the
project on the existing agricultural situation is more likely to be positive.
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EIA/EMP Report of Sobla – I SHP A Project of UJVNL
8
7
6.2.2 Impacts on Consumption Behaviour
There is a strong multiplier effect of the project. As it is expected, the proposed hydel project is
going to inject huge amount of money in the area and consequently, the aforesaid multiplier
effect may lead to an overall increase in average income of the inhabitants and consumption for
the people of i.e. study area. Therefore, it can be ascertained that the impact of the project on the
consumption behaviour is likely to be positive.
6.2.3 Impact on Employment and Income
Presently hill area is suffering from migration of people. Peoples migrated for a better job
opportunity and good life style. The majority of the respondents have still agriculture their main
occupation (about 74%). It is observed that about 26% of them have secondary source of
income-like service, self-employment, business etc. discussions with the respondents revealed
that a part of the income from secondary sources earned by them is usually ploughed back in for
development of agriculture so that they can produce more and thereby meet their own food
requirements and supplement their income by selling agricultural produce in the local market.
Given this existing situation, the new investment in the proposed hydel project will have
multidirectional impact on direct and indirect employment pattern and enhance income of the
people in the study area.
Increase of employment opportunities has been an important objective in the state. The present
project has an employment generation plan and the possible impact of this plan makes it clear
that a large part of the employment will trickle down to the local people which in turn, will
generate income. An attempt is also made here, to estimate the direct employment and income
effect of the project during construction and operation period is presented in table 6.5 and 6.6. In
estimating the share of local People in direct employment of various categories, some relevant
assumptions are made.
Table 6.5 - Direct Employment and Income Generation during construction period (approx.)
Sl. Category No. Rate Wage bill No. (Rs lacs/yr) (Rs lacs/yr) 1. Executive 10 3 30.0 2. Skilled 25 1.20 30.0 3. Semi skilIed/ 25 1.0 25.0 unskilled 50 0.97 48.50 4. Non technical 50 0.97 48.50 5. Contractors workers*. 100 0.97 97.00
Total 260 279.00
EIA/EMP Report of Sobla – I SHP A Project of UJVNL
Table 6.6 - Direct Employment and Income Generation during operation period (approx.)
Sl. Category No. Rate Wage bill No. (Rs lacs/yr) (Rs lacs/yr) 1. Executive 03 3.6 10.80 2. Jr. Engineer 03 2.16 6.48 3. SkilIed 04 1.44 5.76 4. Technical 04 0.97 3.88 5. Non technical 08 0.97 7.76 6. Contractors workers*. Total 22 34.68
*It may be noted that ‘contractors’ workers will be employed only when required. Overall assessment of the project
on employment and income effects indicates that it has positive impact on employment and income.
Note : Prediction of income is quite difficult due to incomplete information it may be increased.
An attempt is made here according to relevant information by economist.
6.2.4 Perception of Local People
In this context, the selected villagers/households of Dharchula blocks of project area were asked
about their perception in relation to environment due to hydel projects. The analysed data
revealed that 72 percent households perceived pollution of environment as a potential source of
health problems but they did agree that the hydel project is not create any nuisance or
environmental Problem. However, these households are mainly educated/literate. Further only 11
percent reported that they are aware of environment, but are not aware of the implications of
adverse effects of polluted environment, However, 17 percent do not know, what is environment
and showed their altogether ignorance of the environment. These households are illiterate and
below poverty line.
6.2.5 Conclusion
The analysis of various aspects of the present study amply revealed that the present project is
going to create positive impact on the socio-economic conditions of the people in the study area.
On the basis of the present study the following significant conclusions could be drawn:
(i) The project is not going to cause any damage to the present traditional agriculture
prevailing in that area but rather will give an impetus to farming. Moreover, it may
indirectly help the’ agriculture to improve by way of generating additional income from
subsidiary sources expected to be generated by the project.
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EIA/EMP Report of Sobla – I SHP A Project of UJVNL
89
(ii) The project will have positive impact on consumption behaviour of the people of the
study area by way of improvement in average consumption, of superior quality products
of the people through multiplier effect.
(iii) The project will have strong positive employment and income effects, which may
facilitate socio-economic development of the study area.
(iv) The project will be an incentive and speed up the growing view on importance of
education among the people of the study area.
(v) Peoples’ perception regarding the project is found to be neither optimistic’ nor
pessimistic.
(vi) The project is likely to bring about positive changes in the life style and quality of life of
the people located in that area.
Overall outcome of this impact assessment gets reflected through the major inter-relationships
and inter-dependence among various aspects of the study. The Proposed hydel project will
generate income in exchange of skilled and unskilled labour along with future job opportunities.
Market plays the catalytic role in the process of economic development of this area with its
influences on the overall life style of the local people. Development of social infrastructure and
commercial activities in and around the proposed hydel project is expected to have strong
positive impact on the socio economy of the area. Moreover, since the proposed hydel project
would be located in an area where there is no scope of development of opportunity chances.
Whole hill area is very peaceful an establishment of hydel project may prevent migration of
people from hill area and chances of law and order problems are likely to be few.
EIA/EMP Report of Sobla – I SHP A Project of UJVNL
CHAPTER – 7
7.0 Environment Management Plan
The Environment Protection Act 1997 (the Act) provides for the protection of the environment
and includes a provision in section 38 for the Environment Protection Authority (EPA) to enter
into an Environmental Protection Agreement and under section 43 for the EPA to require an
Environmental Authorisation. To assist with assessing proposed and existing developments and
the production of agreements and authorisations Environment Management Plans (EMP) should
be developed by all authorised proponents. For all other proponent activities, in which the
submission of an EMP is desirable, the structure of the submission should be consistent with
these guidelines.
EMPs have the purpose of protecting the environment, and are based around the objectives of the
Act. This includes requiring persons engaging in polluting activities to prevent environmental
degradation and adverse risks to human and ecosystem health, make progressive environmental
improvements, achieve effective integration of environmental, economic and and social
considerations in the decision making process, promote shared responsibility for the
environment, and promote the principles of ecologically sustainable development.
The primary purpose of the EMP is to provide information to the EPA on a proposed/existing
development within the local and regional framework, with the aim of emphasising how the
proposed/existing development may impact on the relevant environmental factors and how those
impacts may be mitigated and managed so as to be environmentally acceptable. An EMP
requires the proponent to:
Describe the proposed/existing development;
Describe the receiving environment;
Outline the potential impacts of the proposed/existing development on factors of the
environment;
Identify the proposed management strategies to ensure those environmental factors are
appropriately protected; and
Demonstrate that the proposed/existing development should be judged by the EPA to be
environmentally acceptable.
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EIA/EMP Report of Sobla – I SHP A Project of UJVNL 7.1 Objectives of the Environment Management Plan The objectives of the EMP are:
Place the proposed/existing development in the context of the local and regional
environment;
Adequately describe all components of the proposed/existing development, so that the
EPA can consider approval of a well-defined project;
Provide the basis of the proponent’s environment management program, which shows
that the environmental impacts resulting from the proposed/existing development,
including cumulative impact, can be acceptably managed; and
Provide a document that clearly sets out the reasons why the proposed/existing
development should be judged by the EPA to be environmentally acceptable.
7.2 Anticipated Impacts and Management Plan Magnitude of anticipated impacts and their potential impacts on four categories of physical
environment, environmental pollution, ecological resources and human environment is presented
in table 7.1.
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EIA/EMP Report of Sobla – I SHP A Project of UJVNL
Table 7.1 - Magnitude of anticipated impacts and proposed Management Plan
Sl.
No.
Environmental
Attribute
Potential Impacts Project
Phase
Magnitude
of Impacts
Management Plan
A. Physical Resources
1. Topography Change in the surface
features and present
aesthetics due to the
construction at
different project sites.
Operation
phase
Low Plantation surrounding the
substation and powerhouse area to
improve aesthetics. No other
mitigation required.
2. Climate Impacts on the
climatic conditions,
marginal removal of
trees along alignment
and SHPs to be done.
Construction
and
Operation
Low Compensatory afforestation.
3. Hydrology Operation of head
works.
Operation Low Construction of trench type weir.
Ground water Table Operation Low
Dewatered river bed
(during lean period)
due to stream
diversion.
Operation Low During lean period flow would be
optimum. 20% of flow will be
discharge in main stream.
Change in flow
regime (during lean
period) due to stream
diversion.
Operation Low During lean period flow would be
optimum. 20% of flow will be
discharge in main stream.
Flow disruption
(during lean period)
due to ponding at
diversion.
Operation Low Since rivers are natural
forest/Glacier fed, even during lean
period flow would be optimum.
Change in land use
by submergence of
land due to ponding
at diversion.
