environment, science & tech · 2020. 12. 24. · environment, science & tech current...

ENVIRONMENT, SCIENCE & TECH CURRENT AFFAIRS AND DOWN

TO EARTH (NOVEMBER 2020)

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S. No. Topics Page No.

01. MUTATED CORONAVIRUS 2

02. INDIA AND 5 YEARS OF PARIS AGREEMENT

4

03. NEED FOR AN EFFECTIVE SCRAPPAGE POLICY

7

04. INDIA MULLS E20 FUEL TO CUT VEHICULAR EMISSIONS

10

05. PLACE IN THE NEWS 12

06. SPECIES IN NEWS 14

07. NATIONAL PARK/WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES/BIOSPHERE RESERVES IN NEWS

18

1. MUTATED CORONAVIRUS Context A new strain of the novel coronavirus has been found in the United Kingdom. Detail ● The UK government as a part of mitigative measures imposed tight restrictions in

London and parts of south-east England. The new strain ● The new strain has been named VUI-202012/01 (the first ‘variant under

investigation’ in December 2020). ● The new strain has 23 variations, a few of these mutations are seen in the vicinity

of the region of the virus that binds to the human receptor. ● A single mutation — N501Y — has been found to increase the binding affinity,

making the variant more transmissible. Transmission ● As per the COVID-19

Genomics UK Consortium, the variant has been “growing in frequency” since November 2020 and is “responsible for an increasing proportion of SARS-CoV-2 cases in the UK”.

● It has been found to be 70% more transmissible but this is yet to be confirmed in lab experiments.

● As per European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control the variant has the potential to increase by over 0.4 the number of people a person can infect.

● There is no evidence as yet that it can cause any change in disease severity or increase the risk of reinfection.

● Increased transmissibility is one more reason to follow non-pharmaceutical interventions.

Would the vaccines developed be rendered ineffective? ● There have been concerns raised that the new strain will not be attenuated by the

vaccines that have been developed or on the cusp of being ready for use. ● Though there appear to be several mutations found in the spike protein region of

the virus including the N501Y and other mutations, it is questionable as to whether the mutations would make the two COVID vaccines that have secured emergency use approval and the ones in final stages of testing less effective.

● The emergence of the new variant underlines the compulsion to undertake surveillance following vaccination to track vaccine effectiveness and to look for the appearance of vaccine-escape mutants.

RNA-virus ● RNA viruses have high mutation rates—up to a million times higher than their

hosts—and these high rates are correlated with enhanced virulence and evolvability, traits considered beneficial for viruses. ○ RNA virus

■ The virus, having RNA as its genetic material. There are two different types of RNA virus

■ Double-stranded (ds) RNA virus: e.g. Reovirus, etc. ■ Single-stranded (ss) RNA virus. It is further classified into two Positive

sense RNA (+RNA) and negative sense RNA (-RNA). Poliovirus, Hepatitis A, Rabies virus, Influenza virus are examples of single-stranded RNA virus.

● SARS-CoV-2 being an RNA virus tends to have a higher mutation rate, but the presence of 23 mutations strongly suggests that the variant has not emerged through a gradual accumulation of mutations.

● As per the COG-UK, the new strain can be probably due to prolonged infection in a single patient, potentially with reduced immunocompetence.

● The evidence regarding the worldwide spread of the new strain is not established yet.

● Since far fewer SARS-CoV-2 genomes are sequenced at regular intervals in India, it cannot be conclusively ruled for or against if the variant is already present here.

Conclusion ● The news of the new strain has received a mixed response, while one response

has been that the new strain will be tackled by the vaccines being developed, the other response has been that mutations will make the virus more transmittable and thus cause more infections.

● There is a need to have a strict vigilance and surveillance network to ensure the new strain doesn’t create more damage.

