enhancing regional trade integration in southeast europe

8/14/2019 Enhancing Regional Trade Integration in Southeast Europe

1/162

WEF XC^IG NKDJ

X C ^ I G N K D J X C ^ J O D H Q K Q F ^ D C . ; 5 6

Fdekdlodh ^fhocdki WrkgfOdtfhrktocd od \cutefkst Furcpf

Ncrjc Ekdgmosjo^cnfrt IulksQeoiop @krtod

\fifd \kroscy Hufrod


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X C ^ I G N K D J X C ^ J O D H Q K Q F ^ D C . ; 5 6

Fdekdlodh ^fhocdki WrkgfOdtfhrktocd od \cutefkstFurcpf

Ncrjc Ekdgmosjo^cnfrt Iulks

Qeoiop @krtod

\fifd \kroscy Hufrod


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Lcpyrohet >1;1Wef Odtfrdktocdki Nkdj bcr ^flcdstrultocd kdg Gfvficp`fdt / Wef Xcrig Nkdj;5;5 E \trfft, D.X.Xkseodhtcd, G.L. >17 < 7 ;< ;> ;; ;1

Xcrig Nkdj Xcrjodh Qkpfrs krf puniosefg tc lc`ùdolktf tef rfsuits cb tef Nkdjs wcrj tc tefgfvficp`fdt lc`ùdoty wote tef ifkst pcssonif gfiky. Wef `kduslropt cb teos pkpfr tefrfbcrf eks dct

nffd prfpkrfg od kllcrgkdlf wote tef prclfgurfs kpprcproktf tc bcr`kiiyfgotfg tfxts. \c`f scurlfs

lotfg od teos pkpfr `ky nf odbcr`ki gclu`fdts tekt krf dct rfkgoiy kvkoiknif.Wef bodgodhs, odtfrprftktocds, kdg lcdliusocds fxprfssfg efrfod krf tecsf cb tef kutecr(s) kdg gcdct dflfsskroiy rfbiflt tef vofws cb tef Odtfrdktocdki Nkdj bcr ^flcdstrultocd kdg Gfvficp`fdt/WefXcrig Nkdj kdg ots kbboioktfg crhkdozktocds, cr tecsf cb tef Fxflutovf Gorfltcrs cb Wef Xcrig Nkdj crtef hcvfrd`fdts tefy rfprfsfdt.

Wef Xcrig Nkdj gcfs dct hukrkdtff tef kllurkly cb tef gktk odliugfg od teos wcrj. Wefncudgkrofs, lcicrs, gfdcòdktocds, kdg ctefr odbcr`ktocd secwd cd kdy `kp od teos wcrj gc dct o`piykdy mugh`fdt cd tef pkrt cb Wef Xcrig Nkdj cb tef ifhki stktus cb kdy tfrrotcry cr tef fdgcrsf`fdt crkllfptkdlf cb sule ncudgkrofs.

Wef `ktfroki od teos puniolktocd os lcpyrohetfg. Lcpyodh kdg/cr trkdsòttodh pcrtocds cr kii cb teoswcrj wotecut pfròssocd `ky nf k vociktocd cb kppiolknif ikw. Wef Odtfrdktocdki Nkdj bcr^flcdstrultocd kdg Gfvficp`fdt/Wef Xcrig Nkdj fdlcurkhfs gossfòdktocd cb ots wcrj kdg woii

dcr`kiiy hrkdt pfròssocd prc`ptiy tc rfprcgulf pcrtocds cb tef wcrj.Bcr pfròssocd tc pectclcpy cr rfprodt kdy pkrt cb teos wcrj, pifksf sfdg k rfqufst wote lc`piftf

odbcr`ktocd tc tef Lcpyrohet Lifkrkdlf Lfdtfr, Odl., >>> ^csfwccg Grovf, Gkdvfrs, @K 1;?>176>>>7>>, f`koi= punrohetsAwcrignkdj.crh.

O\ND= ?8515>;6?>fO\ND= ?8515>;221O\\D= ;8>26585 GCO= ;1.;6?2/?8515>;6?>

Ionrkry cb Lcdhrfss LktkichodhodQuniolktocd Gktk eks nffd rfqufstfg.


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ooo

Lcdtfdts

Kljdcwifgh`fdts ................................................................................................................. voo

Bcrfwcrg ................................................................................................................................. vooo

Klrcdy`s kdg Knnrfvoktocds ................................................................................................. x

Fxflutovf \u``kry .................................................................................................................xoo

Qkrt O= Fvciutocd cb Odtrkrfhocdki Wrkgf od \cutefkst Furcpf= Wef ^cif cb

LFBWK bcr Fdekdlodh fhocdki Wrkgf Odtfhrktocd ...............................................;

Knstrklt ....................................................................................................................................... >

;. Odtrcgultocd ............................................................................................................................ . Wrkgf Qkttfrds od tef \FF ^fhocd ....................................................................................... 6

Qkttfrds kdg \trulturf cb Wrkgf Bicws od \FF ................................................................ 8Gflc`pcsotocd cb Odtrkrfhocdki Wrkgf ......................................................................... ;;Odtrk vfrsus Odtfrodgustry Wrkgf .................................................................................. ;6[ukioty cb Bcrfohd Wrkgf \tktostols bcr tef ^fhocd ....................................................... ;5

>

Wfledolki ^fhuiktocds kdg \tkdgkrgs ............................................................................ >>

Wrkgf^fiktfg Nusodfss Fdvorcd`fdt ............................................................................ >?Lcst kdg [ukioty cb Wrkgf Ichostols ............................................................................... Qrcgult Lktfhcry od >118 ................................. 72Kddfx O.N. Wrkgf \trulturf ny E\> Qrcgult Lktfhcry od >115 .................................. 75Kddfx O.L. Dft Fxpcrts tc LFBWK, tef Wcp kdg Ncttc` Bovf E\ >gohot Qrcgults od

>115 .............................................................................................................................. 61Kddfx O.G. Gfslroptocd cb >gohot E\ Lktfhcrofs .......................................................... 6;

Qkrt OO= Ikncr @cnoioty od \cutefkst Furcpf.........................................................6


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ov Lcdtfdts

@ohrktocd Qkttfrds ............................................................................................................ 2;Wef Gokspcrk ..................................................................................................................... 27@ohrkdts Fgulktocd Ifvfis ............................................................................................. 27

@ohrkdt \tcljs od tef LFBWK Lcudtrofs ........................................................................ 22

Orrfhuikr @ohrktocd ........................................................................................................... 25^fòttkdlfs ........................................................................................................................ 2?

5. Ikncr @cnoioty Qrcvosocds od Brff Wrkgf Khrff`fdts ................................................. 8;

KsokQklobol Flcdcòl Lccpfrktocd (KQFL) ................................................................. 8;K\FKD Brff Wrkgf Krfk (KBWK) ................................................................................... 8>Lkronnfkd Lc`ùdoty (LKÔLC@).............................................................................. 8>Fkst Kbrolk Lc`ùdoty (FKL) ........................................................................................ 87@frlkgc Lcùd gfi \ur (@frlcsur) ............................................................................. 86

Dcrte K`frolkd Brff Wrkgf Khrff`fdt (DKBWK) ...................................................... 82Furcpfkd Vdocd (FV) ....................................................................................................... 82Ifsscds brc` Ikncr @cnoioty Qrcvosocds cb BWKs ........................................................ 8?

?. Wef Nfdfbots (kdg Lcsts) cb Ikncr @cnoioty Qrcvosocds ............................................... 5. Odtrcgultocd ........................................................................................................................ ?8

;;

;2. \u``kry kdg Qcioly ^flc``fdgktocds .................................................................... ;>6

Kppfdgox= Lcdsu`fr \urpius ny Qrcgult kdg Lcudtry .................................. ;>?

^fbfrfdlfs .................................................................................................................;


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Lcdtfdts v

Wknifs

Wknif >.;. Jfy Flcdc`ol kdg Wrkgf Odgolktcrs bcr \FF (>115) ............................................ 2Wknif >.>. [ukrtfriy O`pcrts brc` LFBWK Qkrtofs, od @oiiocd ......................................... 2Wknif >.115, od @oiiocd ......................................................... 5Wknif >.7. Odtrkrfhocdki o`pcrts od >115, od @oiiocd ......................................................... 5Wknif>.6. Wcp Bovf Fxpcrt Qrcgults (7gohot \OWL ifvfi), \ekrf od Wctki .......................... ;.2. \FFs Fxpcrt \trulturf tc LFBWK kdg FV Qkrtdfrs od >118 ............................. ;7Wknif >.8. \ekrf cb Odtrkodgustry Wrkgf bcr tef \FF Lcudtrofs ........................................ ;2Wknif >.5. Odgustrofs (kt >Gohot Qrcgult Ifvfi) wote Ikrhfst \ekrf cb Odtrk

odgustry Wrkgf od \FF ..................................................................................................... ;8Wknif >.?. \FF @orrcr Hkp \tktostols= Gobbfrfdlf nftwffd O`pcrts kdg Fxpcrts (od

Qfrlfdt) .............................................................................................................................. ;5Wknif >.;1. Gobbfrfdlf nftwffd O`pcrts kdg Fxpcrts (od Qfrlfdt) bcr >11112

Qfrocg bcr \fifltfg Wrkgf ^fiktocdseops ....................................................................... ;?Wknif 7Wknif . Du`nfr cb Bor`s Vsodh O\C \tkdgkrgs kt tef Fdg cb >118 .............................. >6Wknif 116>1>1 (tecuskdgs) ................. 68Wknif 8.11;18 ........................................................ 65Wknif 8.7. Gokspcrk cb tef LFBWK Lcudtrofs od >111 .......................................................... 26

Wknif 8.6. Fxpktroktf Kguits od tef CFLG Lcudtrofs ny Fgulktocd= >111 ....................... 26Wknif 8.2. @ohrkdt \tclj od LFBWK Lcudtrofs= >111 (Qfrlfdt) .......................................... 28Wknif 8.8. LFBWK Gokspcrk od LFBWK Lcudtrofs= (>11116) ............................................. 25Wknif 8.5. ^f`ottkdlfs \ekrf cb HGQ= >112 (pfrlfdt) ........................................................ 2?Wknif ;1.;. Odtrk\FF Rosk ^fquorf`fdts ............................................................................. 58Wknif ;1.>. \ekgcw Flcdc`y, >11>1< (Qfrlfdt cb HGQ) .................................................. 5?Wknif ;118 .............................. ;12Wknif ;7.>. Qrf^fbcr` kdg Kbtfr ^fbcr` Kvfrkhf kdg Xfohetfg Wkrobbs .................... ;15

Wknif ;7.Wknif ;7.?. Kinkdok= Wkrobbs kdg O`pcrts ny Qrcgult Hrcups .......................................... ;;>Wknif ;7.>1. Ncsdok kdg Efrzfhcvodk= Wkrobbs kdg O`pcrts ny Qrcgult Hrcups .......... ;;;. Lrcktok= Wkrobbs kdg o`pcrts ny Qrcgult Hrcups ......................................... ;;>. B_^ @klfgcdok= Wkrobbs kdg O`pcrts ny Qrcgult Hrcups .......................... ;;7

Wknif ;7.>7. \frnok= Wkrobbs kdg O`pcrts ny Qrcgult Hrcups ........................................... ;;6Wknif ;7.>6. FV= Wkrobbs kdg O`pcrts ny Qrcgult Hrcups ................................................ ;;2


7/162

vo Lcdtfdts

Wknif ;6.;. \u``kry cb \oùiktocd ^fsuits (V\$ òiiocds) ............................................ ;;?Wknif ;6.>. Wkrobb ^fvfduf od \FF (ILV òiiocd) .............................................................. ;>1Wknif ;6.>Wknif ;6.7. Wrkgf Lrfktocd .................................................................................................... ;>>Wknif ;6.6. Wrkgf Govfrsocd.................................................................................................. ;>.;. Fxpcrts cb LFBWK @f`nfrs tc Ctefr @f`nfrs, od V\$ @oiiocd .................... 8Bohurf >.>. Odtrkrfhocdki O`pcrts ny E\ >Gohot Qrcgult Lktfhcry .................................. ?Bohurf >.11118 ................. ;;Bohurf >.7. Gflc`pcsotocd cb Fxpcrt Hrcwte od \FF ny \unpfrocg, >11117 (Wcp)

kdg >11718 (Ncttc`) ...................................................................................................... ;>Bohurf >.6. FV;1s OOW \ekrf .................................................................................................. ;2

Bohurf >.2. Wrkgf nftwffd Ncsdok kdg Efrzfhcvodk kdg Lrcktok ..................................... >1Bohurf 115 ......... >8Bohurf . XFBs Fdkniodh Wrkgf Odgfx >11? ..................................................................... . Wef O`pklt cb tef Lrosos cd Wrkgf Bicws od \FF ................................................... ;1Ncx >.


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voo

Kljdcwifgh`fdts

eos pkpfr lcdsosts cb terff rfpcrts. Wef borst rfpcrt, Fvciutocd cb Odtrkrfhocdki

Wrkgf od \cutefkst Furcpf= Wef ^cif cb LFBWK bcr Fdekdlodh ^fhocdki Wrkgf

Odtfhrktocd, wks wrottfd ny Ncrjc Ekdgmosjo (Xcrig Nkdj). Wef sflcdg rfpcrt, Ikncr

@cnoioty od \cutefkst Furcpf, wks prfpkrfg ny prcbfsscrs ^cnfrt Iulks (Ncstcd

Vdovfrsoty) kdg Qeoiop @krtod (VL Gkvos). Wef ikst rfpcrt, Wef O`pklt cb Fstknioseodh

k Rortuki Lustc`s Vdocd nftwffd \cutefkst Furcpf kdg tef Furcpfkd Vdocd, wks

wrottfd ny \fifd \kroscy Hufrod (Rromf Vdovfrsotfot Nrussfi kdg Lfdtrf bcr Furcpfkd

Qcioly \tugofs). Qffr rfvofwfrs bcr tef borst rfpcrt wfrf Ifcpcigc ûnodkllo (Furcpfkd

Lc`òssocd, GH Wrkgf), Mukd \fnkstkokd \kfz (Xcrig Nkdj, Odtfrdktocdki Wrkgf

Gfpkrt`fdt), kdg ^fdktk Rotfz (LFBWK \flrftkrokt). Qffr rfvofwfrs bcr tef ctefr twcrfpcrts wfrf Rikgoòr Hiohcrcv (Wef Rofddk Odstotutf bcr Odtfrdktocdki Flcdcòl

\tugofs), Mukd \fnkstkokd \kfz (Xcrig Nkdj), kdg Wrpf \tcmkdcvsjo (@K^Ô ^fhocdki

Lfdtrf). Wefor lc``fdts kdg suhhfstocds krf hrktfbuiiy kljdcwifghfg. Wef pkpfr kisc

nfdfbotfg brc` tef lc``fdts cb Xcrig Nkdj stkbb odliugodh Nfrdkrg Budlj, Rfsdk

Jcstol, @ktomk Iklc, kdg \kdmk @kgzkrfvol \umstfr.

Wef wcrj cd tef ikst twc rfpcrts wks odotoktfg ny \kdmky Jkteurok kdg wks

bodkdlfg ny tef hcvfrd`fdts cb Bodikdg, Dcrwky, \wfgfd, kdg tef Vdotfg Jodhgc`

tercuhe k lcdtronutocd brc` tef @uitoGcdcr Wrust Budg bcr Wrkgf kdg Gfvficp`fdt.

W


9/162

vooo

Bcrfwcrg

ef \cutefkst Furcpf (\FF) rfhocd lc`prosfs k hrcup cb lcudtrofs kt k rfiktovfiysoòikr stkhf cb flcdcòl gfvficp`fdt kdg wote k lc``cd cnmfltovf, kdg

prcspflt, cb nflcòdh `f`nfrs cb tef Furcpfkd Vdocd (FV). Wc kleofvf tef hcki cb FV`f`nfrseop, tef lcudtrofs cb tef rfhocd ekvf pursufg licsfr odtfhrktocd wote tef FVks wfii ks wote fkle ctefr. Du`frcus rfhocdki lccpfrktocd odotoktovfs ekvf nffdodtrcgulfg od sfvfrki krfks, odliugodh kvoktocd, fdfrhy, kdg rkoiwkys, nut tef hrfktfstprchrfss eks nffd `kgf od trkgf odtfhrktocd. Od Gflf`nfr >112, tef \FF lcudtrofs kdg@cigcvk sohdfg tef Lfdtrki Furcpfkd Brff Wrkgf Khrff`fdt; (LFBWK), klc`prfefdsovf brff trkgf khrff`fdt (BWK) tekt ko`s tc buiiy ionfrkiozf trkgf od tef

rfhocd ks wfii ks tc kleofvf hrfktfr lccpfrktocd od k du`nfr cb trkgfrfiktfg krfks,sule ks odvfst`fdt, sfrvolfs, puniol prclurf`fdt, kdg odtfiifltuki prcpfrty rohets.