Operation Low Land to be submerged negligible
sediment utilized for plantation
purposes.
Sedimentation. Operation Low Sediment will be restored and
utilized to improved aesthetic value
of area
River morphology. Operation Low Large blocks boulders get dumped
in river bed due to change of
gradient
Pests and weeds. Low
Water leakage may
cause land sliding.
Operation Proper care should be taken during
construction of channel
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EIA/EMP Report of Sobla – I SHP A Project of UJVNL
B. Environmental Resources
1 Air Quality
Project will have marginal impact on air quality during the construction period due to dust emission.
Construction Low Sprinkling of water at construction site, limited bare soils, maintenance of project vehicles, etc
2 Noise Noise due to general construction and corona noise from conductors.
Construction Low Restriction of noise-generating activities at night and use of personal protective equipment like ear plugs, mufflers, etc. Plantation in surrounding of Power house and sub station also minimize noise.
Noise arising from substation operation and corona noise from conductors.
Operation Low Transformer location away from the human settlement. Monitoring of possible corona noise to identify and correct problems. Proper maintenance of equipment/machineries so that ambient noise standards will be achieved. Plantation will also help to minimize Noise.
Change of water course may increase TDS which affect D.O. level
During operation period
Low to medium
New diverted water course will be constructed through hard rock available at site. Leakage of water will be probhited in each state.
3 Surface and Ground Water quality
Runoff from the construction site leading to increase in COD, BOD, oil & grease, etc.
Before construction activity
Low Careful siting of power house, sub station towers and access roads. Sedimentation ponds at the substations.
Domestic wastewater from construction sites and during substation/SHP operation leading to increase in COD, BOD, oil & grease, etc.
During construction and operation
Low Domestic waste water treatment by providing septic tank. If volume of domestic effluent will be high a small treatment facilities be setup.
Oil spillage During construction and operation
Low Containment structures, oil water separation, adopting good practices for oil handling and maintenance works for substation.
Oil contamination during maintenance
During operation
Medium Oil traps installation for separation of oil from water for substation or any location.
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EIA/EMP Report of Sobla – I SHP A Project of UJVNL 4 Soils and
Geology Soil erosion may be occur due to construction work or tower erecting and clearing of vegetation in the RoW and access roads.
During and after the construction activity.
Low Avoiding of sites which are prone to soil erosion and land slide. Leveling of other sites and tower construction sites in scientific manner. Use of few access roads. Rehabilitation and stabilization of disturbed land.
Soil erosion due to
excavation and
clearing of vegetation
in the powerhouse
and access roads.
During and
after the
construction
activity.
Low Avoiding of sites that are prone to
soil erosion. Leveling of
construction sites and tower
construction sites in scientific
manner. Use of few access roads.
Rehabilitation and stabilization of
disturbed land.
Improper debris
removal/accumulatio
n.
Pre-
construction
and
construction.
Medium Proper planning for debris removal
from channel which will be reused
in repair of existing structures,
powerhouse, substations and for
site reclamation.
Damage due to
seismic activity.
Construction
/Operation
phase.
Medium Safe site selection and proper civil
work (as per norms) with tower
foundation as per seismicity prone
area.
C. Ecological Resources
1. Terrestrial
Ecology
Loss of vegetation. Before the
construction
phase
Low Location of towers and
powerhouse at barren/waste land or
thinly vegetated area and waste
lands to minimize tree loss.
Selection of few access roads.
Compensatory afforestation.
Minimum corridor width.
2. Terrestrial
Fauna
Disturbance to the
local fauna during
construction.
No
mitigation
required
Low Some wildlife species are reported
to be seen in study area. Proper
care should be taken on
management and locale level to
minimize any adverse impact.
Disturbance to the
local fauna during
operation.
During
operation
phase
Low Monitoring of lines during the
operation and deflectors will be
added if required.
3. Aquatic
Ecology
Disturbance to fish
during construction
of trench weir.
During
construction
/operation
phase
Low
Species
componia
may after
due to flow
of water
No mitigative impact required.
Since the river are forest/natural
fed, even during the lean period,
minimum flow will be maintained,
hence aquatic ecology will have
low impact.
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EIA/EMP Report of Sobla – I SHP A Project of UJVNL D. Human Environment 1. Health and
Safety Exposure of electromagnetic fields.
Construction /Operation phase.
Low Alignment route away from the settlement. No houses will be allowed in the RoW of the alignment, or near power houses and substations.
Land slide, cloudburst, Fires and other accidents at the substations/power house.
Construction/Operation phase
High Use of personal protective equipment during construction and maintenance work. Preparation and implementation of safety and emergency manual/plan as per rule & regulation at power house/substation. Regular inspection of lines for land slide/faults prone area to prevent accidents. According DMP and off site emergency plan work should be done in crisis period.
2. Agriculture Permanent and temporary loss of agriculture land due to tower erection, substation/powerhouse, and due to access routes.
Construction phase
Low* Avoid prime agriculture land. Assessment of land. Assessment of land required and compensation will be given as per rules & regulation (if required). Construction activity will be start after crop harvesting and selection of few access routes.
3. Socio-economic
Beneficial impacts from rural and opportunities during construction/ operation phase
During operational phase.
High Overall economic growth and infrastructure development of the region.
4. Resettlement Resettlement of the house falling along the RoW.
Construction phase
Low Avoid high density areas, proper traffic signs at the construction site, ensuring proper access roads.
5. Cultural sites No archaeological, historical, or cultural important sites are affected by the construction of the project.
- - No mitigation required
6. Traffic and Transportation
Traffic congestion due to movement of construction vehicles
During operation phase.
Low Avoid high density areas, proper traffic signs at the construction site, ensuring proper access roads.
7. Solid Waste Generation
Probability of surface and groundwater contamination.
Construction/Operation phase.
Low The oil sludge should be separately stored in the containers, used transformer oil to be collected and reclaimed. Separated oily waste and scrap will be collected and disposed off in compliance with the Environmental Protection Act, 1986, and applicable regulations and rules.
*Already existing setup and line will be used so impact will be occurred minimum.
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EIA/EMP Report of Sobla – I SHP A Project of UJVNL Detail potential impacts and proposed mitigation measures (phase wise) of proposed Sobla - I
SHP is presented in table 7.2.
Table 7.2 - Proposed Management Plan (Phase Wise)
Project Activity/Stage Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation measure
(A)Preconstruction
Civil work for power
house, office, substation
and colony
Impact and air, water,
noise, soil
Exposure to safety
related risks
1. Colony already existing hence no adverse affect.
2. Proper plantation all around colony.
3. Drainage with De silting chamber, will be provide all around
power house, office, sub station and colony.
4. Solid waste storage bean system will be provided at required
location.
5. All buildings designed constructed as per seismic zone
provision.
6. Safety system will be provided at required location.
Location of
transmission towers and
transmission line
alignment and design.
Exposure to safety
related risks
Setback of dwellings to overhead line route designed in
accordance with permitted level of power frequency and the
regulation of supervision at sites.
Release of chemicals
ases in receptors
(air, water, land)
and g
Not used in substation transformers or other project facilities or
equipment by concerned agencies.
Equipment
specifications and
design parameters.
Processes, equipment, and systems will not to use
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), including halon, and their use.
Transmission line
design
Exposure to
electromagnetic
interference
33 KV Transmission line will be required for the power
evacuation from this project which does not have
electromagnetic interference. Additional measures by suitable
design to comply with the limits of electromagnetic
interference from overhead power lines.
SHP/Substation location Exposure to noise Design of plant enclosures to comply with noise regulations.
Impact on water
bodies and land
Consideration of site location where prime agricultural land not
available.
Location of
transmission towers and
transmission line
alignment and design
Social inequities Carefully site selection to avoid existing settlements,
agricultural land & forest land.
Location of
powerhouse, head
works.
No need to acquire agricultural land.
Involuntary resettlement
or land acquisition.
Social inequities Compensation paid for temporary permanent loss of productive
land as per Govt. rules and regulation.
Avoid encroachment by careful site and alignment selection. Encroachment into
precious ecological
areas.
Loss of precious
ecological
values/impacts on
precious species
Minimise the need by using existing towers and RoW wherever
possible.
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EIA/EMP Report of Sobla – I SHP A Project of UJVNL
Avoid encroachment by careful site and alignment selection.
Minimise the need by using existing towers and RoW,
wherever possible.
Transmission line
through forestland.
Deforestation and loss
of biodiversity
Obtain statutory clearances from the Government.
Loss of agricultural
productivity
Use existing tower footing/towers wherever possible.
Avoid sitting new towers on farmland wherever feasible.
Farmers compensated for any permanent loss of productive
land.
