enhancing disaster prevention and mitigation

Proceedings of

The First International Conference on Sustainable Built Environment

(1-ICSBE), Jogjakarta, Indonesia, May 27-29, 2010

Enhancing Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Editors:

Chief : M. Teguh, S. Tanaka, H. Gökçekuş

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Islamic University of Indonesia Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Japan Faculty of Engineering, Near East University, Turkey

Member : F. Nugraheni, H. A. Bale, A. Juliani

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Islamic University of Indonesia Published by FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND PLANNING, ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA Jogjakarta, Indonesia

Proceedings of

The First International Conference on Sustainable Built Environment (1-ICSBE) Copyright @ ICSBE2010 (UII)

ISBN 978-979-96122-9-8 Copyright 2010 by Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Islamic University of Indonesia:

Master Program of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering Department of Architecture Department of Environmental Engineering in collaboration with: Hokkaido University, Japan Eastern Mediterranean University, Turkey Near East University, Turkey Technologiezentrum Wasser, Germany International Academy of Science H & E, Austria Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Published and distributed by:

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Islamic University of Indonesia Integrated Campus Jl. Kaliurang Km 14,4 Jogjakarta, Indonesia 55584 Website: http://icsbe.uii.ac.id/

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Printed in Indonesia Disclaimer: Papers of the 1-ICSBE Conference Proceedings were reviewed and referred by members of the Paper Reviewer Panel comprising international and local peers in the respective areas of expertise. Articles were accepted for publication based on the recommendations by the Paper Reviewer Panel with and without revisions. The Authors agree to hold incorporated harmless against any suit, demand, claim or recovery, finally sustained, by reason of any violation of proprietary right or copyright, or any unlawful matter contained in this Article.

Table of Contents iii

Enhancing Disaster Prevention and Mitigation – M. Teguh, S. Tanaka, & H. Gökçekuş et al. (eds) @ ICSBE2010 (UII), Indonesia, ISBN 978-979-96122-9-8

Table of Contents

Preface ix

Acknowledgements xi

ICSBE International Scientific Committee xiii

ICSBE Committee xv

Keynote Papers

An Application of Multi-Agent Simulation for Evacuation in Earthquake Disaster 3

Seiichi Kagaya

Seismic Risk Assessment of Existing Building in Northern Cyprus

(Case Study of Famagusta) 11

Munther Mohd

The Indonesian National Plan of Disaster Management, 2010 – 2014 17

Sarwidi

Pollution of the Songhua River with Nitrobenzene by Accident and the Countermeasures 25

Shunitz Tanaka

Seismic Intensity, Ground Acceleration and Building Damage under the 27th

May 2006 Jogjakarta Earthquake 31

Widodo, Wijaya and Sunarto

Sustainable Concrete for Future Sustainable Construction 41

M.F.M. Zain

Buildings and Constructions

A Review on Indonesian Traditional Timber House Sustainability 53

Ali Awaludin, Toshiro Hayashikawa, Takuro Hirai

Optimization of Tuned Mass Dampers Using Real Coded Genetic Algorithms for

Buildings Subject to Earthquakes 59

Yoyong Arfiadi

Dynamic Loading on Highway Bridge 69

Mochammad Sigit Darmosudiharjo

Preliminary Survey of School Buildings to be Retrofitted on Reducing Vulnerability of School Children to Earthquakes in Bandung, Indonesia 77

Dewi Yustiarini, Krishna S. Pribadi, Dyah Kusumastuti

Progressive Collapse of Multy Storey Reinforced Concrete Buildings due to A Vehicular

Collision 83

Elvira

iv Enhancing Disaster Prevention and Mitigation @ ICSBE2010 (UII), Indonesia, ISBN 978-979-96122-9-8

Influence of Matric Suction on the Volume Change Characteristics of Unsaturated Brittle Clay Using Biaxial Apparatus 93

Miftahul Fauziah

Physical Properties Behavior of Crack Girder due to Dynamic Loading 101

Md.Kamrul Hassan, Muhammad Fauzi Mohd Zain, and M A Hannan

Performance Improvement of Profiled Steel Sheeting Dry Board Floor System by Concrete Infill 109

Harsoyo bin Muhammad Shodiq

House Amendment Process of Sasadusahu, Halmahera, North Maluku Province 115

Hikmansyah and Maulana Ibrahim

Why the Javanese Houses Have Failed in the 2006 Jogjakarta Earthquake 121

Noor Cholis Idham, Munther Mohd, and Ibrahim Numan

The Local Wisdom Evocation as An Effort of Disaster Mitigation through Structural