Weos pkpfr os pkrt cb tef Xcrig Nkdjs fbbcrts tc udgfrstkdg tef o`pklt cb LFBWKcd rfhocdki trkgf bicws, ks wfii ks tc put bcrwkrg ctefr, lc`pif`fdtkry, ogfks tektlcuig fdekdlf burtefr rfhocdki trkgf odtfhrktocd. Ot nuoigs cd prfvocus kdkiytolki wcrjgcdf ny tef Xcrig Nkdj od teos krfk, kdg od pkrtoluikr cd tef nccj Xfstfrd NkijkdOdtfhrktocd kdg tef FV= Khfdgk bcr Wrkgf kdg Hrcwte (Jkteurok, >115).

Wef pkpfr odliugfs terff stugofs. Wef borst cdf iccjs kt odtrkrfhocdki trkgf bicwskdg tef rf`kododh dcdtkrobb nkrrofrs tc trkgf od tef rfhocd (od pkrtoluikr od tecsf krfkstekt krf odliugfg od LFBWK). Wef ctefr twc stugofs odtrcgulf twc ogfks tekt ekvf sc

bkr dct rflfovfg subbolofdt kttfdtocd brc` pcioly `kjfrs od tef rfhocd= (o) tc kiicw brff`cvf`fdt Zcb lfrtkod lktfhcrofsP cb sjoiifg ikncr woteod tef rfhocd, kdg (oo) tc kgcptFVs Lc``cd Fxtfrdki Wkrobb ks k `fksurf tc prfvfdt trkgf govfrsocd kdg tc prfpkrfbcr FV odtfhrktocd.

Xf nfiofvf tef bodgodhs `frot licsf kttfdtocd kdg prcvogf sciog krhu`fdts bcrpcioly kltocd. Odtrkrfhocdki trkgf eks odlrfksfg rkpogiy od rflfdt yfkrs: ecwfvfr, tefk`cudt kdg lcdtfdt cb trkgf bicws gc dct sohdki sohdobolkdt trkgf odtfhrktocd, sule kstef lcudtrofs cb Lfdtrki kdg Fkstfrd Furcpf kleofvfg od tef pkst gflkgf. Bciicwodh teftkrobb ionfrkiozktocd, dcdtkrobb nkrrofrs ekvf nflc`f tef `kod cnstklifs bcr trkgf kdg,tefrfbcrf, tef bclus secuig dcw seobt tc fioòdktodh tecsf nkrrofrs. Fdekdlfg rfhocdkitrkgf odtfhrktocd secuig dct nf lcdbodfg cdiy tc brff `cvf`fdt cb hccgs. Odlrfksfgikncr `cnoioty (k jfy poiikr cb tef FV) lcuig kisc ekvf trkgf lrfktocd fbbflts kdg lcuigefip lrfktf k rfhocdki `krjft knif tc kttrklt hrfktfr bcrfohd odvfst`fdt. Ikst nut dctifkst, tkrobb strulturfs od `kdy lcudtrofs cb tef rfhocd kiicw sc`f slcpf bcr trkgfgovfrsocd od bkvcr cb FV kdg LFBWK lcudtrofs kt tef fxpfdsf cb tef rfst cb tef wcrig.\ule trkgf govfrsocd lcuig nf rfgulfg ny kgcptodh tef FVs Lc``cd Fxtfrdki Wkrobbstrulturf. Weos wcuig kisc efip tef \FF lcudtrofs tc prfpkrf bcr FV kllfssocd.

W


10/162

Bcrfwcrg ox

Weos pkpfr lc`fs kt kd o`pcrtkdt pcodt cb tef rfhocds gfvficp`fdt, kdg secuig

huogf pcioly `kjfrs od gfbododh pcioly kltocds tekt woii efip tefor lcudtrofs udifkse

tefor trkgf pctfdtoki ks wfii ks prfpkrf tef` bcr FV `f`nfrseop.

Nfrdkrg Budlj,

\fltcr @kdkhfr, Furcpf kdg Lfdtrki Ksok

Wef Xcrig Nkdj

Dctfs

; Kisc lkiifg LFBWK >112 (tc gobbfrfdtoktf brc` tef crohodki khrff`fdt sohdfg ny tef Lfdtrki

Furcpfkd lcudtrofs od tef fkriy ;??1s).


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x

Klrcdy`s kdg Knnrfvoktocds

KNWL Kpfl Nusodfss Wrkvfi LkrgKBWK Ksfkd Brff Wrkgf KrfkKQFL KsokQklobol Flcdcòl LccpfrktocdNFFQ\ Nusodfss Fdvorcd`fdt kdg Fdtfrprosf Qfrbcr`kdlf \urvfyNoE Ncsdok kdg EfrzfhcvodkLKÔLC@ Lkronnfkd Lc`ùdotyLFBWK Lfdtrki Furcpfkd Brff Wrkgf Khrff`fdtLO\ Lc``cdwfkite cb Odgfpfdgfdt \tktfsLC@F\K Lc``cd @krjft bcr Fkstfrd kdg \cutefrd Kbrolk

L\@F Lkrolc` \odhif @krjft kdg Flcdc`yGLC Gokhcdki luùiktocd cb crohodFKL Fkst Kbrolk Lc`ùdotyFLK Furcpf kdg Lfdtrki KsokFLM Furcpfkd Lcurt cb MustolfFLCXK\ Flcdcòl Lc`ùdoty cb Xfstfrd Kbrolkd \tktfsFBWK Furcpfkd Brff Wrkgf KrfkFD Furcpfkd \tkdgkrgFQI F`picy`fdt Qrctfltocd IfhosiktocdFWO Fdkniodh Wrkgf Odgfx

FV Furcpfkd VdocdBGO bcrfohd gorflt odvfst`fdtBWK brff trkgf khrff`fdtB_^ Bcr`fr _uhcsikv ^fpuniolHGQ hrcss gc`fstol prcgultOL@QG Odtfrdktocdki Lfdtrf bcr @ohrktocd Qcioly Gfvficp`fdtOLW odbcr`ktocd kdg lc`ùdolktocd tfledcichofsOOW OdtrkOdgustry WrkgfOIC Odtfrdktocdki Ikncur CrhkdozktocdOC@ Odtfrdktocdki Crhkdozktocd bcr @ohrktocd@K^Ô @ohrktocd, Ksyiu`, ^fbuhffs, ^fhocdki Odotoktovf@F^LC\V^ @frlkgc Lcùd gfi \ur@BD `cst bkvcrfg dktocd@CO Lrcktokd @odostry cb OdtfrocrDKBWK Dcrte K`frolkd Brff Wrkgf Khrff`fdtDWN dcdtkrobb nkrrofrsCFLG Crhkdozktocd bcr Flcdcòl Lccpfrktocd kdg Gfvficp`fdt\KK \tknoiozktocd kdg Ksscloktocd Khrff`fdts\FF \cutefkst Furcpf

\OWL \tkdgkrg Odtfrdktocdki Wrkgf Likssobolktocd\@K^W \cbtwkrf bcr @krjft Kdkiysos kdg ^fstroltocds cd Wrkgf\@Fs s`kii kdg `fgou`sozfg fdtfrprosfs


12/162

Klrcdy`s kdg Knnrfvoktocds xo

\Q\ skdotkry kdg peytcskdotkryWNW tfledolki nkrrofrs tc trkgfVDLWKG Vdotfg Dktocds Lcdbfrfdlf cd Wrkgf kdg Gfvficp`fdtVDEL^ Vdotfg Dktocds Eohe Lc``ossocdfr bcr ^fbuhffsV.\. Vdotfg \tktfsRKW vkiuf kggfg tkxXFB Xcrig Flcdc`ol Bcru`XWC Xcrig Wrkgf Crhkdozktocd


13/162

xoo

Fxflutovf \u``kry

ef \cutefkst Furcpf (\FF) rfhocd lc`prosfs k hrcup cb lcudtrofs kt k rfiktovfiysoòikr stkhf cb flcdcòl gfvficp`fdt kdg wote k lc``cd cnmfltovf, kdg

prcspflt, cb nflcòdh `f`nfrs cb tef Furcpfkd Vdocd (FV). Wc kleofvf tef hcki cb FV`f`nfrseop, tef lcudtrofs cb tef rfhocd ekvf pursufg licsfr odtfhrktocd wote tef FVks wfii ks wote fkle ctefr. ^fhocdki lccpfrktocd eks nffd bclusfg cd krfks tekt ko` tcprc`ctf hrfktfr flcdcòl tofs k`cdh tef lcudtrofs. K ùitoiktfrki brff trkgfkhrff`fdt, LFBWK, wks lcdliugfg od Gflf`nfr >112 tc kleofvf tef pursuot cbflcdcòl odtfhrktocd. Weos khrff`fdt os vfry lc`prfefdsovf kdg ko`s tc fdekdlflciikncrktocd od sfvfrki trkgfrfiktfg krfks. Od kggotocd tc tef buiboiiodh tef

lc`òt`fdts cb LFBWK, tef \FF lcudtrofs lcuig lcdsogfr kggotocdki pciolofs tc bcstfrtrkgf odtfhrktocd.

Odtrk-rfhocdki Wrkgf Qkttfrds kdg Lcdstrkodts

Ks goslussfg od Qkrt O cb teos pkpfr, odtrkrfhocdki trkgf pfrbcr`kdlf od \cutefkstFurcpf eks o`prcvfg lcdsogfrkniy od rflfdt yfkrs. Wef odlrfksfg trkgf bicws ekvfnffd k rfsuit cb bcr`ki trkgf ionfrkiozktocd (borst tercuhe noiktfrki BWKs kdg iktfrtercuhe LFBWK) kdg cb trkgf bkloiotktocd `fksurfs. Wef trkgf fxpkdsocd od teos gflkgfekg ifg tc trkgf gffpfdodh wote cdf bobte cb tef trkgf odlrfksf lcòdh brc` dfw trkgfrfiktocdseops. \c bkr, trkgf ionfrkiozktocd eks nffd ny kdg ikrhf lcdbodfg tc`kdubklturfs, nut tefsf fkriy sullfssfs secuig f`ncigfd LFBWK `f`nfrs tc fxpkdgtefor fbbcrts tc khroluiturf kdg sfrvolfs.

Gfspotf tef sohdobolkdt odlrfksf od trkgf, ots strulturf gcfs dct sohdki sohdobolkdttrkgf odtfhrktocd. Lc``cgotofs lcdtoduf tc gcòdktf, kdg odtrkodgustry trkgf rf`kodsicw lc`pkrfg tc odtrkodgustry trkgf pfrbcr`kdlf od tef FV;1 lcudtrofs (dcw ks wfiiks od tef pfrocg procr tc mcododh tef FV).

Hrcwte od trkgf woteod tef rfhocd wks fvfd strcdhfr od >115, bciicwodh tef fdtrycb LFBWK odtc bcrlf, tecuhe cb lcursf teos lkddct nf buiiy kttronutfg tc tef Khrff`fdt.Ks k `kttfr cb bklt, tef `cst o`pcrtkdt dcvfity cb tef Khrff`fdt, od kggotocd tc tef buii

ionfrkiozktocd cb trkgf od `kdubklturfg hccgs, os tef odliusocd cb ctefr krfks cblccpfrktocd sule ks tfledolki nkrrofrs tc trkgf, ruifs cb crohod, lc`pftotocd ruifs, puniolprclurf`fdt, odtfiifltuki prcpfrty rohets, kdg sc bcrte. LFBWK kisc fstkniosefs k wfiigfbodfg gosputf rfsciutocd `flekdos` kdg ot os o`pcrtkdt tc fdsurf tekt tefKhrff`fdt os wfii o`pif`fdtfg cr tekt pcssonif gosputfs lcuig nf fbbolofdtiy rfscivfg.Ctefrwosf, goskppcodt`fdts krf odfvotknif, ks eks ekppfdfg udgfr tef noiktfrki BWKs,weole krf cbtfd dct prcpfriy o`pif`fdtfg bcr k du`nfr cb rfkscds.

Wef rfpcrt kssfssfs tef prchrfss kdg lekiifdhfs cd sc`f cb tef `cst o`pcrtkdtlcdstrkodts tc hrfktfr trkgf odtfhrktocd od tef rfhocd. Ot bodgs tekt, wote tef knciose`fdtcb tkrobbs kdg quctks, tfledolki rfhuiktocds, kdg stkdgkrgs ekvf nflc`f kd o`pcrtkdt

lcdstrkodt cd trkgf kdg hrfktfr lciikncrktocd os rfquorfg tc rfgulf tefsf nkrrofrs. Odteos rfhkrg, tef ekr`cdozktocd kdg odtfrdktocdki rflchdotocd cb tef qukioty cbodbrkstrulturf od \FF os votki bcr burtefr prc`ctodh rfhocdki trkgf.

W


14/162

Fxflutovf \u``kry xooo

Wef trkgfrfiktfg fdvorcd`fdt lcdtodufs tc odliugf pciolyodgulfg nkrrofrs tektprfvfdt burtefr gfvficp`fdt cb odtrkrfhocdki (kdg nrckgfr) trkgf. Wef rfpcrt bodgstekt `cst \FF lcudtrofs ekvf `kgf sohdobolkdt prchrfss cd tef trkgf bkloiotktocdkhfdgk, nut ekvf yft tc buiiy lktle up wote tef `crf kgvkdlfg Furcpfkd rfbcr`frs cddu`nfr cb trkgfrfiktfg ossufs, ks fvogfdlfg ny hicnki cr rfhocdki survfys kdg rfpcrtssule ks tef Gcodh Nusodfss rfpcrt, tef Nusodfss Fdvorcd`fdt kdg FdtfrprosfQfrbcr`kdlf \urvfy (NFFQ\), Fdkniodh Wrkgf Odgfx, kdg tef Ichostols Qfrbcr`kdlfOdgolktcrs. Xeoif dc pkrtoluikr krfk lkd nf ogfdtobofg ks k nodgodh lcdstrkodt tc trkgfpfr sf, kggrfssodh tefsf lcdstrkodts lcuig rfgulf tef cvfrkii lcsts cb trkgodh kdgprc`ctf fxpcrt hrcwte. Wef lksf stugofs cb twc rfhocdki bor`s lcdbor` tef bodgodhs cbtef hicnki survfys kdg rfpcrt.

Od teos lcdtfxt, o`pif`fdtktocd borst, tefd gffpfdodh cb tef LFBWK khrff`fdt woiiefip tef \FF lcudtrofs FV kllfssocd prcspflts. Kii lcudtrofs od tef rfhocd krf strcdhiylc`òttfg tc nflcòdh `f`nfrs cb tef Furcpfkd Vdocd. Fvfd tecuhe tef to`fbrk`fbcr mcododh tef FV os udlfrtkod kdg prcnkniy vkrofs k`cdh tef lcudtrofs, cdlf tef \FFlcudtrofs mcod, tefor flcdcòfs woii nf buiiy odtfhrktfg odtc tef FVs \odhif @krjft.Efdlf, lrfktodh k `crf udobofg rfhocdki flcdcòl spklf procr tc nflcòdh pkrt cb tefFV woii ekvf ùitopif nfdfbots= (o) bor`s woii nf nfttfr knif tc lcpf wote tef lc`pftotovfprfssurfs woteod tef Vdocd: (oo) dktocdki kgòdostrktocds woii ekvf hkodfg fxpfrofdlf odrfhocdki lccpfrktocd, weole os fssfdtoki bcr wfiibudltocdodh woteod tef FV: kdg (ooo) nylcdvfrhodh tcwkrgs FV stkdgkrgs, tef lcudtrofs woii sccdfr kleofvf kiohd`fdt wotetef FV klquosod tefsf krfks.

