ensaios sobre história e política

7/30/2019 Ensaios sobre Histria e Poltica

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Anuhkju ujdtaFku}tkh a Rjc}keh


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A19

Anuhkju ujdta Fku}tkh a Rjc}keh * Okefac Ljqcht} mhUkcyh &jtlhnkphmjt+ Icjtkhnrjcku0 QIUE# 4284.486 r. 7 8=#6 v 48 eo.

KUDN0 ;


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Icjtkhnrjcku4284

Anuhkju ujdtaFku}tkh a Rjc}keh

Okefac Ljqcht} mh Ukcyh

&Jtlhnkphmjt+

Hq}jtau0

Ehtcju Lqu}hyj Ndtalh ma @auqu

@qhn Ohnqac Rhmtn

Cahnmtj Ratakth Ljnhcyau

Cqekhnh Lhtekh ma Jckyakth

Okefac Ljqcht} mh Ukcyh

Nh}hckh ChuehnjRamtj Kyj Mkhu ]hnhlknj

]h}khnh Rjllk

Ykean}a Lkc mh Ukcyh


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UQOTKJ

HRTAUAN]HJ ................................................................................................................... 9

8. UKODJCJLKH A UQLAU]J0 KMAHC MA FJOAO KN]ALTHC AO

RTJ]JEJCCJU A TK]QHAU

Cahnmtj Ratakth Ljnhcyau a Ramtj Kyj Mkhu ]hnhlknj ....................................... Heauuj ao0 46 iay. 4224.

Hnna Ithng ao Njyh Yatuj. Mkurjnyac ao0 3|||.taykukjn.ejo.dt>. Heauuj ao0 82 map.8;;;.

DHTEACCJU# @. H au}}keh kmajclkeh mj ukjnkuoj nh ojt}a can}hmh fqohnkmhma. Mkurjnyac ao0 3|||.taykukjn.ejo.dt>. Heauuj ao46 iay. 4224.EHU]HN# U. A. H yatmhmakth fku}tkh mj cayhn}a mj lqa}j ma Yhtuykh.Mkurjnyac ao0 3|||.taykukjn.ejo.dt>. Heauuj ao0 82 map. 8;;;.

ZZZZZZZ. Dhnxqaktju `qmaqu inhnekhtho Fk}cat: Mkurjnyac ao03|||.taykukjn.ejo.dt>. Heauuj ao0 82 map.8;;;.

ZZZZZZZ. Mktak}j ma taurju}h ejn}th Ijcfh ma Uj Rhqcj. ohkj. 4222.Mkurjnyac ao0 3|||.taykukjn.ejo.dt>. Heauuj ao0 84 hlj. 4222.

ZZZZZZZ. Xqao rtjyjejq h KK Lqatth Oqnmkhc. Mkurjnyac ao03|||.taykukjn.ejo.dt>. Heauuj ao0 82 map.8;;;.

EJKODTH. J ratklj nh Hohpnkh. Mkurjnyac ao 3|||.taykukjn.ejo.dt.>. Heauuj ao 84 iay. 4224.

ZZZZZZZ. J ljyatnj oqnmkhc. Mkurjnyac ao 3|||.taykukjn.ejo.dt.>. Heauuj ao 84 iay. 4224.

Ejoj j `jtnhc patj fjth oq}kcjq korjt}hn}a an}tayku}h ma U.

A. Ehu}hn. Mkurjnyac ao0 3|||.taykukjn.ejo.dt>. Heauuj ao0 82map. 8;;;.

AN]TAYKU]H ma U. A. Ehu}hn nj rqdckehmh rach tayku}h Ku}j.Mkurjnyac ao0 3|||.taykukjn.ejo.dt>. Heauuj ao0 82 map. 8;;;.

IHQTKUUJN# T. Hquef|k}p0 ih}ju a h canmh. Mkurjnyac ao0 3|||.taykukjn.ejo.dt>. Heauuj ao0 82 map.8;;;.

LATQMA# N. H. Mauanyjcykoan}j aejnokej a ujekhc nj ratjmj

mju ljyatnju okck}htau. Mkurjnyac ao0 3|||.taykukjn.ejo.dt>.Heauuj ao0 46 iay. 4224.


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8. Heauuj ao0 46 iay. 4224.

ZZZZZZZ. Ktohnmhma mh hd`aj. Mkurjnyac ao0 3|||.taykukjn.ejo.dt>. Heauuj ao0 46 iay. 4224

ZZZZZZZ. Njt}a/hoatkehnju dhttho datj mh ]atth. Mkurjnyacao0 3|||.taykukjn.ejo.dt>. Heauuj ao0 46 iay. 4224

NAT[# U# Ra}tjdtu Lanahcjlkh. ohkj 8;;;. Mkurjnyac ao03|||.taykukjn.ejo.dt>. Heauuj ao0 42 ohkj 4224.

UATTH# @. H J rht}kmj ma ]kthman}au. Mkurjnyac ao0 3|||.

taykukjn.ejo.dt>. Heauuj ao0 46 iay. 4224.


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H kn}atna} a j maurat}ht thda Ejoj j iheadjjg uqrchn}jq hu

yatmhmakthu thpau jrattkhu a

okck}hn}au tqoj }thnukjmaojet}keh nj Alk}j

Cqekhnh Lhtekh ma Jckyakth4*

Nj uatkh ohku iekc rhth j ljyatnj

mkuujcyat j rjyj a acalat jq}tj:Dat}jcm Dtaef}# 8;15

8 Mauma h yk}tkh mj ehnmkmh}j Ojfhooam Ojtuk mh Ith}atnkmhma Oqqcohnh# nhuacakau rtaukmanekhku nj Alk}j# rjuuyac maitjn}ht/ua ejo qoh njyh cknfh rjc}keh# hxqhc rtauqoa j hihu}hoan}j mh hn}klh hckhnh ejo ju Au}hmju Qnkmju a ejo ju rhuau

mj Ljcij mj ra}tcaj. J c}koj hnnekj mauuh njyh ejnlqthj# hrhtaeaq nh rlknhjekhc mh rtaukmnekh mj Alk}j nh kn}atna}# h xqhc ejn}o qo talku}tj ujdta h rtvkohykuk}h Efknh a hj Kt# nqoh maoju}thj echth ma qo tahc ta}jtnj hmjj ma qohrjc}keh av}atnh knmaranman}a# ejo yku}hu h mkueq}kt xqau}au etqekhku ujdta j oqnmjthda# ejoj h h}qhc uk}qhj nh Utkh a ujdta}qmj h xqau}j rhcau}knh. Maekuau xqahitjn}htho ju mk}hoau mh Htdkh Uhqmk}h a# hj oauoj }aorj# mauoku}kejq h kmakh#rtjrhlhmh racj Jekman}a# ma xqa qo Etauean}a Vkk}h ckmathmj racj Kt uatkh qohejnu}hn}a hoahh u ejoqnkmhmau uqnk}hu nj Jtkan}a Omkj.4* Ru/lthmqhmh ao Rjc}keh a Tachau Kn}atnhekjnhku rach Iqnmhj Auejch maUjekjcjlkh a Rjc}keh ma Uj Rhqcj &IAUR+ a kn}althn}a mj ltqrj ma }thdhcfj ujdta j

Jtkan}a Omkj a Oqnmj Oqqcohnj# rat}anean}a hj Chdjth}tkj ma Au}qmju ujdta hukh mh Qnkyatukmhma ma Uj Rhqcj &CAH/QUR+.


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862 Cqekhnh Lhtekh ma Jckyakth

jthoan}j okck}ht ehyh ijth mh hchmh ma uehckphj j xqa korckehnh knmaranmnekh mj ejtrj okck}ht. Aykmnekh xqa latjq j tarmkj mj

h}kyku}h a rtokj Njdac# Ojfhoam Ac Dhthmak xqa# nju c}koju mkhu#avrtauujq ao uaq }|k}}atxqa Hu ijthu htohmhu nj uj nhj hekohmh nhj &\TKLF]# r.


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Oqk}j aodjth# h omkh kn}atnhekjnhc efhohuua h h}anj hranhuxqacau oauoju h}kyku}hu `jyanu# quqtkju fhdk}qhku mh kn}atna}# ej/

oj ijth hn}au oanekjnhmj# nju oauau ualqkn}au ijk rjuuyac nj}ht juoaodtju mj rht}kmjHc/Hmcnqo mqtj }thdhcfj h o ma uqu}an}ht qohmkuequuj mkta}h ejo ju ojthmjtau mh ratkiatkh. Ih}j xqa ejortjyhxqa hxqaca ltqrj knkekhc# anejn}th/ua h}qhcoan}a ohtlknhckphmj.

Hco mjHc/Hmc# oqk}ju jq}tju rht}kmju# }hodo ijtohmju rjt`jyanu okck}hn}au# nj ejnualqktho taqnkt huuknh}qthu uqekan}a mjonkoj ma rtjrjnan}au# avklkmhu rhth j talku}tj jekhc# an}ta acau# jumau}hehmju Ejhckpj mh @qyan}qma Tayjcqekjntkh a j Ojykoan}j

9 ma Hdtkc. Mauuh ijtoh# hu rauxqkuhu ejntohyho# xqa j rht}kmjHc//Hmcath j nkej &mauuh oauoh cknfh+ xqa hrhtaekh ejo lthnmau efhn/eau ma mkurq}h# ohu oauoj huuko# hknmh oqk}j knekrkan}a5.

Anxqhn}j ju njyju rht}kmju rjc}keju nj ejnualqao h }jhcoa`hmh ykukdkckmhma# ju rht}kmju ` avku}an}au# hn}au oauoj mhu

rtkoakthu ohnkiau}hau# hknmh uatj ohkjtkh nj rhtchoan}j# ejn/ijtoa ` ijk ejnu}h}hmj nju tauqc}hmju mh rtkoakth acakj ckyta aomehmhu=. rtayku}j# rjt uqh yap# qoh ejhckpj acak}jthc &Hckhnh

Maojet}keh+ an}ta j rht}kmj Ckdatmhma a @qu}kh mh Ith}atnkmhmaOqqcohnh a rht}kmjHc/\him1.

]anmnekh xqa hknmh ratmqtht# anxqhn}j ju alrekju hknmh nj5 Ualqnmj Nh}a \tklf}# h oacfjt rauxqkuh oju}th j Hmcejo =#

Ktohnmhma Oqqcohnh# jeqrh 451 mhu =;6 yhlhu mh njyh eohth dhkvh alrekh. Jrht}kmj iqnmhoan}hcku}h Uhchu}hHc Nqtejq nh ualqnmh rjukj ejo 848 ehmakthu#j xqa tartauan}h 4=! mj marq}hmju. J rht}kmj ckdathcHc/\him# nh }ateakth ejcjehj#ejnxqku}jq ;! mhu yhlhu.1 Ualqnmj j ht}kljAlk}j0 h ehorhnfh acak}jthc# nh rlknh 25# Nh}a \tklf} mauetayaj rht}kmjHc/\him iqnmhmj ao 8;8;# dhnkmj marjku mh Tayjcqj mju Jekhku Ckytama 8;14 a taiqnmhmj ao 8;65 ejoj qo rht}kmj }thmkekjnhc mhu ack}au ujekhku# ohu jrhrac fku}tkej m/cfa h uanuhj ma uatao rht}kmj nh}qthcoan}a tartauan}h}kyj xqa}hcyap nj tauku}h hu njyhu ejnmkau ma mkurq}h acak}jthc nj Alk}j. }hodo ek}hmj#nj an}hn}j xqa ju alrekju uj nh}qthcoan}a |himku}hu mauma 8;8; mkuua hj `jtnhc

Na| Ehktj Ohtlta}Hpkt# ehnmkmh}h mj rht}kmj hj uat ratlqn}hmh ua h rtajeqrhyh haoatlnekh mju rht}kmju mh `qyan}qma.


