ENLARGEMENT OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The Founding Members

• European Coal and Steel Community– Proposed by Schuman for peace in 1950– Formally established in 1951 by Treaty of Paris– France, W. Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, The

Netherlands, Italy• Went on to sign Treaties of Rome– ECSC– EURATOM– EEC

• Came to be known as EC • EFTA (Outer seven): Austria, Denmark,

Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom

• UK changed policy on joining on EC– Issued for accession in 1961– “Non” to the UK accession by French President de

Gaulle (1963 and 1967)• Due to fear of US influence

1973 - First Enlargement

• Accession of UK, Denmark, Ireland, Norway• UK– French President de Gaulle no longer in office so

UK no longer has barriers for entry– Colonies – the question of Gibraltar

• Norway– Question put to referendum – rejected– Still adopts policies – Schengen, Europol etc– Contributes to budget, member of EEA

1981 and 1986Mediterranean Enlargements

Democracy returns to Greece, Spain and Portugal

Greece joins in 1981 Spain and Portugal in 1986 1985 – Greenland leaves the EC 1987 – Turkey and Morocco apply

Morocco not seen as European Turkey’s accepted, only received candidate status in

2000, negotiations started in 2004

1981 and 1986Mediterranean Enlargements

• With the accession of the countries in 1981 and 1986:– Population increased by 10%– The area of the EU members increased by 20%– The total GDP of the member states increased by

6.8%– But the GDP per capita fell by 3.42%

Fourth Enlargement - EU-15

• Prior to enlargement of 1995, East+West Germany reunified in 1990– East Germany part of EC, under “Germany”

• EC becomes EU in 1993 - Maastricht• Accession of Austria, Finland, Sweden• Copenhagen criteria established due to

candidacy of numerous post-communist countries– Democracy / free market / adoption of EU Law

Fourth Enlargement - EU-15

• With the accession of the countries in 1995:– Population increased by 6%– The area of the EU members increased by 35%– The total GDP of the member states increased by

6.5%– For the first and only time in any enlargement of

the EC/EU, the GDP per capita increased, by 0.20%

2004: The Big Bang

• In 2004, 10 Eastern, mostly post communist, countries joined the EU– Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia,

Luthuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia.– Less developed states were fear of Western, more

developed members• Restrictions of certain members on travel/working

rights of eastern people in their countries• Denmark, Finland, Austria

The Fifth Enlargement

With the accession of the countries in 2004: Population increased by 20%, largest single

expansion in terms of number of people The area of the EU members increased by 18%,

largest single increase in terms of km2 The total GDP of the member states increased only

by 8.8% It was the largest fall of GDP per capita in any

enlargement. The accession of the less developed Eastern countries caused a 9% fall in GDP per capita

Sixth Enlargement - 2007

The accession of Bulgaria and Romania Were supposed to join in 2004 Romania

Government and judiciary reforms not completed Bulgaria

More efforts needed in fight against corruption, human trafficking and reforming judicial sector

Sixth Enlargement - 2007

• With the accession of the countries in 2007:– Population increased by 6.5%– The area of the EU members increased by 8.5%– The total GDP of the member states increased by

2%– GDP per capita fell by 4%

• Eastern enlargement of 2004-2007 ended the conventional view “Europe ended where the Iron Curtain divided it”

2013: Croatia• After Slovenia, Croatia is the second country

from ex-Yugoslavia to join the EU. • The European perspective remains open to

the entire Western Balkans region.

Future Enlargement of the EU

• Western Balkans, Turkey and Iceland• Two concepts after the Eastern enlargement: – ‘absorption capacity’– ‘enlargement fatigue’

Candidate and potential candidate countries

Area(1000 km² )

Population(million)

Wealth (gross domestic product

per person)

Bosnia and Herzegovina 51 3.8 7 300

Montenegro 13 0.6 10 500

Iceland 100 0.3 29 500

Kosovo under UN Security Resolution 1244

11 2.2 :

