Environment PollEnvironment Poll

• Grab a computer.Grab a computer.

• Go to Go to www.socrative.com

• On the top right, click on “Student Login”On the top right, click on “Student Login”

• Enter the passcode: Enter the passcode: KWCHSEMT

• Go through the survey and answer the Go through the survey and answer the questions based on your own opinion. questions based on your own opinion. We will discuss them after you are all We will discuss them after you are all finished!finished!

An Interconnected Planet An Interconnected Planet and Environmental Issuesand Environmental Issues

How are humans and the How are humans and the environment connected?environment connected?We depend on the environment for food, water, shelter, fuel We depend on the environment for food, water, shelter, fuel

and many other resources.and many other resources.However, human actions can affect the quality and availability However, human actions can affect the quality and availability

of these important resources.of these important resources.The study of the impact of humans on the environment is The study of the impact of humans on the environment is

called called environmental science.environmental science.

Humans and the Humans and the EnvironmentEnvironment• 10,000 years ago, 10,000 years ago,

there were only about there were only about 5 million people on 5 million people on Earth.Earth.

• The development of The development of dependable food dependable food supplies, sanitation, supplies, sanitation, and medical care have and medical care have allowed the population allowed the population to grow to more than to grow to more than 6 billion.6 billion.

• The population will The population will likely exceed 10 billion likely exceed 10 billion before it stabilizes.before it stabilizes.

Where to live?Where to live?

• All 10 billion of these All 10 billion of these people will need a place to people will need a place to live.live.

• Humans now live in almost Humans now live in almost every kind of ecosystem every kind of ecosystem on Earth.on Earth.

• As human population As human population increases, the impact of increases, the impact of humans on the humans on the environment increases.environment increases.

• Humans are a part of the Humans are a part of the environment and can environment and can affect the resilience of the affect the resilience of the environment.environment.

Logistic vs. Exponential Logistic vs. Exponential GrowthGrowth• Exponential - Exponential - When the

resources availability is unlimited in the habitat, the population of an organism living in the habitat grows in an exponential or geometric fashion

• Logistic - Logistic - the growth rate of a population decreases as the number of individuals increases

Ecological FootprintEcological Footprint• Hectare - a metric unit of square Hectare - a metric unit of square

measure, equal to 100 acres (2.471 measure, equal to 100 acres (2.471 acres or 10,000 square meters).acres or 10,000 square meters).

Find your Ecological Find your Ecological FootprintFootprint

• http://www.earthday.org/footprint-calculator

• Use the more detailed information on Use the more detailed information on the bottomthe bottom

• Do your best, if you don’t know, just Do your best, if you don’t know, just guess!guess! • How many planets does it take to support How many planets does it take to support

your lifestyle?your lifestyle?

• How many global hectares does it take to How many global hectares does it take to support your lifestyle?support your lifestyle?

• Send it into Send it into Mentimeter and see it pop up on and see it pop up on the board!the board!

• Instructions will be on the boardInstructions will be on the board

Earth is an interconnected Earth is an interconnected planet:planet:• We depend on the We depend on the

environment, and the environment, and the environment is affected environment is affected by our actions.by our actions.

• Learning about this Learning about this connectedness helps us connectedness helps us care for the care for the environment and helps environment and helps ensure that the ensure that the environment will environment will continue to support us continue to support us and other species on and other species on Earth.Earth.

ResourcesResources

• What would your day What would your day be like if you didn’t be like if you didn’t have water to drink or have water to drink or electricity to provide electricity to provide heating and lighting heating and lighting (or plug in your (or plug in your computer or iPhone)?computer or iPhone)?

• Water and fuel that Water and fuel that generates electricity generates electricity are two of Earth’s are two of Earth’s many many resourcesresources. .

2 Types of Resources2 Types of Resources

• RenewableRenewable • NonrenewableNonrenewable

Renewable ResourcesRenewable Resources

• Renewable resources Renewable resources are natural resources are natural resources that can be replaced that can be replaced at the same rate at at the same rate at which they are which they are consumedconsumed..