Encroachment into
farmland.
Farmers/land owners compensated for significant trees that
need to be trimmed/removed along Right-of-Way.
Noise related Nuisance to
neighbouring
properties
Substations, powerhouse, head works designed to ensure noise
will not be a nuisance.
Interference with
drainage
patterns/Irrigation
channels
Flooding hazards/loss
of agricultural
production
Appropriate channel alignment and siting of towers to avoid
any hazrd.
Transformers designed with oil spill containment systems, and
purpose-built oil, lubricant and fuel storage system, complete
with spill cleanup equipment.
Escape of polluting
materials
Environmental
pollution
Powerhouses/substations to include drainage and sewage
disposal systems to avoid offsite land and water pollution.
Equipment submerged
under flood
Contamination of
receptors (land, water)
Powerhouses/substations constructed above the high flood
level (HFL) by raising the foundation pad.
Ground
subsidence/landslide
Natural disaster
frequently observed
Careful site selection with appropriate civil and sitting of
towers to avoid any hazard.
Design of Powerhouses/substations to include modern fire
control systems/firewalls.
Explosions/fire Hazards to fire
Provision of fire fighting equipment to be located close to
transformers, power generation equipment.
(B) Construction Civil work for power
house, office, substation
and colony
Impact and air, water,
noise, soil
Exposure to safety
related risks
1. Small hut size colony should be developed.
2. Proper plantation all around colony.
3. Drainage with De silting chamber, will be provide all around
power house, office, sub station and colony.
4. Solid waste storage bean system will be provided at required
location.
5. All buildings designed constructed as per seismic zone
provision.
6. Safety system will be provided at required location.
Equipment layout and
installation
Noise and vibrations Construction techniques and machinery selection seeking to
minimize ground disturbance.
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Physical construction Disturbed farming
activity
Construction activities on cropping land time to avoid
disturbance of field crops (with in 1 month of harvest wherever
possible).
Noise vibration and
operator safety,
efficient operation
Construction maintenance and turning of plant. Mechanized
construction
Noise vibration
equipment wear and
tear
Proper maintenance and turning of plant.
Increase in airborne
dust particles
Existing roads and tracks used for construction and
maintenance access to the site wherever possible.
Construction of road for
accessibility
Increased land
requirement for
temporary
accessibility
New access ways restricted to a single carriageway width.
Temporary blockage of
utilities
No blockage Temporary placement of fill in drains/canals not permitted.
Site clearance Vegetation Marking of vegetation to be removed prior to clearance, and
strict control on clearing activities to ensure minimal clearance.
Fire hazards Trees allowed growing up to a specified height within the RoW
by maintaining adequate clearance between the top of tree and
the conductor as per the regulations.
Loss of vegetation
and deforestation
Trees that can survive pruning to comply should be pruned
instead of cleared.
Trimming/cutting of
trees within RoW
Felled trees and other cleared or pruned vegetation to be
disposed of as authorized by the statutory bodies.
Wood/vegetation
harvesting
Loss of vegetation
and deforestation
Construction workers prohibited from harvesting wood in the
project area during their employment, (apart from locally
employed staff continuing current legal activities). Contractor
should arrange LPG gas for cooking of food for their workers.
Excess fill from tower foundation excavation disposed of next
to roads or on barren land or personal in agreement with the
local community or land owner.
Surplus earth work/soil Runoff to cause water
pollution, solid waste
disposal
Soil excavated from power houses will be disposed as safe &
scientific manner by placement on barren land or along backfill
trenchweir etc.
Substation construction Loss of soil Fill for the substation foundation obtained by creating or
improving local water supply ponds or drains, with the
agreement of local communities.
Substation construction Water pollution Construction activities involving significant ground
disturbance (i.e., substation land forming) not undertaken
during the monsoon season.
Storage of chemicals
and materials
Contamination of
receptors (land, water,
air)
Fuel and other hazardous materials securely stored above high
flood level with safety measures.
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Construction schedules Noise nuisance Construction activities only undertaken during the day and
local communities will be informed of the construction
schedule.
Provision of facilities
for construction
workers
Contamination of
receptors (land, water,
air)
Construction workforce will be provided for certain facilities it
include proper sanitation, water supply and waste disposal
facilities.
Use of existing roads wherever possible.
Ensure existing irrigation facilities are maintained in working
condition.
Protect/Preserve topsoil and reinstate after construction
completed.
Loss of agricultural
productivity
Repair/reinstate damaged bunds, etc. after construction
completed.
Encroachment into
agricultural land
Social inequities Compensation for temporary loss in agricultural production.
Need for access tracks minimised, use of existing roads.
Limit site clearing to work areas regeneration of vegetation to
stabilize works areas on completion (where applicable).
Avoidance of excavation in wet seasons.
Uncontrolled
erosion/silt runoff
Soil loss, downstream
siltation; etc.
Water courses protected from siltation through use of bunds
and sediment ponds.
Contract cl
ev
auses specifying careful construction practices on
ery stage.
Maximum existing access ways will be used.
Losses to
neighbouring land
uses/values
Productive land will be reinstated following completion of
construction.
Nuisance to nearby
properties.
Social inequities Compensation will be paid for loss of production, if any.
Flooding hazards due to
construction
impediments of natural
drainage.
Flooding and loss of
soils, contamination
of receptors (land,
water)
Avoid natural drainage pattern/facilities being
disturbed/blocked/diverted by ongoing construction activities.
Equipment submerged
under flood
Contamination of
receptors (land, water)
Equipment stored at secure place above the high flood level
(HFL).
Inadequate siting of
borrow areas
Loss of land values Existing sites (if available) will be used, therefore, no need to
develop new sources of aggregates.
Arrangement of Environment awareness programme.
Contract provisions specifying minimum requirements for
construction camps.
Preparation and implementation of health and safety plan.
Arrangement of primary health centre with medicine and
instrument with a knowledgeable health staff.
Environment, Health
and safety
Injury and sickness of
workers and members
of the public.
Arrangement for health and safety training sessions.
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Training to personal of implementing agency for environmental monitoring work. Implementation of effective environmental monitoring and reporting system using checklist of all contractual environmental requirement.
Inadequate construction stages monitoring.
Likely to maximize damages
Appropriate contact clauses to ensure satisfactory implementation of contractual environmental mitigation measures.
(C) Operation and Maintenance Construction of power
house, office, substation
and colony
Impact and air, water,
noise, soil
Exposure to safety
related risks
1. Small hut size colony should be developed.
2. Proper plantation all around colony.
3. Drainage with De silting chamber, will be provide all around
power house, office, sub station and colony.
4. Solid waste storage bean system will be provided at required
location.
5. All buildings designed constructed as per seismic zone
provision.
6. Safety system will be provided at required location.
Wood/vegetation
harvesting
Loss of vegetation
and deforestation
Staff working at site prohibited from harvesting wood in the
project area during their employment, (apart from locally
employed staff continuing current legal activities). Contractor
should arrange LPG gas for cooking of food for their workers. Location of transmission towers, transmission line alignment, and powerhouse.
Exposure to safety related risks
Setback of dwellings to overhead line route designed in accordance with permitted level of power frequency and the regulation of supervision at sites.
Equipment may submerged under flood
Contamination of receptors (land, water)
Equipment will be installed above the high flood level (HFL) by raising the foundation pad.
Oil spillage Contamination of land/nearby water bodies
Substation transformers located bunded areas with a storage capacity of at least 100% of the capacity of oil in transformers and associated reserve tanks. Careful design using appropriate technologies to minimize hazards. Safety awareness raising for staff. Preparation of emergency plan and training given to staff, for their implementation.
Inadequate provision of staff/workers health and safety during operations
Injury and sickness of staff/workers
Adequate sanitation and water supply facilities will be provided. Careful design using appropriate technologies to minimise hazards. Security fences around substations/powerhouse/head works. Barriers to prevent climbing on/dismantling of transmission towers. Appropriate warning sign on facilities. Electric safety awareness rising in project areas.
Electric shock Hazards Injury/mortality to staff and public
Fire hydrant point and fire extinguisher may be placed at appropriate places.
Operation and maintenance staff skills
Unnecessary environmental losses
Adequate training in O&M to all relevant staff of substations and transmission line maintenance crews.
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EIA/EMP Report of Sobla – I SHP A Project of UJVNL less than acceptable of various types Preparation and training in the use of O&M manuals and
standard operating practices. Inadequate periodic environmental monitoring.
Diminished ecological and social values.
Proper environmental monitoring of project operations and maintenance activities.
Equipment periodic environmental monitoring
Release of chemicals and gases in receptors (air, water, land)
Processes, equipment and systems using cholofluorocarbons (CFCs), including halon, should not be used in any stage of equipment.