Wef Nfdfbots cb \joiifg Ikncr @cnoiotyQkrt OO cb teos pkpfr os `ctovktfg ny Xcrig Nkdj rflc``fdgktocds (Jkteurok, >115, p.>>) tekt urhf LFBWK `f`nfr stktfs tc dfhctoktf kd khrff`fdt cd prfbfrfdtokiionfrkiozktocd cb prcbfssocdki sfrvolfs tekt bclusfs cd tef `cvf`fdt cb dkturki pfrscdsZnfhoddodh woteP ùtuki rflchdotocd cb prcbfssocdki qukiobolktocds Zkdg fxtfdgodhP tckii ikncr, sjoiifg cr udsjoiifg tc gffpfd flcdcòl odtfhrktocd.

Wef crohodki LFBWK lk`f odtc bcrlf od ;??7, nut kii stktfs tekt wfrf `f`nfrsnfbcrf >11< fxotfg LFBWK upcd hkododh kllfssocd tc tef FV. Wefrf krf lurrfdtiy fohetLFBWK `f`nfrs= tef ^fpuniol cb Kinkdok, Ncsdok kdg Efrzfhcvodk, ^fpuniol cbLrcktok, Jcscvc, tef Bcr`fr _uhcsikv ^fpuniol cb @klfgcdok, ^fpuniol cb @cigcvk,

@cdtfdfhrc, kdg tef ^fpuniol cb \frnok. Kii pkrtofs, fxlfpt @cigcvk, ksporf kdg fxpflttc mcod tef FV. Lrcktok kdg B_^ @klfgcdok krf `cst kgvkdlfg od teos prclfss, weoiftef ctefrs krf lcdsogfrfg pctfdtoki FV lkdgogktfs (@cdtfdfhrc kdg Kinkdok sunòttfg`f`nfrseop kppiolktocds od >11?). Od >111, >11


15/162

xov Fxflutovf \u``kry

Ikncr `cnoioty cbtfd lc`fs odtc bcrlf wote lcdsogfrknif to`f ikh, cbtfd sfvfrkiyfkrs kbtfr brff trkgf od hccgs.

O`pif`fdtktocd cb `cnoioty prcvosocds os hfdfrkiiy bkr ifss lc`piftf k`cdhtef gfvficpodh lcudtrofs: `cst iklj odstotutocds tc weole odgovogukis wecnfiofvf tefor `cnoioty rohets wfrf vociktfg lkd kppfki.

Ikncr `cnoioty khrff`fdts, ks wote brff trkgf khrff`fdts, lkd nf noiktfrki crùitoiktfrki. @cst BWKs krf rfhocdki, odvcivodh dfohencrodh lcudtrofs.Lcudtrofs tekt krf `f`nfrs cb `crf tekd cdf brfftrkgf hrcupodh cbtfd bodgprchrfss tcwkrg ikncr `cnoioty `crf lc`pifx. Od kdy fvfdt, ionfrkiozodhbrffgc`cb`cvf`fdt nftwffd twc lcudtrofs rfquorfs lcdsogfrktocd cb sclkiifg teorglcudtry dktocdkis.

Ot os fksofr tc dfhctoktf khrff`fdts tc ionfrkiozf sjoiifg ikncr òhrktocd nflkusftef du`nfrs krf rfiktovfiy s`kii, tef flcdcòl kdg puniol bodkdlf hkods tc

rflfovodh lcudtrofs `ky nf hrfktfr, kdg sjoiifg wcrjfrs `ky hfdfrktf pcsotovffxtfrdkiotofs sule ks oddcvktocd wefrf tefy iovf. \c`f BWKs sule ks DKBWK ioòt brff `cvf`fdt tc eoheiy sjoiifg wcrjfrs,

weoif ctefrs fdlc`pkss k wogfr rkdhf cb sjoii lktfhcrofs. @cvf`fdt tcwkrgùtuki rflchdotocd cb qukiobolktocds os o`pcrtkdt bcr `cnoioty cb sjoiifgwcrjfrs.

Wef gostronutocd cb flcdcòl nfdfbots brc` brff ikncr `cnoioty prcvosocds krfdct fqukiiy sprfkg klrcss `f`nfr lcudtrofs cr woteod fkle lcudtry.

Iklj cb pcrtknoioty cb pfdsocds kdg efkite kdg soòikr nfdfbots `ky goslcurkhfwcrjfrs brc` wcrjodh knrckg kdg rfturdodh: pcrtknoioty os kd ossuf od `kdy

ikncr `cnoioty dfhctoktocds. Qcstfg wcrjfrs f`picyfg ny k ec`flcudtryf`picyfr knrckg krf ifss kbbfltfg ny pcrtknoioty ossufs nflkusf tefy rf`kodlcvfrfg ny ec`flcudtry nfdfbot systf`s.

Wefrf os sc`fto`fs ifss òhrktocd tekd kdtolopktfg udgfr brff ikncr `cnoiotyprcvosocds, rfbifltodh ossufs wote odbcr`ktocd kncut mcns, ikdhukhf gobbfrfdlfs,lrfgfdtokis rflchdotocd, kdg iklj cb kllfss tc puniol sfltcr f`picy`fdt.

Kii LFBWK `f`nfr lcudtrofs ekvf sunstkdtoki fxpfrofdlf wote ikncr òhrktocd.@cst ekvf gokspcrks tekt sfdg ec`f sohdobolkdt rfòttkdlfs. Fsto`ktfs cb òhrkdtstcljs kdg bicws vkry lcdsogfrkniy rfbifltodh gobbfrfdt gfbodotocds, fxtfdsovf orrfhuikr

òhrktocd, kdg wogfsprfkg guki dktocdkioty. Qfrekps up tc k teorg cb tef gokspcrk brc`Ncsdok kdg Efrzfhcvodk os rfsogodh od ctefr LFBWK stktfs. Wef sozf cb tef gokspcrk osùle icwfr kdg ots gostronutocd os gobbfrfdt bcr tef ctefr LFBWK stktfs, rfbifltodh `crfòhrktocd tc tef FV. @cigcvk rf`kods rfiktovfiy osciktfg brc` teos odtrkLFBWK`cnoioty, sodlf `cst @cigcvkd òhrkdts `cvf tc Lc``cdwfkite cb Odgfpfdgfdt\tktfs (LO\) kdg FV lcudtrofs. Kii cb tef LFBWK lcudtrofs fxlfpt B_^ @klfgcdok kdg@cdtfdfhrc rfquorf Kinkdokds tc cntkod vosks bcr vosots.

Wef lc`nodfg pcpuiktocd cb tef fohet LFBWK `f`nfr lcudtrofs os ifss tekd >5òiiocd, siohetiy `crf tekd ^c`kdok. Fdekdlodh ikncr `cnoioty woteod tef rfhocd lkdfxpicot slkif flcdcòfs, odlrfksodh prcgultovoty kdg kttrkltodh bcrfohd odvfst`fdt. Od

turd, tefsf bkltcrs lkd fdekdlf tef rfhocds lc`pftotovfdfss od odtfrdktocdki trkgf.@cst cb tef LFBWK lcudtrofs wfrf pkrt cb tef \clokiost Bfgfrki ^fpuniol cb_uhcsikvok, weole nfhkd gosodtfhrktodh od tef ;??1s. Kleofvodh brffr ikncr `cnoioty


16/162

Fxflutovf \u``kry xv

k`cdh tef fx_uhcsikv rfpuniols secuig nf fxpfgotfg ny soòikrotofs od fgulktocd kdglrfgfdtoki systf`s kdg pkttfrds cb prfodgfpfdgfdlf òhrktocd, nut `ky nf sicwfg nyeohe udf`picy`fdt kdg udgfrf`picy`fdt (Okrk kdg Rogcvol, >11?: Bftso, >118),iodhfrodh ecstoiotofs brc` ;??1s kr`fg lcdbiolts, kdg dfwiy frfltfg òhrktocd nkrrofrsod fvcivodh òhrktocd systf`s kdg ctefr lekdhfs.

Wryodh tc bcr`kiozf icwsjoiifg orrfhuikr òhrktocd vok hufst wcrjfr prchrk`s,nfbcrf ikncr `krjfts krf `kgf `crf bifxonif kdg odbcr`ki flcdcòfs lurnfg, lcuigrfgulf ikncr òhrktocd kdg rfgulf sc`f cb tef bifxonoioty tekt òhrkdts lurrfdtiyprcvogf.

Qrcbfssocdkis kdg sjoiifg wcrjfrs krf ifss iojfiy tc òhrktf tc dfohencrodh Nkijkdlcudtrofs od kd orrfhuikr stktus, mustobyodh hcvfrd`fdt fbbcrts tc bcstfr sjoiifg ikncr`cnoioty. \pflobol stfps tc prc`ctf sjoiifg ikncr òhrktocd òhet odliugf=

fdlcurkhodh stugfdt òhrktocd, kiicwodh bcrfohd stugfdts tc wcrj weoif

stugyodh kdg hrkguktfs tc sffj f`picy`fdt wote òdo`ki nurfkulrkly, ks odtef FV

kiicwodh LFBWK f`picyfrs tc cbbfr mcns tc LFBWK dktocdkis wec ekvf kt ifkstcdf udovfrsoty gfhrff wotecut k ikncr `krjft tfst, ks od DKBWK, wefrf k mcncbbfr kdg prccb cb lotozfdseop kdg lrfgfdtokis kiicws ossukdlf cb kd odgfbodotfiyrfdfwknif wcrj kdg rfsogfdlf vosk

prc`ctodh odtrklc`pkdy trkdsbfrs ny kiicwodh bor`s wote nrkdlefs od sfvfrkiLFBWK lcudtrofs tc trkdsbfr wcrjfrs nftwffd tef` wote òdo`ki bcr`kiotofs,tef pkrt cb tef HKW\ trkgfodsfrvolfs dfhctoktocds tekt eks rflfovfg tef `cstionfrkiozodh cbbfrs.>

Cvfr to`f, hufst wcrjfr prchrk`s `ky tefd nf lrfktfg kdg fxpkdgfg tekt kiicwtef kgòssocd cb LFBWK wcrjfrs tc boii sfkscdki mcns od ctefr LFBWK `f`nfr stktfs,fxtfdgodh sule prchrk`s tc fdlc`pkss k wogfr rkdhf cb wcrjfrs kdg mcns.

FV kllfssocd woii, od kdy lksf, fvfdtukiiy rfquorf gfvficp`fdt cb sule`flekdos`s. Ot `ky tefrfbcrf nfeccvf tef LFBWK stktfs tc nrodh tefor òhrktocd kdgpfròt systf`s odtc iodf wote tef FV stkdgkrgs, o`pif`fdtodh tefsf k`cdh tef`sfivfsodotokiiy, fotefr cd k ùitoiktfrki cr noiktfrki nksos.

^fgulodh Fxtfrdki Wkrobbs ny Kgcptodh FVs Lc``cd Fxtfrdki Wkrobb

Fvfd tecuhe \FFs fxpcrts ekvf nffd odlrfksodh stfkgoiy, ncte odtrk kdg fxtrkrfhocdki fxpcrts rf`kod nficw pctfdtoki. Od kggotocd tc teos tefy rf`kod brkhoif ks tefyefkvoiy gfpfdg cd k bfw otf`s, `kodiy lc``cgotofs. Wef ko` cb tef bodki pkrt cb tefpkpfr os tc fstkniose tef lcsts kdg nfdfbots cb kgcptodh FVs LFW od crgfr tc ogfdtobyweftefr teos lkd nf tef rohet pcioly cptocd bcr \FF lcudtrofs od crgfr tc fdlcurkhffxpcrtifg hrcwte.

Borst, tef tkrobb strulturf cb fkle \FF lcudtry os fxkòdfg od gftkoi kdg lc`pkrfg tctekt cb FV. Kbtfr sule k rfbcr`, tef rfhocds so`pif kvfrkhf tkrobb wcuig nf rfgulfg brc`6.; pfrlfdt tc >.< pfrlfdt kdg tef trkgfwfohetfg kvfrkhf tkrobb brc` 7.8 pfrlfdt tc >.>pfrlfdt. K`cdh tef \FF lcudtrofs, \frnok woii hc tercuhe tef `cst k`notocus kgmust`fdtprclfss guf tc ots eohefr kvfrkhf tkrobbs kdg tkrobb gospfrsocds. Cd tef ctefr fxtrf`f,Lrcktok woii rfquorf tef ifkst fbbcrt tc kgcpt FVs LFW tekdjs tc ots kgvkdlfg stktus ks kdFV lkdgogktf lcudtry.


17/162

xvo Fxflutovf \u``kry

\flcdg, tef lcsts kdg nfdfbots cb kgcptodh FVs LFW krf qukdtotktovfiy fsto`ktfgny `kjodh usf cb trkgotocdki lcdlfpts cb trkgf govfrsocd kdg lrfktocd. Wef fsto`ktocdtccis usfg odliugf k pkrtoki fquoionrou` `cgfi cb \@K^W gfvficpfg ny VDLWKG kdgtef Xcrig Nkdj. Wef rfsuits odgolktf tekt tef o`pklt cb teos trkgf rfbcr` woii nfpcsotovf wote dft trkgf lrfktocd od tef `khdotugf cb V\$??5.? òiiocd bcr tef rfhocd, kdodlrfksf cb 7.< pfrlfdt brc` prfrfbcr` o`pcrt ifvfis. Fvfd tecuhe o`pcrts woiiodlrfksf sohdobolkdtiy, tef dft fbbflt cb kgcptodh tef FVs LFW woii rfsuit od rfvfduf icssrcuheiy ekib cb tef hkods brc` trkgf lrfktocd, tekt os,tekt os, V\$76?.8 òiiocd. Weflcdsu`fr surpius, weole woii rfsuit brc` rfgulodh tef gfkgwfohet icss brc` tkrobbs, osk `cgfst V\$6;.8 òiiocd. Wef cvfrkii dft fbbflt cb LFW k`cudts teus tc V\$6?1.?òiiocd, rcuheiy ; pfrlfdt cb \FFs lc`nodfg HGQ.

Kdctefr cnsfrvktocd cdf lkd `kjf nksfg cd tef soùiktocd rfsuits os tekt kiilcudtrofs woii nf knif tc govfrsoby tefor trkgf tc ctefr lcudtrofs cutsogf tef rfhocd.Kitecuhe sfvfrki FV `f`nfr stktfs krf k`cdh tef tcp ;1 fxpcrt pkrtdfrs, Leodk, tefûssokd Bfgfrktocd, tef Vdotfg \tktfs, kdg Wurjfy krf sft tc hkod sohdobolkdt `krjftsekrf od tef \FF `krjft ks k rfsuits cb trkgf lrfktocd. Wef o`pklt cb kgcptodh LFW oshcodh tc ekvf k dfhktovf fbbflt cd odtrkrfhocdki fxpcrts. Dfvfrtefifss, tef gflrfksf ododtrkrfhocdki fxpcrts (tekt os, trkgf govfrsocd) os k rfkgmust`fdt kdg cdiy k`cudts tc1.; pfrlfdt cb HGQ.

Ob tef \FF lcudtrofs gflogf tc prclffg wote kgcptodh tef FVs LFW udoiktfrkiiy kdgodgovogukiiy, pciotolki rfsostkdlf `ky krosf khkodst sule k `fksurf od tecsf lcudtrofswefrf tef tkrobb rfvfduf icss os tef eohefst. K lc`òttff lcuig nf fstkniosefg tclc`pfdsktf tecsf lcudtrofs tekt krf `cst gfpfdgfdt cd lustc`s o`pcrt gutofs ks

rfvfduf, bcr k tf`pcrkry pfrocg cb kgmust`fdt (bcr fxk`pif, bovf yfkrs). Kitecuhe ot`ky nf gobboluit bcr tef \FF lcudtrofs tc pcci tefor scvfrfohdty cvfr `cst cb tefortrkgf pcioly, ot secuig nf pciotolkiiy fksofr tc kgcpt tef FVs LFW, kd fxtfrdkinfdle`krj. Ks kii lcudtrofs od tef rfhocd ekvf k lifkr FV vclktocd, kgcptodh tef FVsLFW wcuig nrodh tef` licsfr tc FV `f`nfrseop.

Dctfs;@cigcvk os dct lcdsogfrfg bcr FV `f`nfrseop kdg eks ioòtfg flcdcòl odtfriodjkhfs wote tefrf`kododh LFBWK stktfs, kdg woii nf fxliugfg brc` fxpiolot goslussocd od tef rf`kodgfr cb teosrfpcrt.

> Vdgfr HKW\ @cgf 7, odtrklc`pkdy trkdsbfrs krf cbtfd ioòtfg tc `kdkhfrs, wcrjfrs wotespflokiozfg sjoiis, kdg sc`fto`fs trkodffs wec ekvf nffd f`picyfg ny tef ùitodktocdki bor` ktifkst k yfkr (@krtod, Knfiik, kdg Juptsle, >116).