2. INDIA AND 5 YEARS OF PARIS AGREEMENT Context: The United Nations, United Kingdom and France co-hosted the Climate Ambition Summit 2020 which was held virtually due to the COVID-19 restrictions. Details: ● The summit convened by the United Nations marks the fifth anniversary of the

Paris Agreement. ○ Paris Agreement

■ It is a multilateral agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC); signed to reduce, mitigate greenhouse-gas-emissions.

■ Goal of the Paris Agreement ○ To curtail the rise of global temperature this century below 2-degree Celsius,

above pre-industrial levels; and also pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5 degrees celsius.

○ Develop mechanisms to help and support countries that are very vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change. Confirms the obligation that developed countries have towards developing countries, by providing them financial and technological support.

● Indian Prime Minister at the Summit has announced that India is set to surpass the climate targets.

● The future initiatives with regards to adopting green strategies require more of a decentralized approach with multiple stakeholders consultation.

● The present achievements are stepping stones and have to be pursued further. India’s INDCs are: ● To reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 33 to 35 percent by 2030 from

2005 level. ● To achieve about 40 per cent cumulative electric power installed capacity from

non-fossil fuel-based energy resources by 2030, with the help of the transfer of technology and low-cost international finance, including from the Green Climate Fund.

● To create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent through additional forest and tree cover by 2030.

Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) ● It means the contributions that need to be done by each country to achieve the

overall global goal. ● The contributions need to be reported every 5 years to UNFCCC. ● The contributions are not legally binding. ● The goal is to make sure that all countries have access to technical expertise and

financial capability to meet the climate challenges.

India’s performance so far. ● India’s efforts have been recognized, the UNEP’s Emission Gap report has listed

India among the nine G-20 countries to be on track to achieve the commitments made under Paris agreement.

● India’s good performance is based on the estimated present reduction of emissions intensity by 21% over 2005 levels, however, the actual goal is between 33% to 355 by 2030.

● The other two bulwarks of India’s climate targets are forest cover and renewable energy.

● The India State of Forest Report 2019 released recently showed an increase of 5,188 square kilometres of forest and tree cover across the country compared to the ISFR 2017.

● India’s renewable energy capacity addition has been on an upward trend in the last couple of years.

● Installed solar capacity had increased to 36 gigawatts in 2020. ● India’s renewable energy capacity is currently listed in the fourth position

globally and is expected to reach as high as 175 GW by 2022. G-20 bloc ● G-20 bloc collectively constitutes 78% of global greenhouse gas emissions. ● One of the positives associated with the COVID-19 pandemic has been the

reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions majorly due to a reduction in industrial activity, this has allowed the countries to remodel their growth strategies.

● The concept of green growth dovetailed with the efforts to revive the economies worldwide. An estimate of $12 trillion has been the extent of fiscal stimulus worldwide, this can be used to pursue green growth in future.

Challenges ahead of India 1. One among India’s goals was to bring about afforestation to achieve additional

carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes. ● However, there have been doubts over the accuracy of data submitted by

states with respect to afforestation measures undertaken by them. ● The carbon sink approach will not deliver the desired results if it is not based

on accurate data. 2. The aim to achieve 100 GW of solar capacity within the renewable goals from the

current 36 GW appears to be a steep goal. ● State Rooftop Solar Attractiveness Index (SARAL) The index evaluates states

based on their attractiveness for rooftop development. This hasn’t given a very optimistic picture of states’ efforts to increase rooftop solar capacity

3. The transport driven emissions have rebounded as well with the unlocking of the economy. ● While there are calls for e-mobility, cities have not been seen adopting

planning measures that provide for cycling and pedestrianisation.

Way ahead ● Government’s policy support is crucial, there need to be incentives at the state

and individual level to pursue green strategies. ● Awareness generation about the need to shift to low carbon pathway also needs

attention, the shift to low carbon pathway, adoption of renewable energy needs to be more than a policy, it has to be a movement to achieve success on a pan-India level.