Transmission line maintenance
Exposure to electromagnetic interference.
Powerhouse design to comply with the limits of electromagnetic interference within floor area.
Noise related Nuisance to
neighbouring
properties.
Powerhouses/substations sited and designed to ensure noise
will not be a nuisance.
Sobla - I small hydro project is coming under rehabilitation plan, so reinstallation of power house
with other facilities at this location will be preferable from safety point of view which would
make the project technically, economically and environmentally feasible. Implementation of
EMP with strong CAT and DMP will make the project feasible. Besides the above, some
important points on EMP aspect are detailed here in as under.
7.3 Restoration Plan for Quarry Sites
During construction of a hydropower project large quantities of construction materials are
required. The quarries need to be properly stabilized after excavation of construction material is
completed. The recommended stabilization measures are described in the following paragraphs.
The top soil is proposed to be removed before the start of quarrying. The removed top soil will
be kept separate and stock piled so that it could be reused subsequently for the rehabilitation of
quarry sites after the completion of quarrying activity. The extraction of construction material
from quarries results in formation of depressions, which are proposed to be filled up by the
dumping waste material generated during quarrying. The dumped material shall act as initial
ecological pioneers site that would initiate the process of succession and colonization in future
course of time. Boulders of moderate sizes would be used to line the boundary of the path. The
top soil removed before the start of the project activity would be used for covering the filled up
depressions/craters at the quarry sites. Micro organisms naturally present in the top soil would
ameliorate the plant growth and natural plant succession.
7.4 Management of Muck Disposal
Muck generated from excavation in any hydel project component is required to be disposed in a
planned manner so that it takes a least possible space and will not create any hazardous nuisance
to the environment. In the hilly area, dumping is done after creating terraces thus usable terraces
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EIA/EMP Report of Sobla – I SHP A Project of UJVNL are developed. The overall idea is to enhance/maintain aesthetic view in the surrounding area of
the project in post-construction period and avoid contamination of any land or water resource
due to muck disposal.
Suitable retaining walls shall be constructed to develop terraces so as to support the muck on
vertical slope and for optimum space utilization. Loose muck would be compacted layer wise.
The muck disposal area will be developed in a series of terraces of boulder crate wall and
masonry wall to protect the area/muck from flood water during monsoons. In-between the
terraces, catch water drain will be provided.
The terraces of the muck disposal area will be ultimately covered with fertile soil and suitable
plants will be planted adopting suitable bio-technological measures. The basic aim and
objectives of the muck management plan are to:
Protect the areas from soil erosion.
Develop the area for afforestration.
Develop as parks, gardens and play ground etc.
The maximum quantity of muck will be utilize for development of infrastructure of the
project
Develop the area in harmony with the landscape of the project area.
As only part excavation will be required for penstock laying & Power house construction, a very
small amount of muck would be generated. This muck will be used in construction of the above
structures & repair of other existing civil structures for the project. Amount earmarked for this
purpose is presented in chapter 6. Various activities proposed as a part of the management plan
are given as below:
Land acquisition for muck dumping sites.
Civil works (construction of retaining walls, boulder crate walls etc.)
Dumping of muck.
Levelling of the area, terracing and implementation of various engineering control
measures e.g., boulder, crate wall, masonry wall, catch water drain.
Spreading of soil.
Application of fertilizers to facilitate vegetation growth over disposal sites.
For stabilization of muck dumping sites following measures of biological and engineering
measures will be taken.
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EIA/EMP Report of Sobla – I SHP A Project of UJVNL 7.4.1 Biological Measures
Plantation of suitable tree species and soil binding species.
Plantation of ornamental plants.
Barbed wire fencing.
7.4.2 Engineering Measures
Wire crate wall
Boulder crate wall
R.C.C
Catch water Drain
7.5 Restoration and Landscaping of Project sites
The construction of the project structures, e.g., power house, approach roads, labour camps, etc.
would disturb the existing topography and physiography only to a little extent as the main
component of the project as Trench weir, Desilting tank, Water conductor system, Forebay tank,
& most of the penstock is existing at site & need petty repair. Penstock shall have to be laid in
some length but this will not affect existing topography & physiography. Although, no major
alteration of the area is expected as the layout has been so conceived that no major impacts on
this account are anticipated. It is proposed to landscape the area, so that it integrates with the
natural surroundings and the beauty of the area. Accordingly, it is proposed to develop small
gardens at power house site and nearby area. The landscaping plan is detailed on following
headings.
7.5.1 Garden Complex
A garden with local ornamentation plants/orchids and trees should be created at required
locations. All plants will be properly labelled with scientific and/or common names.
7.5.2 Creation of viewpoints
Viewpoints will be created one near the powerhouse and other at suitable place. These view
points will be slab type extension above the ground, which will be properly reinforced and
fenced to avoid any undesirable incidence. It will be given a shed and plantation of ornamental
plants will be done near it.
7.5.3 Landscaping
Various sites in the area will be stabilized by constructing a series of benches. The walls that will
be constructed for containing the slope will be embedded with local stone to integrate with the
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EIA/EMP Report of Sobla – I SHP A Project of UJVNL aesthetics of the area. Provision of fund earmarked for restoration and landscaping of project
sites is mention in chapter 6.
7.6 Greenbelt Development
The forest loss due to various project appurtenances has been compensated as a part of
compensatory afforestation. However in addition to these, it is proposed to develop greenbelt
around the periphery of various project appurtenances. The general consideration will be taken
while developing the greenbelt are:
Local trees growing with perennial foliage should be planted around various
appurtenances of the proposed project.
Plantation of trees should be undertaken in appropriate encircling rows around the project
site.
Fast growing trees should be planted.
A green belt around the reservoir will be created which will not only improve the aesthetics and
vegetal cover, but would also prevent land slides along the reservoir periphery. The creation of
green belt on either side of the reservoir will ensure protection of the reservoir area from any
minor slips due to fluctuation in the water level. The slopes on both the banks will be planted
with suitable tree species for creation of a green belt around the reservoir rim. In areas with
moderately steep slopes indigenous, economically important, soil binding tree species will be
planted, which are able to thrive well under high humidity and flood conditions. The following
measures are recommended:
(i) The green belt will develop on both the banks, up to the tail of the reservoir wherever
moderately steep slopes are available for plantation.
(ii) The average width of the green belt will vary with the topography. A minimum of 2 layers of
plantation will be developed.
(iii)Water loving species, preferably Salix alba, S. acmophylla, Populus alba and P. ciliata will
be planted in the row nearest to the reservoir rim. The soil present at this level and the air
moisture are favourable for the survival and growth of these species.
(iv) Species like Aesculus indica, Grevellia robusta, etc. will occupy the middle portions of the
green belt.
v) The outermost layer of the green belt will be composed of hardy tree species and shrubby
mix to withstand any external influences/ pressures of grazing, browsing by cattle and sheep,
etc. In this layer the species Grevellia robusta, Ficus spp., and Quercus sp. will be planted in
the inner as well as outer rows.
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The plantation and maintenance of the plantation area should also be done by the project
proponents in association with the state government. At least more than 33% of total area will be
developed under greenbelt development. The species to be planted under greenbelt development
programme shall be finalized in consultation with the Forest Department.
7.7 Compensatory Afforestation
The loss of vegetal cover can be compensated by compensatory afforestation. The Indian Forest
Conservation Act (1980) stipulates: if non-forest land is not available, compensatory forest
plantations are to be established on degraded forest lands, which must be twice the forest area
affected or lost, and if non-forest land is available, compensatory forest are to be raised over an
area equivalent to the forest area affected or lost as per Govt. rate.
7.8 Wildlife Conservation Plan
As per available information the project and its surrounding areas have wildlife. Around the
main construction areas i.e. the trenchweir site, power house site, etc. where construction
workers congregate, some disturbance in the wildlife population may occur. However, in view of
the wildlife concentration in the area, the impacts due to various construction activities could be
marginal.
7.9 Medical Facilities
A population of about 250 is likely to congregate during the construction phase. The labour
population will be concentrated at one or two sites. It is recommended that necessary and
adequate medical facilities will be developed at the project site. It is recommended that the
dispensary should be developed during project construction phase itself and continue it during
operation phase also, so that it can serve the labour population/staff and locale people of the area
who is traveling a long distance for medical facilities. It also help during any casualty and disaster.
7.9.1 Health Management
The increase in water fringe area provides suitable habitats for the growth of vectors of various
diseases and they are likely to increase the incidence of water-related diseases. The suggested
measures to minimize the incidence of vector-borne diseases are given in following paragraphs:
Site selected for labour camps should not be in the path of natural drainage.
