enterprise architecture frameworks - hinkelmannenterprise architecture gives an overall view on the...
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Prof. Dr. Knut HinkelmannMSc Business Information Systems
Enterprise Architecture Frameworks
Prof. Dr. Knut Hinkelmann
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Prof. Dr. Knut HinkelmannMSc Business Information Systems
Chapter 3: Enterprise Architecture Frameworks
■ Enterprise Architecture Frameworks
■ Zachman Enterprise Ontology
■ TOGAF
■ ArchiMate
■ Best Practice Architecture
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Prof. Dr. Knut HinkelmannMSc Business Information Systems
Enterprise Architecture
■ An Enterprise Architecture is a coherent whole of principles, methods, and models that are used in the design and realisation of an enterprise'sorganisational structure, business processes, information systems, andinfrastructure
■ An Enterprise Architecture contains all relevant♦ Business structures♦ IT structures♦ and their relationships
■ Enterprise Architecture gives an overall view on the enterprise♦ merge distributed information from various organisational entities and projects
into a whole♦ show the interconnectedness and dependencies between these information
Show which information systems contribute to which businessprocesses.
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Prof. Dr. Knut HinkelmannMSc Business Information Systems
Enterprise Architecture Frameworks
■ There are a number of Enterprise Architecture Frameworks
■ We can distinguish to main types of structures:♦ Matrix of aspects and perspectives, e.g.
● Zachmann Enterprise Architecture Framework– An enterprise Ontology
♦ Three layer architecture with business, applications andtechnology● TOGAF - The Open Group Architecture Framework
– A methodology for Enterprise Architecture Development● ArchiMate
– A graphcial language for Enterprise Architecture Description● Best Practice Enterprise Architecture
4Enterprise Architecture Frameworks
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Prof. Dr. Knut HinkelmannMSc Business Information Systems
Timeline of Enterprise Architecture
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(Bespoke Systems 2012)
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Prof. Dr. Knut HinkelmannMSc Business Information Systems
THE ZACHMAN FRAMEWORK
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Prof. Dr. Knut HinkelmannMSc Business Information Systems
Zachman Framework
■ The Zachman framework is regarded the origin of enterprisearchitecture frameworks (although originally called"Framework for Information Systems Architecture")
■ John A. Zachman published the first version in 1987
■ It is still further developed by Zachman International (http://www.zachman.com)
■ The Framework is often referenced as a standard approach for expressing the basic elements of enterprise architecture
■ The framework is a logical structure for classifying and organising the descriptive representations of an enterprise
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Prof. Dr. Knut HinkelmannMSc Business Information Systems
Rationale of the Zachman Architecture
■ There is not a single descriptive representation for a complex object ... there is a SET of descriptive representations.
■ Descriptive representations (of anything) typically include :
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(Zachman 2012)
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Prof. Dr. Knut HinkelmannMSc Business Information Systems Enterprise Architecture Frameworks 9
Perspectives
(Zachman 2012)
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Prof. Dr. Knut HinkelmannMSc Business Information Systems
Dimension 1 – Perspectives
Zachman originally used the analogy of classical architecture
For the different stakeholders different aspects of a building are relevant -models of the building from different perspectives
Bubble charts: conceptual representation delivered by the architectArchitect's drawing: transcription of the owner's perceptual requirements –
owner's perspectiveArchitect's plans: translation of the owner's requirements into a product –
designer's perspectiveContractor's plans: phases of operation, architect's plans contrained by nature
and technology – builder's perspectiveShop plans: parts/sections/components of building details (out-of-context
specification) – subcontractor's perspectiveThe building: physical building itself
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(Zachman 1987)
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Prof. Dr. Knut HinkelmannMSc Business Information Systems
Dimension 1: Architectural Representations withanalogies in Building and Information Systems
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(Zachman 1987)
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Prof. Dr. Knut HinkelmannMSc Business Information Systems
Perspectives in Enterprise Architecture
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The total set of descriptions would necessarily have to include Perspectives:
(Zachman 2012)
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Prof. Dr. Knut HinkelmannMSc Business Information Systems Enterprise Architecture Frameworks 13
Perspectives
(Zachman 2012)
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Prof. Dr. Knut HinkelmannMSc Business Information Systems
PerspectivesScope(Boundaries)
Requirements(Concepts)
Design(Logic)
Plan(Physics)
Part(Configurations)
Product(Instances)
■ Each row is different in nature, in content, in semantics from the others –representing different perspectives
