enhancing teaching and learning process
TRANSCRIPT
Enhancing Teaching/Learning
Process“A thousand teachers,
a thousand methods.”
-Chinese Proverb
Please allow team / group work during exams !
1-Introduction.
2- Definitions of terms related to teaching learning process.
3-Principles of Effective Teaching& learning process.
4-Principles of learning.
5-Aspects of the teaching-learning process.
6-Information Processing
Outline
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Introduction
What is TeachingA process of interactingThe process of engaging students in activities that will enable them to acquire the knowledge, skills, as well as worthwhile values and attitudes.
Definition
TEACHING APPROACHIt is a set of principles,
beliefs, orideas about the nature
of learningwhich is translated into
theclassroom.
EXAMPLES OF TEACHING APPROACHES
TEACHER-CENTERED LEARNER-CENTERED
SUBJECT-MATTER CENTER LEARNER-CENTERED
TEACHER DOMINATED INTERACTIVE
“BANKING” APPROACH CONSTRUCTIVIST
DISCIPLINAL INTEGRATED
INDIVIDUALISTIC COLLABORATIVE
INDIRECT, GUIDED DIRECT
Teacher centered vs Learner Centered
PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING
• Principle of using previous knowledge• Principle of providing for individual difference • Principle of readiness• Principle of meaningfulness• Principle of defining specific objectives of the lesson• Principle of proceeding from simple to complex• Principle of proceeding from concrete to abstract• Principle of proceeding from general to specific• Principle of proceeding from known to unknown
Guiding Principles in the Selection and Use of Teaching Strategies:
Learning is an active process. We have to actively engage the learners in learning activities if we want them to learn what we intend to teach.Research shows
75% retention rates in learning by doing
90% retention rates learning by teaching others
Guiding Principles in the Selection and Use of Teaching Strategies:
The more senses that are involved in learning, the more and the better the learning.
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Teaching Process
IMPLEMENT
PLAN EVALUATE
Feedbacks and Reflection
STAGE-IPre-Active
Stage
STAGE-2Inter-Active
Stage
STAGE-3Post-Active
Stage
TEACHING
STAGE-IPre-Active
Stage
Fixing up Goals & Content
Decision about Strategies
Diagnosis of the Learners
Actions and Reactions
Appropriate Testing Devices
Feedback and Testing
TEACHING PHASES OPERATIONS
PHASES OF TEACHING ----- Philip. W. Jackson
Planning Phase includes decision like:
The needs of the learnerObjectives: articulate the knowledge and skills the students should acquire at the end of the course.Assessment check the degree to which the students are meeting the learning objectives Instructional strategies foster student learning towards the objectives
The achievable goals & objectives to meet the needsObjectives should guide the selection of assessment, cannot be not vague
Selection of the content to be taughtAt the end of the course the student should be able to do _______
Planning Phase includes decision like:
Motivation to carry out the goalFocus on concrete actions and behaviors allowing us to make the student learning explicit and communicates to student the kind of intellectual efforts we expect from them
Approach most fit to carry out the goalsSpecify strategies by fixing targets to be achieved that leads to the desired goals.
Evaluation process to measure learning outcome.Define tools for assessment and measurements of the outcomes of the course such as direct methods, indirect methods. For example Alumni survey, Employer survey, student exit survey, course exit survey, project evaluation, course evaluation.
Considerations in planning
LearnerAvailability of materialsTime requirement of particular activityStrategy need to achieve the objective
Implementation phase
Based on the objective, implementation means to put into action the different activities in order to achieve the objectives through the subject matter.Interaction of the teacher and learner is important in the accomplishment of the planUse of different teaching style and strategy are included in this phase
Evaluation phase
A match of the objective with the learning outcome will be madeAnswers the question if the plans and implementation have been successfully achievedFeedback
Basic assumptions
That teaching is goal oriented with the change of behaviour as the ultimate endThat teaching is a rational and a reflective processThat teachers by their actions can influence learners to change their own thinking or desired behaviour, thus teaching is a way of changing behaviour, through the intervention of the teacher
Good teaching is .......
One that is well planned & where activities are interrelated to each otherGoes beyond recall of informationOne that provide learning experiences or situation that will ensure understanding, application and critical thinking
One where the learner is stimulated to think and reason and apply
Learning as a process of learning
To teach, is to make someone to learn...
Principles of Learning
Defined as a change in an individual’s behavior caused by experiences or self activityImplies that learning can only happen through the individuals activity or his own doingCan be intentional or unintentional
Two principal types of learning process
Behavioural learning theories Cognitive learning theories
Behavioural Learning Theory
Emphasizes observable behaviour such as new skills, knowledge, or attitudes which can be demonstratedObservable and measurableIf the individual has changed behaviour, he has learned
Cognitive Learning Theory
Concerned with human learning in which unobservable mental processes are used to learn and remember new information or acquired skillRelated to concept of meaningful learning through cognitive models
Three model of teaching anchored on cognitive learning theory
Discovery learning of Jerome BrunerReception learning of David AusubelEvents of Learning of Robert Gagne
Discovery learning
States that the individual learns from his own discovery of the environmentLearners are inherently curious, thus they can be self motivated until they find answers to the problemGave rise to the emerging theory of constructivism and self-learningLearning is flexible, exploratory, and independent
Reception Learning
Though learners are inherently curious, they may not be able to know what is important or relevant and they need external motivation in order to learnAlso emphasize that prior learning is important in order to learn new things and because knowledge continuously changes once it is in the learner’s mind
Events of learning (eight internal events)
1. Motivation phase – the learner must be motivated to learn by expectation that learning will be rewarding
2. Apprehending phase – learner stands or pay attention if learning has to take place
3. Acquisition phase – while learner is paying attention, the stage is set and the information presented
4. Retention phase – newly acquired information must be transferred from short term to long term memory
Events of .......
5. Recall phase – recall previously learned information; to learn to gain access to what has been learned is a critical phase in learning
6. Generalization phase – transfer of information to new situations allows application of the learned information in the context in which it was learned
7. Feedback phase – students must receive feedback on their performance - assessment
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENTThe goal of summative
assessment is to evaluate student learning at the end of an instructional unit by comparing it against some standard or benchmark.
Summative assessments are often high stakes, which means that they have a high point value. Examples of summative assessments include: term exampractical/assignments/final project semester end exams
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENTThe goal of formative
assessment is to monitor student learning to provide ongoing feedback that can be used by instructors to improve their teaching and by students to improve their learning. More specifically, formative assessments:help students identify their strengths and weaknesses and target areas that need workhelp faculty recognize where students are struggling and address problems immediately.
If I can not learn the way
you teach, will you teach me the way I
can learn?
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