Adequate drainage system to dispose storm water drainage from the labour colonies
should be provided.
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Adequate vaccination and immunization facilities should be provided for workers at the
construction site.
The labour camps and resettlement sites should be sufficiently away from a main water
body or quarry areas.
7.10 Landslides
The proposed project area is located in a landslide prone area for which adequate management
measures need to be incorporated. Unscientific land use pattern is the major cause for the present
deteriorating situation for which appropriate land use regulation measures need to be
implemented. Social and economic upliftment, generating new local resource based small eco-
friendly practices on steeper slopes, etc. can be other measures which can be implemented to
control landslide hazards. Various measures recommended for control of landslides are given in
the following paragraphs. Discouraging new developments in hazardous areas by:
Disclosing the hazard prone areas.
Adopting utility and public facility service area policies.
Informing and educating the public.
Manning a record of hazard.
Removing or converting existing development through:
Acquiring or exchanging hazardous properties.
Discontinuing non-conforming uses
Reconstructing damaged areas after landslides.
Removing unsafe structures.
Clearing and redeveloping blighted areas before landslides.
Regulating new development in hazardous areas by:
Enacting grading ordinances.
Adopting hill side development regulations.
Amending landuse zoning and regulations creating hazard reduction zones and
regulations.
Enacting subdivision ordinances.
Protecting existing development by:
Controlling landslides and slumps.
Controlling mudflows and debris flows.
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EIA/EMP Report of Sobla – I SHP A Project of UJVNL
Controlling rock falls.
Operating monitoring, warning and equation system.
In addition to above appropriate landslide control measures including various biological and
engineering measures shall be implemented. These measures are as below:
7.10.1 Biological Treatment measures
Compensatory Afforestation
Pasture Development
Agro-forestry
Contour farming
7.10.2 Engineering Treatment measures
Wire Crate walls
Gabion structures
Check dams
Contour and Graded Trenching
Step Drains
Stone Masonry.
More prominently, generation of electricity for the development of the region is inevitable. The
construction of new motorable roads is not fit for the region. Already existing, roads along the
streams are more prone for soil erosion, landslide and mass movement. Ropeways are best suited
with the landscape of the basin (if required). Micro-hydropower project will supply electricity for
the ropeways. It will definitely lead a way for transportation facilities, on the one hand and will
reduce the ecological imbalance in this ecologically fragile mountain terrain, on the other.
In this hilly district water source are not easily accessible hence water for drinking and irrigation
is a problem for the local people. Agriculture is mostly rainfed. Hence new source need to be
identified and existing sources need to be conserved and augmented.
As such the project is under RMU so any new land acquisition and rehabilitation problem not
occur. So any new law and order problem may not be generated. Implementing Agency will
incurr the expenditure to implement the environment management plan as mentioned in earlier
chapter 6. Environment management work can be executed as per environment management
organization chart is presented as figure 7.1 at the end of report.
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EIA/EMP Report of Sobla – I SHP A Project of UJVNL 7.3 Catchment Area Treatment Plan
7.3.1 Catchment Scenario
The total catchment area of river Sobla Gad are 87 sq. km. No vegetation grows in the river bed
and stony area. Any kind of treatment is neither possible nor warranted in such area. The small
area where a kind of vegetation is available substantially denuded and deforested due to
indiscriminate felling, repeated lopping of trees for fodder, uncontrolled excessive grazing and
annual burning of forest. Reduction of vegetative cover in the recent times has worsened the
ecosystem of all river valleys.
The catchment area treatment (CAT) plan pertains to preparation of a management plan for
treatment of erosion prone area of the catchment through biological and engineering measures;
however, a comprehensive CAT plan should also include the social dimensions associated
directly or indirectly with the catchment. A well-designed CAT plan should not only control the
sedimentation of reservoir but should also provide a life support system to the local population
through their active involvement. An effective CAT plan of a hydropower project is a key factor
to make the project eco-friendly and sustainable. A detail separate CAT study should require in all
over water shed of Sobla Gad basin. An out line about study with objective about CAT is sketched
here only.
7.3.2 Catchment Area Treatment Measures
The treatment measures will be designed keeping in view the ecological as well as social
dimensions of the project. The treatment measures emphasize on conservation of the catchment
through plantation and supporting engineering works. It envisages an active participation of the
local community. As this area is falling under restricted and sensitive zone, so a careful planning
and their implementation will be required in every stage.
7.3.2.1 Plantation Works in Degraded Forest Area
It is proposed to carry out plantation in the degraded forest area. The area selected for plantation
in each of the sub-water sheds is marked with the help of forest department. Delineation of
plantation area from these sub watersheds is on the basis of Sediment Yield Index value and the
total area of the sub watershed. Actual patches for plantation shall be earmarked physically by
the CAT implementing agency accordingly at the time of execution, depending on the
accessibility as well as treatibility of the area. The plantation would help in reducing the silting
of reservoir in addition to the multi objective of soil conservation, water recharge and eco-
restoration of the degraded area.
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EIA/EMP Report of Sobla – I SHP A Project of UJVNL 7.3.2.2 Road Side Plantation
It is proposed to carry out road side plantation along of road, identifying suitable patches of
roads in the project intervention area involving local educational institutes and local citizens and
along the newly constructed road to project site.
7.3.2.3 Drainage Line Treatment and Soil Conservation Works
These would include construction of check dams and retaining walls at specific locations
accompanied by tree and shrub planting to control erosion in gullies, eroding streams and land
slide. The location and details of these structures shall be worked out individually, keeping in
view the patches of plantation and site-specific design requirements. Forest department shall
carry out these works; however, local public (through Van Panchayat) shall be involved where
such works fall within the village boundary.
7.3.2.4 Maintenance Support for Soil Conservation Works
Mass movement of land, erosion, monsoon related land slides and large cloudbursts are common
in the catchment area, since it is geologically very fragile and seismologically active. It is most
likely that the soil conservation structures constructed get affected due to the natural
phenomenon. The structures will therefore require annual repairs as the need arises. One time
planning and allocation of budget in this river valley project would render insufficient to take
care of the treatment measures in long term. Hence a long term provision of funds for
maintenance and up gradation of old soil conservation works would become necessary.
7.3.2.5 Ecorestoration Works Ecorestoration works shall be undertaken through CWC (Community Welfare Committees).
These would include the following measures, which would help in reducing the erodibility of
soil or the resultant silt load in the reservoir.
Plantation in degraded patches of civil forestland.
Water conservation and harvesting works.
Soil conservation in village area.
Animal husbandry.
Improvement in agricultural practice.
Horticulture and medicinal plants,
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110
Technical and financial support for harnessing alternate-solar and micro hydel projects-
sources to reduce pressure on forest for fuel wood.
Public health support including healthcare and family welfare programs.
Gender support through education and awareness programme of women.
Rural technology support programs.
7.3.2.6 Phasing of CAT works and cost estimates Estimated cost for the CAT work is presented in table 6.3 of chapter 6. The catchment area
treatment works have been phased over five year duration, so as to complete them along with the
project construction. The actual start time shall, however, depend upon the overall progress of
the project including approvals and disbursement of funds for the CAT plan. The forest
department, taking guidance from these targets shall prepare a detailed program and get it
approved from the concern authority before actual implementation.
EIA/EMP Report of Sobla – I SHP A Project of UJVNL
CHAPTER – 8
8.0 Disaster Management Plan 8.1 Natural Disaster The hill slopes are prone to land slides, landslips, rockslides and soil creep. These hazardous
features have hampered the over all progress of the region as they obstruct the roads and flow of
traffic, break communication, block flowing water in stream and create temporary reservoirs and
also bring down lot of soil cover and thus add enormous silt and gravel to the streams.
Because of the increase in the population and the constructional activities, the frequency of
landslides and lands subsidence has increased. Heavy construction work coupled with the lack of
planning for water outlet; increase water seepage culminating in the land slides. Huge amount of
explosives used in construction works of road have adversely affected the ecosystem of the
region and the stability of stabilized mountain slopes.
The history of forest fire, socio-economic and ecological losses associated with it clearly reveals
that it has posed major threat to Himalayan forest ecosystem and acquired the character of
natural calamities which is responsible for crores of rupees loss annually along with various
adverse impacts on macro-climatic structure and bio-diversity of Himalayan region. Among the
fire accelerating effects, the local factors have been found more responsible. The dry and heated
forest floor bio-mass (fallen leaves, mosses, lichens, dead wood etc.) becomes more susceptible
to the spark or flames. The factors involved in primary fire outbreaks have been identified
natural as well man-made. Among the natural phenomenon, the friction between the clumps of
Bamboos like trees under influence of strong wind results in to spark which ignite the dry clump
sheath, leaves and burst into fire which instantly spreads into vicinity areas. The manmade fire
incidences are either due to negligence or due to vested interests.