3. NEED FOR AN EFFECTIVE SCRAPPAGE POLICY Context By 2025, India is estimated to have a monumental load of over 20 million vehicles nearing the end of their lives, which with other unfit vehicles, will cause huge pollution and environmental damage. Background ● Since 2016 the Union govern-ment is

debating a scrappage policy to weed out old and polluting vehicles and to set up formal systems for safe disposal and recovery of reusable material from the junk.

● This fleet moder-nisation strategy is expected to create a market for new vehicles and work for emissions gains.

● Fleet renewal is an opportunity today because the Bharat Stage VI (bs-vi) emissions standards and electric vehicle incentives are in place, and polluted cities have planned a phase-out of old vehicles as part of their clean air action plans under the National Clean Air Programme.

● The extent of the environmental and emissions benefit will depend on the design of this programme.

Need for Scrappage Infrastructure ● With growing numbers of ageing vehicles and their unsafe dismantling is

causing huge wastage of material and contaminating water, soil and air, thereby increasing public health risk.

● Steel content in end-of-life vehicles can be as high as 65 to 70 per cent, and there is a strong potential for indu-stry to upscale its waste recycling.

● But safe disposal and metal recovery from junk vehicles will require an extensive network of well-equipped scrappage facilities.

● Currently, informal recyclers serve this sector and do an efficient job but often without adequate environmen-tal safeguards.

Increase in Pollution ● Although commercial vehicles (such as trucks, buses, taxies and three-wheelers)

constitute just about5 per cent of the total fleet, they contribute 65 per cent to 70 percent of the vehicular pollution.

● Older commercial vehicles, typically manufactured before 2000, account for 15 per cent of the total vehicular pollution. They pollute 10 to 25 times more than a modern vehicle.

● Old heavy-duty diesel vehicles meeting bs-i emissions are designed to emit 36 times higher particulate matter compared to modern bs-vi vehicles.

● If these vehicles are not properly disposed off and are junked only in a few cities, they will crowd in other areas and transfer the pollution load.

Legal Issues ● The legal definition of end-of-life vehicles is still not well laid out. Section 59 of

the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988, provides for “power to fix the age limit of motor vehicles”.

● National Mission on Transformative Mobil-ity and Battery Storage, Niti Aayog, recommends age should not be the only criteria, and fitness and road-worthiness of vehicles (tested at inspection centres) should also be considered.

● Already, judicial interventions in Delhi, Kolkata and Mumbai, and several other cities have fixed the age of commercial vehicles at 15 years.

● Their permit conditions are linked to age, re-registration and taxes that vary across states.

● Some states, like Maharashtra and Karnataka, have imposed higher green taxes on older vehicles.

Makers Responsibility ● India has already drafted the Automotive Industrial Standard-129 (ais-129) on

reuse, recycling and material recovery from vehicles in 2015. ● AIS-129 has restricted the use of heavy metals, including lead, mercury,

cadmium, hexavalent chromium, and asked that plastics be coded (for grade, quality) to help dismantlers reuse and recycle it effectively. ○ These rules are still voluntary and there is no information on the compliance

with this standard to prevent more waste finding ways to landfills. ● AIS-129 should be made manda-tory for vehicle manufacturers for it to work

effectively. The manufacturers must maximise recyclability and adopt alternative design.

Global Initiatives ● Japan requires vehicle owners to pay a recycling fee at the time of vehicle

purchase and inspection. ● California’s programme considers equity and provides the highest incentive to

lower income groups to upgrade vehicles to cleanest tech-nologies, or gives the option of public transit passes based on scrappage to encourage use of public transport.

● The EU Commission is creating a legal framework to effectively track and steer all end-of-life vehicles into authorised treatment facilities and through national

vehicle registration systems so that the vehicles can be tracked and those meant for safe disposal through end of life centres are not sold as second hand vehicles.

Way forward ● India too needs a clear legal mandate and incentives for rapid fleet renewal based

on bs-vi stand-ards and zero emissions require-ments to maximise public health benefits and material recovery.

● This is needed for green recovery and to provide a long-term policy framework for environmentally sound end-of-life management practices.