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ujqdatao j xqa j rht}kmjHc/Hmc# ejnuaxqnekh mkta}h mh knehrhek/mhma mju rht}kmju `jyanu ao mauanyjcyat qoh cknlqhlao yjc}hmh

ujekamhma alrekh }thmkekjnhc# ujdta}qmj an}ta hu ehohmhu ohku eh/tan}au. Rjt jq}tj chmj# oauoj mkhn}a ma }hn}hu mkeqcmhmau# j rht}kmjijtohmj qo mju nkeju xqa ohnkiau}h hu maohnmhu ohku qtlan}au nhujekamhma alrekh# xqhku ua`ho maohnmhu# maojet}keh# rtjltauuku}h aejn}ttkh h xqhcxqat }krj ma hq}jtk}htkuoj.

Nj mkh 4; ma `hnaktj# mauua hnj# knkekjq/ua h acakj rhth j ua/nhmj. Qoh mhu rtknekrhku }htaihu# mauklnhmh rhth j iq}qtj rhtchoan}juat knu}k}qkt qoh ejokuuj# mau}knhmh h tamklkt qoh njyh ejnu}k}qkj

rhth j Alk}j. Auua mjeqoan}j mayat uat hrtjyhmj# hn}au oauoj# mhacakj rtaukmanekhc# rtayku}h rhth j rtvkoj ou ma `qnfj.

Manj}h/ua# nj an}hn}j# xqa h tayjcqj hranhu ejoajq.

Taiatnekhu

DHTGH\K# ]hthg. J tk}qhc mh tayjcqj.Hc/@hpaath# Xh}ht# jq}. 4288.

DNKAMA# Ohtka. Kn}atna} uaoakh h rhchyth maojet}keh.Mjuuk n 9#Ca Ojnma Mkrcjoh}kxqa Dthukc# `qc.*hlj. 4288# r. 5.

LTAUF# Hchkn. Ju ehoknfju mh ckdatmhma.Mjuuk n 9# Ca OjnmaMkrcjoh}kxqa Dthukc# `qc.*hlj. 4288# r. 9/


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GAORI# Thrfhc. Thpau jrattkhu mh tayjc}h alrekh.Mjuuk n 9# CaOjnma Mkrcjoh}kxqa Dthukc# `qc.*hlj. 4288# r. 41/4.

\TKLF]# Nh}a. Alk}j0 h ehorhnfh acak}jthc. Okmmca Ahu} Tauahtefhnm Knijtoh}kjn Rtj`ae}# OATKR. Mkurjnyac ao0 3f}}r0**|||.oatkr. jtl*oatj*oatj888288>.


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Fku}tkh# rjc}keh a mk}hmqthnj Dthukc8*

Okefac Ljqcht} mh Ukcyh4**

Mauma 4226# }ao ukmj uklnkeh}kyj j aurhj jeqrhmj nh kortanuhdthukcakth rjt nj}ekhu heateh ma hclqnu acaoan}ju mh mk}hmqthhknmh rtauan}au nh ujekamhma dthukcakth# rhuuhnmj# an}ta jq}tju# rjt }a/ohu ejoj h hdat}qth mju htxqkyju mj ratjmj# ju rtjeauuju ejn}th }jt/}qthmjtau a h rjuuyac rqnkj mauuau hlan}au rdckeju. Ejn}qmj# aohlju}j mauua hnj j xqa rhtaekh uat hranhu qoh mkurq}h an}ta ihokckhtauma ojt}ju a mauhrhtaekmju a av/rtauju rjc}keju ejn}th ju okck}htau}jtnjq/ua }hodo qoh rtjiqnmh etkua nj ljyatnj iamathc# anyjcyanmj

rtknekrhcoan}a# ma qo chmj# Rhqcj Yhnnqefk# mh Uaeta}htkh Auraekhcma Mktak}ju Fqohnju &UAMF+# a ]htuj Lantj# Oknku}tj mh @qu}kh#

a# ma jq}tj chmj# Nacujn @jdko# Oknku}tj mh Maiauh &Icho a Ukcyh#4226+. Auuh etkua ijk rtjyjehmh racju }aohu rtjrju}ju rhth madh}anh hqmknekh rdckeh Ckok}au a rjuukdkckmhmau rhth taurjnuhdkckphj

`qtmkeh mju hlan}au ykjchmjtau ma mktak}ju fqohnju mqthn}a j Au}hmjma Aveaj nj Dthukc# rtjojykmh racj Oknku}tkj mh @qu}kh# nj mkh58 ma `qcfj ma 4226. Nauuh taqnkj rta}anmkh/ua mkueq}kt hu rjuuyaku

8* ]av}j knmk}j# ejnecqmj ao mapaodtj ma 4282# ejnu}k}qk/ua nqoh yatuj taykuhmh ahorckhmh ma hclqnu ht}klju heateh mju mktak}ju fqohnju nj Dthukc. Ju taiatkmju ht}klju

uj Icho ) Ukcyh &4226+# Ukcyh &4226h+# Ukcyh &4226d+# Ukcyh &422;+ a Ukcyh &4282+.4** Mjq}jthnmj ao Fku}tkh nh Qnkyatukmhma Iamathc ma Uhn}h Eh}htknh &QIUE+.


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861 OKEFAC LJQCHT] MH UKCYH

taurjnuhdkckmhmau ekyku a etkoknhku ma hlan}au mj Au}hmj xqa huuhuuk/nhtho a }jt}qtho jrjuk}jtau hj talkoa mqthn}a h mk}hmqth.

Auuh etkua# xqa mqthn}a oauau rhtaekh }at ukmj hdhihmh# rtknekrhc/oan}a ao iqnj mh rju}qth mj rtaukman}a Cqch ao ejnmanht xqhcxqathj xqa rqmauua hdhcht h tachj mj ljyatnj ejo ju okck}htau# lh/nfjq qo njyj arkumkj mqthn}a j hnnekj mj Rchnj Nhekjnhc ma Mktak/}ju Fqohnju 5 &RNMF 5+# ao mapaodtj ma 422;. Ualqnmj j oknku}tj

Nacujn @jdko# j mjeqoan}j }th}hyh ma ijtoh mauklqhc ju hlan}au mjAu}hmj a ju okck}hn}au mh tauku}nekh mk}hmqth# rtknekrhcoan}a rjtnj rtayat h hrqthj jq h rqnkj mhu hau }kmhu ejoj uqdyatuk/

yhu jq }attjtku}hu mju h}kyku}hu rjc}keju# hj oauoj }aorj ao xqahdtkh aurhj rhth j `qclhoan}j ma }jt}qthmjtau &TJEFH# 4282# r.4;+. Mkhn}a mku}j# @jdko# dao ejoj ju efaiau okck}htau# hoahhthoua maok}kt ehuj ijuua ohn}kmj j }av}j mj rchnj# xqa acau ejnukmathyhotayhnefkuoj. Avrtauuhnmj ju kn}atauuau mh erqch mhu Ijthu Ht/ohmhu# knkekhcoan}a j oknku}tj maianmaq xqa ijuua knecqmh nj }av}jh rjuukdkckmhma ma rqnkj hju uqrju}ju }attjtku}hu ma auxqatmh. Rjtuqh yap# j oknku}tj Rhqcj Yhnnqefk }hodo hoahjq makvht j ljyat/

nj ehuj j }av}j ujitauua }hku ojmkehau. Rtjeqthnmj ayk}ht qo an/ita}hoan}j man}tj mj rtrtkj ljyatnj# Nacujn @jdko rhuujq h maian/mat xqa j }av}j nj oanekjnhuua ju aveauuju ejoa}kmju racju mjkuchmju# rtjrjnmj xqa j maeta}j hrjn}huua lanatkehoan}a xqa rjuuyakuykjchau hju mktak}ju fqohnju uatkho hrqthmhu &EHN]HNFMA#4282h# r. =+. Qoh taqnkj mju mjku oknku}tju ejo j rtaukman}a Cqch

ratok}kq xqa auuh rtjrju}h ejnu}k}quua qoh ujcqj ejnuanuqhc an}tahodju. Rjt oakj ma maeta}j# j rtaukman}a Cqch etkjq qo ltqrj ma

}thdhcfj kn}atoknku}atkhc ejo yku}hu achdjthj ma rtj`a}j ma cak mhEjokuuj mh Yatmhma heateh mh mk}hmqth. J njyj maeta}j nj q}kckph havrtauuj tartauuj rjc}keh# xqa# ualqnmj Nacujn @jdko a h erqchokck}ht# taoa}kh avecqukyhoan}a hrqthj ma hau ejoa}kmhu rjthlan}au mj Au}hmj &EHN]HNFMA# 4282d# r. =+.

Ua h auuhu nj}ekhu ijtao ujohmhu hxqachu xqa ua taiatao hjurtjeauuju etkoknhku ojykmju ejn}th ju ojykoan}ju ujekhku# hj ohuuh/eta mh rjrqchj rjdta }thdhcfhmjth rach rjcekh jq oauoj ojdkck/phj mju okck}htau rhth koramkt xqa ju htxqkyju mh tartauuj ua`ho


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hdat}ju a rhth xqa uaqu rhtau nj ua`ho rqnkmju# rateada/ua xqa# ao/djth ju mkueqtuju jekhku jq oauoj qoh rht}a h fku}jtkjlthh ihcao

mh mk}hmqth ekykc/okck}ht ejoj qo ratjmj xqa hehdjq# ratuku}a qokneojmj rhuuhmj hknmh rtauan}a# ohtehmj rjt qoh eqc}qth ma ko/rqnkmhma a racj auijtj ma hrhlht ju etkoau ejoa}kmju racj talkoarjc}kej tartauukyj. Nauua uan}kmj# htoh/ua ao hj `qmkekhc ojykmhejn}th mjku mju }jt}qthmjtau0

nj}tkj xqa j quj mh }jt}qth a mh ykjcnekh ejoj oakjma knyau}klhj rjckekhc hknmh fj`a racju hrhth}ju rjck/ekhku dthukcaktju maejtta ao lthnma oamkmh mauuh eqc}qth

mh korqnkmhma. H ihc}h ma taurjnuhdkckphj mju hlan}aurdckeju xqa tahckphtho auuau h}ju rhuuhmju knurkth a mejnhnh hju h}qhku ratra}thmjtau &OHT]KNU A NHUEK/OAN]J# 4226# r. 49+.

Ju htxqkyju mh mk}hmqth# }hodo efhohmju ma htxqkyju mhtartauuj# a hu caku xqa talao uaq heauuj uj xqau}au oqk}j mackeh/mhu nauua madh}a. Auuau htxqkyju uj ejnu}k}qmju rjt jd`a}ju uaxqau/}thmju mhu y}kohu jq mjeqoan}ju rtjmqpkmju rachu ijthu ma ualq/thnh &rjcekhu# uatykju ma kn}acklnekh# ijthu htohmhu+ ao hau matartauuj mqthn}a h mk}hmqth okck}ht &EH]ACH# 4224+. Uj ijn}au xqa

ratok}ktkho ejnfaeat a hnhckuht# an}ta jq}tju hurae}ju# ohku ma}hcfh/mhoan}a hu rjc}kehu ma ualqthnh mju ljyatnju mk}h}jtkhku# hu hauuaeta}hu mju tlju ma tartauuj# ju njoau mju hlan}au tartauukyju auqhu taurjnuhdkckmhmau# mju cjehku ma }jt}qth# jq oauoj ma rjuuyakunhnekhmjtau rdckeju a rtkyhmju mj hrhth}j ma tartauuj.