8.2 Objectives
The Disaster Management Plan (DMP) is aimed to ensure safety of life, protection of
environment, protection of installation, restoration of production and salvage operations in this
same order of priorities. DMP would reflect the probable consequential severity of the undesired
event due to deteriorating conditions or through ‘Knock on’ effects. The objective of the
industrial DMP is to make use of the combined resources of the plant and the outside services to
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optimize operational efficiency to rescue, rehabilitation and render medical help and to restore
normalcy. The Project specific emergencies anticipated are Land slide and Fire. Consequence
estimation has been made by considering two scenarios i.e. earthquake and fire.
8.3 Disaster Management Plan
The emergency planning for earthquake/land slide/cloudburst scenarios consists of 'hardware'
aspects such as provision of evacuation pathways, setting up of alarms and warning systems,
establishing communication systems besides the 'software' aspects concerning human behavior,
procedures to be followed, roles and responsibilities, leadership, guidance and provision of
information. Both hardware and software aspects need to be integrated into the design of
emergency management. A proper guideline will be provided for preparing a contingency plan or
disaster management plan during any disasters. It may be noted that this plan would serve as a
reference documents consisting of salient information indicating the actions to be taken at the
time of disaster, and hence, it has to be made as comprehensive as possible and it needs to be
tested and updated periodically. The suggested format of the disaster management plan is
outlines in this chapter. A separate detail risk assessment study will be suggested to carry out.
8.4 Purpose of the Plan
In order to delineate the tasks and needed response, it is essential to identify and characterize the
vulnerable zones through inundation maps, the nature of damage potential and the characteristics
of populations and structures on the downstream areas. Based on the characteristics of each
hazard zone, the needed response could be delineated in the Disaster Management Plan. Hence
the objectives of the plan could be to provide for:
Timely warnings and alerts.
Assess the damage potential.
Delineate emergency action and procedures.
Delineate emergency organization and first response/action teams.
Define roles and responsibilities.
Delineate procedures for mitigation and control of incident.
Delineate access routes and safe locations.
Delineate emergency action.
Training the personnel.
Providing public information.
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The project features and structures are so small that they cannot contribute to any disaster
themselves. Hence there is no specific requirement of disaster management plan as such.
However, to meet the exigencies on account of natural disaster arising out of cloudburst or
earthquake induced change to the power plant and appurtenant works, the following disaster
management plan is proposed.
1. In the event of earthquake mother, alarm should be sounded in the power plant and the
machines in operation should be automatically tripped.
2. During monsoon period, patrolling of the water conductor system should be undertaken
regularly (once a shift) to locate any leakage from the water conductor and also for any
possible slope slippage. Appropriate measures should be taken to close the intake gate at
the weir in case leakage of water from the water conductor is noticed to prevent damage
to the hill slope doam under.
3. The staff of the power station should be trained with first and practices and and made
aware of action to be initiated following a natural disaster.
8.5 Emergency Response Organization
The Emergency Response Organization delineated for the plan is shown in Figure 8.1. The plan
must have a Chief Emergency Coordinator (CEC), who will be overall in charge of planning,
execution and coordination of all activities of Disaster Management Plan. His alternate member
is also to be notified for coordinating the emergency response activities. Executive Engineer or
Assistant Engineer who will be present on site during any emergency act as CEC. During
emergency both Assistant Engineer designated and act as ECO environment, health and safety
point of view.
Chief Emergency Coordinator is to be assisted by an Emergency Planning Group (EPG)
constituted for the purpose of decision making and planning the emergency effort under the plan.
This group involves all the Heads of Departments of Irrigation, Revenue, Health, Police and
Public Representative. To assist this group with technical information and advice, an Advisory
Team consisting various experts on dam safety and related issues need to be constituted. Chief
Emergency Co-ordinator also organize villagers to work in emergency as EPG and EAG
member.
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A local level, preferably a taluk/settlement level, Emergency Action Groups (EAGs) need to be
constituted for pooling, mobilizing and responding to the inundation situations. These groups
essentially should consist of a local volunteer, engineering support group, rescue/evacuation
team, medical/health volunteer, a police representative.
The Chief Emergency Coordinator needs to report and coordinate District Collector on the
disaster situation and should seek any further assistance/help from District Emergency
Authorities. Alternate persons for all the constituents of groups are necessarily be identified and
included in the plan.
8.6 Functions of Chief Emergency Coordinator (CEC)
The following functions are delineated for the Chief Emergency Coordinator. He is expected to
take various emergency decisions by convening the immediate meeting/conferencing of
Emergency Planning Group. Together, they are responsible for the following:
Formulation and implementation of the plan.
Guidance/ decision on matters of basic policy.
Activation of the emergency control centre and convening the emergency meeting.
Declaring the emergency zones with the help of technical personnel and experts.
Control on emergency operations.
Review of operational preparedness of emergency machinery.
Holding periodic mock/ training exercises to ensure optimum preparedness at operational
levels.
Development and updating hazard scenarios and cascading effects from time to time.
Mobilizing organizations, financial and human resources for the plan.
Liaison with external/Govt. agencies and assessment of whether any public assistance is
required.
Furnishing information on the incident to District, State and National level authorities
and if needed competent bodies may be called for assistance.
Liaison with press/ media, to report the emergency.
Declaring rehabilitation centres in case of evacuation, if called for.
Monitoring post emergency situation in terms of health care, first aid, rehabilitation etc.
Declare all clear, once everything is normal.
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8.7 Functions of Emergency Action Group (EAG)
Emergency Action Group carried out frontline activities at the time of disaster. Preferably as
many local teams as possible be formulated for the purpose. The main activities of EAG are:
Rush to the emergency zone
Make systematic assessment of hazard
Liaise with Chief Emergency Coordinator
Carryout evacuation, if necessary
Carryout emergency actions
Extend relief, first aid, human assistance
Organize rehabilitation centres
8.8 Emergency Response System
The overall emergency response system needs to integrate various functional sub-systems
essentially designed to generate speedy response action in terms of warnings, communications,
fire fighting, medical and first aid. It is essential to delineate these systems and plan their
locations and operating procedures, besides training the personnel well in advance before any
emergency. Following response systems are needed for the purpose of disaster management plan.
8.9 Emergency Control Centre (ECC)
Emergency Control Centre will be the focal point in case of an emergency from where the
operations to handle the emergency are directed and coordinated. The centre will have to be
equipped with adequate resources to receive and transmit information and directions from the
Chief Emergency Coordinator. Besides equipping the centre, prior arrangements should be made
so as to ensure that the centre would start activating other systems immediately, once the hazard
is declared. An existing pre identified room located at safe site (free from natural disaster) will
converted as ECC. An emergency control centre should therefore contain a well-designed
communication system consisting of:
At least two external telephones (one incoming and the other one out going fitted with
simultaneous/ selective broadcasting systems) with a EPBAX.
Wireless / Radio equipment (VHF/ walkie talkie/ pager/mobile).
Inundation/vulnerability maps indicating risk zones, assembly points, alternate
evacuation routes, safe areas, rehabilitation centres, etc.
Telephone directory of emergency response system.
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List of all emergency equipment and personnel for evacuation, personnel protection,
medical aid, etc., under the plan as well as with Govt. agencies in the district.
List of ambulances, base medical facilities, hospitals, rehabilitation centres, etc.
Reference books/ chemical dossiers
Copies of Disaster Management Plan
8.10 Training of the Personnel
A Disaster Management Plan, no matter how carefully prepared, cannot be effective unless
accompanied by training program that include periodic exercises and drills. The objectives of
training in emergency preparedness are related to the following:
Familiarize personnel with the content of the plan and its manner of implementation.
Train specific response personnel and new personnel in particular duties requiring special
skills.
Introduce personnel to new equipment, techniques, and concepts of operation.
Keep personnel informed of changes in the plan or procedures.
Test the preparedness of response personnel.
Test the validity, effectiveness, timing, and content of the plan and implementing
procedures.
Test emergency equipment.
Update and modify the plan on the basis of the experience acquired through exercises and
drills.
Maintain cooperative capability within first response team and with other response/
mutual aid and agencies.
Maintain good emergency response capability.
8.11 Training Schemes for First Response Team
Every member of first response team needs initial training followed by periodic refresher
courses. Members of emergency response organization would also benefit from this training,
improve communication procedures, and provide an opportunity for responders to become
familiar with areas of hazards where they could be called to assist.