■ Representations do not correspond to different levels of details – level ofdetail is an independent variable, varying within one representation
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Bus
ines
sIT
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Prof. Dr. Knut HinkelmannMSc Business Information Systems
Dimension 2: Aspects of an Architecture
■ There exist different types of descriptions oriented to different aspects
■ Zachman associates each aspect with question wordWHAT material descriptionHOW functional descriptionWHERE location descriptionWHO organisational descriptionWHEN temporal descriptionWHY motivational description
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(Zachman 1987)
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Prof. Dr. Knut HinkelmannMSc Business Information Systems Enterprise Architecture Frameworks 16
Abstractions
(Zachman 2012)
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Prof. Dr. Knut HinkelmannMSc Business Information Systems
Abstractions in Enterprise Architecture
Enterprise Architecture Frameworks 17
The total set of descriptions would necessarily have to include Abstractions:
(Zachman 2012)
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Prof. Dr. Knut HinkelmannMSc Business Information Systems Enterprise Architecture Frameworks 18
Abstractions
(Zachman 2012)
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Prof. Dr. Knut HinkelmannMSc Business Information Systems
The Zachman Framework for Enterprise Architecture– Enterprise Ontology
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Pers
pect
ives
Abstractions/AspectsB
usin
ess
Info
rmat
ion
Tech
nolo
gy
Each cellcontainsmodels
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Prof. Dr. Knut HinkelmannMSc Business Information Systems
Model Types in Zachmann■ There are different model kinds for each viewpoint (one model kind per cell)■ There can be different modeling languages to represent a kind of model■ The Architecture Description language consists of the
different model kinds used
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Data model- UML class- ERM
Process model- Flow diagram- BPMN- Petri Net
Organisation model- org chart
IT model- IT systems
Workflow model- BPEL
Motivation Model- BMM
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Prof. Dr. Knut HinkelmannMSc Business Information Systems
Enterprise Architecture Modeling
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BPMN
Business Motivation
Organisation Model
Fact Type ModelData/Documents
UML class diagram
UML component diagram
UML activity diagram
UML sequence diagram
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Prof. Dr. Knut HinkelmannMSc Business Information Systems
Relations between Models and Model Elements
■ There are relations between(elements of) the models
■ Horizontal Relations: In same perspective, e.g.♦ Data used in a process♦ Application implementing a
process activitiy
■ Vertical relations: Betweendifferent perspectives♦ Implementation of an
application♦ Database model for an entity
relationship model
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Prof. Dr. Knut HinkelmannMSc Business Information Systems
View and Viewpoints in Zachman Framework■ In the Zachman Framework, viewspoints are classified by perspectives
and aspects, i.e. a choice of columns and rows♦ Example: the "how" and "who" from the "Architects Perspective"
■ A view is a set of models of the cells for the corresponding viewpoint (incl. the relationships between the models)
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Prof. Dr. Knut HinkelmannMSc Business Information Systems
TOGAF – THE OPEN GROUP ARCHITECTURE FRAMEWORK
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Prof. Dr. Knut HinkelmannMSc Business Information Systems
TOGAF – The Open Group Architecture Framework
■ Developed and continuously evolved since the mid-90’s by The Open Group’s Architecture Forum
■ While Zachman is more an ontology, TOGAF is a methodology
■ At the heart of the framework is the Architecture Development Method (ADM)
■ http://www.opengroup.org/togaf/
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Prof. Dr. Knut HinkelmannMSc Business Information Systems
Structure of the TOGAF Document
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(The Open Group 2009, p. 4)
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Prof. Dr. Knut HinkelmannMSc Business Information Systems
TOGAF Architecture Views
The TOGAF enterprise architecture modelis organised in four partial sub-architectures:
♦ Business Architecture● Strategies, governance, organisation and business processes of the
enterprise
♦ Information Systems Architecture – consists of●Data Architecture
– data and their releations as well as principles for the organisation andthe management of resources
●Application Architecture– information systems and their relations to business processes
♦ Technology Architecture● currenct technical realisation and future enterprise-specific standards like
operating system, middleware, infrastructureEnterprise Architecture Frameworks 27
Business Architecture
Technology Architecture
DataArchitecture
ApplicationArchitecture
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Prof. Dr. Knut HinkelmannMSc Business Information Systems
TOGAF Architecture Development Method (ADM)
■ TOGAF addresses the wholeenterprise architecture lifecycle
■ The TOGAF Architecture Development Method (ADM) is a generic method for developing an enterprise architecture
■ The goals, approaches, required input, activities and deliverables are documented for each phase separately
■ The ADM method is enriched by specific ADM guidelines and techniques.