Au}a ht}klj rtjeqth avrcjtht `qu}hoan}a auuau mjku akvju mh mku/equuj0 h rqnkj mju taurjnuyaku rjt huuhuuknh}ju a }jt}qthu a juhtxqkyju mh mk}hmqth. ]th}h/ua ma mqhu iatkmhu hdat}hu makvhmhu rachmk}hmqth# nh oamkmh ao xqa ju taurjnuyaku rach tartauuj ualqaokorqnau a lthnma rht}a mju htxqkyju ualqa iaefhmh. Rjt jq}tj chmj#nau}a ht}klj ayk}jq/ua an}tht ohku ma}kmhoan}a nj madh}a heateh mjRNMF 5# nh oamkmh ao xqa ju tqoju }johmju rjt auuh mkuequuj aonhmh mkyatlktho mh mknokeh mhu rjc}kehu ma auxqaekoan}j hmj}hmhu

f hnju a mhu }anuau kn}atnhu nj kn}atkjt ljyatnj iamathc. Auuh mku/


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86< OKEFAC LJQCHT] MH UKCYH

equuj# ejn}qmj# oju}tjq xqa f rjt rht}a mhu Ijthu Htohmhu qohanjtoa tauku}nekh rjuukdkckmhma ma rqnkj ma uaqu klqhku a rjt

rht}a mj ljyatnj Cqch qoh rtamkurjukj h taeqht mkhn}a ma xqhcxqathoahh iak}h racju okck}htau.

Au}a }thdhcfj rht}a mh mkuequuj ma xqa nj Dthukc h }thnukj ma/ojet}keh nj ijk ejnecqmh. Ejneak}qhcoan}a# rtjeqth/ua ojdkckphth mankj ma maojethekh ijt}a# q}kckphmh racj ujekcjlj Icjtau}hnIatnhnmau rhth hnhckuht h hdat}qth rjc}keh xqa ru o ijtohcoan/}a mk}hmqth ekykc/okck}ht &IATNHNMAU# 8;64+. Rateada/ua xqa juokck}htau hknmh jeqrho h}kyhoan}a aurhju nh ykmh rjc}keh mj rhu

a ejn}knqho h htthneht ukcnekj a korqnkmhma mj Rjmat Avaeq}kyj#ehthe}atkphnmj j xqa hclqnu rauxqkuhmjtau efhohtho ma }q}ach okck/}ht. Auuh uk}qhj kn}atoamktkh an}ta h maojethekh a h mk}hmqth

qoh ejnmkj nh xqhc ju okck}htau ejn}knqho h ua ejorjt/}ht hq}jnjohoan}a ua`h rjtxqa ju ekyku nj rtjeqththoau}hdacaeat j ejn}tjca ujdta acau# ejoj jejtta nj Dthukc#ua`h rjtxqa# aodjth }anfho }an}hmj# ju ekyku ua tayachthoknehrhpau ma ma}at h hq}jnjokh mju okck}htau# ejoj jejtta

nh Htlan}knh &PHYATQEFH# 8;;=# r. 82+.

Ualqnmj @jtla Phyatqefh &8;;=# r. 82/8+# nqoh uk}qhj ma }q/}ach ju okck}htau nj jeqrho hu rjukau ohku korjt}hn}au mj Avaeq/}kyj# ohu uqhu hau nj uj uehckphmhu rachu hq}jtkmhmau calhcoan/}a ejnu}k}qmhu. H maojethekh }q}achmh qoh uk}qhj ma axqkcdtkjknu}yac xqa rjma mqtht ytkju hnju# rtknekrhcoan}a ua ratuku}ktao huejnmkau xqa laththo h c}koh yk}tkh rjc}keh. Maykmj h auuh hckhnh

}ek}h ju okck}htau maianmao j u}h}qu xqj a nj }an}ho mht qo ljc/ra ma Au}hmj# mauma xqa ju ekyku lhthn}ho xqa h hq}jnjokh okck}htratohnah kn}jehmh. Nauua xqhmtj# h }an}h}kyh rjt rht}a mju ekyku maejnujckmht h maojethekh rjma ihpat ejo xqa ju okck}htau tah`ho ejoqoh }an}h}kyh ma ljcra. Ualqnmj @jtla Phyatqefh# nj ehuj mj Dthukc#hu tachau an}ta ekyku a okck}htau uj ejnukmathmhu ma }q}ach hoku}juh#j xqa uklnkeh hc}h ejnkynekh ekykc nh ohnq}anj mj ejorjt}hoan}jhq}njoj okck}ht# jq ua`h# rtauatyhj ma anechyau hq}jtk}tkju man}tj

mj hrhtacfj ma Au}hmj &PHYATQEFH# 8;;=# r. 82+.


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Nj Dthukc# hj nhc mh mk}hmqth# ijk ejnu}tqmh qoh maojethekh ck/ok}hmh# ao xqa ju okck}htau ejn}knqhtho h knqanekht maekukyhoan}a

nh rjc}keh ma Au}hmj# anxqhn}j rht}a mju ljyatnhn}au a rhtchoan}htauekyku iap h jrj rjt ohn}at qoh tachj hoku}juh a rtvkoh ejo huIjthu Htohmhu. Auuh rju}qth ma ekyku a okck}htau# xqa tauqc}h nqo Au}h/mj ejo rt}kehu hq}jtk}tkhu a aurhju tau}tk}ju ma maojethekh# }ao ukmj

ratear}yac nh rjcokeh ao }jtnj mh rqnkj mju hlan}au tartauukyju mhmk}hmqth a mh hdat}qth mju htxqkyju. Ma qo chmj# hclqnu rjc}keju ekyku#ma auxqatmh a ma mktak}h# rtjeqtho rtj}alat ju }jt}qthmjtau mj rhuuhmj.Rjt jq}tj chmj# ju okck}htau hoahho ejo h tayjlhj mh hnku}kh a h

rqnkj mju okck}hn}au mh tauku}nekh mk}hmqth xqa jr}htho racj rhe}jma ukcnekj rhth jd}at qoh ih}kh nj djcj mh maojethekh ckok}hmh. Ejojejnuaxqnekh# ao ma}tkoan}j mj madh}a ujdta ju mktak}ju fqohnju# mhlqatth uq`h# mh }jt}qth# mj av}atonkj a mju mauhrhtaekoan}ju# h fku}/tkh jekhc tauqc}hn}a# ma ijtoh lathc# }an}jq `qu}keht h h}k}qma ma knmq/j mh mauoaojtkh &RHMTU# 422=# r. 815+.

Ju ckok}au mh }thnukj maojet}kehOauoj rtjeqthnmj ohteju xqa mackok}ao j nhc mh c}koh mk/

}hmqth nj Dthukc# ejoj h acakj ma ]hnetamj Nayau rtaukmnekh mhtardckeh &8;61+ jq h rtjoqclhj mh Ejnu}k}qkj &8;66+# rjuuyachtoht xqa h mk}hmqth# ejoj ejnu}achj ujekhc ma qo dcjej fku}/tkej ma au}th}ju okck}htau a ekyku# nj ua mkuujcyaq &IATNHNMAU#8;;


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86; OKEFAC LJQCHT] MH UKCYH

maojethekh dqtlqauh korathn}a nh Hotkeh Ch}knh &IAT/NHNMAU# 8;68r. 11+.

Ejo qoh trkmh hnckua ejnu}h}h/ua xqa# hknmh fj`a# lqthu ko/rjt}hn}au mj talkoa mk}h}jtkhc knqao# mkta}h jq knmkta}hoan}a# aomkiatan}au nyaku mh rjc}keh dthukcakth# an}ta hu xqhku @ju Uhtna{#Macn Na}j# @jtla Djtnfhquan a @htdhu Rhuuhtknfj. Rjt jq}tj chmj#hnhckuhnmj h fku}tkh taean}a mj rhu# rateada/ua xqa ju okck}htau#oauoj nj }anmj j ejohnmj mj Avaeq}kyj# hknmh uj rht}a mj lj/yatnj a ejn}knqho ma}anmj rjn}ju/efhya mj hrhth}j ma rjmat &PH/YATQEFH# 4222# r. 4;9+.

Rjma/ua mau}heht# nauua uan}kmj# xqa h mkuequuj ao }jtnj mhhnku}kh oju}th/ua ejoj qo rtjeauuj nj ejnecqmj. Rtjoqclhmh ao8;


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8;2 OKEFAC LJQCHT] MH UKCYH

hehdjq rjt ejn}aorcht hxqacau xqa ejoa}atho etkoau ej/navju. Nh yatmhma# j eht}at rjqej rtaekuj mau}h avrtauujijk h dtaefh mh xqhc ju okck}htau a ju ekyku cklhmju tartau/uj naeauuk}hyho rhth xqa uaqu h}ju aveauukyju a*jq htdk/}ttkju }kyauuao j danaiekj mj auxqaekoan}j. Ejo aiak}j#ua j rtj`a}j ma mku}anuj rta}anmkh kortkokt qoh hdat}qthcan}h# lthmqhc a ualqth# auraekhcoan}a j xqauk}j ualq/thnh mayatkh uat kn}atrta}hmj ejoj qo ta}jtnj rheej maojethekh &RTHMJ# 422=# r. 98+.

Ejn}qmj# auuh kn}atrta}hj ejttan}a h taurak}j mh Cak ma Hnku}kh

f hnju yao uanmj xqau}kjnhmh. Ualqnmj hu mkuequuau }thyhmhu njodk}j mj Mktak}j#

hu h}k}qmau rth}kehmhu racju ua}jtau okck}htau cklhmju ta/rtauuj aykmanekhmhu# ujdta}qmj# nh avku}nekh ma }jt}q/thu nj ijtho ejnavhu hju etkoau rjc}keju &rth}kehmju

racju jrjuk}jtau mj talkoa okck}ht+# aku xqa ejo au}au njrjuuqho xqhcxqat tachj ehquhc }acajclkeh# ejnuaxqan/ekhc jq oauoj jehukjnhc. Hcku# ju etkoau rjc}keju# ijt/

ohcoan}a rhuuyaku ma hnku}kh uj hxqacau ejoa}kmju ejn/}th ju}h}qu xqj yklan}a. ]hn}j kuuj eat}j xqa h} oauojju okck}htau jq hlan}au ekyku xqa ua anlh`htho ejn}th jtalkoa a rjt kuuj ijtho maok}kmju jq hrjuan}hmju ejo/

rqcujtkhoan}a taeadatho j danarcek}j mh hnku}kh ma 8;


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ijtohau &MJKu+ a ju Ean}tju ma Jrathj a Maiauh Kn}at/nh &Ejmku+. Jq j Ejnuacfj ma Ualqthnh Nhekjnhc &ELK+.

Nj ehuj mj Uatykj Nhekjnhc ma Knijtohj &UNK+# j heauuj ckok}hmj &UEFCALAC# 4221# r. 6+.

Ju ckok}au mh Cak ma Hnku}kh a h korjuukdkckmhma ma heauuht htxqk/yju rtjmqpkmju nj ratjmj mh mk}hmqth avrtauuho j rtjeauuj xqa ejqejnfaekmj ejoj hdat}qth maojet}keh. Nj ratjmj nhc mh mk}hmqth#hu rtauuau aejnokehu hmyknmhu mhu njyhu ejnmkau av}atnhu# jtaetqmauekoan}j mj rtjeauuj knhekjntkj# h etkua ujekhc ohtehmh

rachu avrcjukyhu ohnkiau}hau mhu ohuuhu rjrqchtau a h tamankj

rjc}keh mh jrjukj calhc racj njyj rhrac mj OMD# ijtho ih}jtauxqa ejn}tkdqtho rhth }thpat }jnh hu uuqthu avku}an}au nj kn}atkjtmhu echuuau mjoknhn}au a rhth maojnu}tht j rjn}j ma knavj mj oj/macj rjc}kej h} an}j yklan}a &IJN]AU A OANMJNH# 422=# r.