Reliability of Jineng Traditional Building in Bali 129

I Wayan Yuda Manik, I Gusti Bagus Purnama Japa, and I Nyoman Jagat Maya

Transmission Loss (TL) Values of Wall Panel Constructed from Paddy-Straws 137

Christina E. Mediastika

Estimating Ground Settlement Post-Liquefaction Using CPT 143

Agus Setyo Muntohar

Nonlinear Response of Soil-Structure-Interaction due to Cyclic Loading 149

Resmi Bestari Muin

Envelope Responsive Design as A Passive Cooling Strategy in Tropical Building for

Climate Change Mitigation 157

Agung Murti Nugroho

Design Approach Based on Energy Optimization of Atma Jaya Yogyakarta University

Library to Achieve Sustainable Built Environmental Requirements 165

J. Ade Prasetya Seputra and Amos Setiadi

Anchorage Zones of Post-Tensioned Slabs: Confinement and Early Age Concrete Effects 173

Massoud Sofi, Elvira, and Mendis, P. A

Ductility Improvement of Deep Beam by Nylon Mesh Confinement 183

Rr. M.I. Retno Susilorini, Andri Lelono, and Ida Bagus Widiadharma

Performance of Slim Concrete Beam Using Nylon Mesh Confinement 187

Rr. M.I. Retno Susilorini

Strength and Ductility Demand of Reinforced Concrete Structural Members 193

Fandi Maulana Taufan and Mochamad Teguh

The State-of-the-art Seismic Behavior of Prestressed Concrete Pile-to-Pile Cap

Connections 203

Mochamad Teguh

Table of Contents v

Masonry Unit Utilizing Aggregate from Construction Demolition Bound with Asphalt 223

I Nyoman Arya Thanaya

Properties of Cold Asphalt Emulsion Mixtures Utilizing Aggregate from Construction

Demolition 233

I Nyoman Arya Thanaya

Adaptive Re-Use of Javanese Traditional House: A Continuity and Change the Case

of Dalem Notoyudan, Jogjakarta, Indonesia 241

Tita Kusuma Wibawati and Arif Budi Sholihah

Three Important Factors of Effective Seismic Risk Management of Non-Engineered

Buildings 249

Setya Winarno

Compressive Strength Assessment of Concrete Structures from Small Core by Point

Load Test 263

Achfas Zacoeb and Koji Ishibashi

Urban/Rural Environmental and Settlement

Evaluation of Agricultural Land to Anticipate Drought Disaster in Gunungkidul Regency, Jogjakarta Special Province 273

Widodo Brontowiyono, Ribut L., Feris F. , and Hamidin J.

Shoreline Change Model Using the EPR Method and the Simulation of Coastal

Vulnerability in Sambas District-West Kalimantan 287

M. Meddy Danial, Rustamaji, and Eka Priadi

Health Risk from Air Pollutants: An Epidemic in Western Java 295

Mila Dirgawati, Juli Soemirat, Adea E. Kusumah, Eri Wibowo

Determine Nitrogen Dioxide in Jogjakarta Using Free Hanging Filters as Passive Samplers 303

P. Heeres, Rineksa Setiawan, M. C. Krol and E. H. Adema

Integration Method of Disaster Risk Reduction into Spatial Plan:

Case Study Jogjakarta Special Province and Bantul Regency, Indonesia 311

D.R. Hizbaron, M. Baiquni, J. Sartohadi, R. Rijanta

Building Back Better Exploring Disaster Recovery Through A Vulnerability and Sustainable Livelihoods (VSL) Framework 321

Erin Joakim and Brent Doberstein

Reuse of Domestic Wastewater for Irrigation (Special Reference to Jogjakarta Area) 331

Any Juliani

Struvite Scale Formation and Control: A Review 339

St.Muryanto

Analysis of Coastal Abrasion at Sofifi Coast, North Moluccas Province 349

Nani Nagu and Lita A. Latief

vi Enhancing Disaster Prevention and Mitigation @ ICSBE2010 (UII), Indonesia, ISBN 978-979-96122-9-8

Preliminary Study: Blood Lead Level Information of Elementary Students Associated with Air Lead Concentration and the Traffic Density at Jogjakarta 355