8.12 Mock Drills and Demonstration Exercises
Drills and exercise are vital to emergency preparedness. They involve enactment, under
conditions of a mock scenario, of the implementation of the response actions performed during
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an emergency. Development and conduct of following two types of exercises are recommended
for implementation according to the needs:
Tabletop drills or exercises are useful for orientation purpose, while gathered around a
table, the emergency response organization is presented with a situation to be resolved
Exercises are more comprehensive and test the entire response organization up to and
including communication with all response functionaries.
All the above type of exercises are strongly recommended to be conducted atleast once in a year,
wherein members of first response team could actively involve. Deficiencies that may be
discovered during an exercise of the plan and procedures should be corrected immediately.
8.13 Public Information System
During a crisis following an accident, the affected people, public and media representatives
would like to know about the situation from time to time and the response of the emergency
authority to the crisis. It is important to give timely information to the public in order to prevent
panic and rumours. The emergency public information could be carried out in three phases.
8.14 Before the crisis
This will include the safety procedure to be followed during an emergency through posters, talks
and mass media in local language. Leaflets containing do's/ dont's should be circulated to educate
the affected population.
8.15 During the crisis
Dissemination of information about the nature of the incident, actions taken and instructions to
the public about protective measures to be taken, evacuation, etc. are the important steps during
this phase.
8.16 After the crisis
Attention should be focused on information concerning restoration of essential services,
movement/restrictions, etc. Various tasks of the public information system would include:
Quick dissemination of emergency instructions to the personnel and public.
To receive all calls from medial public regarding emergency situations and respond
meticulously.
Obtain current information from the Central Control Room.
Prepare news release.
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Brief visitors/media.
Maintain contact with hospitals and get information about the casualties.
8.17 Dissemination of Public Information
Any emergency preparedness plan, however efficiently it is outlined, cannot succeed if the
participation of involved community is not planned. To make the local community an active
participant, community awareness along with Emergency Preparedness has to be implemented,
so that it can foster understanding in the people and help in controlling emergency situations.
The target audience of warning system is personnel and public who are not trained about
hazards, warning signals and protective actions. People tend to seek confirmation of the hazard
from neighbourhood and the media, which takes time. For a public warning system, to be
effective, it must serve only as a trigger to initiate preplanned protective action by the public.
Through community awareness efforts conducted by local planning committees, the public must be
made aware of protective options which include sheltering within their work places and evacuation.
The community should be mainly be made aware of the following information:
The likely hazards that can occur in their vicinity.
The type of warning system employed to alert them, in case of a disaster.
The protective action that should be adapted in different situations of emergency.
Knowledge of the escape routes and assembly points, in case of evacuation from disaster.
zones
8.18 Safety Plan
Safety of both men and materials during construction and operation phases is concern. The
disaster in any hydel project especially in Himalayan zone will be due to land slide, Cloud brust
and earthquake may collapse of structures and fire/explosion, etc. keeping in view the safety
requirement during construction, operation and maintenance phases, safety policy with the
following regulations needs to be adopted. In any disaster situation Emergency Officer
immediate intimate District Disaster Management Centre. Some important telephone Nos. of
Govt. official’s of District Pithoragarh is presented in table 8.1.
1. To allocate sufficient resources to maintain safe and healthy conditions of work.
2. To take steps to ensure that all known safety factors are taken into account in the design,
construction, operation and maintenance of plants, machinery and equipment.
3. To ensure that adequate safety instructions are given to employees.
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4. To provide wherever necessary protective equipment safety appliances and clothing, and
to ensure their proper use.
5. To inform employees about materials, equipment or processes used in their work which
are known to be potential hazardous to health or safety.
6. To keep all operations and methods of work under regular review for making necessary
changes from the point of view of safety in the light of experience and up to date
knowledge.
7. To provide appropriate facilities of First aid and promote treatment for injuries and
illness at work.
8. To provide appropriate instruction, training, retraining and supervision to employees in
health and safety, first aid and to ensure that adequate publicity is given to these matters.
9. To ensure proper implementation of fire prevention methods and an appropriate fire
fighting service to gather with training facilities for personnel involved in this service.
10. To organize collection, analysis and presentation of data on accident, sickness and
incident involving personal injury or injury to health with a view of taking corrective
remedial and preventive action.
11. To promote through the established machinery, joint consultation in health and safety to
matters to ensure effective participation by all employees.
12. To publish/notify regulations, instructions and notices in the common language of
employees.
13. To prepare separate safety rules for each types of occupation/processes involved in a project.
14. To ensure regular safety inspection by a competent person at suitable intervals of all
buildings, equipment, work places and operations.
15. To frame and implement safety guidelines in operation.
8.19 About Area
The entire basin in ecologically fragile, unstable and less rigid from the origination point to its
confluence as it is also with the case of Himalyan Mountain system. The characteristics features
of the basin in terms of fragility, are more pronouns to discuss in the way that lowering the
environmental conditions in both, highly elevated reaches and low laying areas. The process of
upliftment of mountain peaks and deepening of the river villages in continued due to tectonic
forces active throughout the basin resulting instability and disturbances in the landmasses. The
natural hazards, both terrestrial (earthquakes) and atmospheric hazards (cloudburst landslides
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and flush floods), can be seen every where however the impact of natural hazards increases with
increasing elevation.
The basin is technically more sensible and falls under the severe seismic prone region. Already,
severe earthquakes have been taken place. The situation is grim in the area and there are many
cases in the surrounding of study area where due to landslide many villages were affected.
During study heavy land slide has been observed at Chautuldhar plates 14 and annexure II
indicates about land slide.
8.19.1 Causes of land slide
Following are the main causes of land slides in the mountain region :
1. Instabling of terrain, because the process of deepening river valleys and uplifting of mountain
peaks are continued.
2. Human induced activities.
3. Unscientific measures used for construction of roads such as blasting, cutting of fragile slope etc.
4. Heavy down pour and repetition of cloud burst at a time and within a limited geographical
area.
5. Steep slope and high velocity of water.
6. Over grazing and consequently soil erosion.
7. Construction of settlement on the instable slopes.
Earthquake, cloudbursts, landslides flash floods etc. are the disasters, which may not be stopped.
But the intensity of damage due to the occurrence of these phenomena can be reduced after
adopting several measures. These measures are:
1. It is very difficult to predict the actual occurrence of landslides. Yet there are certain signals
like forecasted heavy rainfall. Seismic activity combined with landslide vulnerability can
predict the estimated time and possible consequences. The locale people to be trained to
recognize the signals and act upon it.
2. A warning system to relay information about landslides could be placed near the settlements
to help quick evacuation.
3. Public awareness programmes for people on causes and effects of landslides, climatic
conditions that lead to landslides would be an extremely effective measure to prevent
damages.
4. Restrictions on building activity on the landslide areas.
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5. The cloudburst has triggered debris slides along the tension cracks and caused casualties and
damages on the large scale in the catchment areas should not be allowed to be obstructed and
house construction activities in the interior of hills regulated.
6. The whole of Himalayan region is earthquake prone area, house should be allowed to be built
only in accordance with the earthquake resistant designs recommended by the concern
authority.
7. A safe distance from each side of the river/nala, according to the situation, should be left and
no cultivated fields and house made on the said distance.
8. All landslide affected zones should be left for natural stabilization and no human activities be
allowed in such landslide affected weak slopes till the area are fully stabilized in due course
of time.
Note : A report of on site and off site emergency plan should be prepared and submitted to
concerned department.
DMP can be managed with participation of local people and villagers during any emergency as
per emergency response organization chart presented as figure 8.1 at the end of report.
8.20 Cost Estimate The budget for mitigation and prevention during any disaster are presented in table 6.4 in chapter 6.
Presently Uttarakhand Govt. has establish Disaster Mitigation and Management Centre (DMMC)
for Disaster mitigation & management in Uttrakhand. DMMC is also providing consultancy and
training programme for Govt. & Non Govt. organization. It is advisable that UJVNL with the
help of DMMC develop a strong regional knowledge base towards disaster policy, prevention
mechanism, mitigation measures, preparedness and response plan.
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Table 8.1 - Important Telephone No. of Govt. Officials STD Code : 05964
Designation Office Residence & Fax No. District Magistrate 225301 (Collec),
225201 (Camp off.)