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Ua nh }thnukj jr}jq/ua rjt qoh uhmh ejnekckhmh# nj uatkh rju/uyac fhyat etkoknjuju# ma qo chmj jq ma jq}tj. Ejoj rqnkt qo

okck}ht xqa au}hyh maianmanmj ju kn}atauuau mh nhj jq qo okck}hn/}a ma auxqatmh xqa cq}hyh ejn}th j talkoa ma aveaj: Rhth lhthn}kth ejnekckhj an}ta hodhu hu rht}au ju htxqkyju uj rtauatyhmju ijthmj heauuj rdckej# h o }hodo ma ayk}ht xqa h mkyqclhj ma njoauuktyh rhth manqnekht# knetkoknht# rqnkt# ma qo chmj jq ma jq}tj.

Qoh ijtoh ma lhthn}kt h au}hdkckmhma rhuuh rjt ukcanekht h jrjuk/j# knecqukya djh rht}a mh auxqatmh. Rhth Etkoakh Hcoakmh# ujdtayk/yan}a mh lqattkcfh mj Hthlqhkh# fjqya qo hejtmj }ek}j mh auxqatmh

ejo ju okck}htau &...+ rhth lhthn}kt qoh eat}h ckdatmhma uknmkehc a rht}k/mtkh ao }tjeh mj ukcnekj ujdta h ykjcnekh mh tartauuj# h }jt}qth# juhuuhuuknh}ju a ju mauhrhtaekoan}ju &HCOAKMH# 4221+. Qo ukcnekjejorthmj# eq`j rtaj h nj rqnkj mju }jt}qthmjtau a maohku tau/

rjnuyaku rjt etkoau mj talkoa a h nj hdat}qth mju htxqkyju.

J rtjmq}j mh }thnukj rhe}qhmh ijk qo njyj }av}j ejnu}k}qekj/nhc# rtjoqclhmj ao 8;66# xqa huualqtjq ejnxqku}hu avrtauukyhu rjt

rht}a ma }thdhcfhmjtau a mju ojykoan}ju ujekhku# ohu makvjq echth#

}hodo# h ehrhekmhma ma rtauuj a h kn}thnuklnekh mhu ijthu ejnuat/yhmjthu &IJN]AU A OANMJNH# 422=# r. ;8+. Auuh njyh Ejnu/}k}qkj# hco ma maianmat h rtjrtkamhma rtkyhmh# nj lhthn}a hju }th/

dhcfhmjtau rcanju mktak}ju ma jtlhnkphj a ma ojdkckphj rjt uqhutakyknmkehau. Jq ua`h# hrauht mh ta}tkeh ao }jtnj h qoh hdat}qthmaojet}keh# nj ua uqratjq h jtmao tartauukyh xqa rtkjtkph h maiauhmju kn}atauuau mh dqtlqaukh# mhnmj jtklao h qo }av}j ejnu}k}qkn}a xqaavrtauuh ju ckok}au mj rhe}j an}ta maojeth}hu a mk}hmjtau. J ujek/cjlj a marq}hmj ejnu}k}qkn}a Icjtau}hn Iatnhnmau# ihpanmj qo dhchn/j mauua rtjeauuj# htojq xqa j }av}j mank}kyj dtj}jq mj ejnuanujokck}ht# nj mh yjn}hma mju ejnu}k}qkn}au &IATNHNMAU# 8;;


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rjc}kehu# okck}htau a rjckekhku7 yatlhmh rach ejttqrj# oh/na`hmh racj Ljyatnj a racj lthnma ehrk}hc nhekjnhc a au}thn/laktj7 knehrhp ma uqu}an}ht/ua ujdta qo rjmat jtklkntkj aujdathnj &IATNHNMAU# 8;6;# r. 592+.

Nhu rtkoakthu rlknhu mh njyh Ejnu}k}qkj# nj Ht}. 1# lhthn}a//ua h knykjchdkckmhma mj mktak}j ykmh a ckdatmhma# ohu }hodo mjmktak}j rtjrtkamhma &DTHUKC# 4228# r. 81+. Nj ua }th}h# rjt}hn}j# maqoh Ejnu}k}qkj xqa hrjn}a rhth h aohnekrhj fqohnh# }anmj ej/oj rhuuj h uqrathj mh rtjrtkamhma rtkyhmh mju oakju ma rtjmqj.

Nj ua rjma hoahht auuh ijtoh ma rtjrtkamhma. Rateada/ua kuuj# rjt

avaorcj# nj Ht}. ;# xqa huualqth j mktak}j ma ltaya# ohu htoh# njehrq} 4# xqa ju hdquju ejoa}kmju uq`ak}ho ju taurjnuyaku u ranhumh cak &DTHUKC# 4228# r. 44/5+. Nj Ht}. 1# knekuju VYK a VYKK# }ho/

do au} rtayku}h h rjuukdkckmhma ma taqnkj a jtlhnkphj# ohu ihp/uatauuhcyhu xqhn}j hj rjt}a a hj quj ma htohu# ao hcquj hj }attjtkuoj&DTHUKC# 4228# r. 89+. Nj knekuj VCKKK mj oauoj ht}klj# j }attjtku/oj# }atoj xqa iap rht}a mju mkueqtuju tartauukyju q}kckphmju rhth ohu/uhetht hu jrjukau mqthn}a h mk}hmqth# anxqhmthmj an}ta ju etkoau

knhhnyaku a knuquea}yaku ma lthh jq hnku}kh# hj chmj mh rt}kehma }jt}qth a mj }tej ma mtjlhu &DTHUKC# 4228# r. 8


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8;= OKEFAC LJQCHT] MH UKCYH

a mh jtmao &DTHUKC# 4228# r. 6


199/223


tauuhcyhu xqhn}j hj rjt}a a quj ma htohu# anxqhn}j j }av}j ejnu}k}q/ekjnhc mh mk}hmqth htoh xqa nj uatkho }jcathmhu h rtjrhlhnmh ma

lqatth# ma uqdyatuj mh jtmao jq ma rtaejneak}ju ma tacklkj# ma thhjq ma echuua &DTHUKC# 8;


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jtlhnkph# uhnekjnh a calk}koh h mku}tkdqkj mh tkxqaph a mjrjmat nh ujekamhma ehrk}hcku}h# nj klqhcoan}a rhth }jmjj Rjyj# rjto mauklqhcoan}a# ualqknmj j ojmacj ma mauk/lqhcmhma aejnokeh# eqc}qthc a ma mjoknhj mh echuua ko/

rathn}a nh ujekamhma ekykc &IATNHNMAU# 8;6;# r. 889/


201/223

8;< OKEFAC LJQCHT] MH UKCYH

xqau}j nj ua }jtnjq rtkjtk}tkh rhth j Rjmat Avaeq}kyj. Nh rtrtkhhqmknekh# knecqukya# ]htuj Lantj a Rhqcj Yhnnqefk makvhtho echtj j

nj anyjcykoan}j mj ljyatnj iamathc nhu hau tachekjnhmhu h qohayan}qhc rqnkj hju }jt}qthmjtau# rjku rta}anmkho xqa uqh ejnmqjehuua h ehtlj hranhu mju ltqrju jtlhnkphmju xqa hrjkho h rtjrju}h#uanmj iqnj mh hqmknekh hranhu au}koqcht j madh}a a rtjyjeht tah/au nj @qmkektkj.

Nh hqmknekh# ]htuj Lantj maianmaq h rqnkj ma okck}htau#rjckekhku a hlan}au mj Au}hmj xqa rth}kehtho }jt}qth# huuhuuknh}ju aykjchau mju mktak}ju fqohnju mqthn}a j talkoa okck}ht. J oknku}tj

htojq xqa h rht}kt mj ojoan}j ao xqa j hlan}a mj Au}hmj ralhj rtkukjnaktj a j }jt}qth nqo rjtj# aca uhk mh calhckmhma mj rt/

rtkj talkoa okck}ht a ua }jtnh qo etkoknjuj ejoqo. Nj ijk qo h}jrjc}kej. Aca ykjcjq h jtmao `qtmkeh mh rtrtkh mk}hmqth a }ao xqauat taurjnuhdkckphmj. Ualqnmj Lantj# ua auuhu rt}kehu ejnu}k}qaoetkoau ejoqnu# nj rjmao uat danaekhmhu rach hnku}kh ma 8;


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Cak ma Hnku}kh#

h avku}nekh ma ma}atoknhmh calkuchj kn}atnh `hohku ejnu/

}k}qkq qu}keh}kyh heak}yac rhth xqa qo Au}hmj maueqortku/ua uqhu jdtklhau kn}atnhekjnhku. J mayat ma taurak}ht juMktak}ju Fqohnju ejnu}k}qk qo mju iqnmhoan}ju mh jtmaokn}atnhekjnhc# }hc ejoj taejnfaekmj nj rtaodqcj mh Ma/echthj Qnkyatuhc mju Mktak}ju Fqohnju# ma 8;=6# a nj mh

rtrtkh Eht}h mhu Nhau Qnkmhu. Jth# ejnu}k}qk acaoan}jkn}althn}a mauua taurak}j iqnmhoan}hc racju mktak}ju mj fj/oao j au}hdacaekoan}j a h hrckehj aia}kyh ma rqnkauhju taurjnuyaku rach uqh ykjchj. J mauhrhtaekoan}j ijt/hmj ma rauujhu# huuko ejoj h rt}keh ma }jt}qth# ejoj hek/oh caodthmj# }o ukmj ejnukmathmju a `qclhmju ejoj etk/oau mh ohku hc}h lthykmhma rachu knu}nekhu kn}atnhekjnhkuejora}an}au. Rjt kuuj oauoj# hu ejnyanau kn}atnhekjnhkuujdta j huuqn}j avecqao avrtauuhoan}a h rjuukdkckmhma `q/tmkeh ma hnku}kh mju taurjnuyaku.

Xqhnmj ]htuj Lantj a Rhqcj Yhnnqefk echuukeho }jt}qthu#

huuhuuknh}ju a jq}thu ykjchau hju mktak}ju fqohnju ejoj etkoauejoqnu# acau nalho xqa hu h}tjekmhmau ejoa}kmhu racju hlan}au mhtartauuj uj taejnfaekmhu ejoj etkoau ejn}th h fqohnkmhma rachutaujcqau kn}atnhekjnhku ma mktak}ju fqohnju. Aodjth hclqnu h}ju}anfho ukmj horhthmju nhu caku yklan}au nh mk}hmqth# auuhu ijtho

rtjmq}j mj talkoa ma tartauuj a }attjt ma Au}hmj. Ao ejn}thmkjejo kuuj# nh hqmknekh# ]htuj Lantj htojq0 Auuh lan}a# xqa an}tjqao qoh ehuh njk}a eqortknmj qo ohnmhmj uqratkjt# xqa tahckpjq

qoh rtkuj kcalhc# ohu xqa h tahckpjq man}tj mhu njtohu mj talkoahq}jtk}tkj# a cayjq j rtkukjnaktj rhth qo cjehc ma kn}attjlh}tkj# h}auua ojoan}j# au}hyh ma hejtmj ejo j talkoa yklan}a a# rjt auua h}j#nj rjma uat taurjnuhdkckphmj. Ejn}qmj# oauoj j Dthukc mk}h}jtkhctaejnfaekh hejtmju kn}atnhekjnhku ma maiauh mju mktak}ju fqohnju.