Awaladdin Nurmiyanto, Luqman Hakim, and Arrizal Rahman

Concentration of Heavy Metal on Snow Fall in Sapporo City 363

Delvira Jayatri Prasasti

Tsunami Simulation Using Dipersive Wave Model 371

Alwafi Pujiraharjo and Tokuzo Hosoyamada

Study on Flood Characteristic in Sibu Town, Sarawak, Malaysia 379

Frederik Josep Putuhena, Ting Sie Chun and Salim Said

The Implication of Peatland Built Environment in Urban Drainage System: Case Study

of Sungai Merah Area, Sibu, Sarawak 389

Frederik Josep Putuhena, Ting Sie Chun, and Salim Said

Response Policies to the Impact of Climate Change on Small Island Tourism

(Case Study: Kepulauan Seribu Tourism Area) 397

Arief Rosyidie

Contribution of Integrated Geophysical Surveys for Site Investigation in Seismic Hazards

Analysis 407

Sri Atmaja P. Rosyidi

Population Densification in Compact City Concept and Vulnerable Risk of Disaster 417

Muhammad Sani Roychansyah

Pedogenesis Approach to Evaluate the Soil Creep Prone Areas in Kulonprogo Hills,

Jogjakarta-Indonesia 425

J. Sartohadi, G. Hartono

Dome House for Earthquake Victims at Ngelepen JogjakartaThermal Comfort in Warm Humid Tropical Climate 433

Sugini

Community’s Perceptions on Their Own Environment toward Disaster Mitigation and Prevention: A Case Study of Menteng Atas – Jakarta, Indonesia 441

Danto Sukmajati and Edy Muladi

Katabatic Winds: An Extreme Natural Disaster in Antarctica 451

Wayan Suparta

Local Wisdom as A Tool in Controlling Greenhouse Gas Emission from Land and

Forest Fire in South Kalimantan 457

Syaifullah Tamliha and Abdul Hadi

Integrating Geo-Hazard into Land Capability Assessment for Spatial Planning:

A Case Study in Tawangmangu Sub District, Karanganyar Regency, Central Java, Indonesia 463

S.E. Wati, J. Sartohadi, and D.G. Rossiter

Table of Contents vii

Infrastructures

The South Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclones Influence to the South Coast of Java 475

Suci Dewi Anugrah, Nining Sari Ningsih, Hamzah Latief

Compound Device of Wave Energy and Wind Energy System to Face the Future 483

Energy Problem M. Meddy Danial, Hardiansyah, and Eko Widagdo

Study of Implementation Progress and Application of Quality in Rehabilitation and

Reconstruction of Public Infrastructure after the Jogjakarta Earthquake in 2006 489

Faisol A. Munabari, Astrid Faradewi, Ruzardi

Simulation of Vulnerable Areas to the Impact of Storm Tide along Southern Coasts

of Java, Bali, and West Nusa Tenggara 497

Nining Sari Ningsih, Safwan Hadi, Agung Budi Harto, Marthina Dian Utami, and

Amanda Putri Rudiawan

Structural Health Monitoring for Civil Infrastructures Using Wireless Sensor Networks 507

and Distributed Processing: Opportunities and Challenges Amin Suharjono, Wirawan, Gamantyo Hendrantoro

Problem and Challenge of River as Waterways in East Kalimantan 515

Effendy Tambunan

Policies and management

Analysis of Cumulative Impact Between Small-Medium Scale Hazard and Large 525

Scale Hazard in Indonesia Yantisa Akhadi

Adaptive Hazard Mitigation: the Theory and Practice of Responding to Environmental

Change-Driven Disasters 531

Brent Doberstein

Utilizing Photographs for Pre-Disaster Mitigation: A Preliminary Study 543

Fitri Nugraheni

The Integration of Environment Performance in Financial Statement: A New Concept

to Measure Firm Performance 551

Ibnu Khajar and Muhammad Ja’far S

A Perfect Storm, A Perfect Disaster, and the Challenge to Responsive Disaster

Management Systems 561

Maria Victoria G. Pineda

Social aspects and education

Towards Urban Conservation in the City of Solo, Indonesia 571

Putu Ayu P. Agustiananda

Heritage Conservation and Disaster Mitigation

579

Wakhidah Kurniawati

viii Enhancing Disaster Prevention and Mitigation @ ICSBE2010 (UII), Indonesia, ISBN 978-979-96122-9-8