• Ex: fresh water, solar Ex: fresh water, solar energyenergy

• A renewable resources A renewable resources supply is either so supply is either so large or so constantly large or so constantly renewed that it will renewed that it will never be used up.never be used up.

Nonrenewable ResourcesNonrenewable Resources

• Nonrenewable Nonrenewable resources are those resources are those that form at a rate that form at a rate that is much slower that is much slower than the rate at which than the rate at which they are consumed.they are consumed.

• Ex: minerals, coal, oilEx: minerals, coal, oil

• When these resources When these resources are gone, millions of are gone, millions of years will pass before years will pass before more have formed.more have formed.

What types of these What types of these resources do we have in resources do we have in Arizona?Arizona?

• After discussing After discussing human population, human population, your ecological your ecological footprint, and footprint, and resources, has resources, has your mind your mind changed on the changed on the environmental environmental issues?issues?

• Go to Go to Socrative.comSocrative.com

• Explain to me Explain to me what you can do what you can do to change your to change your lifestyle that lifestyle that benefits our benefits our environment.environment.

The Environment and The Environment and HealthHealth• Pollution and habitat Pollution and habitat

destruction destroy destruction destroy the resources we need the resources we need to live, such as the air to live, such as the air we breath, the water we breath, the water we drink, and the food we drink, and the food we eat.we eat.

• Our health and quality Our health and quality of life are affected by of life are affected by the state of the the state of the environment.environment.

Water PollutionWater Pollution• Every person needs Every person needs

20-70 L (5-18 20-70 L (5-18 gallons) of clean gallons) of clean water each day to water each day to meet his or her meet his or her drinking, washing, drinking, washing, and sanitation needs.and sanitation needs.

• Unfortunately, many Unfortunately, many sources of water are sources of water are pollutedpolluted

How does water get How does water get polluted?polluted?

• Water pollution can Water pollution can come from fertilizers come from fertilizers and pesticides used in and pesticides used in agriculture, livestock agriculture, livestock farms, industrial farms, industrial waste, oil runoff from waste, oil runoff from roads, septic tanks, roads, septic tanks, and unlined landfills.and unlined landfills.

• Pollution enters Pollution enters groundwater when groundwater when polluted surface water polluted surface water percolates down percolates down through the soil.through the soil.

Sources of Water PollutionSources of Water Pollution

How did the BP Oil Spill of 2010 How did the BP Oil Spill of 2010 Happen?Happen?

Oil Spill – 5 Years LaterOil Spill – 5 Years Later

Another form of PollutionAnother form of PollutionAir PollutionAir Pollution

• Natural processes such Natural processes such as volcanic activity, can as volcanic activity, can affect air quality.affect air quality.

• However, most air However, most air pollution is caused by pollution is caused by human activities.human activities.

• Industries, power plants, Industries, power plants, and vehicles must burn and vehicles must burn fuel for energy.fuel for energy.

• The burning of fossil The burning of fossil fuels can release air fuels can release air pollution.pollution.

Air PollutantsAir Pollutants

• Air pollutants include: Air pollutants include: carbon dioxide (COcarbon dioxide (CO22), ), sulfur dioxide (SOsulfur dioxide (SO22), ), and nitrogen oxides and nitrogen oxides (NO(NO22 and NO and NO33))

• Air pollution causes Air pollution causes respiratory problems respiratory problems for people, results in for people, results in acid rain, damages acid rain, damages the ozone layer, and the ozone layer, and may affect global may affect global temperature.temperature.

China – Air pollution China – Air pollution problemproblem

What are we doing to fix it?What are we doing to fix it?

• Fancy Example:Fancy Example:– Air facades in Air facades in

Mexico City, Mexico City, MexicoMexico

• What else could What else could we do?we do?

One effect of Air Pollution – One effect of Air Pollution – Acid RainAcid Rain• Acid rain is precipitation that has an unusually Acid rain is precipitation that has an unusually

high concentration of sulfuric or nitric acidshigh concentration of sulfuric or nitric acids..