The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

25 2.1 9 200

Albania 27 3.2 7 300

Serbia 77 7.3 8 400

Turkey 770 73.7 13 600

The 28 EU countries together

4 290 508 25 700

State Status AssociationAgreement

MembershipApplication

Candidatestatus

Negotiationsstart

Screeningcompleted

Acquis Chapters

open/closed

Albania Candidate 2009-04-01 (SAA) 2009-04-28 2014-06-24 – – –

Bosnia andHerzegovina

Potentialcandidate Signed (SAA) – – – – –

IcelandNegotiationssuspended

1994-01-01 (EEA) 2009-07-16 2010-06-17 2010-07-27 2011-06-21 27/11

KosovoPotentialcandidate

Initialled (SAA) – – – – –

Macedonia Candidate 2004-04-01 (SAA) 2004-03-22 2005-12-17 – – –

Montenegro Negotiating 2010-05-01 (SAA) 2008-12-15 2010-12-17 2012-06-29 2013-06-27 12/2

Serbia Negotiating 2013-09-01 (SAA) 2009-12-22 2012-03-01 2014-01-21 (Started) –

Turkey Negotiating 1964-12-01 (AA) 1987-04-14 1999-12-12 2005-10-03 2006-10-13 14/1

Why Enlargement?

• According to the 2014 Strategy Paper:– makes Europe a safer place– helps improve the quality of people’s lives– makes EU more prosperous

• three pillars:– rule of law– economic governance – public administration reform.

Steps towards joining

• When a country is ready it becomes an official candidate for membership

• The candidate moves on to formal membership negotiations following unanimous decision by the EU Council

• When the negotiations and accompanying reforms have been completed to the satisfaction of both sides, the country can join the EU

Steps towards joining

• The conditions and timing of the candidate's adoption, implementation and enforcement of all current EU rules (the "acquis communautaire").

• 35 chapters negotiated separately• financial arrangements • transitional arrangements

Chapters of the acquis

Chapter 1: Free movement of goodsChapter 2: Freedom of movement for workersChapter 3: Right of establishment and freedom to provide servicesChapter 4: Free movement of capitalChapter 5: Public procurementChapter 6: Company lawChapter 7: Intellectual property lawChapter 8: Competition policyChapter 9: Financial servicesChapter 10: Information society and mediaChapter 11: Agriculture and rural developmentChapter 12: Food safety, veterinary and phytosanitary policyChapter 13: Fisheries

Chapters of the acquis

Chapter 14: Transport policyChapter 15: EnergyChapter 16: TaxationChapter 17: Economic and monetary policyChapter 18: StatisticsChapter 19: Social policy and employmentChapter 20: Enterprise and industrial policyChapter 21: Trans-European networksChapter 22: Regional policy and coordination of structural instrumentsChapter 23: Judiciary and fundamental rightsChapter 24: Justice, freedom and securityChapter 25: Science and researchChapter 26: Education and culture

Chapters of the acquis

Chapter 27: EnvironmentChapter 28: Consumer and health protectionChapter 29: Customs unionChapter 30: External relationsChapter 31: Foreign, security and defence policyChapter 32: Financial controlChapter 33: Financial and budgetary provisionsChapter 34 - InstitutionsChapter 35 - Other issues

Screening

• Commission carries out a detailed examination, together with the candidate country, of each chapter.

• The findings by chapter are presented by the Commission to the Member States in the form of a screening report.

• open negotiations directly or require that certain conditions – opening benchmarks - should first be met

Negotiating positions

• before negotiations can start, the candidate country must submit its position and the EU must adopt a common position

• EU sets closing benchmarks in chapters which need to be met by the Candidate Country before negotiations in the policy field concerned can be closed.

• If criteria fulfilled, chapter “provisionally closed”

Concluding the negotiations

• Closing the chapters– No negotiations on any individual chapter are

closed until every EU government is satisfied with the candidate's progress in that policy field

– whole negotiation process is only concluded definitively once every chapter has been closed.

Accession treaty• the document that cements the country's

membership of the EU• To be binding, it has to;– win the support of the EU Council, the Commission,

and the European Parliament– be signed by the candidate country and

representatives of all existing EU countries– be ratified by the candidate country and every

individual EU country, according to their constitutional rules (parliamentary vote, referendum, etc.).

Enlargement to the Western Balkans

Importance of Western Balkans Enlargement

• Security: disputes on territories, sovereignty and ethnic minorities still persist in the region

• Credibility of the EU as an international actor • “use the power of its enlargement process to

transform the Western Balkans, opening a new chapter after a shameful decade of failure in the region”

Integration Process

• Stabilisation and Association Process (SAP) policy framework in 1999

• Stabilisation and Association Agreements (SAA) with Croatia, Macedonia (2000), Albania (2003), Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia (2005), Kosovo (2013)

• Thessaloniki Summit (2003): a clear membership perspective granted to the Western Balkans, subject to fulfilment of the conditions determined by the SAP and the Copenhagen criteria

Progress so far• Croatia met all conditions and become a member of the EU

on 1 July 2013. • Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia recognised as

candidate countries, where the formal accession negotiations started with Montenegro in June 2012 and with Serbia in January 2014.