18/162

;

Qkrt O

Fvciutocd cb Odtrkrfhocdki Wrkgfod \cutefkst Furcpf= Wef ^cif cb

LFBWK bcr Fdekdlodh ^fhocdkiWrkgf Odtfhrktocd

Ncrjc Ekdgmosjo, Xcrig Nkdj


19/162

>

Knstrklt

ef lcudtrofs cb \cutefkst Furcpf, kdg @cigcvk, sohdfg tef Lfdtrki Furcpfkd BrffWrkgf Khrff`fdt (LFBWK) od >112. LFBWK >112 os k lc`prfefdsovf brff trkgf

khrff`fdt tekt ko`s tc buiiy ionfrkiozf trkgf od tef rfhocd ks wfii ks tc kggrfss vkrocusdcdtkrobb nkrrofrs tc trkgf. Ot kisc prc`ctfs lccpfrktocd od ctefr trkgfrfiktfg krfks,sule ks odvfst`fdt, sfrvolfs, puniol prclurf`fdt, kdg odtfiifltuki prcpfrty rohets.

Weos stugy ko`s tc kssfss tef o`pklt cb LFBWK cd rfhocdki trkgf odtfhrktocd, kswfii ks tc kdkiyzf tef rf`kododh, dcdtkrobb, o`pfgo`fdts tc trkgf od tef rfhocd. Odtrkrfhocdki trkgf pfrbcr`kdlf od \cutefkst Furcpf eks o`prcvfg lcdsogfrkniy od rflfdtyfkrs. Hrcwte od trkgf wks pkrtoluikriy strcdh od >115, tecuhe teos os k rfsuit cb

du`frcus bkltcrs od kggotocd tc tef fdtry cb LFBWK od tc bcrlf, sule ks trkgfbkloiotktocd `fksurfs. Wef trkgf fxpkdsocd od rflfdt yfkrs ekg ifg tc trkgf gffpfdodh.Ecwfvfr, gfspotf tef sohdobolkdt odlrfksf od trkgf, ots strulturf gcfs dct sohdkisohdobolkdt trkgf odtfhrktocd. Lc``cgotofs lcdtoduf tc gc`odktf, kdg odtrkodgustrytrkgf rf`kods icw.

Wef rfpcrt kisc bodgs tekt, wote tef knciose`fdt cb tkrobbs kdg quctks, tfledolkirfhuiktocds, kdg stkdgkrgs ekvf nflc`f kd o`pcrtkdt lcdstrkodt cd trkgf kdg hrfktfrlciikncrktocd os rfquorfg tc rfgulf tefsf nkrrofrs. Od teos rfhkrg, tef ekr`cdozktocd kdgodtfrdktocdki rflchdotocd cb tef qukioty cb odbrkstrulturf od \FF os votki bcr burtefrprc`ctodh rfhocdki trkgf. Wef trkgfrfiktfg fdvorcd`fdt lcdtodufs tc odliugf pcioly

odgulfg nkrrofrs tekt prfvfdt burtefr gfvficp`fdt cb odtrkrfhocdki (kdg nrckgfr)trkgf. Wef rfpcrt bodgs tekt `cst \FF lcudtrofs ekvf `kgf sohdobolkdt prchrfss cd teftrkgf bkloiotktocd khfdgk, nut krf yft tc buiiy lktle up wote tef `crf kgvkdlfgFurcpfkd rfbcr`frs cd du`nfr cb trkgfrfiktfg ossufs. Wef lksf stugofs cb twcrfhocdki bor`s lcdbor` tef bodgodhs cb tef hicnki survfys kdg rfpcrt.

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115). Bcr fxk`pif, tefLfdtrki kdg Fkstfrd Furcpf lcudtrofs, kdg ctefr lcudtrofs sule ks Leoif, ekvfsullfssbuiiy bciicwfg fxpcrtgrovfd hrcwte strktfhofs.

Wef nfdfbots cb odlrfksfg trkgf ekvf nffd wfii kljdcwifghfg od tef flcdcòliotfrkturf. Wef bkstfsthrcwodh gfvficpodh lcudtrofs ekvf kisc kleofvfg o`prfssovffxpcrt pfrbcr`kdlfs. Weos os fspflokiiy tef lksf bcr s`kii flcdcòfs, weole krf knif tc

tkjf kgvkdtkhf cb tef flcdcòfs cb slkif brc` kllfssodh, cr nfodh pkrt cb, ikrhfr`krjfts. Od kggotocd, hrfktfr trkgf hfdfrktfs hkods brc` bkltcr rfkiiclktocds, rfgulfs`klrcvciktoioty, kdg stoùiktfs oddcvktocd tercuhe knscrptocd cb bcrfohd tfledcichofs(sff Ekiikjy kdg \ovkgkskdz, >11?). K stugy ny Hcrcgdolefdjc, \vfmdkr, kdg Wfrrfii(>11?) cd tef trkdsotocd flcdcòfs lcdbor`s tekt fxpcrtodh kdg o`pcrtodh odgulfsoddcvktocd, weole od turds o`prcvfs prcgultovoty kdg lc`pftotovfdfss. Bfrdkdgfs kdgQkudcv (>11?) secw tekt trkgf lkd kisc nfdfbot tef dcdfxpcrtodh sfltcr: tefy bodg tekto`pcrt lc`pftotocd eks pcsotovf fbbflts cd prcgult qukioty, fspflokiiy bcr dcdfxpcrtodh prcgulfrs. Ikst nut dct ifkst, trkgf lcuig o`prcvf lcdsu`fr wfibkrf nykiicwodh bcr icwfr prolfs cb o`pcrtfg prcgults kdg icwfr bor` lcsts ny rfgulodh tef

prolfs cb o`pcrtfg odputs.Gffpfdodh trkgf k`cdh tef \FF flcdcòfs wcuig nrodh ncte flcdcòl kdg

pciotolki nfdfbots tc tef rfhocd. Wef rfhocd lc`prosfs sfvfd s`kii flcdcòfs (wote kpcpuiktocd kdg dcòdki HGQ icwfr tekd tekt cb dfohencrodh ^c`kdok) tekt lcuignfdfbot brc` lrfktodh k ikrhfr flcdcòl spklf ks teos wcuig lrfktf flcdcòfs kdg slkifbcr prcgultocd kdg odlrfksf tefor kttrkltovfdfss bcr bcrfohd odvfst`fdt. Wef rfhocd,fxliugodh Kinkdok, wks k sodhif lcudtry bcr ki`cst bovf gflkgfs kdg sc`f cb tef ifhklybrc` teos flcdcòl odtfhrktocd rf`kods gfspotf tef dfhktovf flcdcòl kdg pciotolkisecljs cb tef òg;??1s. Ikst nut dct ifkst, kii lcudtrofs od tef rfhocd ko` tc nflc`fpkrt cb tef FV kdg ots \odhif @krjft cb hccgs, pfcpif, lkpotki, kdg sfrvolfs. Od teos

rfhkrg, ny fdekdlodh rfhocdki trkgf odtfhrktocd procr tc FV `f`nfrseop, tefflcdcòfs wcuig nf nfttfr prfpkrfg tc bklf tef lc`pftotovf prfssurfs cb tef FVs\odhif @krjft.

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21/162

7 Xcrig Nkdj Xcrjodh Qkpfr

Fdekdlodh trkgf pfrbcr`kdlf eks terff go`fdsocds= hrfktfr prfsfdlf od hicnkitrkgf, trkgf odtfhrktocd wote tef FV, kdg fdekdlfg rfhocdki trkgf. Weos rfpcrt ko`s tcbclus cd tef ikttfr go`fdsocd, kdg woii iccj kt trkgf pfrbcr`kdlf od \FF `cstiytercuhe tef pros` cb tef LFBWK >112 Khrff`fdt.>

Wef purpcsf cb teos stugy os twcbcig= (o) tc prfsfdt rflfdt trfdgs od odtrkrfhocdkitrkgf od \FF, od pkrtoluikr bciicwodh tef o`pif`fdtktocd cb LFBWK: kdg (oo) tc nrodh tefkttfdtocd cb pcioly `kjfrs tc sc`f cb tef rf`kododh o`pfgo`fdts tc fdekdlfg odtrkrfhocdki trkgf.

Xekt teos stugy secws os tekt odtrkrfhocdki trkgf os o`pcrtkdt bcr stoùiktodhfxpcrtifg hrcwte, kdg tekt hrfktfr trkgf odtfhrktocd lcuig kisc nrodh odgorflt nfdfbots,odliugodh `crf bcrfohd odvfst`fdt. Wrkgf bicws ekvf nffd odlrfksodh kt k bkst pklfsodlf tef sohdodh cb tef noiktfrki brff trkgf khrff`fdts od tef fkriy >111s. Wef odlrfksfod vciu`f eks nffd kllc`pkdofg ny trkgf gffpfdodh, wote sc`f >1 pfrlfdt cb dfwtrkgf lcòdh brc` dfw prcgults. Ecwfvfr, trkgf os ikrhfiy lcdlfdtrktfg (odlc``cgotynksfg prcgults) kdg tef sekrf cb odtfrodgustry trkgf, weole os kd odgolktcrcb flcdcòl odtfhrktocd, os quotf icw.

@crfcvfr, wote tkrobbs kdg quctks fioòdktfg udgfr LFBWK, dcdtkrobb nkrrofrs suleks tfledolki nkrrofrs tc trkgf (WNWs) kdg skdotkry kdg peytcskdotkry (\Q\) `fksurfsnflc`f `crf prcòdfdt. Od kggotocd, tef qukioty kdg fbbolofdly cb tef trkgfrfiktfgfdvorcd`fdt lkd nflc`f kd cnstklif tc trkgf ks udmustobofg lcsts kdg pccr qukioty cbsfrvolfs sfrvf kgg kd o`piolot tkx cd trkgf. Efdlf, fioòdktodh dcdtkrobb nkrrofrs(DWNs) nflc`fs fssfdtoki bcr nccstodh trkgf bicws kdg rfhocdki trkgf odtfhrktocd.

Wef rfst cb tef stugy os crhkdozfg ks bciicws. Lekptfr > gfslronfs odtrkrfhocdki

trkgf pkttfrds, ncte procr kdg kbtfr tef fdtry cb LFBWK odtc bcrlf, odliugodh `crfgftkoifg kdkiysos cb trkgf strulturf. Lekptfr < f`peksozfs tef rcif cb DWNs, sule kstfledolki rfhuiktocds kdg stkdgkrgs, kdg tefor pctfdtoki o`pklt cd trkgf fdekdlf`fdt,ks wfii ks tef o`pcrtkdlf cb tef trkgfrfiktfg fdvorcd`fdt grkwodh cd hicnki survfyskdg rfpcrts (Gcodh Nusodfss, NFFQ\, Ichostols Qfrbcr`kdlf Odgolktcr kdg tef FdkniodhWrkgf Odgfx). Ot kisc iccjs kt ruifs cb crohod kdg tefor rcif od trkgf lrfktocd. Lekptfr 7ko`s tc prfsfdt tef vofw cb tef provktf sfltcr cd LFBWK kdg cd trkgfrfiktfg rfbcr`sod hfdfrki tercuhe twc lksf stugofs cb rfhocdki bor`s. Lekptfr 6 lcdliugfs nysu``krozodh tef jfy rflc``fdgktocds cb tef stugy.

Dctfs; Wef \FF rfhocd, kisc rfbfrrfg tc ks tef Xfstfrd Nkijkds, lc`prosfs Kinkdok, Ncsdok kdgEfrzfhcvodk, Lrcktok, tef bcr`fr _uhcsikv ^fpuniol cb @klfgcdok (B_^ @klfgcdok), Jcscvc,@cdtfdfhrc, kdg \frnok.>Wef crohodki LFBWK wks sohdfg od Gflf`nfr ;??> ny Qcikdg, Eudhkry, tef \icvkj ^fpuniol,kdg tef Lzfle ^fpuniol. Od Gflf`nfr >112, tef lcudtrofs cb \FF (odliugodh Nuihkrok kdg^c`kdok) kdg @cigcvk sohdfg tef Khrff`fdt cd k`fdg`fdt kdg kllfssocd tc LFBWK, cr tef sclkiifg LFBWK >112. Wef LFBWK >112 Khrff`fdt lcdsciogktfg prfvocus noiktfrki brff trkgfkhrff`fdts od \FF kdg fdtfrfg odtc bcrlf cd >2 Muiy >118 bcr Kinkdok, Jcscvc, @cdtfdfhrc,@klfgcdok, kdg @cigcvk, >> Kuhust bcr Lrcktok, >7 Cltcnfr bcr \frnok, kdg >> Dcvf`nfr bcrNcsdok kdg Efrzfhcvodk. Nuihkrok kdg ^c`kdok, sohdktcry pkrtofs tc tef Khrff`fdt, ifbt LFBWKwefd tefy mcodfg tef FV cd Mkdukry ;, >118.


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6

L E K Q W F ^ >

Wrkgf Qkttfrds od tef \FF ^fhocd

tkrtodh brc` >111, tef \FF rfhocd wotdfssfg sohdobolkdt flcdcòl hrcwte, up tc tefnfhoddodh cb tef hicnki bodkdloki kdg flcdcòl lrosos od >115. Gfspotf tef o`prcvfg

flcdcòl pfrbcr`kdlf, hrcwte rktfs wfrf icwfr lc`pkrfg tc ctefr bksthrcwodhlcudtrofs sule ks Fkst Ksok kdg `kdy cb tef FV;1 lcudtrofs. Gc`fstol gf`kdg,stoùiktfg ny rosf od lrfgot, wkhfs, kdg rfòttkdlfs, wks tef `kod scurlf cb hrcwte bcr`cst cb tef \FF flcdcòfs. Od lcdtrkst, fxpcrts ekvf dct pikyfg k lc`pfiiodh rcif odtef rfhocds hrcwte stcry, kdg ekvf od bklt nffd tef wfkj iodj: gfspotf tef prfbfrfdtokitrkgf rfho`fs wote tef FV kdg woteod tef rfhocd (sff Jkteurok, >115). Wc sustkod kdgodlrfksf hrcwte rktfs, tef rfhocds fxpcrt pfrbcr`kdlf dffgs tc nf nccstfg, kdgfdekdlodh odtrkrfhocdki trkgf os kd o`pcrtkdt poiikr cb ots fxpcrt pfrbcr`kdlf.

Ncx >.;. Wef Dfw LFBWK

Wef dfw LFBWK, sohdfg od >112, os k lc`prfefdsovf prfbfrfdtoki trkgf khrff`fdt lcvfrodh krkdhf cb krfks. Wef Khrff`fdt rfpiklfg tef dftwcrj cb noiktfrki BWKs od tef rfhocd, kdgodtrcgulfg buiiy ionfrkiozfg trkgf cb `kdubklturodh prcgults (wote trkdsotocd pfrocgs bcr bfwprcgults) kdg ikrhfiy brff trkgf cb khroluiturf prcgults. Wef cnmfltovfs cb LFBWK krf tc fxpkdgtrkgf (kdg trkdsot) od hccgs kdg sfrvolfs, kdg bcstfr odvfst`fdt, odliugodh bcrfohd odvfst`fdt. Otkisc sffjs tc prcvogf bkor lcdgotocds cb lc`pftotocd kdg kpprcproktf prctfltocd cb odtfiifltukiprcpfrty rohets.

Wc kleofvf tefsf cnmfltovfs, tef Khrff`fdt hcfs bkr nfycdg tef stkdgkrgs ossufs lcvfrfg udgfrkd BWK. Ot odliugfs krfks sule ks skdotkry kdg peytcskdotkry stkdgkrgs, weole krf o`pcrtkdt,tfledolki, dcdtkrobb nkrrofrs tc trkgf. Ot kisc lcvfrs lc`pftotocd ruifs (odliugodh stktf kog),odvfst`fdt, hcvfrd`fdt prclurf`fdt, kdg odtfiifltuki prcpfrty rohets, weole krf o`pcrtkdt bcrprc`ctodh trkgf od sfrvolfs kdg odvfst`fdt. Bcr sc`f cb tefsf krfks, lcdlrftf gfkgiodfs bcrkltocd krf spflobofg od tef Khrff`fdt, weoif bcr sc`f cb tef `cst lcdtfdtocus ossufs cdiy klc`òt`fdt bcr lciikncrktocd os hovfd wotecut k spflobol to`ftknif.