Nau}a ehuj# ejnijtoa auuh calkuchj# h} oauoj j Au}hmj dthukcak/tj# knmaranman}a mj ljyatnj ma rchn}j# mayatkh ua taurjnuhdkckphmj

racju etkoau ejoa}kmju nj ratjmj mk}h}jtkhc. Ualqnmj Idkj Gjnmat

Ejorhth}j &4228# r. 1;+#


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8;; OKEFAC LJQCHT] MH UKCYH

nao ua mklh xqa j h}qhc Au}hmj dthukcaktj# calk}kohmj rachrtjoqclhj mh Ejnu}k}qkj ma 8;66# nj maya taurjnmatracju h}ju rth}kehmju rachu hq}jtkmhmau au}h}hku mqthn}a jtalkoa okck}ht. J rtknerkj mh ejn}knqkmhma mj Au}hmj njeqortkoan}j ma uqhu jdtklhau kn}atnhekjnhku ijk# maumaf oqk}j# huuan}hmj nj odk}j mj mktak}j mhu lan}au. &...+ mahejtmj ejo auua rtknerkj# h taurjnuhdkckmhma avku}a# nju knmaranman}aoan}a mhu oqmhnhu ma ljyatnj ao ma}at/oknhmj ratjmj ma }aorj# ejoj }hodo ma ojmj ejn}nqjmauma h rjeh mj h}j lathmjt ma taurjnuhdkckmhma h} j oj/oan}j ao xqa }hc h}j maechthmj kcalhc.

H hqmknekh tahckphmh ao hlju}j ma 4226 rtjyjejq tayjc}h aknmklnhj an}ta okck}htau mh h}kyh a mh tauatyh# xqa echuukehtho hh}k}qma ejoj rqtj tayhnefkuoj xqa rtjeqthyh tahdtkt iatkmhu maqo rtjdcaoh xqa h Cak ma Hnku}kh }atkh taujcykmj. Huuko# ju okck}htauavklktho xqa# ua ijuua rhth ta}joht auuh mkuequuj# xqa }jmhu hu iatk/mhu ijuuao tahdat}hu. Ua ijt rhth `qclht xqao }jt}qtjq# yhoju `qclht}jmju# knecqukya oqk}ju xqa au}j nh erqch mj ljyatnj fj`a# a }ao h}

oknku}tj ma Au}hmj# htojq j rtaukman}a mj Ecqda Okck}ht# lanathc maAvtek}j mh tauatyh Lkcdat}j Dhtdjuh ma Iklqaktamj# ihpanmj oanjhj an}j oknku}tj mh Ejoqnkehj# Ithngckn Oht}knu# kmahckphmjt mjuaxqau}tj mj aodhkvhmjt mju Au}hmju Qnkmju# Efhtcau Dqtga Acdtkeg#ao 8;9;. Rhth j lanathc Lkcdat}j Iklqaktamj# avku}a qoh cak ma hnku/}kh a h nkeh ijtoh ma ua rqnkt ju okck}htau xqa rth}kehtho au}au h}ju ma}jt}qth# xqa ejnukmatj tartjyyaku# hnqcht h cak# rjtxqa j jq}tj chmj}hodo ejoa}aq h}ju famkjnmju# ao mkyatuhu jehukau# xqa rtaekuho

uat `qclhmju mh oauoh ijtoh.Ao taurju}h hqmknekh tahckphmh racj oknku}tkj mh @qu}kh#ju okck}htau tahckphtho qo h}j ejn}th ]htuj# nj mkh < ma hlju}j mjoauoj hnj. Okck}htau mh tauatyh a mh h}kyh# an}ta acau j ejohnmhn/}a okck}ht mj Cau}a# lanathc Cqkp Eautkj mh Ukcyakth# }thnuijtohthojn}ao j uaokntkj H Cak mh Hnku}kh Hcehnea a Ejnuaxqnekhu# njEcqda Okck}ht# ao h}j rdckej ejn}th h rjuukdkckmhma ma rqnkj rhth}jt}qthmjtau ma rtauju nh mk}hmqth okck}ht. Nj anejn}tj# j lanathc

Lkcdat}j Iklqaktamj yjc}jq h ihpat hoahhu auxqatmh0 Ju etkoau


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xqa acau rth}kehtho au}j }jmju talku}thmju. A hu }jt}qthu nj au}j.Nknlqo auetayaq0 fj`a }jt}qtak iqchnj a ukethnj. @ ju rtjeauuju

ejn}th ju lqattkcfaktju au}j talku}thmju nju }tkdqnhku &J Au}hmj maUj Rhqcj# 26*26*4226+.

Hru h hqmknekh# rhtaekh fhyat nj Rhcekj mj Rchnhc}j ohkuukorh}kh rachu rjukau mj okck}htau# a oanju racju oknku}tju Lantja Yhnnqefk. J oknku}tj mh Maiauh# Nacujn @jdko# ua xqakvjq ma }at mahrhlht j knenmkj rtjyjehmj rjt ]htuj Lantj# }anmj ma h}qht nju

dhu}kmjtau# rtjeqthnmj hehcoht rauujhcoan}a ju ejohnmhn}au mhu }tuIjthu &J Au}hmj ma Uj Rhqcj# 2=*26*4226+. Ualqnmj @jdko# qo n/

ecaj mj ljyatnj rtjeqthyh dhttht j tayhnefkuoj ma hclqnu oknku}tju.Rhth j ykea/rtaukman}a @ju Hcaneht# au}a nj qo huuqn}j mj Avaeq/}kyj. Ju `qtku}hu maianmao h }aua ma xqa au}a huuqn}j aoknan}aoan}amj @qmkektkj# ma ojmj xqa nj ehda hj Avaeq}kyj an}tht nauuh oh}/tkh &J Au}hmj ma Uj Rhqcj# 26*26*4226+. J rtrtkj `jtnhc J Au}hmjma Uj Rhqcj# ao amk}jtkhc# etk}kejq ]htuj Lantj a Rhqcj Yhnnqefk0

J xqa nj hmokuuyac xqa mqhu hq}jtkmhmau# jeqrhnmjacayhmju ehtlju nj Avaeq}kyj j oknku}tj mh @qu}kh a juaeta}tkj ma Mktak}ju Fqohnju /# ckmatao qoh ehorhnfhma hdat}h ejn}au}hj Cak mh Hnku}kh. Ejo uqh h}k}qma# `atkhtho hu Ijthu Htohmhu a mkykmktho j ljyatnj fh`hyku}h h tahj mj oknku}tj Nacujn @jdko. Ua nj ijtaoejn}kmju racj rtaukman}a Cqch# hehdhtj tahdtknmj ekeh}tk/pau a ihpanmj j Rhu ta}tjeamat }tu mehmhu &J Au}hmj maUj Rhqcj# 2


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ojq ma lthnma axqyjej h rtjrju}h ma taijtoqcht h Cak ma Hnku}kh.Ualqnmj aca# j rtjdcaoh au}htkh nj ih}j ma j ljyatnj Cqch nj }at h

ejthlao ma hdtkt ju htxqkyju rhth uhdat jnma au}j ju mauhrhtaekmju.Rhth Itakta# xqa rht}kekrjq mhu naljekhau ma marq}hmju a uanhmjtauxqa tamqnmjq nh Cak ma Hnku}kh# j }av}j hrtjyhmj avrtauuhyh h hnku/}kh rjuuyac. Nj ath horch# lathc nao kttau}tk}h. Mkp aca xqa# ua ej/cjehuua h xqau}j mh }jt}qth# nknlqo kh yj}ht. J }av}j ihch ao etkoauejnavju# ijk h naljekhj. Nj hmkhn}h iqlkt mkuuj. Auuh ijk h }thnukj

rjc}keh dthukcakth &J Au}hmj ma Uj Rhqcj# 29*26*4226+. Rjt}hn}j#qo mju uq`ak}ju xqa ejnu}tqtho h Cak ma Hnku}kh# avrtauuj calhc mj

rhe}j mj ukcnekj an}ta mk}hmjtau a jrjukj# hmok}a hu ejneauuauiak}hu hju mk}hmjtau a h }thkj hju }thdhcfhmjtau racju ua}jtau maoj/et}keju mh jrjukj.

Marjku ma qo hnj mauuh rjcokeh# fjqya njyh etkua. J au}jrkoijk h eatkonkh ma chnhoan}j mj RNMF 5# tahckphmh nj mkh 48 ma ma/paodtj ma 422;# nj Rhcekj mj K}hohth}{# ao auraekhc j Akvj Jtkan}h/mjt YK# j efhohmj Mktak}j Oaotkh a Yatmhma. Maykmj hj }av}jmauua maeta}j# j oknku}tj mh Maiauh# Nacujn @jdko# thueqnfjq qoh

eht}h ma maokuuj a rtjeqtjq j rtaukman}a Cqkp Knekj Cqch mh Ukcyh#nj mkh 44# nh Dhua Htah ma Dthuckh# rhth an}talht j Ehtlj &TJEFH#4282# r. 4;+. Nh hyhckhj mj oknku}tj a mh erqch mju okck}htau# j ma/eta}j tayhnefku}h }th}hyh ejo mauklqhcmhma ju hlan}au mj au}hmja ju uqrju}ju ejn}thyan}jtau mh rjeh mh mk}hmqth &TJEFH# 4282#

r. 4;+. Rhth ju okck}htau a rhth @jdko# j }av}j nj rtaykh rqnkj jqhrqthj mju h}ju ejoa}kmju rjt h}kyku}hu rjc}keju# ohu hdta aurhj

rhth j `qclhoan}j ma }jt}qthmjtau &TJEFH# 4282# r. 4;+. Ualqnmj

j oknku}tj# fhyatkh qo heat}j an}ta hu rht}au# nj xqhc }hn}j oaodtjmhu Ijthu Htohmhu ejoj ekyku xqa okck}hyho nju ojykoan}ju maauxqatmh uatkho hcyju ma rtjeauuj.

Auua uatkh qo rtkoaktj rhuuj# rjt rht}a mj Au}hmj dthukcaktj# njuan}kmj ma rqnkt ju }jt}qthmjtau# ohu j oknku}tj Rhqcj Yhnnqefk njyh/oan}a taeqjq. Ao qo rtkoaktj ojoan}j# maechtjq0 J xqa nj rjuujhmok}kt }thnuijtohtao j rchnj nqo ojnu}tanlj rjc}kej nkej nj

rchna}h# uao taurhcmj mh JNQ nao mh Jtlhnkphj mju Au}hmju Hoa/tkehnju &NHUEKOAN]J# 4282# r. 42+. Ejn}qmj# taeqjq mkhu marjku#


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maechthnmj an}anmat xqa Cqch ath j tdk}tj mauuh uk}qhj a xqa jkorhuua rjma uat uhnhmj rjt qoh ukorcau auejcfh ma rhchythu nqoh

oauh ma naljekhau &TJEFH# 4282# r. 4;+. Yhnqeefk }atoknjq rjtheh}ht h uqlau}j ma Nacujn @jdko# jq ua`h# oanekjnht nao ju }jt}qth/mjtau nao ju }attjtku}hu ma auxqatmh.

J auratnakj a j `jlj ma eanh iak}ju racj oknku}tj mh Maiauh#Nacujn @jdko# rtjmqpktho j tauqc}hmj maua`hmj ma }jtnhthnmknj j maeta}j rtaukmanekhc0 Ikeh etkhmj j ltqrj ma }th/

dhcfj rhth achdjtht hn}artj`a}j ma cak xqa knu}k}qh h ejoku/uj mh yatmhma &...+ rhth avhoknht hu ykjchau ma mktak}ju

fqohnju... H mkta}tkp 45 mj maeta}j rtaukmanekhc ejq# ejoh ta}kthmh mh avrtauuj tartauuj rjc}keh# yhlh j uqekan/}a rhth }ktht ju taurjnuyaku racj }attjtkuoj ma Au}hmj mjean}tj mhu knyau}klhau &OHKATJYK]EF# 4282# r. 4=+.