4. INDIA MULLS E20 FUEL TO CUT VEHICULAR EMISSIONS Context: The government has proposed the adoption of E20 fuel as an automobile fuel. E20 fuel: ● E20 fuel is a blend of 20% of ethanol and gasoline. ● Ethanol is a biofuel and a common by-product of biomass left by agricultural

feedstock such as corn, sugarcane, hemp, potato, etc. ○ What are Biofuels?

■ A hydrocarbon fuel that is produced directly or indirectly from an organic matter is known as Biofuel.

■ They are substitutes for the conventional forms of fuels - fossil fuel. ■ Biofuels are produced from biomass like straw, tree barks, dried leaves

and wood, which are delivered by direct combustion of dry matter and later converted into liquid and gaseous fuel.

■ Wet organic matters like sewage, sludge and vegetable oil matter may also be converted into biofuels by a wet process like digestion and fermentation.

■ There are three solid biofuels: wood, straw, and domestic refuse, which are used to provide useful heat.

■ Biofuels can also be produced by living organisms, including edible sugars and starches, from non-edible plant materials and also from algae and microbes.

● It is produced mainly from molasses, a byproduct of sugar manufacture. ● Ethanol is basically alcohol of 99%-plus purity, which can be used for blending

with petrol. Significance: ● The notification facilitates the development of E20-compliant vehicles. ● Adoption of E20 fuel will be instrumental in cutting down vehicular emissions.

○ It will help in reducing emissions of carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons, etc. ● It will also help in cutting down the country’s oil import bill, thereby saving

foreign exchange and boosting energy security. ● It would extend support to the agricultural sector as well as provide additional

income to farmers. Details: ● The current permissible level of blending is 10% of ethanol. ● India reached only 5.6% of blending in 2019. ● The proposal also called for the display of compatibility of vehicles with the

percentage of ethanol (to be defined by the vehicle manufacturer) in the blend with a sticker.

HOTSPOT : The National Policy on Biofuels has set a target of 20% blending of biofuels, both for biodiesel and bioethanol. Objective of the National Policy on Biofuels 2018 ● The policy is aimed at taking forward the indicative target of achieving 20%

blending of biofuels with fossil-based fuels by 2030. ● The policy intends to ensure the adequate and sustained availability of domestic

feedstock for biofuel production, increasing farmers’ income, import reduction, employment generation and waste to wealth creation.

● This policy clearly exhibits the Centre’s push towards strengthening the energy infrastructure of the country while promoting the agenda of sustainability.

5. PLACE IN THE NEWS Morocco Why in the news? Morocco has agreed to resume diplomatic relations with Israel, becoming the fourth Arab nation to recognise Israel under a deal brokered by the US in 2020. ● As part of the Israel-Morocco deal, the

Trump administration agreed to recognise Morocco’s sovereignty over the disputed territory of Western Sahara.

About Morocco ● Morocco borders Algeria to the east and southeast, Western Sahara to the south,

the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north. ● It is the only African country with coastal exposure to both the Atlantic Ocean

and the Mediterranean Sea.

About Western Sahara ● Western Sahara is a vast, arid region in northwest Africa. ● It is known for its mineral riches: home to vast reserves of phosphate, a key

ingredient in the manufacturing of synthetic fertilizers. ● It has also lucrative fish resources and is believed to have off-shore oil. ● Western Sahara is spread across Mauritania, Algeria and Morocco and has a long

Atlantic coast. North Sentinel Island Why in the news? Anthropological Survey of India (AnSI) has released a policy document for the Sentinelese island. About North Sentinel Island ● It is one of the Andaman

Islands, an archipelago in the Bay of Bengal which also includes South Sentinel Island.

● North Sentinel Island of the Andamans consists of one of the most secluded tribal populations in the name of Sentinelese.

● The Sentinelese, a negrito tribe who live on the North Sentinel

Island of the Andamans, have not faced incursions and remain hostile to outsiders.