Ikst nut dct ifkst, tef Khrff`fdt stopuiktfs k brk`fwcrj bcr lciikncrktocd kdg krnotrktocd systf`bcr fbbolofdt rfsciutocd cb gosputfs.

\curlf= Kutecr.

Odtrkrfhocdki trkgf od \FF eks fvcivfg lcdsogfrkniy sodlf tef icw ifvfis cb tef iktf;??1s. Ecwfvfr, tef rfhocdki trkgf odtfhrktocd vkrofs sohdobolkdtiy k`cdh lcudtrofs. Odtef lksf cb B_^ @klfgcdok, fxpcrts tc LFBWK rfprfsfdt ;7 pfrlfdt cb HGQ, weoif odKinkdok kdg Jcscvc teos rktoc os kncut > pfrlfdt. \c`f lcudtrofs, sule ks @cdtfdfhrc,

ekvf gfvficpfg k cdfsogfg trkgf rfiktocdseop wote tef rfhocd: o`pcrts nfodh ki`cst 5to`fs ikrhfr tekd fxpcrts. Bcr Kinkdoks flcdc`y, tef LFBWK rfhocd pikys k `krhodkircif, kdg fxpcrts ki`cst fdtorfiy tc tef FV.

\


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Wknif >.;. Jfy Flcdc`ol kdg Wrkgf Odgolktcrs bcr \FF (>115)

Qcpuiktocd(od `oiiocd)

Fxpcrts

tcLFBWK

(od `d)

O`pcrts

brc`LFBWK

(od `d)HGQ (od `d)

LFBWKfxpcrts

pfrlkpotk (od

)

LFBWKo`pcrts

pfrlkpotk (od

)

LFBWKfxpcrts

tc HGQrktoc (od

%)

Kinkdok ;>6 >?5 5,> 6;; 2,788 76> >61 ;7.>

@cdtfdfhrc 1.2 ;6? ;,>>8 5; 57

Ncsdok kdg Efrzfhcvodk 6 68; 62< 6;7 272 81; ;,166 ?12

Lrcktok >;2 >7< >7< >7< >>5 >8< >8? >81 ;12

@klfgcdok 5< ;1< ;;> ;75 ;>> ; ;2 22

@cdtfdfhrc ;>< >27 >82 >82


24/162

Fdekdlodh ^fhocdki Wrkgf Odtfhrktocd od \cutefkst Furcpf 8

Qkttfrds kdg \trulturf cb Wrkgf Bicws od \FF

Xcrig trkgf, kdg odvfst`fdt, bicws ekvf fxpkdgfg sohdobolkdtiy cvfr tef pkst gflkgf,kdg hicnki fxpcrts kdg o`pcrts wfrf rosodh lcdtoducusiy bcr cvfr terff gflkgfs udtoi

>11?. Od \FF, od lcdtrkst, trkgf bicws od tef borst gflkgf cb trkdsotocd wfrf ikrhfiylcdstrkodfg ny pciotolki bkltcrs (odliugodh f`nkrhcfs) kdg lcdbiolts od tef rfhocd.Xeoif tef pciotolki kdg gfvficp`fdts od tef fkriy kdg òg;??1s ekg k dfhktovf cvfrkiifbbflt cd trkgf pfrbcr`kdlf, odtrkrfhocdki trkgf wks gosprcpcrtocdkiiy kbbfltfg. Qrocrtc tef gossciutocd cb \B^ _uhcsikvok, kii \FF lcudtrofs fxlfpt Kinkdok trkgfg efkvoiyk`cdh fkle ctefr ks tefy wfrf pkrt cb cdf flcdc`y. Wef lcdbiolts weole bciicwfg tefnrfkjup cb \B^ _uhcsikvok ifg tc sekrp lcdtrkltocd cb trkgf bicws od `cst pkrts cb tefrfhocd. Kt tef sk`f to`f, \FF lcudtrofs rflfovfg prfbfrfdtoki trkgf trfkt`fdt brc` tefFurcpfkd Vdocd (FV) weole seobtfg trkgf tcwkrgs tef FV `krjft.

Odtrk\FF trkgf nfhkd tc rfncudg od teos gflkgf kdg od pkrtoluikr kbtfr >11117kdg >115. Od tef knsfdlf cb kvkoiknif gktk cd trkgf vciu`fs, rosf od odtfrdktocdki prolfodgfxfs lcuig nf usfg tc kssfss tef rfki vs. dcòdki odlrfksf od trkgf. Kdg weoif prolfscb lfrtkod prcgult lktfhcrofs, sule ks coi kdg bccg rcsf trf`fdgcusiy od tef borst yfkrscb tef gflkgf (bciicwfg ny k gfliodf od rflfdt yfkrs), prolfs cb `cst fxpcrt prcgultswfrf fotefr stknif cr wotdfssfg s`kii odlrfksfs.

Bohurf >.;. Fxpcrts cb LFBWK @f`nfrs tc Ctefr @f`nfrs, od V\$ @oiiocd

\curlf= LC@W^KGF, dktocdki stktostolki cbbolfs.

Wknifs >.< kdg >.7 secw odtrkrfhocdki trkgf rfiktocdseops od >115, ncte od tfr`s cbfxpcrts kdg o`pcrts. Cvfr ?1 pfrlfdt cb trkgf bicws hc tc dfohencrodh lcudtrofs, kdgtef ikrhfst trkgf bicws krf nftwffd Ncsdok kdg Efrzfhcvodk, kdg Lrcktok, kdg nftwffd\frnok kdg Ncsdok kdg Efrzfhcvodk.

1

;,111

>,111

111 >11; >11> >11< >117 >116 >112 >118 >115

V\$òiiocds

_fkr

Kinkdok

NoE

Lrcktok

@klfgcdok, B_^

\k@/\frnok

\FF tctki

\FF tctki od FV^


25/162


\frnok kdg Lrcktok, tef twc ikrhfst flcdc`ofs, wfrf tef ikrhfst fxpcrtfrs tc tefrfhocd. Od lcdtrkst, tef rfhocdki `krjft sff`s tc `kttfr tef ifkst bcr Kinkdok, Jcscvc,kdg @cdtfdfhrc, tefor fxpcrts kllcudt bcr sc`f 6 pfrlfdt cb tctki fxpcrts. Ecwfvfr,Jcscvcs fxpcrt nksf os vfry icw, kdg fxpcrts tc LFBWK kllcudt bcr ki`cst k teorg cbtctki fxpcrts. B_^ @klfgcdoks fxpcrts krf sunstkdtoki rfiktovf tc tef sozf cb otsflcdc`y, kdg rfprfsfdt .115, od @oiiocd

\curlf/Gfstodktocd KIN NoE L^C @KL @CD \F^ JC\ @CI Wctki

Kinkdok > > >2 ;? ;2 21 1 ;>6

NoE ;1 8 6; 1 ;,6>?

Lrcktok 2 6>? d/k* ; >,>6 >6 212 d/k* 1 ?>>

@cdtfdfhrc 2 >> 8 ; ;15 ;2 1 ;6?

\frnok 6> ?18 >?7 ,78> ;,;56 6;2 ;,;71 ;,?15 ;>2 ? 8,6?5

NoE > ;,812 ?6 ;7 ;,1?6 6 1 >,?;2

Lrcktok < 662 ;?1 6 >?; d/k* 2 ;,16;

@klfgcdok >7


26/162

Fdekdlodh ^fhocdki Wrkgf Odtfhrktocd od \cutefkst Furcpf ?

Bohurf >.>. Odtrk-rfhocdki O`pcrts ny E\ >-Gohot Qrcgult Lktfhcry

\curlf= Dktocdki kutecrotofs.

Kddfxfs O.K kdg O.N prfsfdt tef lcdlfdtrktocd cb fxpcrts kdg o`pcrts (tef tcp 6E\> prcgult lktfhcrofs) bcr fkle cb tef \FF lcudtrofs od >118 kdg >115. Weflcdlfdtrktocd vkrofs k`cdh tef lcudtrofs. Bcr fxk`pif, tef `cst o`pcrt prcgult

lktfhcry od Kinkdok, Ncsdok kdg Efrzfhcvodk, kdg Jcscvc, òdfrki bufis, ekvf k eohesekrf od tefor odtrkrfhocdki o`pcrts. Nut kpkrt brc` tekt, kdg `kynf tef sflcdgikrhfsto`pcrt prcgult, tef lcdlfdtrktocd sff`s tc nf rfiktovfiy icw. Od tef lksf cb @klfgcdokkdg @cdtfdfhrc, tef strulturf cb o`pcrts os ùle `crf govfrsobofg, kdg `csto`pcrtfg prcgult kllcudts bcr krcudg ;1 pfrlfdt cb tctki o`pcrts.

Od tfr`s cb tef fxpcrt strulturf, Kinkdok, Lrcktok, Jcscvc, @klfgcdok, kdg@cdtfdfhrc ekvf k eohe lcdlfdtrktocd cb tefor `cstfxpcrtfg prcgult: stffi bcrKinkdok, Jcscvc, kdg @cdtfdfhrc: coi bcr Lrcktok: kdg ncte od tef lksf cb @klfgcdok.Ncsdok kdg Efrzfhcvodk kdg fvfd `crf sc \frnok, od lcdtrkst, ekvf k quotf govfrsobofgfxpcrt strulturf. Wef lcdlfdtrktocd cb trkgf od >115 os vfry soòikr ks od >118, weole os

fxpfltfg ks trkgf bicws gc dct lekdhf grk`ktolkiiy od secrt pfrocgs cb to`f.Ikst nut dct ifkst, kddfx O.L secws tef tcp bovf E\ >gohot prcgult lktfhcrofs wote

ikrhfst trkgf surpius kdg gfbolot bcr fkle cb tef \FF lcudtrofs. Lrcktok, bcr fxk`pif, eksk ikrhf odtrkrfhocdki trkgf surpius od òdfrki bufis (coi), kdg sohdobolkdtiy s`kiifrsurpius od ctefr prcgults (sule ks `kleodfry). \frnok kdg @klfgcdok ekvf `crf crifss fquki surpiusfs od tefor tcp bovf prcgult lktfhcrofs. Ncsdok kdg Efrzfhcvodk ekscdiy twc prcgults, kiuòdu` kdg wccg, wote sunstkdtoki trkgf surpius. Kinkdok,Jcscvc, kdg @cdtfdfhrc ekvf ki`cst dc prcgults wote pcsotovf dft fxpcrts, kdg krfcd tef ctefr ekdg, sohdobolkdt dft o`pcrtfrs. Kddfx O.G iosts tef >gohot E\ lktfhcrofs.

1

711511

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>,111

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11

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>-Gohotprcgultlktfhcry


27/162

;1 Xcrig Nkdj Xcrjodh Qkpfr

Ncx >.>. Wef O`pklt cb tef Lrosos cd Wrkgf Bicws od \FF

Wef hicnki flcdcòl lrosos, weole nfhkd tc udrkvfi od >115, eks ifkg tc sohdobolkdt gosruptocds odtrkgf bicws. Kllcrgodh tc tef Xcrig Nkdj, tef vciu`f cb wcrig trkgf os fxpfltfg tc grcp ny 2

pfrlfdt od >11? kbtfr `crf tekd terff gflkgfs cb lcdtodufg hrcwte. Fvfd tecuhe tef lrososcrohodktfg od tef Vdotfg \tktfs, Furcpf eks nffd `cst ekrgiy eot ny tef lrosos, kdg teos od turd ekso`pkltfg tef flcdcòfs cb \FF. Xeoif tef trkdsòssocd cb tef lrosos tercuhe tef bodkdloki`krjfts eks nffd sc bkr ioòtfg od tef rfhocd, tef sflcdg trkdsòssocd lekddfi, tercuhe trkgf, osnflcòdh `crf sfvfrf. Wef bkii od gf`kdg brc` jfy Furcpfkd `krjfts (Hfr`kdy, Otkiy, Kustrok,kdg sc bcrte) eks ekr`fg sunstkdtokiiy \FF fxpcrts.

Cvfrkii fxpcrts kdg o`pcrts ekvf sekrpiy gfliodfg od >11?. Wef hrkpe nficw secws tef lekdhf odfxpcrts bcr tef borst bcur `cdtes cb >11?, \FFs fxpcrts ekvf gfliodfg ny nftwffd ;1 (Lrcktok)kdg licsf tc 61 pfrlfdt (@klfgcdok kdg Jcscvc). Gfliodfs od fxpcrts ekvf nffd `cstiylcdsostfdt k`cdh vkrocus `krjfts, fxlfpt od tef lksf cb Kinkdok wefrf tef bkii cb fxpcrts tcLFBWK eks nffd ùle hrfktfr tekd tc ctefr `krjfts. Fxpcrts bcr `kdubklturfg hccgs gfliodfgùle bkstfr tekd khroluiturf fxpcrts, fxlfpt od tef lksf cb Kinkdok kdg @cdtfdfhrc.

Dctf= Gktk bcr Kinkdok, @cdtfdfhrc, kdg Jcscvc krf bcr Mkdukry-@krle pfrocg, kdg gktk bcr Ncsdok kdg Efrzfhcvodk,Lrcktok, B_^ @klfgcdok, kdg \frnok bcr Mkdukry-Kproi pfrocg.

Wef lrosos eks bufifg pciotolki prfssurfs tc prctflt gc`fstol prcgulfrs brc` o`pcrt lc`pftotocdtercuhecut tef wcrig. K stugy ny tef Xcrig Nkdj (sff Hk`nfrcdo kdg Dfwbkr`fr, >11?)rfvfkifg tekt nftwffd Cltcnfr >115 kdg Bfnrukry >11?, 78 trkgf prctfltocd `fksurfs ekvfnffd o`pif`fdtfg, kdg `kdy `crf ekvf nffd prcpcsfg. Wefsf kltocds, tkjfd ny ncte

gfvficpfg kdg gfvficpodh lcudtrofs, tkjf tef bcr` cb odlrfksfg o`pcrt gutofs, o`pcrt nkds,sunsogofs kdg dcdtkrobb fksurfs.

Xeoif `fksurfs tkjfd ny gfvficpfg lcudtrofs lc`prosf `cstiy sunsogofs kdg ctefr typfs cbsuppcrt tc fxpcrtfrs, `fksurfs od gfvficpodh lcudtrofs tkjf k rkdhf cb bcr`s, odliugodh dcdtkrobb`fksurfs. Wef dcdtkrobb `fksurfs vkry brc` odlrfksfg stkdgkrgs kdg rfhuiktocds tc kggodhlcstiy nurfkulrktol prclfgurfs. Bcr fxk`pif, Krhfdtodk eks odtrcgulfg kggotocdki iolfdsodhrfquorf`fdts bcr k vkrofty cb prcgults (bcr fxk`pif, kutc pkrts, WRs, kdg tcys), kdg Odgcdfsokdcw rfquorfs lfrtkod hccgs tc nf o`pcrtfg cdiy kt bovf pcrts kdg korpcrts.

Xoteod LFBWK, sfvfrki trkgf prctfltocdos` lksfs ekvf nffd nrcuhet up od rflfdt lifkr, nut ot osdct lifkr tc wekt fxtfdg tefsf `fksurfs wfrf k rfsuit cb flcdcòl lrosos. @cst cb tef udgfriyodhossufs prflfgf tef stkrt cb tef lrosos, kdg rfbfr tc dcdtkrobb nkrrofrs cb vkrocus scrts. Wef sfltocdscd WNWs kdg \Q\ odliugf `crf odbcr`ktocd cd trkgf prctfltocdos` kdg ncx


28/162

Fdekdlodh ^fhocdki Wrkgf Odtfhrktocd od \cutefkst Furcpf ;;

Gflc`pcsotocd cb Odtrk-rfhocdki Wrkgf

Wef `krjfg odlrfksf od trkgf bicws sodlf >111 ifg tc sc`f gffpfdodh od rfhocdki trkgfkdg odtfhrktocd, `fksurfg tercuhe tef govfrsobolktocd cb prcgults fxpcrtfg tc tef

rfhocd. Ks secwd od bohurf >.111 kdg>118 lk`f brc` odlrfksf od fxpcrts cb fxostodh prcgults (tc fxostodh `krjfts), wefrfks>1 pfrlfdt lk`f brc` fxpcrts cb dfw prcgults. \c od tfr`s cb fxpcrt govfrsobolktocd,tef \FF rfhocd lc`pkrfs siohetiy nfttfr lc`pkrfg tc hicnki trfdgs, nut wcrsflc`pkrfg tc tef FLK rfhocd. Nrfdtcd kdg Dfwbkr`fr (>118) bodg, od tef lksf cb ??fxpcrt lcudtrofs, tekt odlrfksfs cb fxostodh prcgults tc fxostodh `krjfts kllcudt bcrcvfr ;11 pfrlfdt cb tctki fxpcrt hrcwte, kdg dfw fxpcrts kllcudt bcr ;? pfrlfdt. OdFLK, ecwfvfr, tef sekrf cb dfw fxpcrts wks cvfr .11118

\curlf= VD LC@W^KGF gktknksf.Dctf= Wef gflc`pcsotocd os gcdf nksfg cd k gktksft cb 7 gohot ifvfi prcgults fxpcrtfg tc \FF, nksfg cdtef \tkdgkrg Odtfrdktocdki Wrkgf Likssobolktocd ^fvosocd 11112, nut tckiicw lc`pkrknoioty wote prfvocus yfkrs, \frnok kdg @cdtfdfhrc krf lcdsogfrfg ks cdf flcdc`y.