• It is caused by air pollution.It is caused by air pollution.

• Acid rain damages forests and lakes.Acid rain damages forests and lakes.

Acid Rain – Washington, Acid Rain – Washington, D.C.D.C.

Acid Rain ActivityAcid Rain Activity

• Grab an Acid Rain worksheet. Grab an Acid Rain worksheet.

• You will need only one or two crayons/colored You will need only one or two crayons/colored pencils.pencils.

• Follow the directions on the top of the worksheet Follow the directions on the top of the worksheet and answer the questions on the back.and answer the questions on the back.

Ozone Layer depletionOzone Layer depletion• The ozone layer protects The ozone layer protects

life on Earth from the sun’s life on Earth from the sun’s damaging ultraviolet raysdamaging ultraviolet rays..

• The ozone layer has been The ozone layer has been damaged by damaged by chlorofluorocarbons chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s). (CFC’s).

• CFC’s are human-made CFC’s are human-made chemicals that are used as chemicals that are used as coolants in refrigerators coolants in refrigerators and air conditioners and as and air conditioners and as propellants in spray cans.propellants in spray cans.

How much do you know How much do you know about Global Warming?about Global Warming?

• Quiz togetherQuiz together

Global WarmingGlobal Warming• Global temperatures may be affected by Global temperatures may be affected by

air pollutants, particularly carbon dioxide.air pollutants, particularly carbon dioxide.

• Global warming is the gradual increase in Global warming is the gradual increase in the average global temperature.the average global temperature.

Hot CarsHot Cars

• What does it feel like to climb into a car on a hot, What does it feel like to climb into a car on a hot, sunny day?sunny day?

• The inside of the car is hot because the sun’s The inside of the car is hot because the sun’s energy passes through the glass windows.energy passes through the glass windows.

• The inside of the car absorbs the solar energy and The inside of the car absorbs the solar energy and changes it to heat energy.changes it to heat energy.

• The heat energy cannot easily pass back through The heat energy cannot easily pass back through the glass windows.the glass windows.

• Therefore, the heat is trapped and makes the Therefore, the heat is trapped and makes the inside of the car hot.inside of the car hot.

• The atmosphere traps heat and warms the Earth in The atmosphere traps heat and warms the Earth in a similar way.a similar way.– Let’s check out Tyrann Mathieu in a hot car.Let’s check out Tyrann Mathieu in a hot car.

The Greenhouse EffectThe Greenhouse Effect

• The greenhouse The greenhouse effect is the warming effect is the warming of the surface and of the surface and lower atmosphere of lower atmosphere of Earth that happens Earth that happens when greenhouse when greenhouse gases in the air gases in the air absorb and re-radiate absorb and re-radiate heat.heat.

• Examples of Examples of greenhouse gases greenhouse gases are: COare: CO22 and water and water vapor.vapor.

Rise in global temperaturesRise in global temperatures

• The greenhouse effect The greenhouse effect is necessary for life on is necessary for life on Earth.Earth.

• It keeps Earth’s It keeps Earth’s temperatures stable.temperatures stable.

• However, Earth’s global However, Earth’s global temperatures have temperatures have been rising steadily for been rising steadily for many decades.many decades.

• Most scientists think Most scientists think that this increase is that this increase is caused by an increase caused by an increase in COin CO22..

• What does this graph What does this graph remind you about remind you about human population?human population?

Effects of Global WarmingEffects of Global Warming

• A continued increase in A continued increase in global temperatures has global temperatures has the potential to cause a the potential to cause a number of serious number of serious environmental environmental problems:problems:

• Ice sheets over Ice sheets over Antarctica and Antarctica and Greenland have started Greenland have started to melt, which could to melt, which could lead to a rise in sea lead to a rise in sea levels.levels.

More effects of global More effects of global warming:warming:

• Global weather Global weather patterns could be patterns could be affected. (Hurricanes affected. (Hurricanes and typhoons could and typhoons could become more intense become more intense and frequent).and frequent).