SDM Magistrate 225950 225372 SDM Dharchula 222207 222271 Chief Development officer 223218 225804, 225336 (FAX) District Development officer 225097 Chief Agriculture Officer 225104 Block Development Officer Dharchula 222253 District Horticulture Officer 225275 General Manager Distt. Industry Centre 223574 District Economic & Statistical Officer 225143 District Panchayat Raj Officer 223174 Chief Veterinary Officer 225319 E.E. Provincial Division P.W.D. Pithoragarh 225115 225209 E.E. E/M Division P.W.D. Pithoragarh 225429 225429(FAX) E.E. Irrigation Construction Division Pithoragarh 235139 225140 E.E. Construction Division P.W.D. 238724 228730 S.E. Nirman Mandal U.K. Peyjal Nigam Pithoragarh 225341 225492 E.E. Nirman Shakha U.K. Peyjal Nigam Pithoragarh 225258 E.E. 2nd Nirman Shakha U.K. Peyjal Nigam Pithoragarh 225121 Executive Engineer U.K. Jal Sansthan Pithoragarh 225237 District Education Officer 225227 Superintendent of Police 225539 225023 Dy. Superintendent of Police 225539 225410 Police Station 225130 Fire Station 225314 Police Wireless Office 225402 Police Lines 225130 Divisional Forest Officer 225234 225390 Divisional Logging Manager 224187 Chief Medical Officer 225142 225504 District Hospital 225687 Asst. Regional Transport Officer 228222 District Information Officer 225549 Commandant ITBP 225494 Other Contact No. Fire Department Safety Department UEPPC, Dehradun Industry Department
Note : Contact No. of Project Authority, Operating Staff and Security Staff will be included after office establishment at site.
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CHAPTER – 9
9.0 EMP Implementation and Monitoring
A large part of the sampling and monitoring activities will be concerned with long term
monitoring aimed at providing an early warning of any undesirable changes or trends in the
natural environment that could be associated with industries and associated activities. This is
essential to determine whether the changes are a response to a cycle of climatic conditions or are
due to the industrialization and associated activities.
In particular, a monitoring strategy is required to ensure that all environmental resources, which
may be subjected to contamination, are kept under review. Monitoring of the individual elements
of the environment is necessary.
To meet the above objective an “Environmental Management Department (EMD)” will be
formed at project site which will be responsible for implementation of EMP and post operation
monitoring. The officers of the department will meet frequently to assess the progress and
analysis the data collected during the preceding fortnight/month. The following items will be
considered under the monitoring schedule.
9.1 Meteorological Station
It is proposed to install a meteorological station at power house SHP. The following parameters
will be recorded regularly. Metrological equipment required are presented in table 9.1.
Wind speed & Direction
Rainfall
Temperature and humidity
9.2 Water environment
Instrument for turbidity hardness and TDS measurement may be procured. This
information will be useful for monitoring the erosion damage of turbine underwater parts.
Surface water (Down stream of Sobla gad) should also be analysed once in a season and
compared as per CPCB norms for Aquatic resources. Drinking water should be analysed as per
IS:10500 on three month interval from different villages situated nearby Project site.
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124
9.3 Socio-economic development
The project management through environmental department will be in regular touch with
concern authority and local surrounding villages to monitor the implementation of various socio
economic developmental schemes.
9.4 Monitoring/Analytical Equipment Required
Table 9.1 - Monitoring / Analytical Equipments / required for Project
Monitoring Equipments Sl. No.
Equipments Nos. with UJVNL
Nos. Required
Parameter / Function
Frequency
Meteorological monitoring 1. Automatic Weather
Monitoring Station - 1* Wind speed,
direction, Temp., rainfall, humidity
Continuous
*Will be procured based with commissioning of project Budget provision made
9.5 Implementation Arrangement 9.6 Institutional Implementation Arrangements
UJVNL will be responsible for implementation of all the mitigation and management
measures suggested in Environmental Monitoring Programme while PTCUL will be
responsible for transmission line. Management of UJVNL will monitor the smooth
implementation of Environment Management Plan. The in-charge of EMD (GM/DGM)
will report all the environmental matters to higher management as per the reporting
schedule on prescribed formats. The higher management will supervise the reported
activity from time to time for smooth implementation of Environmental Mitigation and
Management measures and will take necessary actions, if required.
For successful implementation of the environmental management plan other agencies of the State
may also be involved by UJVNL, if required (for regulatory requirement or technical support).
Annexure - I
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Respondent Village Block Male Female
Date
i) Name of the respondent : Age
ii) Address
Village :
Panchayat :
Block /Tehsil :
District :
1.0 General information (Location)
Road
Power
Drinking water (supply & availability)
1.1 Family size & composition : Name Age Sex Occupation Level of
education Head of the family 1.
Spouse 1.
Dependents 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
2.0 Caste
3.0 Religion
4.0 Land Land Amount (acre) a) Own land
b) Leased out land
c) Leased in land
5.0 Cropping Pattern
Area (acre) Sl. No.
Name of the crop/season Dry Irrigated
Production (Qtl.)
Value (Rs.)
5.1 Kharif :
a) Paddy
b) Maize
c) Others, if any
5.2 Rabi :
a) Wheat
b) Mustard
c) Gram
d) Others, if any
5.3 Summer :
a) Paddy
b) Maize
c) Others, if any
Total
6.0 Cost of cultivation (Rs/year) : 7.0 Family income (Total)
Family income (Rs./Month)
Sl. No. Name of the earning members
Source of income
Primary Secondary 1. 2. 3.
Total gross income
8.0 Household savings and consumption pattern : (In Rs./yr or in % of total consumption)
Savings *
Consumption* (Gross income – farm inputs - savings)
Pattern of consumption
Food Education Clothing Medical Others
(* to be derived) 9.0 Health status of family member 10.0 Fuel used 11.0 Peoples’ perception regarding the project Advantages Disadvantages 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Investigator :
Name :
Designation :
Signature :
Date :
Annexure - II
Plate – 1
(A) A view of land sliding at Chautuldhar
(B) Water sampling on Sobla Gad
Plate - 2
(A) Surface water sampling on Dhauli Ganga
(B) Water sampling at village Dar
Plate - 3
(A) Ambient Noise Monitoring in village Dar
(B) Ambient Noise Monitoring at diversion site
Plate - 4
(A) Soil sampling at village Khairi Gaon
(B) Soil sampling at village Dar
Plate - 5
(A) Socio economic survey work at Sobla
(B) Socio economic survey at site
Figure 1.1 – Political Map of Pithoragarh
Figure 1.2 Proposed site marked in trekking map of Kumaun Hills
Sobla
Proposed Site
Figure 1.3 The physiographic-lithotectonic domains separated by intracrustal boundary thrusts of regional simension most of these thrust faults are active.
Figure 1.4 Simplified Geological map of the Lesser Kumaun Himalaya (After Valdiya, 1980b)
Figure 1.5 Occurrence of various mineral deposit in Kumaun in the context of Geological formations.
Figure 1.6 Relief Map of Uttarakhand
Figure 1.7 Drainage network of Kumaun showing different hydrographic regimes and their typical drainage basins.
Figure 1.8 Forest Map of Uttrakhand State
Figure 1.9 Seismic Zoning Map of India
Figure 5.1 - Impact Identification Matrix for proposed Small Hydro Power Project of UJVNL on Sobla Gad at Saobla
SITING CONSTRUCTION OPERATION FUTURE
Activity
Parameter Acq
uis
itio
n o
f Lan
d
Sit
e C
lear
ance
Exca
vat
ion
Const
ructi
on a
nd
Iden
tifi
cati
on
Movem
ent
of
Veh
icle
s fo
r C
onst
ruct
ion
M
ateer
ial
Gre
en B
elt
Devel
opm
ent
Raw
Mat
eria
l Sto
rage
and T
ran
sfer
Wat
er
Req
uir
em
ent
Ener
gy r
equir
ement
and G
ener
atio
n
Tra
nsp
ort
Air
Poll
uta
nts
Eff
luen
t D
isposa
l
Soli
d W
ast
e H
andli
ng
Hea
t E
mis
sion
Nois
e Poll
uti
on
Urb
anis
atio
n
due
to
Pro
pose
d
hydal
Pro
ject
Tra
nsp
ort
Soci
o E
conom
ic D
evel
opm
ent
Air Quality Noise Level
Surface Water Quality
Ground Water
Quality
Soil Quality Agriculture
Flora Fauna Forest
Aesthetics Land and property
Value
Land Use Population/Habitat
Basic Amenities Quality of Life Economy and Income Level
Employment Trade and Commerce
Historical and
Cultural Resources
Adverse Impact, Significant Impact, Negligable Impact
Beneficial Impact
Figure 8.1 Environment Management Organization Chart
EE (DGM (EHS)
Assistant Engineer
Assistant Engineer
* H&S * En
Chemist Supervisor
Asstt. Security supervisor
Asstt. Security supervisor
Jr. Engineer Environment
Jr. Engineer (Mechanical)
Jr. Engineer (Electrical)
Jr. Engineer (Civil)
Horticulture officer
Health supervisor
Safety supervisor
Security supervisor
Gardner
Gardner
* Designated for environment, Health and safety work