K `crf gftkoifg kdkiysos cb tef fxpcrt hrcwte secws tekt dfw trkgf rfiktocdseopsekvf nffd lrfktfg od `cst E\> prcgult lktfhcrofs. Ecwfvfr, tef qukdtoty cb dfwtrkgf bicws os quotf lcdlfdtrktfg= tef tcp 6 kdg tcp ;1 prcgult lktfhcrofs kllcudt cvfrekib kdg cvfr twc teorgs cb tef vkiuf cb tef dfw trkgf rfiktocdseops, rfspfltovfiy.

Wfxtoifs, lefòlkis, kdg òij krf od tef tcp 6 iost, bciicwfg ny lfrkòl prcgults, ifktefr,`fkt, kdg wcci.

>1

1

>1

71

21

51

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Fxtodlocd cb

fxpcrts cb fxostodh

prcgults

Bkii od fxpcrts cb

fxostodh prcgults

Odlrfksf od

fxpcrts cb fxostodh

prcgults

Dfw fxpcrts

Qfrlfdt

\frnok kdg@cdtfdfhrc

@klfgcdok,

B_^

Lrcktok

Ncsdok kdgEfrzfhcvodk

Kinkdok


29/162

;> Xcrig Nkdj Xcrjodh Qkpfr

Wef \FF flcdc`ofs govfrhf od tfr`s cb tefor fxpcrt govfrsobolktocd. Bcr fxk`pif,76 pfrlfdt cb tef odlrfksf od Kinkdoks fxpcrts tc tef rfhocd lk`f brc` dfw prcgults,weoif od Lrcktok tef sekrf wks cdiy ;1 pfrlfdt. Ecwfvfr, teos lkd nf ikrhfiy fxpikodfgbrc` tef icw stkrtodh pcodt cb Kinkdoks fxpcrts, kdg tef rfiktovfiy ikrhf Lrcktokdfxpcrts. Kinkdok ekg wote tef rfhocd od >118 lc`pkrfgtc >111, weoif tef ctefr lcudtrofs cb tef rfhocd `kdkhfg tc gfvficp nftwffd 6>1(@klfgcdok) kdg ;,;11 (\frnok kdg @cdtfdfhrc) dfw fxpcrt rfiktocdseops od tef sk`fpfrocg.

Gflc`pcsotocd cb fxpcrts ny sunpfrocg secws tekt dfw fxpcrts ekg k eohefrsekrf od tef >11117 pfrocg, weole wks kllc`pkdofg wote k bkii od fxpcrts cb fxostodhprcgults (bohurf >.7). Gurodh >11718, tef sekrf cb dfw fxpcrts gfliodfg, kdg tef bkii cbfxpcrts cb fxostodh prcgults wks rfgulfg. Od tef fdtorf pfrocg, tef sekrf cb fxpcrtprcgults tekt wfrf wotegrkwd brc` `krjfts wks dfhiohonif.

Bohurf >.7. Gflc`pcsotocd cb Fxpcrt Hrcwte od \FF ny \un-pfrocg, >11117 (Wcp) kdg>11718 (Ncttc`)

\curlf= VD LC@W^KGF gktknksf.


30/162

Fdekdlodh ^fhocdki Wrkgf Odtfhrktocd od \cutefkst Furcpf ;.6 secws tekt tef lcdlfdtrktocd cb fxpcrts od tef rfhocd os rfiktovfiy eohe,tecuhe wote ikrhf vkroktocd k`cdh tef flcdc`ofs. Bcr fxk`pif, Kinkdok, weole os tefs`kiifst fxpcrtfr, eks k vfry lcdlfdtrktfg trkgf strulturf, `fksurfg ny tef sekrf cb teftcp bovf fxpcrt prcgults kt 7gohot prcgult ifvfi. Cd tef ctefr ekdg, tef ikrhfstfxpcrtfrs, Lrcktok kdg \frnok111 goskppfkrfg brc` tef iost ny >118 od tef lksf cb \frnok.Wef fxpcrt gflc`pcsotocd hrkpes od tef bohurf kncvf secw tekt \frnok ekg tef ikrhfstbkii od fxpcrts cb fxostodh prcgults.

Wknif>.6. Wcp Bovf Fxpcrt Qrcgults (7-gohot \OWL ifvfi), \ekrf od Wctki

>111 >118\k`f tcp 6

prcgults od ncte yfkrs

Kinkdok 75.? 72.8 >

Ncsdok kdg Efrzfhcvodk ?.1 >6.> >

\frnok kdg @cdtfdfhrc ;7.> ;8.2 ;

\curlf= LC@W^KGF.

Ks gftkoifg trkgf stktostols pfr lc``cgoty krf dct yft kvkoiknif bcr >115 kdg >11?,ot os dct pcssonif tc kdkiyzf tef scurlf cb fxpcrt hrcwte kbtfr tef fdtry cb LFBWK odtcbcrlf od tef sflcdg ekib cb >118. Ecwfvfr, gfspotf tef iklj cb kdkiysos, sohdobolkdtlekdhfs od trkgf pkttfrds krf udiojfiy tc cllur od k secrtpfrocg cb to`f. K stugy ny

Kincrdcz, Qkrgc, Lcrlcs kdg Crdfiks (>11?) bodgs tekt fxpcrtfrs usukiiy stkrt s`kiiwefd fdtfrodh dfw `krjfts (ny sfiiodh s`kii qukdtotofs tc dfohencrodh lcudtrofs).Kbtfr teos odotoki troki, tefy fotefr wotegrkw cr tefor fxpcrts rcljft. Wef o`piolktocd cbteos nfekvocr os tekt rfgultocd od trkgf nkrrofrs eks gfikyfg fbbflts cd fxpcrt bicws,weole `kjfs ot gobboluit tc kssfss tef o`pklt cb trkgf ionfrkiozktocd, fspflokiiy od teflcdtfxt cb rfhocdki brff trkgf krfks. Od kdy lksf, teos sfqufdtoki fxpcrtodh tefcrysuhhfsts tekt ikrhf seobts od trkgf bicws secuig dct nf fxpfltfg od secrt pfrocgs cb to`fbciicwodh trkgf ionfrkiozktocd.

Ikst nut dct ifkst, tef stugy lc`pkrfs tef strulturf cb fxpcrts woteod tef LFBWKnicl wote \FFs fxpcrts tc tef FV, weole kllcudts bcr tef nuij cb tefor tctki fxpcrts.Odtrkrfhocdki trkgf pkttfrds krf siohetiy gobbfrfdt lc`pkrfg tc fxtrkLFBWK (FV) trkgfpkttfrds. Gobbfrfdlfs nftwffd odtrk kdg fxtrkrfhocdki trkgf krf lc``cd odgfvficpodh lcudtrofs, weole wcuig o`piy tekt rfhocdki trkgf odtfhrktocd oslc`pif`fdtkry tc, ks wfii ks kd o`pcrtkdt poiikr cb, odtfrdktocdki trkgf odtfhrktocd. Odtef lksf cb \FF, tef gobbfrfdlfs od tef lc`pcsotocd cb LFBWK kdg FV fxpcrts lcuig nffxpikodfg ny tef gobbfrfdt trkgf rfho`fs kdg tef lc`pftotovf kgvkdtkhfs vosvos teftrkgodh pkrtdfrs (tknif >.2). Bcr fxk`pif, bccg, nfvfrkhfs, kdg tcnkllc kllcudt bcr cdfbobte cb odtrk\FF fxpcrts kdg ifss tekd ;1 pfrlfdt cb \FFs fxpcrts tc tef FV. Weos osiojfiy guf tc tef tkrobb kdg quctk rfstroltocds cd khroluiturf trkgf wote tef FV, nut fvfd

`crf sc brc` tef strolt rfquorf`fdts tekt FV puts cd bccg prcgults (sule ks skdotkrykdg peytcskdotkry stkdgkrgs). Cd tef ctefr ekdg, \FF lcudtrofs (od pkrtoluikr tefbcr`fr _uhcsikv rfpuniols) ekvf k icdh eostcry od bccg trkgf kdg `kdy dktocdki


31/162


nrkdgs ekvf k rfhocdki rflchdotocd. Wef sflcdg noh gobbfrfdlf os od trkgf cb`kdubklturfg prcgults. @oslfiikdfcus `kdubklturfg pkrts (\OWL lktfhcry 5) kllcudtbcr ki`cst k qukrtfr cb fxpcrts tc tef FV lc`pkrfg tc ? pfrlfdt cb LFBWK fxpcrts, kdgteos os gfrovfg brc` tfxtoif fxpcrts weole bkii od teos lktfhcry. Wfxtoif fxpcrts krf ;pfrlfdt, nut tef nuij cb tef fxpcrts tc tef FV lc`f brc` odwkrg prclfssodh wefrfks`ktfrokis krf o`pcrtfg brc` tef FV bcr burtefr prclfssodh kdg bodki prcgults krfseoppfg nklj tc tef crohodktodh lcudtry. Od lcdtrkst, tef tfxtoif trkgf woteod LFBWK`cstiy odvcivfs fxpcrt cb gc`fstolkiiy prcgulfg prcgults. Ikst nut dct ifkst, \FFfxpcrtfrs trkgf `ule `crf eohevkiuf prcgults sule ks `kleodfry kdg trkdspcrtfquop`fdt wote FV bor`s. Wef sekrf cb `kleodfry/trkdspcrt fquop`fdt fxpcrts tc tefFV os gcunif lc`pkrfg tc odtrkLFBWK fxpcrts.

Wknif >.2. \FFs Fxpcrt \trulturf tc LFBWK kdg FV Qkrtdfrs od >118

\OWL Gfslroptocd LFBWK FV

1 Bccg & iovf kdo`kis ;6.> 8.2

; Nfvfrkhfs kdg tcnkllc 6.7 1.?

> Lrugf `ktfrokis fxlfpt bccg/bufi 6.8 8.5

< @odfrki bufi/iunrolkdts ;6.< 2.8 >5.>

8 @kleodfry/trkdspcrt fquop`fdt ;;.5 >;.;

5 @oslfiikdfcus kd. krts 5.8 >


32/162

Fdekdlodh ^fhocdki Wrkgf Odtfhrktocd od \cutefkst Furcpf ;6

Odtrk- vfrsus Odtfr-odgustry Wrkgf

Wef bciicwodh sfltocd iccjs kt tef rcif cb odtfrodgustry trkgf bcr rfhocdki odtfhrktocdkdg fxpcrt pfrbcr`kdlf. Xeoif trkgotocdki trkgf tefcry (cb lc`pkrktovf kgvkdtkhfs)

wks nksfg cd trkgf cb ec`chfdcus prcgults, dfw trkgf tefcry eks bclusfg cd odtrkodgustry trkgf. Odtrkodgustry trkgf (OOW), tekt os trkgf cb soòikr prcgults, eks nffd kjfy bkltcr od trkgf hrcwte od rflfdt gflkgfs. Wefsf trfdgs ekvf `cstiy nffd kttronutfgtc tef brkh`fdtktocd cb prcgultocd (cutscurlodh kdg cbbsecrodh) ks k rfsuit cbhicnkiozktocd kdg dfw tfledcichofs. F`porolki rfsfkrle cd odtrkodgustry trkgf wksborst udgfrtkjfd cd tef lcudtrofs pkrt cb tef Furcpfkd Flcdcòl Lc`ùdoty od teffkriy ;?21s, kdg sodlf tefd odtrkodgustry trkgf lcdtodufs tc fxpkdg dct cdiy k`cdhgfvficpfg nut kisc od gfvficpodh lcudtrofs.

Ncx >..8). Kitecuhe tefrf os hrfkt vkroktocd, sekrf cb OOW od tctki trkgf k`cdh \FFsflcdcòfs wks ifss tekd >> pfrlfdt od >118. Kinkdok kdg @cdtfdfhrc krf tef cutiofrs odtef hrcup wote OWW kllcudtodh bcr ifss tekd ;1 pfrlfdt cb tctki trkgf, weoif tef rfst cbtef rfhocds OOW sekrf rkdhfs nftwffd >> kdg >6 pfrlfdt. Cd tef ctefr ekdg, OOW eksodlrfksfg od kii lcudtrofs nftwffd >111 kdg >118, Lrcktok `kjodh tef ikrhfst ifkp.

Dcdftefifss, fvfd Lrcktoks sekrf os kncut ekib cb tef OOW sekrf bcr tef FV;12lcudtrofs(sff JkwfljkXyryjcwsjk, >11?). Wef sekrf cb OOW k`cdh tef FV;6, weole osfxpfltfgiy eohefr, stccg kt 6? pfrlfdt od >118.


33/162


Wknif >.8. \ekrf cb Odtrk-odgustry Wrkgf bcr tef \FF Lcudtrofs

OOW wote LFBWK OOW wote FV->6

>111 >118 >111 >118

Kinkdok >.? 2.> >>.5 > >5.2

Lrcktok ;;.2 >6.1 111) ;8.5 >;.? >>.8 >7.2

\curlf= VD LC@W^KGF gktknksf.Dctf= Kutecrs cwd lkiluiktocds nksfg cd \OWL ^fv. < kt 7gohot prcgult ifvfi. Wef sekrf cb OOW eks nffdlkiluiktfg usodh tef HrunfrIicyg odgfx (sff Hrunfr ft ki., ;?86). Wef odgfx os sfdsotovf tc tef ifvfi cbkhhrfhktocd cb tef gktk, tef eohefr tef hrcupodh cb prcgults tef ikrhfr os tef vkiuf cb OOW. Bcr \FF, 7

gohot goskhhrfhktocd ifvfi os usfg (guf tc iklj cb rfioknif gktk kt `crf goskhhrfhktfg ifvfis), weoifstugofs quctfg usf 6gohot ifvfi.

Odtrkodgustry trkgf os kisc icw nftwffd \FF kdg tef FV. Gfspotf tef brfftrkgfkrrkdhf`fdts wote tef FV,8tef sekrf cb OOW os nficw 11>) (bohurf >.6). Ot os o`pcrtkdt tc dctf tekt odtrkodgustry trkgf kllfifrktfgbcr tef FV;1 bciicwodh kllfssocd od >117 kdg od `kdy FV;1 lcudtrofs rfklefg kncvf61 pfrlfdt, weole os eohefr tekd sfvfrki FV;6 lcudtrofs (Hrfflf, Qcrtuhki, Bodikdg,kdg sc bcrte). Wef kncvf rfsuits lcdbor` fkriofr bodgodhs tekt fxpcrt pfrbcr`kdlf od

\FF eks nffd ikrhfiy goskppcodtodh ks tefsf flcdc`ofs ekvf lc``cgotynksfgstrulturf kdg ekvf dct nffd sullfssbui od odtfhrktodh odtc hicnki suppiofs lekods (sffJkteurok, >115).

Bohurf >.6. FV-;1s OOW \ekrf

\curlf= JkwfljkXyryjcwsjk Fiznoftk (>11?).