Nj odk}j mh @qu}kh# ejttao hclqnu rtjeauuju xqa }an}ho rqnktju etkoknjuju xqa ratualqktho# }jt}qtho a oh}htho okcfhtau ma rau/ujhu mqthn}a h mk}hmqth# an}ta ju xqhku hxqaca ojykmj ejn}th EhtcjuHcdat}j Dtkcfhn}a Qu}th a Hqmkt Uhn}ju Ohekac# jekhku hrjuan}hmjumj Avtek}j# xqa ejohnmhtho an}ta 8;


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Rtjiatkmh ao ; ma jq}qdtj ma 4226# racj qkp Lqu}hyj Uhn}knk]ajmjtj# h uan}anh htoh xqa nj etyac xqa ju rtaujujqykuuao ju ltk}ju mju }jt}qthmju# ohu nj j tq. Ua njj mjcj# rjt ejnmaueanmnekh etkoknjuh# ejq ehthe}atkphmj

racj oanju h eqcrh# rjt jokuuj xqhn}j lthya ykjchj mjumktak}ju fqohnju iqnmhoan}hku mju hq}jtau Euht Hqlqu}j#Ohtkh Hockh a Etkoakh &LQATTAKTJ# 422;# r. =8+.

Rjt jq}tj chmj# mkhn}a mj xqau}kjnhoan}j iak}j rach Jtmao mjuHmyjlhmju mj Dthukc &JHD+ hj Uqratkjt ]tkdqnhc Iamathc &U]I+ heat/eh mh kn}atrta}hj mh Cak ma Hnku}kh# ohn}aya/ua j an}anmkoan}j ma

xqa ju okck}htau eqcrhmju rach tartauuj mqthn}a h mk}hmqth }hodomayao uat ratmjhmju. Ejoan}hnmj auua ih}j# qo jtnhcku}h eq`j hyijk huuhuuknhmj rach mk}hmqth ma ijtoh uhnltan}h nh hj tartauukyhejnfaekmh ejoj Ohuuheta mh Chrh# ao Uj Rhqcj# htojq xqa jU]I# hj maekmkt

hnku}kht ju hlan}au mh Mk}hmqth Okck}ht# maechthnmj/ju huhcyj ma rtjeauuj `qmkekhc racju etkoau xqa ejoa}atho ean}anhu ma huuhuuknh}ju# }jt}qthu# jeqc}hj ma ehmyatau

a oqk}ju jq}tju a ta`ak}hnmj huuko hj mh JHD ao uan/}kmj ejn}ttkj# h}au}h xqa h yacfh falaojnkh mj ranuhoan/}j mk}h}jtkhc# ejnuatyhmjt# ta}tlthmj# ejn}knqh rtauan}a.]jt}qtht# }tqekmht# auxqht}a`ht# auejnmat ejtrju a hmqc}atht

rtjyhu }qmj kuuj# nj an}anmkoan}j mj U]I &...+ ath iqnjcal}koh mj Au}hmj okck}htkphmj a uaqu hlan}au# ihtmhmju jqnj &RJOHT# 4282# r. 94+.

Rqnkt ju taurjnuyaku racju etkoau mh mk}hmqth okck}ht uatkh qohmaohnmh maojet}keh acaoan}ht# xqa mayatkh uat cayhn}hmh rjt }jmhu hujtlhnkphau ma }thdhcfhmjtau# ojykoan}ju ujekhku a racj ojykoan}jau}qmhn}kc# dao ejoj racju ljyatnju mju xqhku ihpao rht}a rht}kmjuma auxqatmh. Kniackpoan}a# auuh ehorhnfh eh nhu oju ujoan}a mjujtlhnkuoju ma mktak}ju fqohnju# hrjkhmh rjt rht}a mh kn}acae}qhckmhmama auxqatmh# xqa nj }o ejnualqkmj ojdkckpht hu ijthu ujekhku naeau/utkhu rhth aia}kyht h rqnkj mju }jt}qthmjtau# ua`h rjt uaq kujchoan}jao tachj ujekamhma# ua`h rach uqh madkckmhma rtjltho}keh.


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42= OKEFAC LJQCHT] MH UKCYH

Ju htxqkyju mh mk}hmqth

Auraekehoan}a ujdta ju htxqkyju# htoh/ua nh Ejnu}k}qkj

ma 8;66# Ht}. 1# knekuj VKY# xqa huualqthmj h }jmju j heauuj knijtohj a taulqhtmhmj j uklkcj mh ijn}a# xqhnmj naeauutkj hjavateekj rtjuukjnhc a# nj knekuj VVVKKK# xqa }jmju }o mktak}j htaeadat mju tlju rdckeju knijtohau ma uaq kn}atauua rht}keqcht#jq ma kn}atauua ejca}kyj jq lathc# xqa uatj rtau}hmhu nj rthpj mh cak#ujd ranh ma taurjnuhdkckmhma# tauuhcyhmhu hxqachu eq`j uklkcj ua`h ko/

rtaueknmyac ualqthnh mh ujekamhma a mj Au}hmj &DTHUKC# 4228#r. 89/


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xqa# ao njoa mh au}hdkckmhma mj talkoa# ju htxqkyju rjuuho uatohn}kmju ao uklkcj.

Ejorcaoan}ht hj }av}j mh Ejnu}k}qkj ma 8;66# ijk achdjthmha hrtjyhmh ao 8;;8 h cak 6.81;# ejnfaekmh ejoj cak mju htxqkyju#xqa mana hu talthu ujdta ju rtknerkju ma iqnekjnhoan}j a ma heau/ukdkckmhma mju htxqkyju rdckeju a rtkyhmju# knecqknmj hxqacau rtjmq/pkmju nj ratjmj mh mk}hmqth okck}ht. Auuh cak# xqa rht}a mhu mankaumh njyh Ejnu}k}qkj# huualqth j mktak}j ma heauuj hju mjeqoan}ju

rdckeju# ohu ejo tauuhcyhu0 Ju mjeqoan}ju eq`h mkyqclhj rj/nfh ao tkuej h ualqthnh mh ujekamhma a j Au}hmj# dao ejoj hxqacau

naeauutkju hj taulqhtmj mh knykjchdkckmhma a mh kn}kokmhma# mh ykmhrtkyhmh# mh fjnth a mh kohlao mhu rauujhu uj jtklknhcoan}a uklkcj/uju &DTHUKC# 8;;8+. Auuh cak mana ejoj rthpj ovkoj ma uklkcjj ratjmj ma }tkn}h hnju# h ejn}ht mh mh}h ma uqh rtjmqj# rjmanmjauua rthpj uat rtjttjlhmj qoh nkeh yap racj oauoj ratjmj. Rhthju mjeqoan}ju uklkcjuju taiatan}au fjnth a kohlao mhu rauujhu

rtay/ua j uklkcj ovkoj ma eao hnju# uao rtjttjlhj &DTHUKC#8;;8+. Jq ua`h# h cak xqa talqchoan}j h rjc}keh ma heauuj hju htxqk/

yju# hknmh xqa hrjn}a rthpju rhth xqa ua`ho mkurjnkdkckphmju ju mjeq/oan}ju# nj avecqk h rjuukdkckmhma ma heauuj hju mjeqoan}ju.

Auuhu mqhu tauuhcyhu hrjn}hmhu nh cak mju htxqkyju au}j mkta}h/oan}a cklhmhu hj mktak}j knijtohj. Ma qo chmj# efhoh h h}anj jih}j ma j quj ma knijtohau tachekjnhmhu ykmh rtkyhmh mhu rauujhu

rjmat h}knlkt j mktak}j rtkyhekmhma. Au}a ihp rht}a mju mktak}ju maratujnhckmhma# qo ejn`qn}j ma mktak}ju ejnukmathmju kn}thnuokuuyakua kttanqnekyaku# xqa hdthnlao j mktak}j ykmh# kn}altkmhma iukeh# fjnth# kohlao a j njoa# ckdatmhma ma kt a ykt# knykjchdkckmhma mjmjokeckj# hju mktak}ju hq}jthku a}e &EJU]H# 4226# r. 86+. Mj jq}tjchmj# f j ualtamj ma Au}hmj# ejnukmathmj acaoan}j oqk}hu yapauknmkuranuyac ualqthnh nhekjnhc a lhthn}kh mh rhp nhu tachaukn}atnhekjnhku &EJU]H# 4226# r. 8;+. Rjt}hn}j# hehdho ua etqphnmjmktak}ju mhu ohku mku}kn}hu nh}qtaphu# xqa mkeqc}ho jq jdu}heqckphoj mktak}j knijtohj. ]jmhykh# nj xqa }hnla hj mktak}j ma rtkyhek/mhma# cayhnmj ao ejnukmathj xqa j kn}atauua rdckej ua ujdtarahj kn}atauua rtkyhmj# an}anma/ua xqa# oauoj iatknmj mktak}ju ma rat/


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ujnhckmhma# eat}ju mjeqoan}ju mayao uat cayhmju h rdckej# aodjthua`h naeauutkj ihp/cj ma ijtoh rjnmathmh# ejo taurak}j# man}tj mj

rjuuyac# hj mktak}j fjnth &EHTYHCFJ# 4224# r. 86+.Xqhn}j hj ualtamj ma Au}hmj# ejnukmathnmj }hodo h rtkohpkh

mj kn}atauua ejca}kyj# nj maya taehkt ujdta ju mjeqoan}ju h rtjkdkjma heauuj# rjku acau avrtauuho rht}a mh fku}tkh ejca}kyh ma fjoanu aoqcfatau# rhth hco mju kn}atauuau rht}keqchtau ma ltqrju# ljyatnhn/}au a oauoj mhu Ijthu Htohmhu. Ejn}qmj# ualqnmj j ljyatnj Cq/ch# ao taurju}h h ramkmj rhth xqa j Uqratkjt ]tkdqnhc Iamathc &U]I+

`qclqa ejoj knejnu}k}qekjnhc h h}qhc calkuchj ujdta ju htxqkyju mh

mk}hmqth# j kn}atauua ma dthukcaktju nju mjeqoan}ju ejoj ijtoh maauechtaeat h fku}tkh mj rhu &...+ nj ua ejorhth hju kn}atauuau mj Au/}hmj a mh ujekamhma rjt ualqthnh &CQCH# 4226# r. 5+. Ejo kuuj# jljyatnj Cqch ihp aej hj ranuhoan}j okck}ht hknmh mjoknhn}a nj Dth/ukc# xqa mana ualqthnh ejoj qo acaoan}j knmkuranuyac dquehmj Dao Ejoqo# ehthe}atkphmj racj ih}j ma h Nhj# h Ejoqnkmhmaejoj qo }jmj a ehmh qo mju uaqu kn}althn}au uan}ktao/ua lhthn}kmjuejn}th hoahhu ma xqhcxqat nh}qtaph# racj aortalj mj Rjmat Nhekj/

nhc &AUEJCH UQRATKJT MA LQATTH# 8;;6# r. 819+.Rtjeqthnmj hoankpht h rjcokeh heateh mh rqnkj mju }jt}q/

thmjtau a maohku hlan}au mju tlju ma tartauuj mqthn}a h mk}h/mqth# j rtaukman}a Cqch htojq0 ]jmh yap xqa ihchoju mju au}q/mhn}au a jrattkju xqa ojttatho# ihchoju vknlhnmj hclqo xqa juoh}jq xqhnmj# nh yatmhma# auua oht}tkj nj yhk hehdht ua h lan}anj hrtanmat h }thnuijtoht njuuju ojt}ju ao fatku a nj ao y/}kohu &NHUEKOAN]J# 4226h# r. 81+. Mauuh ijtoh# uqlatknmj jauxqaekoan}j a h korqnkmhma# j rtaukman}a yao }an}hnmj ejnekckhtju kn}atauuau mju okck}htau ejo ju kn}atauuau mhu y}kohu mh mk}hmqtha ma uaqu ihokckhtau. Nj an}hn}j# rtaekuj }jcfat j mktak}j ma knijt/ohj mh ujekamhma# ejcjehnmj hekoh maca ju kn}atauuau ma ltqrju

rjc}keju# okck}htau a aortauhtkhku xqa rjmatkho uat rqnkmju maykmjh uaqu anyjcykoan}ju# mkta}ju jq knmkta}ju# ejo ju etkoau ma cauh//fqohnkmhma ejoa}kmju rach mk}hmqth. J ljyatnj iamathc# rjt}hn}j#maueqorta hu caku fj`a yklan}au# rjku


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42< OKEFAC LJQCHT] MH UKCYH

j mktak}j ma taeadat mju tlju rdckeju knijtohau ma kn/}atauua ejca}kyj jq lathc# lhthn}kmj ma ijtoh avrtauuh rachEjnu}k}qkj dthukcakth# nj rjma uat tau}tknlkmj h}thyuma aoanmh jq cak knithejnu}k}qekjnhc# ao uanmj aca mktak}jiqnmhoan}hc knmkykmqhc a# rjku# ecquqch r}tah mj uku}aohejnu}k}qekjnhc dthukcaktj &EHTYHCFJ# 4224# r. 8;/42+.