Bhisama Radius Surrounding the Temples as Regulator of Balinese Urban Space 587

Ayu Putu Utari Parthami Lesta

Social Capital Configuration of Mass Disaster in Jogjakarta: Case Study Baitul Maal

Desa, Dompet Dhuafa Republika Recovery Program 597

Dewi Cahyani Puspitasari

Disaster Preparedness in the Form of Model Emergency School Learning with Fun

Learning Approach Using Recycling Household Waste Learning Media 607

Dadan Rosana, Suyoso, and Juli Astono

Involving Communities in Disseminating Education on Sustainable Settlements 615

Lucia Asdra Rudwiarti

Sustainable Livelihood Community Development as the Respond of the Earthquake

Disaster 623

Dradjat Suhardjo, Fitri Nugraheni

Farmer’s Knowledge on Soil Erosion and Conservation 629

Taryono, Suci Handayani, Arini Wayu Utami, and Supriyanta

Author Index 637

Sugini – Dome House for Earthquake Victims at Ngelepen Jogjakarta and Thermal Confort in Warm ……… 433

INTRODUCTION

1. Background

An earthquake measuring 5.9 on the Richter scale or 6.2 on the Richter scale have occurred in Jogjakarta on May 27, 2006. The quake's epicenter occurred at coordinates dan110 8.007 ° South Latitude, 286 ° East longitude at a depth of 17.1 km (Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources) or the coordinates of 8.26 ° latitude and 110.31 ° longitude at a depth of 33 km (BMG) (Wikipedia, 2008).

This earthquake has killed 6234 people and destroyed so many homes. Help from abroad coming in large numbers. One aid is the dome houses in Ngelepen (Sengir), Sumberharjo Vil-lage, Prambanan District, Sleman District .. This dome houses the assistance of WANGO (World Associate of Non-Government Organi-

zation) and DFTW (Domes For The World Foundation) (the South & South, 2007).

Figure 1. Location of the epicenter May 27, 2006

in Jogjakarta (Wikipedia, 2008)

This project was supported by a single donor

Muhammad Ali Alabar owner of Emaar Proper-ties Dubai, United Arab Emirates (Sofian Blue, 2008).

DOME HOUSE FOR EARTHQUAKE VICTIMS AT NGELEPEN JOGJAKARTA

THERMAL COMFORT IN WARM HUMID TROPICAL CLIMATE

Sugini1)

1)

Department of Architecture,

Islamic University of Indonesia

e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

This paper is an evaluative study based on a review of thermal comfort aspect of the dome houses for earth-

quake victims in the Ngelepen, Jogjakarta. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the dome houses in terms

of building design criteria for warm humid tropics. This paper is one step from the evaluation of research ac-

tivities towards the dome houses thoroughly empirically.

The method of evaluation is done by theoretical studies of secondary data about dome houses gathered from

several sources. From this study concluded there is a presumption that the use of concrete materials is not

an issue for the achievement of thermal performance warm humid tropical climate. However, there is a pre-

sumption that the thermal performance of residential space in the dome houses Ngelepen will not fit with

thermal comfortable criteria in warm humid tropical because some of the following: (1) The form of a compact

monolithic dome, which will result in high value of thermal capacity and low value of heat loss building, (2)

non orientation-dome shape would make it difficult for controlling the orientation of solar radiation in the dry

season; (3) Limitations on monolithic opening system that will reduce the opportunity for space cooling by

convection, (4) There is no sun and eaves shading will increase the entry of solar heat radiation, especially in

the dry season and rain in the rainy season. Keywords: dome houses; thermal comfort; warm humid tropics; form of building; building envelope, Opening,

shading; thermal capacity, heat loss, solar radiation, rain

mailto:[email protected]

434 Enhancing Disaster Prevention and Mitigation @ ICSBE2010 (UII), Indonesia, ISBN 978-979-96122-9-8

Plan a circular dome houses with dome-shaped roof. Materials made of concrete. Space is divided into two floors with no ventila-tion holes in the walls and eaves of the apex of the dome. In its development a few houses have been modified. Addition of porch and side of the village buildings have been carried out.

Home as a place to live events will require fundamental requirements. These require-ments are the requirements for safety and comfort requirements. The question then is whether these requirements can be met by the dome houses in Ngelepen?