11> >11< >117 >116 >112 >118

Xote FV-;6 K`cdh FV-;1


34/162

Fdekdlodh ^fhocdki Wrkgf Odtfhrktocd od \cutefkst Furcpf ;8

Wefrf krf sfvfrki rfkscds wey odtrkodgustry trkgf secuig nf eohefr k`cdh tef\FF lcudtrofs. Borst cb kii, kii lcudtrofs krf s`kii kdg o``fgoktf dfohencrs weolesecuig ifkg tc hrfktfr odtfhrktocd k`cdh bor`s kdg prcgultocd prclfssfs. \flcdg, fvfdprocr tc LFBWK, kii lcudtrofs ekg sohdfg noiktfrki brfftrkgf khrff`fdts k`cdh fklectefr. Od sc`f lksfs, odtrkodgustry trkgf eks gfvficpfg ks k rfsuit cb bcrfohdodvfst`fdt, kdg sc bkr tefrf ekvf nffd iottif odtrkrfhocdki BGO odbicws od \FF,pkrtoluikriy od tef trkgknif sfltcr. Ecwfvfr, BGO wks dct tef `kmcr bcrlf grovodh tefhrcwte cb OOW od tef LFFL od tef fkriy ;??1s, fxlfpt bcr od tef kutc`ctovf sfltcr (sffEcfj`kd kdg Gmkdjcv, ;??2). Wef prflcdgotocds od \FF ekvf nffd vfry soòikr tctecsf od tef crohodki LFBWK hrcup, yft rfhocdki odtfhrktocd eks dct cllurrfg kt tefpklf wotdfssfg od LFFL.

Odtrkodgustry trkgf od \FF os lcdlfdtrktfg od bfw efkvy odgustrofs kdg tefstrulturf os vfry soòikr bcr kii lcudtrofs cb tef rfhocd (tknif >.5). Wef tcp bcurodgustrofs kllcudt bcr cvfr k teorg cb tctki OOW: orcd kdg stffi lc`fs borst od kii lcudtrofsfxlfpt Lrcktok, bciicwfg ny `ftki kdg dcd`ftki `kdubklturfg prcgults kdg fifltrolkifquop`fdt. Wercuhecut tef rfhocd, tefsf odgustrofs ekvf k sohdobolkdt sekrf od tctkiodgustroki cutput, kdg trkgf od tefsf prcgults ekg nffd ikrhfiy ionfrkiozfg procr tcLFBWK.

Wknif >.5. Odgustrofs (kt >-Gohot Qrcgult Ifvfi) wote Ikrhfst \ekrf cb Odtrk-odgustryWrkgf od \FF

Orcd kdg stffi (28)@ftki `kdubklturfs

(2?)

Dcd-`ftki òdfrki

`kdubklturfs (22)

Fifltrolki

fquop`fdt (88)

Kinkdok ;>.2 1.6 .2 >. 7.> >.1 ;.5

@klfgcdok, B_^ 6.> >.6 >.?


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Fdekdlodh ^fhocdki Wrkgf Odtfhrktocd od \cutefkst Furcpf ;?

kdg sc`f sule ks Ncsdok kdg Efrzfhcvodks fxpcrts tc B_^ @klfgcdok secwgftfrocrktocd od qukioty.

Wknif >.;1. Gobbfrfdlf nftwffd O`pcrts kdg Fxpcrts (od Qfrlfdt) bcr >11112 Qfrocg

bcr \fifltfg Wrkgf ^fiktocdseops

Fxpcrtfr O`pcrtfr >111 >11; >11> >11< >117 >116 >112 >118

KI @J >8.8 8?.8 88.< >?.7 ;7.? ;>.1 8.< >1.1

@J KI 57.5 61.8 ;?.7 25.2 1.8 ;2.> >1.< ;;.?

NoE E^ ;;.1 6.? 8.7 2.< 5.1 >;.5 6.< ;.7 1.5 6.> >.6 ;.7

\curlf= VD LC@W^KGF gktknksf.

Ks buiiy lc`pkrknif gktk cd òrrcr fxpcrts kdg o`pcrts (ny crohod) krf dctkvkoiknif, cdf wky tc kssfss tef pcssonif udrfhostfrfg trkgf os tc goskhhrfhktf òrrcrstktostols ny prcgult tc sffj pcssonif pkttfrds. Bohurf >.2 secws òrrcr trkgf stktostols,ny E\> lktfhcry, nftwffd Ncsdok kdg Efrzfhcvodk kdg Lrcktok, bcr tef >1 lktfhcrofswote tef ikrhfst òrrcr hkps. Od tef lksf wefrf Lrcktok os tef scurlf kdg Ncsdok kdgEfrzfhcvodk tef gfstodktocd (ifbt hrkpe), o`pcrts ks fxpfltfg krf ikrhfr tekd fxpcrts od kiinut twc prcgult lktfhcrofs. Ecwfvfr, bcr sc`f prcgult lktfhcrofs, sule ks ;1 cr 52, tefgobbfrfdlf os tcc ikrhf, kdg os prcnkniy udiojfiy tekt Ncsdok kdg Efrzfhcvodk o`pcrtfg

Lrcktokd prcgults od tefsf lktfhcrofs brc` ctefr lcudtrofs. Od lcdtrkst, Lrcktoks o`pcrtsbrc` Ncsdok kdg Efrzfhcvodk krf ki`cst udobcrìy icwfr tekd Ncsdok kdg Efrzfhcvodksfxpcrts tc Lrcktok, weole gfsfrvfs sc`f hrfktfr odvfstohktocd.

Wef hkp od òrrcr stktostols, nfycdg tef fxpfltfg l.o.b./b.c.n. gobbfrfdlf kdg tefgobbfrfdtoktocd od rflcrgodh nksfg cd tef crohod cb hccgs, lcuig lc`f brc` vkrocusrfkscds= sùhhiodh cb hccgs, udgfrodvcolodh kdg òslikssobolktocd (tc lktfhcrofs woteicwfr gutofs/RKW), nut kisc brc` fxlekdhf rktf gobbfrfdlfs. Kdg ot os dct udlc``cd tcekvf trkgf stktostols hkps fvfd od gfvficpfg lcudtrofs. Bcr fxk`pif, odtrkCFLG fxpcrtskrf siohetiy icwfr (ny krcudg ; pfrlfdt) tekd odtrko`pcrts, kllcrgodh tc VD LC@W^KGFgktknksf. Od kdy lksf, tef hkps nfkr burtefr odvfstohktocd ny pcioly `kjfrs tc gftfròdf

weftefr tefrf os pcssonif òsrfpcrtodh, kdg ob yfs wekt krf tef lkusfs.Ogfdtobyodh tef rfki lkusfs wcuig tefd kiicw bcr o`prcvodh tef fbbolofdly cb trkgf

rfpcrtodh, tercuhe strfdhtefdodh tef lustc`s kgòdostrktocds cr rfkiohdodh odlfdtovfstc fdsurf prcpfr rflcrgodh cb trkgf. Wef o`piolktocds cb tef òsrfpcrtodh krf nctebodkdloki kdg odtkdhonif. Vdgfrrfpcrtodh cb o`pcrts `fkds bcrfhcdf rfvfdufs bcr tefo`pcrtodh kutecrotofs. LFBWK eks fioòdktfg lustc`s gutofs, sc udrfhostfrfg o`pcrtso`piy udlciifltfg RKW (weole os tef ikrhfst rfvfduf lktfhcry lciifltfg ny lustc`skutecrotofs). Weos, tefd, ifkgs tc udbkor lc`pftotocd nftwffd oiifhkiiy o`pcrtfg kdggc`fstol prcgults. Odkgfquktf stktostols qukioty goòdosefs tef pfrlfptocd kdgodtfhroty cb dktocdki odstotutocds, weole k`cdh ctefr teodhs, wcrsfds FV prcspflts(odliugodh mcododh tef QkdFurc@fgotfrrkdfkd Krfk cb gokhcdki luùiktocd cb crohod).


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Fdekdlodh ^fhocdki Wrkgf Odtfhrktocd od \cutefkst Furcpf >;

lurrfdly od @cdtfdfhrc kdg Jcscvc). Efdlf, trkgf gktk lkd nf sohdobolkdtiy gostcrtfgny tef biultuktocd od tef furcgciikr fxlekdhf rktf, weole eks nffd fxtrf`fiy vciktoifod rflfdt yfkrs. Od teos rfhkrg, furcnksfg trkgf stktostols wcuig nf cb lifkr gf`kdgncte k`cdh pcioly `kjfrs kdg kdkiysts ks wfii ks k`cdh nusodfssfs.

Dctfs

;Iost cb kii E\ >gohot prcgult lktfhcrofs lkd nf bcudg od Kddfx 7.> Fkle fxpcrt cb k prcgult kt 7 gohot (\OWL ^fv. 117(LFFL, tef Nkitols, kdg Lyprus kdg @kitk)8 Od kllcrgkdlf wote tef FLs Kutcdc`cus Wrkgf Qrfbfrfdlf `flekdos` kdg iktfr tef\tknoiozktocd kdg Ksscloktocd Khrff`fdts.5Dcdf cb tef lcudtrofs puniose trkgf stktostols wote Jcscvc.


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>>

L E K Q W F ^ nflc`fs `crf

prcòdfdt. WNWs kdg \Q\, ny tefor vfry dkturf, `ky rfsuit od rfstroltocds cd trkgf, fvfdtecuhe tekt od `cst lksfs os dct tef purpcsf cb tefor fxostfdlf. Wefy put kggotocdkilcsts cd fxpcrtfrs tc kgmust tefor prcgults tc lc`piy wote tef gobbfrfdt `krjftrfquorf`fdts cb lcudtrofs, kdg lcudtrofs `ky usf tef` ks kd fxlusf tc prctfltgc`fstol prcgulfrs. \c, ks trkgf nftwffd lcudtrofs fxpkdgs ks k rfsuit cbrfgulfg/fioòdktfg tkrobb nkrrofrs, `crf cppcrtudotofs bcr gosputfs cd tef WNW kdg \Q\ossufs `ky krosf.

^fhuiktocds kdg stkdgkrgs cd odgustroki kdg khroluiturf prcgults lkd bkloiotktf cro`pfgf trkgf gfpfdgodh cd tef cvfrkii odstotutocdki sftup. Wef f`porolki iotfrkturflcdbor`s tekt lcdbcròdh tc sekrfg stkdgkrgs os hfdfrkiiy lcdsogfrfg tc prc`ctftrkgf. Wc prfvfdt tfledolki rfquorf`fdts kdg \Q\ brc` nflcòdh uddflfsskry nkrrofrstc trkgf, XWC `f`nfrs krf cniohfg tc kppiy tef \N\ kdg WNW Khrff`fdts. WefLFBWK lcudtrofs, weoif dct kii XWC `f`nfrs,


40/162

Fdekdlodh ^fhocdki Wrkgf Odtfhrktocd od \cutefkst Furcpf >115). Od kggotocd, cvfr 51 pfrlfdt cbsurvfyfg bor`s od Fkstfrd Furcpf ekvf stktfg gfsohd, tfstodh, kdg lfrtobolktocd lcsts ksk rfkscd bcr dct fxpcrtodh.

Wef o`pklt cb tfledolki rfhuiktocds kdg stkdgkrgs cd trkgf gfpfdgs cd teffxostfdlf cb kpprcproktf dktocdki qukioty odbrkstrulturf systf` (ncx


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>7 Xcrig Nkdj Xcrjodh Qkpfr

o`pif`fdtktocd cb qukioty lcdtrci) kiicws icw qukioty prcgults tc fdtfr tef `krjft kdglrfktf udbkor lc`pftotocd.

Kii lcudtrofs ekvf `kgf sc`f prchrfss cd o`prcvodh tefor qukioty odbrkstrulturfsystf`s ks teos os k jfy rfquorf`fdt bcr FV kllfssocd. Brff `cvf`fdt cb hccgs, weoleodliugfs tfledolki rfhuiktocds kdg stkdgkrgs, os cdf cb tef bcur brffgc`s cb tef \odhif@krjft, kdg kii lcudtrofs woii ekvf tc buiiy kgcpt FVs stkdgkrgs nfbcrf mcododh tefVdocd. Ecwfvfr, tef systf`s od kii lcudtrofs od tef rfhocd wfrf cutgktfg,odbrkstrulturf cnsciftf kdg stkdgkrgs dct odtfrdktocdkiiy rflchdozfg, sc sunstkdtokiodstotutocdki kdg ifhosiktovf rfbcr` ks wfii ks odvfst`fdt os dflfsskry tc nrodh tefsystf`s tc FV ifvfis.

Wef bklt tekt kii lcudtrofs od tef rfhocd krf kgcptodh Furcpfkd stkdgkrgs `fkdstekt tefor systf`s krf lcdvfrhodh kdg teos woii od tef icdhrud fioòdktf WNWs k`cdhtef nicl. Gfspotf tef sunstkdtovf prchrfss kleofvfg od >11?, `cst lcudtrofs krf stoiiikhhodh nfeodg od trkdspcsodh tef FV klquos od teos krfk, sc buii kiohd`fdt (kdglcdvfrhfdlf) rfquorfs odtfdsobofg kdg sustkodfg fbbcrts od teos lc`pifx krfk. Lrcktok os,fxpfltfgiy, `cst kgvkdlfg od trkdsbcròdh ots qukioty odbrkstrulturf: ot eks kgcptfg`cst Furcpfkd \tkdgkrgs (FDs) kdg eks k rfiktovfiy wfii gfvficpfg odbrkstrulturfwote cvfr ;71 lcdbcròty kssfss`fdt ncgofs. Kinkdok kdg Ncsdok kdg Efrzfhcvodkekvf kisc kgcptfg sunstkdtoki sekrf cb FDs (`cstiy ny fdgcrsf`fdt): ecwfvfr tefdu`nfr cb ncgofs rf`kods rfiktovfiy icw (tknif 11? >115 >11?

Kinkdok ;7,7>7 ;6,1>? d/k ;2

Ncsdok kdg Efrzfhcvodk 5,111 ?,26< ;,< ;76

B_^ @klfgcdok 1 6 11 1 7

\curlf= Furcpfkd Lc`òssocd prchrfss rfpcrts >115 kdg >11?.

Od kggotocd tc `kdgktcry stkdgkrgs, odtfrdktocdki vciudtkry stkdgkrgs krf kisco`pcrtkdt bcr bkloiotktodh trkgf. Wecuskdgs cb bor`s leccsf tc hft lfrtobolktocd bcr O\Cgfvficpfg stkdgkrgs nflkusf tefy pfrlfovf kd kggfg vkiuf od secwodh lcdbcròtywote tefsf stkdgkrgs. Licuhefrty kdg Hrkmfj (>112) bodg tekt O\C ?111 gobbusocd eksnccstfg trkgf, od pkrtoluikr od gfvficpodh lcudtrofs, ks ot fksfs tef lcsts cb trkgf

tercuhe tef qukioty sohdki ot sfdgs kdg tef lc``cd ikdhukhf. Wef kutecrs kisc bodgpcsotovf iodjs tc BGO, khkod `crf od gfvficpodh lcudtrofs, ks odtfrdktocdki stkdgkrgskiicw bcr fksofr odtfhrktocd cb prcgultocd prclfssfs. Wef pfrlfovfg vkiuf cb


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Fdekdlodh ^fhocdki Wrkgf Odtfhrktocd od \cutefkst Furcpf >6

odtfrdktocdki lfrtobolktocd os ùle hrfktfr bcr bor`s od gfvficpodh lcudtrofs, wefrfksbor`s od gfvficpfg lcudtrofs gc dct dflfsskroiy bffi k strcdh dffg bcr odtfrdktocdkirflchdotocd cb tefor systf`s. Wekt os wey bcr fxk`pif Hfr`kdy eks ifss O\C ?11;lfrtobofg bor`s pfr pcpuiktocd tekd \icvfdok kdg twolf ifss lfrtobofg bor`s tekd Otkiy.

\FF bor`s ekvf dct fdhkhfg vfry strcdhiy od kgcptodh odtfrdktocdki stkdgkrgs.Kllcrgodh tc O\Cs iktfst survfy, tef du`nfr cb bor`s weole ekvf kgcptfg O\C ?11;,tekt lcvfrs qukioty `kdkhf`fdt systf`s, os fxtrf`fiy icw od Kinkdok kdg @cdtfdfhrc,nut kisc od @klfgcdok (tknif ). Fvfd \frnok kdg Lrcktok ekvf bkr ifss O\C ?11;lfrtobofg bor`s lc`pkrfg tc sc`f cb tef dfohencrodh FV;1 lcudtrofs. Wef sotuktocd ossoòikr lcdlfrdodh tef gobbusocd cb O\C ;711;, tef sflcdg `cst wogfiy o`pif`fdtfg,stkdgkrg tekt lcvfrs fdvorcd`fdtki `kdkhf`fdt systf`s. Kdg cdiy k bfw gczfd bor`sod tef fdtorf rfhocd (`cst cb weole od Lrcktok) ekvf odtrcgulfg tef O\C ;2?7? stkdgkrgbcr qukioty `kdkhf`fdt systf`s bcr kutc`ctovf prcgultocd kdg rfifvkdt sfrvolf pkrtcrhkdozktocds, gfspotf tef woiiodhdfss kdg pctfdtoki cb sfvfrki \FF lcudtrofs tc gfvficptefor kutc`ctovf sfltcr. Wef \icvkj ^fpuniol, cd tef ctefr ekdg, weole os tef ifkgfr odtef kutc`ctovf odgustry k`cdh tef FV;1, ekg ;6; bor`s o`pif`fdtodh teos stkdgkrg.