● The inhabitants are connected to the Jarawa on the basis of physical, as well as linguistic similarities.

● As per the carbon dating of kitchen middens by the Anthropological Survey of India, Sentinelese presence was confirmed in the islands 2,000 years ago.

● Genome studies indicate that the Andaman tribes could have been on the islands even 30,000 years ago. ○ The Govt. of India issued the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Protection of

Aboriginal Tribes) Regulation, 1956 to declare the traditional areas occupied by the tribes as reserves, and prohibited entry of all persons except those with authorisation.

○ Photographing or filming the tribe members is also an offence. The rules were amended later to enhance penalties.

○ The area is patrolled by the Indian Navy. Bhashan Char Why in the news? Bangladesh government’s move to relocate Rohingyas to the newly built facility at Bhashan Char island has attracted widespread attention. Details ● Bhashan Char is a

13,000 acre expanse of land, it will be more accurate to refer to it as a mudflat than as an island.

● The mudflat is formed by the accumulation of silt where the river Meghna meets the Bay of Bengal carrying rich alluvial deposits.

● Located near the mouth of the river Meghna where it flows into the Bay of Bengal, Bhasan Char surfaced only in 2006 from the sediment deposited by the river.

● ‘Char’ refers to shifting landmass, it is a recurrent feature of rivers Meghna and Padma.

6. SPECIES IN NEWS Indian peacock softshell turtle(Nilssonia hurum) Why in the news? Indian Peacock soft-shell turtle has been rescued from Silchar's fish market in Assam. About Indian peacock softshell turtle ● It is a species of turtle found in South

Asia, and is listed on the IUCN Red List as a vulnerable species. ○ Vulnerable (VU) – High risk of

endangerment in the wild. ● It is mainly found in India,

Bangladesh and Pakistan. It is widespread in the northern and central parts of the Indian subcontinent.

● It is heavily exploited for its meat and calipee (the outer cartilaginous rim of the shell).

Great Indian Bustard Why in the news? The High Court of Karnataka has directed the State government to inform it of the immediate steps it has proposed to take to protect and preserve the Great Indian Bustard. About Great Indian Bustard ● The great Indian

bustard (Ardeotis nigriceps) or Indian bustard is a bustard found on the Indian subcontinent.

● It is a large bird with a horizontal body and long bare legs, giving it an ostrich like appearance.

● It is among the heaviest of the flying birds.

● These birds are often found associated in the same habitat as blackbuck.

● The IUCN Red data list classifies the Great Indian Bustard as Critically endangered. ○ Critically endangered (CR) – Extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.

● It is protected under Schedule 1 of Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act 2002. ○ Schedule 1 & 2: Complete protection to the species and violation incurs

highest penalty and punishment. This includes species like the tiger, Asiatic lion, Snow Leopard, deer, sloth bear, Tibetan fox, langurs, Macaques, Asian elephant, snakes, etc.

● India’s first captive breeding centre for Great Indian Bustards (GIBs) — Rajasthan’s state bird — was set up at Sorsan in Kota district, and a hatchery centre at Nokh in Jaisalmer.

Himalayan trillium Why in the news? Himalayan trillium has been exploited beyond the capacity leaving the herb’s survival threatened. About Himalayan trillium ● It is a common herb of Himalayan Region. It grow

mostly in moist hill slopes with dense tree cover. ● It is a natural source of steroidal saponins which are

important components of steroidal drugs. ● The plants germinated from underground tubers

immediately after snowmelt in April and became dormant in September as winter set in.

● Mature plants (which can live to 30 years or more) usually produce only one flower per year and vegetative reproduction through tubers occurs only in very old plants

● Natural Habitat : ○ Temperate and sub-alpine zones of the

Himalayas at an altitude of 2400 meters to 4000 meters. ○ India, Afghanistan, Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan have been home to this

species. ○ Indian Himalayan states like Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim and the

Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir possess the herb ● Conservation : It was declared ‘endangered’ by the IUCN.