• Albania applied for EU membership in 2009, and in October 2012 the European Commission recommended that Council should grant Albania candidate status. Granted candidate status in June 2014

• Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo has not applied for membership yet, but the EU recognises these countries as potential candidates.

Financial Assistance Instruments for the Western Balkans

• PHARE, ECHO (1990) • Obnova (1996)• CARDS (2000)• IPA (2007)• IPA II (2014)

PHARE, ECHO, Obnova

• Poland and Hungary Assistance for Restructuring their Economies (PHARE) programme (1990)– initially targeting assistance to Poland and

Hungary, – expanded to the pre-accession assistance of the

2004 and 2007 entrant countries and three countries from the Western Balkans, Albania, Macedonia, and Bosnia-Herzegovina

PHARE, ECHO, Obnova• European Consensus on Humanitarian Aid (ECHO)

(1990)– included support to refugees, internally displaced

persons and vulnerable groups and aimed at restoring livelihood conditions and fostering post-war infrastructure reconstruction.

• Obnova (reconstruction) (1996)

• In the 1990s, around €4.4 billion was allocated to the projects aiming at the physical, social and political reconstruction of the Western Balkans.

CARDS (2000)

• PHARE, ECHO and Obnova were limited to post-conflict reconstruction of the region.

• Community Assistance for Reconstruction, Development and Stabilisation (CARDS) programme – “building up an institutional, legislative, economic

and social framework directed at the values and models subscribed to by the EU”

CARDS (2000)

• Financial assistance (€4.6 billion in total) concentrated at a wide range of issues – integrated border management,– public administration reform, – taxation, – local infrastructure development, – civil society development, – media reform, – strengthened environment policies and – economic reforms.

CARDS Programme allocation for 2002–2006 (EUR million)

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Albania 44.9 46.5 63.5 44.2 45.5

Bosnia-Herzegovina 71.9 63 72 49.4 51

Croatia 59 62 81 105 140

Macedonia 41.5 43.5 59 45 40

Serbia 189.7 240 218 154.5 179

Montenegro 15 15 19 22 24.5

Kosovo 154.9 76.28 75.4 54 89.5

Source: European Commission, DG Enlargement. Financial statistics per country 2000-2006

IPA (2007)

• Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA) programme– Replaced all previous instruments for both official

candidate (Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Turkey, and Iceland) and potential candidate countries (Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia and Kosovo)

– Aims at providing assistance to these countries in harmonization and implementation of the EU acquis and preparation for use of the cohesion and structural funds after EU accession.

COMPONENTS OF IPA

• Component I: “Assistance for transition and institution-building”

• Component II: “Cross-border cooperation”• Component III: “Regional development”• Component IV: “Human resources

development”• Component V: “Rural development”

Allocation of IPA Funds

• allocation of the IPA funds for each component and beneficiary country was defined in the Multiannual Indicative Financial Framework (MIFF), which reflects the priorities identified by the Enlargement Strategy of the European Commission

• First MIFF: 2008-2010• Second MIFF: 2011-2013

Breakdown of the IPA Assistance (MIFF 1) Country Component 2007 2008 2009 2010

TURKEY

Transition Assistance and Institution Building 256.7 256.1 239.6 231.3Cross-border Cooperation 2.1 2.8 3.1 5.1Regional Development 167.5 173.8 182.7 238.1Human Resources Development 50.2 52.9 55.6 63.4Rural Development 20.7 53 85.5 131.3Total 497.2 538.7 566.4 653.7

 

CROATIA

Transition Assistance and Institution Building 49.6 45.4 45.6 39.5Cross-border Cooperation 9.7 14.7 15.9 15.6Regional Development 45.1 47.6 49.7 56.2Human Resources Development 11.4 12.7 14.2 15.7Rural Development 25.5 25.6 25.8 26Total 141.2 146 151.2 153.6

 

MACEDONIA

Transition Assistance and Institution Building 41.6 41.1 39.3 36.9Cross-border Cooperation 4.2 4.1 4.3 4.5Regional Development 7.4 12.3 20.8 29.4Human Resources Development 3.2 6 7.1 8.4Rural Development 2.1 6.7 10.2 12.5Total 58.5 70.2 81.8 91.7