Wknif . Du`nfr cb Bor`s Vsodh O\C \tkdgkrgs kt tef Fdg cb >118

O\C ?11; O\C ;711; O\C ;2?7?

Kinkdok >< 1 1

Ncsdok kdg Efrzfhcvodk 26> 77 2

Lrcktok >,18< >65 >1

B_^ @klfgcdok >66 ;< ;7 ;7

\icvkj ^fpuniol >,571 71;1.

Ekr`cdozktocd cb stkdgkrgs kdg ùtuki rflchdotocd cb lcdbcròty kssfss`fdt lkdnf k icdh prclfss weole rfquorfs licsf lccrgodktocd nftwffd tef puniol sfltcr kdg tefodgustry, odliugodh dfhctoktodh ncgofs, stkdgkrgs kdg lcdbcròty kssfss`fdt ncgofs,kdg tef rfhuiktcry ncgofs. Bcr fxk`pif, tef KsokQklobolQklobol Flcdcòl Lccpfrktocd(KQFL) @utuki ^flchdotocd Krrkdhf`fdt bcr Lcdbcròty Kssfss`fdt cb

Wfiflc`ùdolktocds Fquop`fdt (cdiy), od weole ;5 lcudtrofs pkrtolopktf, tccj ki`cstterff yfkrs tc dfhctoktf kdg `crf tekd k yfkr tc fdtfr odtc fbbflt.6


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Ot os gobboluit tc fsto`ktf tef bcrfhcdf trkgf guf tc WNWs krosodh brc` odlc`pktonifstkdgkrgs, eohe lfrtobolktocd lcsts, kdg sc bcrte Ot os tc nf fxpfltfg tekt s`kii kdg`fgou`sozfg fdtfrprosfs (\@Fs) krf kbbfltfg gosprcpcrtocdktfiy `crf ny teflfrtobolktocd rfquorf`fdts ks tefsf prclfssfs odvcivf boxfg lcsts, sc bcr s`kii fxpcrtfrsteos lcdstotutfs k sohdobolkdt nkrrofr tc trkgf. Xeoif dc prflosf gktk cd tef strulturf cbtrkgodh bor`s woteod LFBWK lkd nf bcudg bcr kdy cb tef lcudtrofs, tef NFFQ\ >1152rfsuits secw tekt tef sekrodh cb fxpcrtodh \@Fs os sohdobolkdt, fspflokiiy od tef terffikrhfst \FF flcdcòfs. Od \frnok, 7; pfrlfdt cb s`kii (;;? f`picyffs) kdg 65 pfrlfdtcb `fgou`sozfg bor`s (>1?? f`picyffs) krf fxpcrtfrs. Wef rfspfltovf bohurfs krf >7kdg 77 pfrlfdt bcr Ncsdok kdg Efrzfhcvodk, kdg >1 kdg 118, secwfg tekt \FF lcudtrofs ekg `kgf iottif prchrfss od kggrfssodh DWNs. Wefkssfss`fdt bcudg tefrf wks odsubbolofdt lccrgodktocd k`cdh tef pkrtofs kdg udgfrf`peksos cd WNWs, kdg \Q\, ossufs (kdg cvfrf`peksos cd o`prcvodh ncrgfr kdglustc`s prclfgurfs). Wc o`prcvf tef lciikncrktocd kdg prchrfss od kggrfssodh DWNs,LFBWK pkrtofs ekvf fstkniosefg k sunlc`òttff cd DWNs, weole eks `ft cd bfwcllksocds. Xeoif dc `kmcr khrff`fdts ekvf nffd `kgf sc bkr, kd fxpfrt stugy5 eksnffd lc`òssocdfg ny tef FL tekt wcuig kssfss tef prchrfss `kgf wote rfhkrg tcWNWs kdg prcvogf rflc``fdgktocds (ncx ). Lcdlfrdodh ekr`cdozktocd cb stkdgkrgs

kdg ùtuki rflchdotocd cb lcdbcròty kssfss`fdt, tef stugy urhfs LFBWK lcudtrofs tckleofvf buii Furcpfkd, kdg odtfrdktocdki, rflchdotocd cb tefor dktocdki qukiotyodbrkstrulturf. Kt tef sk`f to`f, tef lcudtrofs secuig fstkniose fbbfltovf `flekdos`sbcr rfhuiktcry lccpfrktocd kdg o`pif`fdtktocd cb LFBWK likusfs cd trkdspkrfdlywote rfhkrg tc WNWs. Wfledolki lccpfrktocd cd tef prchrfss `kgf od uphrkgodh tefqukioty odbrkstrulturf dffg kisc nf o`prcvfg.

Ncx . LFBWK cd Wfledolki Nkrrofrs tc Wrkgf

WNWs krf rfhuiktfg od lekptfr OR cb tef Khrff`fdt, weole cniohfs kii pkrtofs tc kppiy tef XWC

Khrff`fdt cd WNWs. Krtolif ;< rfquorfs tekt tef Qkrtofs udgfrtkjf tc ogfdtoby kdg fioòdktfuddflfsskry fxostodh tfledolki nkrrofrs tc trkgf woteod tef `fkdodh cb tef XWC Khrff`fdt cdWNWs. Od kggotocd, tef Qkrtofs udgfrtkjf dct tc odtrcgulf dfw uddflfsskry tfledolki nkrrofrs tctrkgf kdg sekii odbcr` ... cb kdy grkbt tfxt bcr k dfw tfledolki rfhuiktocd cr stkdgkrg.

@crfcvfr, tef Qkrtofs krf strcdhiy fdlcurkhfg ... tc ekr`cdozf tefor tfledolki rfhuiktocds,stkdgkrgs kdg prclfgurfs bcr kssfss`fdt cb lcdbcròty wote tecsf od tef Furcpfkd Lc`ùdoty.Wef Khrff`fdt spflobofs k lcdlrftf gfkgiodf bcr kltocd cd teos ossuf= tef Qkrtofs udgfrtkjf tcfdtfr odtc dfhctoktocds tc lcdliugf piuroiktfrki khrff`fdts cd ekr`cdozktocd cb tefor tfledolkirfhuiktocds kdg stkdgkrgs, kdg tef ùtuki rflchdotocd cb lcdbcròty kssfss`fdt prclfgurfs...nfbcrf 1;1.

\curlf= LFBWK.

Wef s`kii sozf cb tefor flcdcòfs kdg tefor licsf prcxoòty kiicw bcr ùle hrfktfrlccpfrktocd kt rfhocdki ifvfi. \FF lcudtrofs lcuig nfdfbot brc` flcdcòfs cb slkif ny


44/162

Fdekdlodh ^fhocdki Wrkgf Odtfhrktocd od \cutefkst Furcpf >8

sekrodh tefor qukioty odbrkstrulturf, sodlf tef du`nfr cb pctfdtoki usfrs òhet dctmustoby ekvodh fvfry sfrvolf prcvogfg od fkle cb tef lcudtrofs. Burtefr`crf, sc`f cbtef s`kii lcudtrofs òhet iklj tef dflfsskry spflobol tfledolki fxpfrtosf kdg tefbodkdloki rfscurlfs tc cbbfr kii sfrvolfs rfiktfg tc kllrfgotktocd kdg `ftrcichygc`fstolkiiy.

\kdotkry kdg Qeytcskdotkry \tkdgkrgs

\kdotkry kdg peytcskdotkry stkdgkrgs (\Q\) krf rflfovodh odlrfksodh kttfdtocd od tefodtfrdktocdki trkgf lcdtfxt. Wef usf cb bccg skbfty, kdo`ki kdg pikdt efkite ruifs ks knkrrofr tc trkgf eks odlrfksfg lcdsogfrkniy od rflfdt yfkrs tercuhecut tef wcrig. Xeoiftef ko` cb tefsf ruifs os tc prctflt tef efkite cb gc`fstol lcdsu`frs, hcvfrd`fdtsbrfqufdtiy usf \Q\ tc seofig gc`fstol prcgulfrs cb khroluiturki prcgults brc` o`pcrts.Ks tkrobbs kdg quctks cd khroluiturf prcgults od LFBWK krf ikrhfiy knciosefg, kdg buiiionfrkiozktocd os iojfiy tc nf kleofvfg ny tef fdg cb >11?, \Q\ krf iojfiy tc nflc`f `crf

lc``cd nkrrofr tc trkgf.Khroluiturf trkgf bfkturfs prcòdfdtiy od odtrkrfhocdki trkgf, efdlf \Q\ ossufs

krf cb hrfkt rfifvkdlf bcr o`prcvodh trkgf pctfdtoki. @cst \FF flcdcòfs ekvf ksohdobolkdt khroluiturf sfltcr, kdg khroluiturf prcgults (E\ lktfhcrofs ; tc >7) kllcudtbcr cvfr k bobte cb odtrkrfhocdki trkgf (tecuhe dct kii prcgults od tefsf lktfhcrofs krfsunmflt tc \Q\ `fksurfs). Khroluiturf fxpcrts kllcudt bcr cvfr k qukrtfr cb tctkifxpcrts tc LFBWK od tef lksf cb Jcscvc, \frnok, kdg @klfgcdok, weoif tefy krf cdiy 6pfrlfdt bcr Kinkdok (bohurf 1

>6


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cb khroluiturf trkgf od LFBWK hcfs tc dcdXWC `f`nfrs. Od kggotocd, kii pkrtofs ekvflc`òttfg tc lccpfrktf od tef skdotkry kdg peytcskdotkry bofig kdg tc kppiyrfhuiktocds od k dcdgoslroòdktcry `kddfr. Wef pkrtofs kisc fdvoskhf lcdliugodhkhrff`fdts cd ekr`cdozktocd cr ùtuki rflchdotocd od tefsf `kttfrs, tecuhe, tefKhrff`fdt gcfs dct spfloby kdy gfkgiodfs bcr teos.

Wef FV kllfssocd prclfss lcuig kisc bkloiotktf tef lcdvfrhfdlf cb skdotkry kdgpeytcskdotkry `fksurfs od tef \FF rfhocd. Ks tef lcudtrofs prchrfss cd tefor FVkllfssocd pkte, tefy woii ekvf tc odlrfksodhiy lc`piy wote tef FV ruifs od tef krfk cbbccg skbfty, vftfrodkry kdg peytcskdotkry stkdgkrgs (lekptfr ;> cb tef klquos). \c od teficdh rud fkle cb tef lcudtrofs woii ekvf kgcptfg FV lc`prfefdsovf sft cb stkdgkrgs odteos krfk, kdg fxpcrtfrs woii dct ekvf tc `fft rfquorf`fdts gobbfrfdt brc` teforgc`fstol cdfs. Weos pkrt cb tef FV klquos, ecwfvfr, os k`cdh tef `cst gobboluit tclc`piy wote, sc tef lcdvfrhfdlf prclfss woii nf k icdh cdf. Bcr fxk`pif, Lrcktok,weole os ny bkr `cst kgvkdlfg od tef dfhctoktocds prclfss, eks yft tc `kjf sunstkdtokiprchrfss od tef krfk cb bccg skbfty (Furcpfkd Lc`òssocd prchrfss rfpcrt >115).

Ot os o`pcrtkdt tc dctf tekt wefd ot lc`fs tc bccg prcgults, ikrhfrftkoi/supfr`krjft lekods cbtfd sft tefor cwd stkdgkrgs (bcr fxk`pif, bruots tc nf cbsk`f/soòikr sozf kdg sekpf) weole hc nfycdg tef \Q\ o`pcrt ruifs. Xeoif teos os `crftef lksf wote Furcpfkd rftkoifrs, rftkoifrs od tef rfhocd krf iojfiy tc bciicw soòikrtrfdgs (fspflokiiy ob tefy krf ncuhet ny ikrhfr hicnki rftkoifrs). \c, khroluiturfprcgulfrs woii odlrfksodhiy dffg tc gfki wote tefsf `krjfto`pcsfg stkdgkrgs od crgfrtc nf knif tc kllfss ikrhf suppiofrs (ncte od tef LFBWK `krjft kdg gc`fstolkiiy).

Wef LFBWK Khrff`fdt odtrcgulfs sfvfrki dcvfitofs tekt ko` tc ioòt tef usf cb \Q\

`fksurfs ks k nkrrofr tc trkgf. \Q\ `fksurfs krf rfhuiktfg od tef lekptfr cd khroluiturfprcgults (OOO) kdg krtolif ;> cb tef Khrff`fdt cniohfs kii pkrtofs tc kppiy tef XWCKhrff`fdt cd tef kppiolktocd cb \Q\ `fksurfs. Wef sk`f krtolif rfquorfs tekt tefQkrtofs sekii lccpfrktf od tef bofig cb skdotkry kdg peytcskdotkry `fksurfs, odliugodhvftfrodkry `kttfrs, wote tef ko` cb kppiyodh rfifvkdt rfhuiktocds od k dcdgoslroòdktcry `kddfr. Od kggotocd, ot cniohfs pkrtofs tc prcvogf odbcr`ktocd cd \Q\`fksurfs upcd rfqufst cb kdctefr pkrty. @crfcvfr, Wef Qkrtofs sekii fdtfr, wefrfkpprcproktf, odtc dfhctoktocds tc lcdliugf khrff`fdts cd ekr`cdozktocd cr ùtukirflchdotocd od terffs `kttfrs.... Ecwfvfr, k gfkgiodf bcr sule kltocd os dct spflobofg.

Wef lciikncrktocd cd tefsf `kttfrs os bcstfrfg ny tef LFBWK \unlc`òttff cd

DWNs. Ecwfvfr, sodlf tef Khrff`fdt fdtfrfg odtc bcrlf, bor`s brc` sfvfrki \FFlcudtrofs ekvf vcolfg lc`pikodts kncut lksfs cb \Q\ `fksurfs nfodh usfg ks k nkrrofrtc trkgf. @crfcvfr, sfvfrki lcudtrofs odtrcgulfg kt sc`f pcodt `fksurfs (cb \Q\ dkturf)tekt ioòt cr prceonot o`pcrts brc` ctefr LFBWK pkrtofs. \c`f cb tefsf ekvf nffdrfscivfg woteod tef LFBWK brk`fwcrj, nut ctefrs lcdtoduf tc nf kppiofg. Bcr fxk`pif,Lrcktok, B_^ @klfgcdok, kdg \frnok ekvf nkds cd o`pcrt cb sc`f `fft prcgults (sc`fcb tefsf nkds prflfgf tef LFBWK Khrff`fdt). Wef nusodfss lc`ùdoty od Ncsdok kdgEfrzfhcvodk kdg @cdtfdfhrc eks lc`pikodfg tekt fxlfssovf odspfltocd prclfgurfs kdgsk`piodh cb lfrtkod bccg prcgults lcdstotutf goslroòdktcry \Q\ `fksurfs.

@kdy cb tefsf krosf brc` tef dcdkllfptkdlf cb stkdgkrgs kdg lfrtobolktocds cb tef

fxpcrtodh pkrty (ncx


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Fdekdlodh ^fhocdki Wrkgf Odtfhrktocd od \cutefkst Furcpf >?

Ncx ?>11?, Ncsdok kdg Efrzfhcvodks Qkriok`fdt `kgf k `kmcr prflfgfdt od tef trkgfrfiktocdseop ny fdkltodh k ikw cd prctfltocd cb gc`fstol prcgultocd (Cbboloki Hkzfttfossuf 7?/1?).Weos ikw odtrcgulfg @BD gutofs bcr o`pcrts cb sc`f ?11 prcgults brc` Lrcktok kdg \frnok, kdgprfsfdtfg k gorflt nrfkle cb tef LFBWK Khrff`fdt. Bciicwodh tef fdklt`fdt, teflcdstotutocdkioty cb tef ikw wks lekiifdhfg kdg cd Muiy < >11?, tef Lcdstotutocdki Lcurt cb Ncsdokkdg Efrzfhcvodk nrcuhet k gflosocd kddui

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