● Uses : It is used as a traditional medicine to cure, ○ Dysentery. ○ Sepsis. ○ Wounds. ○ Inflammation ○ Skin boils ○ Menstrual and sexual disorders

Malabar Tree Toad Why in News? The Habitats Trust awards conservation grants to revive the Mahseer fish and the Malabar tree toad About Malabar Tree Toad ● The Malabar Tree Toad (Pedostibes tuberculosus) is a species endemic to the

Western Ghats. ● It is also called a warty Asian tree toad. ● It is a small species and is found in wet tree hollows or leaf bases containing

water. ● It is an arboreal species, meaning it spends much of its life on a tree. It comes to

the ground only during the first monsoon showers to mate. ● It is categorised as ‘Endangered’ on the IUCN Red List.

Noctiluca scintillans Why in the news? Karnataka coast has been witnessing the bloom of Noctiluca scintillans that have displaced microscopic algae called diatoms. About Noctiluca scintillans ● Diatoms form the basis of the marine food chain. ● The bloom of Noctiluca scintillans displacing diatoms has deprived food for the

planktivorous fish. ● The toxic blooms of N. scintillans are linked to massive fish and marine

invertebrate kills. ● Though the species does not produce a toxin, it is found to accumulate toxic

levels of ammonia, which is then excreted into the surrounding waters, possibly acting as the killing agent in blooms.

● The ammonia makes N. scintillans unpleasant for most creatures. Only jellyfish and salps are known to prey on it.

● N. scintillans graze on other micro-organisms such as larvae, fish eggs, and diatoms.

● But the unicellular phytoplankton that lives inside N. scintillans can photosynthesise, turning sunlight into energy.

● They help their host cell survive even when food is scarce. Thus, N. scintillans acts as both a plant and an animal.

● They are commonly known as “sea sparkle”. ● The bioluminescent Noctiluca scintillans also brightens the seawater at night.

○ Bioluminescence is the production and emission of light by a living organism and occurs due to a chemical reaction, involving a light-emitting molecule and an enzyme, called luciferin and luciferase.

7. NATIONAL PARK/WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES/BIOSPHERE RESERVES IN NEWS

Mini Kaziranga Why in News Too many cattle are robbing the one-horned rhinos of Assam’s Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary of their nutritious food. Details ● Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary of Assam is often called ‘Mini Kaziranga’ because of

the similar landscape and a sizable population of the one-horned rhino. ○ The Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis), also called the Indian rhino,

greater one-horned rhinoceros or great Indian rhinoceros is a rhinoceros species native to the Indian subcontinent.

○ IUCN Red List – Vulnerable ○ Indian rhinos once ranged throughout the entire stretch of the Indo-Gangetic

Plain, but excessive hunting and agricultural development reduced its range drastically to 11 sites in northern India and southern Nepal.

○ Approximately 75% of the entire population of Greater One-horned Rhinoceros now occurs in India in the three States viz, Assam, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.

● It is a wildlife sanctuary on the southern bank of the Brahmaputra in Morigaon district in Assam.

● In Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary, there are now around 102 (2018) rhinos, a 10% increase over the last six years.

● It runs a successful Rhino breeding program within its sanctuary under Indian Government as "Indian Rhino vision 2020".

About Wildlife Sanctuary: Wildlife (protection) Act 1972 provided for the declaration of certain areas by the state governments as wildlife sanctuaries if the area was thought to be of adequate, ecological, geomorphological and natural significance.

● Certain activities are regulated in sanctuaries such as grazing of livestock, firerwood collection etc.

● Wildlife can be created for a particular species (e.g.- grizzled giant squirrel wildlife sanctuaries in Srivalliputhur(Tamil Naidu))

● A Sanctuary can be upgraded as a National Park. However a National Park cannot be downgraded as a Sanctuary.

● There are about 543 wildlife sanctuaries among these 50 are of special significance in conversation of the tiger and are governed by the Project Tiger.

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