 

SERBIATransition Assistance and Institution Building 181.5 179.4 182.6 186.2Cross-border Cooperation 8.2 11.5 12.2 11.8Total 189.7 190.9 194.8 198

 

MONTENEGROTransition Assistance and Institution Building 27.5 28.1 29.8 29.8Cross-border Cooperation 3.9 4.5 4.7 3.7Total 31.4 32.6 34.5 33.5

 

KOSOVOTransition Assistance and Institution Building 68.3 184.7 106.1 66.1Cross-border Cooperation 0 0 0 1.2Total 68.3 184.7 106.1 67.3

 

BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA Transition Assistance and Institution Building 58.1 69.9 83.9 100.7Cross-border Cooperation 4 4.9 5.2 4.7

Total 62.1 74.8 89.1 105.4 

ALBANIATransition Assistance and Institution Building 54.3 65.2 71.4 84.2Cross-border Cooperation 6.7 8.6 9.8 10Total 61 73.8 81.2 94.2

 Total Country Programmes 1109.4 1311.7 1305.1 1397.3Multi-Beneficiary Programmes 29.6 137.7 188.9 141.7Support Expenditure 44.8 52 47.6 47.4GRAND TOTAL 1263.2 1501.4 1541.6 1591.3

Breakdown of the IPA Assistance (MIFF 1)

Country Component 2011 2012 2013

TURKEY

Transition Assistance and Institution Building 231.3 227.5 238.5

Cross-border Cooperation 5.1 2.2 2.2

Regional Development 293.4 356.1 366.9

Human Resources Development 77.6 83.2 91.2

Rural Development 172.5 187.4 204.2

Total 779.9 856.3 902.9

 

CROATIA

Transition Assistance and Institution Building 40 40 17.4

Cross-border Cooperation 15.9 16.4 9.7

Regional Development 58.2 57.5 30.1

Human Resources Development 16 15.9 8.5

Rural Development 26.5 25.8 27.7

Total 156.5 155.6 93.5

 

MACEDONIA

Transition Assistance and Institution Building 29.4 28.7 27.1

Cross-border Cooperation 4.5 3.6 5.1

Regional Development 39.3 40.9 50.3

Human Resources Development 8.8 10.3 10.6

Rural Development 16 18 20.2

Total 98 101.5 113.2

 

SERBIA

Transition Assistance and Institution Building 190.6 190.6 196.7

Cross-border Cooperation 11.3 11.5 11.6

Total 201.9 202.1 208.3

 

MONTENEGRO

Transition Assistance and Institution Building 29.8 16.3 5.1

Cross-border Cooperation 4.3 4.6 4.7

Regional Development 0 8 14.8

Human Resources Development 0 2.8 2.8

Rural Development 0 3.3 7.3

Total 34.2 35 34.6

 

KOSOVO

Transition Assistance and Institution Building 66.9 67 68.5

Cross-border Cooperation 1.8 1.8 3

Total 68.7 68.8 71.5

 

BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA

Transition Assistance and Institution Building 102.7 102.7 103.5

Cross-border Cooperation 4.7 5.2 5.3

Total 107.4 107.9 108.8

 

ALBANIA

Transition Assistance and Institution Building 84.3 85.1 84.7

Cross-border Cooperation 10.1 9.4 10.7

Total 94.4 94.6 95.3

 

Total Country Programmes 1553 1633.7 1634.1

Multi-Beneficiary Programmes 193.2 212.7 177.3

Support Expenditure 52.2 52.7 53.3

GRAND TOTAL 1798.4 1899.1 1864.6

Breakdown of the IPA Assistance (MIFF 2)

IPA Allocations to the Western Balkans

Per capita IPA Allocations to the Western Balkans and Turkey

From IPA to IPA II: 2014 - 2020

• IPA II: “more closely linked to the enlargement priorities, and based on a more results-oriented and strategic approach targeting key reforms in the enlargement countries”– access to all areas of the IPA II for all countries,

regardless their official candidate status; – Easy management of financial assistance with fewer

processes for accreditation and conferral of management to beneficiaries.

– Generalisation of a sector approach with the increased use of sectoral budget support

IPA II Budget (provisional allocation) (EUR millions)

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

1573.8 1605.2 1637.4 1670.1 1703.5 1737.6 1771.1