• Droughts could become Droughts could become more frequent.more frequent.

• Equilibrium in Equilibrium in ecosystems could be ecosystems could be altered.altered.

Global Warming WorksheetGlobal Warming Worksheet

Soil DamageSoil Damage

• Fertile soil allows Fertile soil allows agriculture to supply agriculture to supply the world with food.the world with food.

• The U.S. is one of the The U.S. is one of the most productive most productive farming countries, due farming countries, due to fertile soils.to fertile soils.

• The processes that The processes that form just a few form just a few centimeters of soil can centimeters of soil can take thousands of take thousands of years.years.

Soil ErosionSoil Erosion

• The greatest threat to The greatest threat to soil is soil erosion.soil is soil erosion.

• Erosion is a process Erosion is a process that wears away soil that wears away soil and transports it from and transports it from one place to another one place to another by wind, gravity, or by wind, gravity, or waterwater..

• Soil erosion destroys Soil erosion destroys fertile soil that we fertile soil that we need to produce food.need to produce food.

Vegetation prevents soil Vegetation prevents soil erosionerosion• Roots from plants and Roots from plants and

trees help hold soil trees help hold soil together and protect it together and protect it from erosion.from erosion.

• When vegetation is When vegetation is removed, soil is left removed, soil is left vulnerable to erosion.vulnerable to erosion.

• Many farming methods Many farming methods can lead to soil erosion.can lead to soil erosion.

• Plowing loosens the Plowing loosens the topsoil and removes topsoil and removes plants that hold the soil plants that hold the soil in place.in place.

Deforestation in Haiti has left the soil vulnerable to erosion by wind or rain.

Soil ConservationSoil Conservation

• Sustainable agricultural Sustainable agricultural practices can help practices can help conserve fertile soil.conserve fertile soil.

• Terracing Terracing helps prevent helps prevent erosion on a steep erosion on a steep slope.slope.

• Cover crop plantingCover crop planting restores nutrients to the restores nutrients to the soil.soil.

• Crop rotationCrop rotation slows slows down the depletion of down the depletion of nutrients.nutrients.

• Contour plowingContour plowing prevents wind erosion.prevents wind erosion.

Terracing of crops in Indonesia

Ecosystem DisruptionEcosystem Disruption

• We share Earth with 5-We share Earth with 5-15 million other species. 15 million other species. We depend on many of We depend on many of these for our basic these for our basic needs.needs.

• Ecosystem disruptions Ecosystem disruptions can result in loss of can result in loss of biodiversity, food biodiversity, food supplies, potential cures supplies, potential cures for diseases, and the for diseases, and the balance of ecosystems balance of ecosystems that supports all life on that supports all life on Earth.Earth.

Vast areas of Florida’s Everglades wetlands have been drained to build cities. This has resulted in a critical loss of habitat for wetland species.

Habitat DestructionHabitat Destruction

• Over the last 50 years, Over the last 50 years, about half of the world’s about half of the world’s tropical rain forests tropical rain forests have been cut down or have been cut down or burned.burned.

• The forests have been The forests have been cleared for timber, cleared for timber, pastureland, or pastureland, or farmland.farmland.

• This process is called This process is called deforestation. deforestation.

• As rainforests disappear, As rainforests disappear, so do their inhabitants—so do their inhabitants—leading to extinctions.leading to extinctions.

Deforestation in the tropics

Loss of BiodiversityLoss of Biodiversity

• Ecosystem disruption Ecosystem disruption decreases the number decreases the number of Earth’s species.of Earth’s species.

• Biodiversity affects the Biodiversity affects the stability of ecosystems stability of ecosystems and the sustainability and the sustainability of populations.of populations.

• Biodiversity is the Biodiversity is the variety of organisms in variety of organisms in an area.an area.

• Every species plays an Every species plays an important role in an important role in an ecosystem.ecosystem.