Figure 2. Complex dome houses in Ngelepen (National Geographic in Eeghout, 2008)

Figure 3. Interior dome houses Ngelepen Figure 4. Modification of the dome home by residents (DFTW, 2008) until November 2007 (Liz, 2008)

Safety requirements are met through the ful-

fillment of construction feasibility. Feasibility of

construction of the dome houses must have

been evaluated through testing in a study con-

ducted by DFTW. This project is a project sup-

ported by DFTW an institution with the mission

of improving human life through the introduc-

tion and development of monolithic domes and

ecoshells (DFTW, 2008). Yet how is comforta-

ble with the requirements? Does the dome

houses can fulfill it?

Comfort requirements include requirements

for movement, sensory and thermal. Based on

Fanger (1982), it is known that the thermal

quality of space will determine the ability of

human beings. Sugini (2007) based on Vitelg &

Smith (1946) in Altman & Stokol (1987) con-

cluded that the ability to be determined by a

thermal comfort is the ability to include intellec-

tual ability, perspsual and other capabilities in

general. Besides the thermal quality of space is

also largely determine the quality of health and

biological functions of body organs.

Based on the above description can be con-

cluded that an evaluative study of the dome

houses based on thermal performance space

is necessary. The results of this study will need

to be input on practical aspects for the gov-

ernment of Sleman and DFTW as well as in the

theoretical realm in control engineering in par-

ticular and building science in general. The re-

sults of this study will be very useful and impor-

tant for the development of the dome houses

next step.

Study of thermal performance in the dome

houses Ngelepen becomes important to do be-

cause based on engineering knowledge of the

thermal control of buildings, form, space and

building envelope in the dome houses seem to

conflict with the design criteria for warm humid

climate. Warm humid climate is a climate zone

that includes areas that includes the Ngelepen

in particular and Indonsia in general. So that

the results of this study will be very important in

providing input on the extent to which this can

be applied to the dome houses in warm humid

climatic conditions.


2. Problems

Does the dome houses Ngelepen in accor-

dance with the criteria for thermal quality space

on a warm humid tropical climate?

3. Goal

Evaluating the dome houses of Ngelepen

based criteria for quality thermal pad space

warm humid tropical climate. Complete evalua-

tion must be done in two stages. First step is

theoretical with secondary data and the second

step is empirical step. In this paper, the author

reports the first step.

DESIGN CRITERIA FOR WARM HUMID

TROPICAL THERMAL COMFORT

1. Warm Humid Tropical Climate Charac-

teristics and Jogjakarta

Evans, in 1980 the climate divide in several

zones. One of them is a warm humid climate.

Characteristics of moist warm temperate re-

gions characterized by the following characte-

ristics. Temperatures ranged from 20ºC-30ºC

with a temperature difference range between

10ºC-12ºC. Humidity ranged between 60% -

90% with high rainfall up to 1000 mm and

equipped with the dry season. Area extends

between 15 º and 15 º N latitude.

Based on the statistics can be summarized

Jogjakarta in Figures Yogyakara and climatic

conditions in Sleman in particular, as seen in

the following images. From the characteristics

of detail in the images could be concluded that

the district of Sleman is included in group warm

humid tropical climate.

2. Design Criteria for Thermal Comfort in

Warm Humid Tropical Climate

There are four architectural aspects of build-

ings that provide space influence on the cli-

mate. Four things are (1) Effective solar expo-

sure, (2) Solar Heat Gain Effective, (3) the level

of conductivity and convection from or into the

air and (4) potential ventilation natural in the

passive cooling of buildings. Fourthly it is re-

lated to the five components of building design

(1) building form, (2) orientation and shadowing

windows, (3) orientation and color of the walls,

(4) the size and place of ventilation and (5) the

effects of ventilation conditions in buildings at

temperatures Air (Givoni, 1998).

In Evans (1980) described four components of

residential buildings that will determine the

quality of thermal space. Four components are

(1) the form, (2) the skin of the building, (3)

opening and (4) site. In this case, a fourth

component to be irrelevant to the evaluation

criteria included in the search for dome houses.

Another relevant criterion is the criterion of one

to three.

Shape of the building seen from the follow-

ing criteria: (1) Criteria proportions or the ratio

of surface area to volume, (2) Criteria depth of

field that looks at the anatomy of discounted

room (single or double bank room), (3) The dis-

tance between the angle determined by the re-

quirements of space (space angle) in accor-

dance with climate and latitude location of the

building. Skin of the building will be determined by

the material properties of building skin. Building material properties are measured based on the parameters of U-parameter value (the value of the transmission from air to air), solar heat flow factor, time lag or time delay and admittance. These criteria will be escorting an architect in determining the skin type of building material.