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(The Open Group 2009)
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Prof. Dr. Knut HinkelmannMSc Business Information Systems
TOGAF Architecture Views
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Business Architecture
Technology Architecture
DataArchitecture
ApplicationArchitecture
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Prof. Dr. Knut HinkelmannMSc Business Information Systems
TOGAF Architecture Development Method (ADM)
■ Although originally represented asa sequential method, chapter 19.2 of TOGAF describes also iteration cycles
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(The Open Group 2011)
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Prof. Dr. Knut HinkelmannMSc Business Information Systems
TOGAG Content Metamodel
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(The Open Group 2011)http://pubs.opengroup.org/architecture/togaf9-doc/arch/chap33.html
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Prof. Dr. Knut HinkelmannMSc Business Information Systems
TOGAF Content Metamodel
Enterprise Architecture Frameworks 32
■ The content metamodel provides a definition of all the types of building blocks that may exist within an architecture.
■ The content metamodel♦ identifies all of these building block (i.e., application, data entity,
technology, actor, and business service), ♦ shows the relationships that are possible between them, e.g.
● actors consume business services● data entities are held within applications● technologies implement applications● applications support buiness users or actors
♦ identifies artifacts that can be used to represent them.(The Open Group 2011, Part IV)http://pubs.opengroup.org/architecture/togaf9-doc/arch/chap33.html
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Prof. Dr. Knut HinkelmannMSc Business Information Systems
TOGAF: Architecture Content
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(The Open Group 2009, p. 379)
The architecture contentframework “provides a structural model for architectural content” and may also be substituted with otherframeworks, such as the Zachman Framework (The Open Group, 2009, p. 361).
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Prof. Dr. Knut HinkelmannMSc Business Information Systems
TOGAF: Architecture Content Framework
• The content framework is intended to allow TOGAF to be used as a stand-alone framework for architecture.
• However, some enterprises may opt to use an external framework (such as the Zachman Framework or ArchiMate) in conjunction with TOGAF.
• In these cases, the content framework provides a useful reference and starting point for TOGAF content to be mapped to other frameworks
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(The Open Group 2009, p. 379)
(The Open Group 2011, Part IV)
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Prof. Dr. Knut HinkelmannMSc Business Information Systems
ARCHIMATE
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Prof. Dr. Knut HinkelmannMSc Business Information Systems
ArchiMate
■ Developed 2005 and evolved by members of The ArchiMateForum
■ Current version: ArchiMate 2.0, from 2005
■ Management framework for the overall architecture
■ Defines a terminology to describe core architecture elementsand their relations («a high level modelling language»)
■ http://pubs.opengroup.org/architecture/archimate2-doc/
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Prof. Dr. Knut HinkelmannMSc Business Information Systems
ArchiMate Generic Metamodel
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http://www.opengroup.org/archimate/doc/ts_archimate/
Core Concepts
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Prof. Dr. Knut HinkelmannMSc Business Information Systems
TOGAF and ArchiMate
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■ The ArchiMate Layers correspond to the TOGAF Architecture views
■ TOGAF’s ADM process refers to artifacts and deliverables; those artifacts could be represented in ‘ArchiMate-Style’
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Prof. Dr. Knut HinkelmannMSc Business Information Systems
ArchiMate Concepts and Cross-Layer Dependencies
ArchiMate 2.0 39
Source: ArchiMate 2.0 Specification, http://pubs.opengroup.org/architecture/archimate2-doc/chap06.html
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Prof. Dr. Knut HinkelmannMSc Business Information Systems
BEST PRACTICE ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURE
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Prof. Dr. Knut HinkelmannMSc Business Information Systems
Best Practice Enterprise Architecture
■ The Bast Practice Architecturefrom Inge Hanschke (2010) isanother example of a three-layer enterprise architectureframework.
■ In contrast to TOGAF♦ it is quite simple♦ it differentiates between the
technical architecture andthe infrastructurearchitecture
♦ it does not have a separate data or informationarchitecture
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from (Hanschke, 2010)
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Prof. Dr. Knut HinkelmannMSc Business Information Systems
Partial Architectures of the Best Practice Architecture■ Business Architecture
♦ Describing main entities that determine the business: business processes, functions, products, business units and business objects.
■ Application Architecture♦ documentation of the information systems landscape, i.e. information
systems, their data und interfaces und the information flow♦ bridge between business architecture and the architectures of technology and
infrastructure
■ Technology Architecture♦ determination of enterprise-specific technical standards for information
systems, interfaces and infrastructure
■ Infrastructure Architecture♦ Entities of the infrastructure, on which the information systems are running
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Prof. Dr. Knut HinkelmannMSc Business Information Systems
Enterprise Architecture Modeling
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Overview: ArchiMate Overview: ZachmanDetailed Models
BPMN
Business Motivation
Organisation Model
Business Rules Fact Type Model
Data/Documents
UML class diagram
UML component diagram UML activity diagram
UML sequence diagram