Keystone SpeciesKeystone Species

• Each species either Each species either depends on or is depends on or is depended on by at depended on by at least one other species.least one other species.

• When a species When a species disappears, a strand in disappears, a strand in a food web disappears.a food web disappears.

• If a keystone species If a keystone species disappears, other disappears, other species may also species may also disappear.disappear.

Beavers and elephants are keystone species in their ecosystems. These are species that are critical to the functioning of the ecosystem in which it lives because it affects the survival and abundance of many other species in its community.

Invasive SpeciesInvasive Species

• Humans have Humans have disrupted ecosystems disrupted ecosystems by introducing by introducing nonnative species.nonnative species.

• This may be This may be intentional or intentional or unintentional. The unintentional. The effect, however, is the effect, however, is the same: disruption of same: disruption of the native ecosystem.the native ecosystem.

Zebra mussels are a non-native species that was unintentionally introduced to the Great Lakes in the 1980s. It has disrupted the Great Lakes ecosystem, causing some species to struggle while others flourished. Zebra mussels have clogged pipes and waterways, causing millions of dollars of damage.

Invasive Species in ArizonaInvasive Species in Arizona

Asian tiger mosquito

•Origin – Asia

•Widely established in southeast andmidwest U.S.; Aggressive biter carries diseases harmful to humans, e.g., West Nile virus, yellow fever and dengue fever; Detected in Arizona in 2000 and 2006 on imported, non-native plants. Dispersal by exotic plant trade (egg dispersal), back-yard containers, and transporting old tires.•http://www.azgfd.net/wildlife/conservation-news/10-most-unwanted-arizona-invasive-species-plants-animals/2009/05/27/

Quagga Mussel

•Origin – Eastern Europe and Ukraine

•Prolific populator; Removes food/nutrients from water column, clogs pipes and water conveyance infrastructure, damages boat motors and marinas; Management/eradication costs can be enormous for power and water supply agencies. Dispersal by boats and equipment, pipes, canals, live wells.•http://www.azgfd.net/wildlife/conservation-news/10-most-unwanted-arizona-invasive-species-plants-animals/2009/05/27/http://www.azgfd.net/wildlife/conservation-news/10-most-unwanted-arizona-invasive-species-plants-animals/2009/05/27/

ExtinctionExtinction

• Many species are on Many species are on the edge of extinction.the edge of extinction.

• Extinction is the death Extinction is the death of every member of a of every member of a species.species.

• When a species When a species becomes extinct, we becomes extinct, we lose forever the lose forever the knowledge and benefits knowledge and benefits we might have gained we might have gained from that species.from that species.

The Red Panda is an endangered species because its habitat, located in China and Myanmar, is being disrupted.

Extinct Animals in ArizonaExtinct Animals in Arizona

• Grizzly bears disappeared from Arizona early in the 20th century. So did the Merriam's elk. Four fish native to the Grand Canyon have vanished over the past 50 years. The last known jaguar to prowl the state died last year in a failed attempt to capture him and fit him with a tracking device.

http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/2010/07/10/20100710arizona-losing-native-wildlife.html

• Animals can Animals can become extinct become extinct in an area.in an area.

• Why would this Why would this happen?happen?

• How could we fix How could we fix this?this?

Endangered SpeciesEndangered Species

• An endangered species An endangered species is a species that is in is a species that is in critical danger of critical danger of becoming extinct.becoming extinct.

• The Endangered The Endangered Species Act of 1973 Species Act of 1973 prohibits anyone from prohibits anyone from harming an individual harming an individual organism or the organism or the habitat of an habitat of an endangered species.endangered species.

The Northern Spotted Owl lives in ancient old-growth Boreal forests of the northwestern U.S. Environmental groups stopped logging of old-growth forests in the 1990s to save this owl’s habitat.

• Now what is Now what is your opinion on your opinion on environment?environment?

• Has it changed Has it changed from Monday from Monday when we began when we began talking about it?talking about it?

• QUIZ TODAY!!!QUIZ TODAY!!!