Opening of a building is used to achieve not just for the ventilation performance, but also for lighting. These two interests are sometimes brings in a separate conflict in the design. For ventilation interests, then the openings are de-signed for the purpose of creating air flow which allows the occurrence of convective cool-ing process. On the other hand, the opening is also designed for the benefit of lighting. In general, openings are intended to include the illumination light will also enter the waste heat of solar radiation. While the waste heat radia-tion of the sun is not so expected on a warm humid climate regions. An effective way to solve this conflict is by adding horizontal and vertical shading on every opening. With the ex-istence of horizontal and vertical shading as required by the angle of the sun fell, the sun's heat radiation that is not desired can be con-trolled. Herwagen Dean (2004), detailing the four operational strategies in the design of passive buildings in hot humid climates.

This strategy is (a) the existence of natural ventilation in the interior, (2) shadowing interior from solar radiation, (3) the use of lightweight buildin envelope order to allow for heat transfer at the time of the excess heat, (4) water proof for buildings.


Figure 5. Temperatures in DIY (BPS DIY,

2001)

Figure 6. Relative Humidity DIY (BPS DIY,

2001)

Figure 7. Wind in DIY (BPS DIY, 2001)

Figure 8: Rainfall and rainy days DIY

(BPS DIY, 2001)

Figure 10. Airports in Sleman Humidity

(BPS Sleman, 2002)

Figure 9. The temperature in Sleman

(BPS Sleman, 2002)

Figure 11. Air Velocity in Sleman (BPS Sle-

man, 2002)

Figure 12. Rainfall in Sleman (BPS Sleman,

2002)

The fourth strategy is more devoted to the

protection of construction on humid and wet climate. While the strategies 1 to 3 suitable for use as a criterion to achieve a comfortable space thermal qualities. Three strategies can be developed into building design criteria for thermal comfort in warm humid tropical climate.

REVIEW ON THERMAL DOME HOUSE

1. Building Mass

Building mass a profitable mass for a warm humid climate is a building mass with low thermal capacity and high heat losses. Thermal capacity building inversely with the

0

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proportion of surface area to volume during the era. The higher the value of the ratio between the surface area to volume the lower the ther-mal capacity of the building and the higher the

heat loss. This means that the higher the ratio of surface area to volume the faster the heat dissipation occurs.

Rasio

permukaaan

/volume

Heat loss Thermal

capasity

9:1

9:1

27:1

y

x

Lebih besar dari x

x

y

Lebih kecil

dari y

Figure 13. Shape of the mass, the ratio of the surface, thermal capacity and heat loss

(Source: developed from Evans, 1980)

Single compact mass has a lower ratio be-

tween surface area and volume than a single

non compact mass. Therefore dome shape in a

very compact dome houses Ngelepen has low

ability to release heat. This means that the oc-

cupant will get more heat stress. Thus, the

dome houses are less favorable views of the

form criteria. Ratio of surface area and volume of a single

mass can actually be improved in various ways. An example is the concept of substract by giving overdrafts on certain parts or the concept of open space potio by completing the middle.

Figure 14. Design of building the

dome, a very compact single

mass (Source: Eeghout, 2008)

Figure 15. Design museum in

Guangdong in Guangzhou.

Compact single period com-

bined with the concept that

surface area increases sub-

stract (Source: Design LTD

Rocco, 2006)

Figure 16. Houses with posio

primitive Indian tribes in the

middle (Source: Oliver, 2003)

1. Dome roof form

The shape and orientation to the sun is an

effective combination to reduce solar heat in-

tensity of pressure on the building. Dome

shape is the form that knows no orientation or

called non orientation. Dome will provide a

strong possibility of the formation of perpendi-

cular angle of solar radiation on the surface

continuously throughout the day and through-

out the season. Different things happen in the

form of a sloping roof. Sloping roof forms would

be relatively perpendicular to the solar radiation

at certain hours only. Sloping shape allows us

to avoid a particular orientation by placing a


narrow field on the orientation of the sun that is

not desired. These conditions make the dome is not fa-

vorable to the roof form. It is because the in-tensity of solar radiation on the surface will de-pend on the angle of radiation falling on the field. The higher the point of falling or fallen

more perpendicular angle, the intensity will be higher. This means that the environmental thermal load of the building will be higher. Eventually this condition will reduce the achievement of thermal performance of build-ing space.