Xqhnmj hnhckuhmh h }th`a}tkh mh hdat}qth mju htxqkyju mh mk}h/mqth okck}ht nj Dthukc# aodjth qoh raxqanh rht}a mju mjeqoan}juau}a`h mkurjnyac hj heauuj rdckej# ao auraekhc hxqacau rtjmqpkmju

racj Marht}hoan}j ma Jtmao Rjc}keh a Ujekhc &Mjru+# rateada/ua xqa

f qoh ejorcavh jrathj rhth jeqc}/cju. Ohteacj Tqdanu Rhkyh au/etayaq ao 8;;40 Ejoaojtjq/ua h hdat}qth mju htxqkyju mj Mjru#ohu rjqeju uhdao &...+ xqa j Mjru mauaoranfjq qo rhrac uaeqnmtkjnh }johmh mju marjkoan}ju rhth h @qu}kh Okck}ht mju rtauju rjc}kejumju hnju


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ualqthnh mh ujekamhma a mj Au}hmj &DTHUKC# 4224+. Ao 422=# njljyatnj Cqch# rjt oakj mj maeta}j 1.528 ojmkejq/ua au}a ht}klj#

au}krqchnmj j rthpj ovkoj ma uklkcj hju mjeqoan}ju qc}thuuaeta}jurhth }tkn}h hnju# rtjttjlyaku qoh nkeh yap &DTHUKC# 422=+. Ohuau}h oamkmh rtjltauuku}h ma Cqch mqtjq oanju ma qo hnj. Ao 1 maohkj ma 4221 ijk hrtjyhmh h cak 88.888# xqa# oauoj ta}johnmj ju

rthpju au}hdacaekmju rach cak mju htxqkyju# mankh qoh tauuhcyhnaihu}h. Aodjth auuh cak htoa xqa ju mjeqoan}ju echuukehmjunj ohku hc}j lthq ma uklkcj }jtnht/ua/j ma heauuj rdckej# }hodo

rtay xqa# xqhnmj }atoknhmj j rthpj au}hdacaekmj rach cak jq uqh

rtjttjlhj# hn}au ma avrkthmj }hc rthpj#h hq}jtkmhma ejora}an}a rhth h echuukehj mj mjeqoan}jnj ohku hc}j lthq ma uklkcj rjmat rtjyjeht# ma ojmj qu}k/ehmj# h ohnkiau}hj mh Ejokuuj ma Hyatklqhj a Hnckuama Knijtohau Uklkcjuhu rhth xqa hyhcka ua j heauuj hj mj/eqoan}j hoahht h ujdathnkh# h kn}altkmhma }attk}jtkhc nh/ekjnhc jq hu tachau kn}atnhekjnhku mj Rhu# ehuj ao xqa hEjokuuj rjmat ohn}at h ratohnnekh mh tauuhcyh hj heau/

uj mj mjeqoan}j racj }aorj xqa au}krqcht &DTHUKC# 4221+.Auuh Ejokuuj ma Hyatklqhj a Hnckua ma Knijtohau Uklkcj/

uhu# oanekjnhmh nh cak# xqa }ao hq}jnjokh rhth au}krqcht ju njyju rth/pju# ejorju}h racj Efaia mh Ehuh Ekykc mh Rtaukmnekh mh Tardckeh#

racj Efaia mj Lhdkna}a ma Ualqthnh Knu}k}qekjnhc mh Rtaukmnekh mhTardckeh# racj Oknku}tj mh @qu}kh# racj Oknku}tj mh Maiauh# racj Ok/nku}tj mhu Tachau Av}atkjtau# racj Hmyjlhmj/Lathc mh Qnkj a racjUaeta}tkj Auraekhc mju Mktak}ju Fqohnju mh Rtaukmnekh mh Tar/

dckeh &DTHUKC# 422=+. Rjt}hn}j# qoh ejokuuj mj rtrtkj ljyatnjxqa rjma au}krqcht ju rthpju ma heauuj hju mjeqoan}ju ejnukmathmjuqc}thuuaeta}ju# uao xqa mauuh mankj rht}kekrao jtlhnkphau ma mk/tak}ju fqohnju# fku}jtkhmjtau# htxqkyku}hu jq oauoj h JHD. Jq ua`h# j rtrtkj Rjmat Avaeq}kyj xqao }ao hq}jnjokh rhth }jtnht rdckejjq rtjkdkt j heauuj hju mjeqoan}ju xqa hrjn}ao uqhu rtrtkhu haujq h mju ljyatnju xqa j hn}aeamatho. Cayhnmj/ua ao ejn}h h hn}au

taiatkmh knqnekh avatekmh racju okck}htau nhu maekuau mju ljyatnjuekyku# rateada/ua ejoj uj ijt`hmhu iatthoan}hu calhku xqa koramao


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42; OKEFAC LJQCHT] MH UKCYH

j heauuj hju mjeqoan}ju taiatan}au mk}hmqth# ayk}hnmj/ua huuko jmauaxqkcdtkj rjc}kej mh maojethekh# rtjiqnmhoan}a ejortjoa}kmh

ejo h heqoqchj ehrk}hcku}h a maranman}a mju okck}htau a mh rjcekhnh ohnq}anj mh jtmao rdckeh.

Ejnukmathau iknhku

J xqhmtj hrtauan}hmj }thp ejoj ohteh qoh rjc}keh xqa dqu/eh ukcanekht hu yjpau xqa rjuuho hrjn}ht ju etkoau ejoa}kmju racju

mk}hmjtau. Nj ehda# ejn}qmj# ckok}ht njuuh hnckua rtjeqth ma qooaehnkuoj xqa axqkckdta h tachj mj hrhth}j tartauukyj ejo h ma/ojethekh# hnhc h ejatj a h tartauuj# ejoj oju}tho ju mjku }av}juejnu}k}qekjnhku hn}au hnhckuhmju# ihpao rht}a mh nh}qtaph ma xqhcxqatAu}hmj eq`h falaojnkh rat}anea h xqhcxqat ua}jt mh dqtlqaukh# ua`h jtalkoa mk}h}jtkhc# ua`h j talkoa maojet}kej. Nj xqa ua taiata ykj/cnekh knu}k}qekjnhc# h mkiatanh ohku uklnkeh}kyh an}ta ju mjku talk/oau }j ujoan}a h ijtoh ejoj ua aortalh h ykjcnekh rhth maianmat

h rtjrtkamhma rtkyhmh. Uhda/ua xqa# xqhnmj h ykjcnekh knu}k}qekjnhcmj rjmat au}h}hc av}thrjch ju h}tkdq}ju ejatek}kyju ejnu}k}qekjnhku#

rjtxqa ua taejnfaea xqa ju oaehnkuoju mhxqach uj knuqekan}au nhhj ratuqhukyh a ma naq}thckphj mju mauejn}an}hoan}ju ujekhku&RHMTU# 4226# r. 815+.

Ejo j ta}jtnj mj Dthukc h qo talkoa maojet}kej# ijtho ta/}kthmju mj }av}j ejnu}k}qekjnhc ju ht}klju taiatan}au tartauuj xqahq}jtkphyho ma ijtoh avrcek}h j quj mj }attjt ma Au}hmj# ohn}anmj#

}jmhykh# j ejn}amj ma maiauh knejnmkekjnhc mh rtjrtkamhma rtkyhmh.Ejn}qmj# aodjth auuhu oqmhnhu nh calkuchj rtjojykmhu rach efh/ohmh }thnukj maojet}keh#

ju okck}htau ejn}knqhyho nj uku}aoh ejoruk}j ma rjmat#u xqa ejo oanjt ykukdkckmhma# a h maojethekh mauaneh/mahyh/ua ejoj qo rtjeauuj rjc}kej }thyhmj rachu echuuaumjoknhn}au &...+ a rjt rtjlthohu tartauukyju ma mkuuqhuj

rjckekhc/okck}ht# ehoqhmju jq nj# ejnijtoa hu ekteqnu}n/ekhu. J jd`a}kyj ean}thc nj ath h maojethekh a uqh ejnuj/


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ckmhj# ohu h au}hdkckmhma rjc}keh mh jtmao au}hdacaekmh#ejo }jmhu hu mku}jtau a knkxqkmhmau aejnokehu a ujekhkuxqa ejn}kyauuao &IATNHNMAU# 8;6;# r. 599+.

Rhth hu xqau}au mkueq}kmhu nau}a }av}j taiatan}au hju mktak}jufqohnju# hu ejnuaxqnekhu uj echthu. Rjma/ua ejnecqkt xqa eat}h/oan}a j Au}hmj dthukcaktj nj mkurjnkdkckpht ma ijtoh aurjn}nah jumjeqoan}ju ohku uklnkeh}kyju heateh mh tartauuj jejttkmh mqthn}ah mk}hmqth# ua`h hju ihokckhtau ma ojt}ju a mauhrhtaekmju jq hxqacau

ratualqkmju rach mk}hmqth# nao rqnkt ju etkoknjuju xqa ehuuhtho#uaxqau}ththo# }jt}qththo a huuhuuknhtho ao njoa mh ualqthnh nh/

ekjnhc. Ju mjeqoan}ju fj`a mkurjnyaku uj j rtjmq}j ma ohku maykn}a hnju ma cq}hu mju ojykoan}ju ma ihokckhtau mju ojt}ju a mauh/

rhtaekmju j ohku ejnfaekmj mau}au ojykoan}ju j ltqrj ]jt}qthNqneh Ohku a nj qoh ejneauuj mj Au}hmj dqtlqu. Ua f hclqohrjuukdkckmhma ma hyhnj nh rqnkj mju etkoknjuju mh mk}hmqth# maya//ua oauoh okck}nekh anlh`hmh rach oaotkh a rach yatmhma a hjuhmyjlhmju xqa# uao ua makvht cayht }hn}j racj mattj}kuoj ejoj racjuae}htkuoj# knuku}ao nh rqnkj mauuau etkoknjuju a nh ejnxqku}h ma

qoh kn}atrta}hj ejtta}h hju etkoau ejnavju taiatkmju nh Cak maHnku}kh. Rhth ju ljyatnhn}au ma fj`a a rhth hxqacau okck}htau xqa xqa/tao auejnmat h h}qhj mhu Ijthu Htohmhu nh lqatth uq`h# h jtmaoa h njtohckmhma h uatao ohn}kmhu uj hxqachu mh }thnukj rhe}qhmhan}ta ju mk}hmjtau# hu ithau mh dqtlqaukh a ju mkiatan}au ua}jtau mhjrjukj. Ao uaq thekjenkj enkej# ua j ratmj ijk mhmj h }jmju# j

rhuuhmj maya uat auxqaekmj.