Figure 17. Orientation of buildings should be

directed in such a way that minimize espous-

ing to sun dry season (Source: Evans, 1980)

Gambar18. The non-orientation causes the

dome can not minimize espousing to the sun

during the dry season (Source image: Eeghout,

2008)

2. Building Envelope

Characteristics of the building skin are pri-

marily determined by the materials and con-

struction of roof and walls. In principle, the

building skin in warm humid tropical climate

areas should be sought so that the skin surface

in the building must be colder than the outside

either day or night (Evans, 1980). Thus, the

best material for the warm humid tropics is a

material with the characteristics of the property

value that is able to maintain the surface tem-

perature in the room was always lower than ei-

ther day or night outside. Material with the cha-

racteristics of a short time lag is more profitable

than the material with a long time lag.

Figure 19. Casting molds and preparation of concrete

floors balloon (Source: DFTW, 2008)

Figure 20. Casting concrete monolith.

(Source: DFTW, 2008)

Figure 21. When finished casting

(Source: DFTW, 2008)


Ngelepen dome houses made of concrete

(more clearly seen on the picture above). De-

velopment carried out specifically with tech-

niques ecoshell monolithic dome, so that the

entire skin of the building is a concrete mono-

lith. The time lag value of solid concrete with a

thickness of 10 cm is 2.5 -3 hours. This value is

almost the same with bricks, ie between 2.3

hours to 3.2 hours (Evans, 1980). If Evans can

be analogous comparison in the comparison

between the properties of time lag of concrete

dome houses with bricks from the surrounding

environment, it can be assumed that the ma-

terial concrete dome house will not pose a sig-

nificant doubt in reaching a common thermal

performance expected by the locals.

The problem is that the shape of the con-

crete monolith provides little opportunity for

making opening to ventilation. Opening to ven-

tilation with proper placement will provide the

wind input to the process of convection cooling

in indoor. Space cooling by convection is very

effective for the creation of thermal comfort in

warm humid tropical climate.

3. Opening and shadowing

The accuracy of the design elements are

seen from the opening that includes the dimen-

sions, orientation, position and the elements.

External elements that are closely linked to

control of follow-up thermal interruption of solar

radiation are horizontal and vertical shading. Ngelepen openings on the dome houses are

not equipped with either horizontal or vertical shading. Windows and doors not equipped with a verandah. There is no terrace that can help provide shadowing on the buildings and spaces within. As a result of radiation into the room (see Figure 22). This condition is certainly not beneficial to the quality of indoor ventilation. This conjecture is strengthened with the reno-vation has been done by the occupants of the building. Like add a porch at the front door and windows (see Figure 23).

Figure 22. Solar radiation in the absence of

direct entry porch as shading. In addition to the

entry of radiation will cause the heat of the

scorching sun, this condition will also allow the

rain water come into the room when the rain

came.

(Source of picture: Liz, 2008)

Gambar 23. Figure 23: Addition by occu-

pant.

(Source of picture: Liz, 2008)

CONCLUSION

Based on this study can be summarized in

the previous section there is a presumption that

the Ngelepen dome houses can not meet the

quality criteria of thermal comfort for the tropi-

cal climate of warm humid regions. This con-

clusion is of course an empirical truth must be

tested again. In detail some of the things that

caused the Ngelepen dome houses not meet

with the thermal comfort criteria for humid trop-

ical climate is as follows:

1. A compact dome shape will have an im-

pact on high value of thermal capacity and

low value of heat loss. .

2. The non orientation dome shape of Ngele-

pen Dome will reduce its ability to minimiz-

ing solar radiation, especially in the dry

season.

3. From the aspect of material property, the

use of concrete materials in the dome

houses Ngelepen is not a problem in

achieving thermal performance.However,

monolithic system will provide a lot of

trouble to create opening. Opening in

warm humid tropical residential houses will


be very profitable for the convection cool-

ing space.

4. The limited opening dome houses Ngele-

pen become more no longer profitable be-

cause it is not equipped with sun shading.

Incoming solar radiation in space will re-

duce the thermal performance of residen-

tial space, especially in the dry season.

Besides the absence of eaves are also op-

portunities for the occurrence of water rain

interruption in the room in rainy season.

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