Aodjth fh`h ejnxqku}hu nauuau c}koju hnju# h cq}h rach hdat/}qth mju htxqkyju a rach rqnkj mju }jt}qthmjtau }ao ukmj tahckphmhma ijtoh dhu}hn}a ithloan}hmh a ejo oqk}hu mkeqcmhmau# hj rhuujxqa h jrjukj jq iap rht}a mj rhe}j mh }thnukj maojet}keh jq# hjcjnlj mhu c}kohu mehmhu# lhnfjq aurhju nhu knu}k}qkau# ejnu/ekan}aoan}a makvhnmj ma chmj auuh cq}h. Mauuh ijtoh# ju auijtju maqnkeht hu ojdkckphau ithloan}hmhu# hknmh xqa tanmho hclqnu itq/}ju# ua }jtnho ckok}hmju# hnhc nj f qoh an}kmhma jq jtlhnkphj

xqa ht}keqca ju ijeju avku}an}au ao }jmj j rhu. J R] a h EQ]# xqarjmatkho }at ht}keqchmj qo horcj ojykoan}j nhekjnhc rach hdat}qth


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mju htxqkyju a rtknekrhcoan}a rach rqnkj hju etkoknjuju mj talk/oa mk}h}jtkhc# hknmh nh mehmh ma 8;62# nqneh ejcjehtho auuh rhq}h

ejoj qoh ma uqhu rtkjtkmhmau. Fjà nj hrtauan}ho kn}atauua aoht}keqcht qo ojykoan}j ejo auuhu ehthe}atu}kehu# mkhn}a mhu yhek/chau mj ljyatnj Cqch a mju ejortjokuuju xqa }o djh rht}a mju

rtknekrhku mktklan}au uknmkehku a ma auxqatmh mj rhu ejo j ljyatnj.

J ljyatnj Cqch anejn}tjq kn}atnhoan}a mkurq}hu an}ta hclqnu ua/}jtau xqa maianmao j mktak}j oaotkh a yatmhma# anxqhn}j jq}tjuihpkho h jrj racj auxqaekoan}j. Ua rjt qo chmj ua}jtau ohku auxqatmh man}tj mj R] ua ojdkckphtho nauuh cq}h# ju hckhmju ma mk/

tak}h mj ljyatnj au}kyatho ejortjoa}kmju ejo ju kn}atauuau mju ta/rtauujtau mj rhuuhmj. Rhqcj Yhnnqefk# ejnfaekmj a taurak}hmj ejojokck}hn}a mju mktak}ju fqohnju# }an}jq oamkht auuh mkurq}h mauklqhc#taeqhnmj uaorta xqa ju okck}htau jq uaqu hckhmju nj ljyatnj cayhn/}ho h yjp. Ejo kuuj# ijtho etkhmju hejtmju a oakju }atoju# ejoj huaoanmhu nh tamhj mj RNMF 5# ao xqa ju ckok}au ma nhuekoan}j mj

rtjlthoh ijtho ohku hrtjiqnmhmju# ejcjehnmj ao qo eantkj hknmhohku mku}hn}a h rjuukdkckmhma ma rqnkj mju hlan}au tartauukyju mh

mk}hmqth. Ejo h etanh ma xqa ath rjuuyac mkurq}ht man}tj mj ljyatnjju hyhnju nju mktak}ju fqohnju# Rhqcj Yhnnqefk a jq}tju okck}hn}auyhcjtjuju a fjnau}ju ejnuqoktho uqhu anatlkhu ao qoh mkurq}h aoxqa acau ijtho oknjtkh.

Rqnkt ju }jt}qthmjtau a maohku etkoknjuju xqa h}qhtho nj talk/oa mk}h}jtkhc ihp rht}a mh cq}h knehnuyac racj mktak}j yatmhma h tau/

rak}j mh tartauuj u mkuukmnekhu rjc}kehu. Auua# dao ejoj j mktak}j oaotkh a fku}tkh# nj rat}anea hranhu xqacau xqa ojttatho jqijtho ratualqkmju rach mk}hmqth# ohu }hodo rat}anea hju xqa cq}hofjà a rtaekuho ejnfaeat h ykmh a hu cq}hu mju xqa ju rtaeamatho a juknkoklju ejn}th ju xqhku cq}htho. Auua j uklnkehmj ohku korjt}hn}amauuh cq}h a# eat}hoan}a# j ohkjt oamj mju mk}hmjtau korqnau ma jn/}ao a mju maojeth}hu enkeju ma fjà.


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Ijn}au a taiatnekhu

h+ CalkuchjDTHUKC. Ejnu}k}qkj mh Tardckeh Iamath}kyh mj Dthukc. 82. am.Uj Rhqcj0 H}chu# 8;


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48= OKEFAC LJQCHT] MH UKCYH

Tkj ma @hnaktj0 Phfht# 8;68.

ZZZZZZ. H mk}hmqth ao xqau}j. 4. am. Uj Rhqcj0 ]. H. Xqaktjp# 8;64.

ZZZZZZ. H Ejnu}k}qkj knhehdhmh0 ykhu fku}tkehu a uklnkehmjrjc}kej. Uj Rhqcj0 Au}hj Ckdatmhma# 8;6;.

ZZZZZZ. J uklnkehmj mh mk}hmqth okck}ht# Kn0 ]JCAMJ# Ehkj Nhyhttjma &Jtl.+. 8;9=0 ykuau et}kehu mj ljcra0 maojethekh a taijtohu nj

rjrqckuoj. Ehorknhu0 Qnkehor# 8;;


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Au}hmqhc ma Ehorknhu# Ehorknhu# 422=.

XQKN]HNH# Hn}jnkj Ljnpcap. Cju htefkyju ma ch ualqtkmhm mac

Au}hmj ma cju mauhrhtaekmju taloanau tartaukyju. WRhtku_0 Qnauej#8;;1.

UHN]HNH# Mkyh. Rjqeh ejkuh mju htxqkyju mh mk}hmqth au}hyh nhHDKN &an}tayku}h+. Eht}h Ohkjt# Uj Rhqcj# 6 iay. 4229.

UKCYH# Okefac Ljqcht} mh. Ju htxqkyju mh mk}hmqth0 an}ta ju mktak}jufqohnju a h ualqthnh nhekjnhc. K @jtnhmhu Kn}atnhekjnhcau maKnyau}klhekn { Madh}a Rjc}kej. Dqanju Hktau0 Ean}tj ma Au}qmkju aKnyau}klhekn an Ekanekhu Ujekhcau# 4226d.


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Amk}jtkh Ao madh}a

O

qk}j mj xqa ua rtjmqp nh qnkyatukmhma nj rqdckehmj rjt ihc}h

ma jrjt}qnkmhmau amk}jtkhku# xqat nhu amk}jthu ejoatekhku# xqatnhu amk}jthu qnkyatuk}tkhu# eq`h ckok}hj jthoan}tkh nj ratok}ahejorhnfht h maohnmh avku}an}a. Hu ejnuaxqnekhu mauuh ehtnekhuj ytkhu# ohu# rtknekrhcoan}a# h mkeqcmhma ma heauuj hju njyju ejn/faekoan}ju rjt rht}a ma au}qmhn}au# rauxqkuhmjtau a cak}jtau ao lathc.Ma jq}tj chmj# f rta`qpj }hodo rhth ju hq}jtau# hn}a h }anmnekh maua rjn}qht h rtjmqj kn}acae}qhc ejnijtoa hu rqdckehau.

Ejnu}h}h/ua# hknmh# h yacjekmhma etauean}a a ao auehch ehmh yap

ohkjt mh q}kckphj ma taeqtuju knijtohekjnhku# xqa ratok}ao h mk/yqclhj a h maojeth}kphj mj heauuj u rqdckehau. Man}ta jq}thuijtohu# mau}heho/ua ju a/djjgu# ht}kljuiqcc }av}# dhua ma mhmju# mkta/}tkju a mjeqoan}ju ao ijtoh}j aca}tnkej# knjyhau horchoan}aq}kckphmhu rhth ejnuqc}h u taiatnekhu ekan}ehu a ejoj iatthoan}huijtoh}kyhu a ihekck}hmjthu nhu h}kykmhmau ma anuknj a av}anuj.

Ju mjeqoan}ju kortauuju# }hn}j ju ratkmkeju ejoj ju ckytju#ejn}knqho uanmj rtjmqpkmju a ejn}knqhtj ao yklnekh# ejnijtoa

jrknho ju au}qmkjuju mj huuqn}j. An}ta}hn}j# hu knjyhau }enkehuhuuknhchmhu rjmao ejn}tkdqkt ma ijtoh ejorcaoan}ht a# ohku hknmh#jiataeat ohku ihekckmhma ma heauuj# dhth}ahoan}j ma equ}ju a jq}tjutaeqtuju knu}tqoan}hku xqa h jdth kortauuh nj ratok}a# ejoj h kn}a/th}kykmhma a h achdjthj ma ejn}amju kn}at a }thnumkuekrcknhtau.

Rjt}hn}j# naeauutkj xqa ju chdjth}tkju a necaju ma rauxqkuh aanuknj# xqa hltalho rtjiauujtau# }enkeju amqehekjnhku a hcqnju nh rtj/mqj ma ejnfaekoan}ju# rjuuho# ma ijtoh ejnyatlan}a# uqrtkt uqhu ma/ohnmhu ma rqdckehj ejoj ijtoh ma av}anuj qnkyatuk}tkh# rjt oakj


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ma amkau aca}tnkehu ejo equ}ju tamqpkmju a ao mkyqclhj hdat}h alth}qk}h ao tamau ma ejorq}hmjtau. Auuhu ehthe}atu}kehu# uao mykmh#

rjuukdkck}ho qnkyatukmhma rdckeh eqortkt ma ijtoh ohku aehp uqhuiqnau ujekhku.

Mauuh raturae}kyh# h amk}jthj nh qnkyatukmhma rjma uat mau/ean}thckphmh# ratok}knmj xqa ytkhu knkekh}kyhu tahckpao auuh ejnyat/lnekh ejo hq}jnjokh a taurjnuhdkckmhma hehmokeh# amk}hnmj ckytjua ratkmkeju ma mkyqclhj ekan}eh ejnijtoa hu raeqckhtkmhmau maehmh tah ma ejnfaekoan}j nj xqa mkp taurak}j uqh ijtoh a ejn}amj.

Rjt oakj mju auijtju mj Chdjth}tkj ma Ujekjcjlkh mj ]thdh/

cfj &CHU]TJ+# mh Qnkyatukmhma Iamathc ma Uhn}h Eh}htknh &QIUE+#xqa ejn}h ejo h rht}kekrhj ma rtjiauujtau# }enkeju a au}qmhn}auma lthmqhj a ma ru/lthmqhj# h Amk}jtkh Ao Madh}a nhuea ejoj jd`a}kyj ma mauanyjcyat a hrckeht taeqtuju ma rqdckehj aca}tnkeh

rhth tayku}hu# ehmatnju# ejcaau a ckytju xqa rjuukdkck}ao j heauujkttau}tk}j a lth}qk}j mju }thdhcfju ma hq}jtkh mju oaodtju mju necaju#chdjth}tkju a cknfhu ma rauxqkuh mh QIUE a ma jq}thu knu}k}qkau#ejnyankhmhu jq nj# ujd h jtkan}hj ma qoh Ejokuuj Amk}jtkhc.

Ju amk}jtau


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Ejjtmanhmjt

Iatnhnmj Rjn}a ma Ujquh

Ejnuacfj amk}jtkhc

Hmkt Yhcmaoht LhtekhHt{ Euht Oknacch

@hnkea ]ktacck Rjn}a ma Ujquh@ju Ehtcju Oanmjnh

Ohtkh Ujcamhm A}efayatt{ Jtefhtm

Okefac Ljqcht} mh UkcyhRhqcj Uatlkj ]qojcj

Tkehtmj Lhurht OqccatYhcekjnkt Ejtth


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