ENHANCING BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS ALONG WESTERN QUEENSLAND

STOCK ROUTES

Report Prepared By Bryan Walsh / South West NRM, May 2009

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Cover photos Top left: A black-shouldered kite (Elanus axillaris) Top right: Major Mitchell’s cockatoos (Lophochroa leadbeateri) Centre: A drover moving cattle Bottom left: A yakka skink (Egernia rugosa) Bottom right: A Euro, or common wallaroo (Macropus robustus) (All photos were taken by B. Walsh)

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Executive summary The Stock Route Network (SRN) of western Queensland has significant economic value for pastoralists, and has significant habitat for biodiversity. The network covers a range of habitats that stretch from the border with New South Wales to the Gulf of Carpentaria, which in turn support a variety of biodiversity that include many conservation priorities for Queensland. However, a number of threats to the SRN, compounded by a lack of knowledge about the conservation priorities, are compromising the management of this resource. In order to improve the management of the natural values of the SRN, this project sought to identify some of the biodiversity hotspots on the stock routes of western Queensland, and provide recommendations for their management in order to achieve the greatest conservation benefits. To achieve these objectives, the project partners (Southern Gulf Catchments Ltd., Desert Channels Queensland Inc., South West NRM Ltd., Queensland Murray Darling Committee Inc., and the Department of Environment and Resource Management) were supported by funds from the Australian Government to map and identify potential sites, carry out field visits to verify values and threats, and to make management recommendation for identified biodiversity hotspots. This project identified 47 biodiversity hotspots as well as other sites of high nature conservation or geological value, and sites that require further research. For each biodiversity hotspot the biological values were identified (including the presence of priority species), as well as the threats, current management, and recommended management actions. The condition of the biodiversity hotspots and stock routes were comparable to the management of the station or protected area they adjoin or traverse, and many were in good condition. However, common threats were habitat degradation from weeds, competition/predation by introduced animals, inappropriate fire regime, damage to springs by feral pigs, and overgrazing by stock in some areas. Mitigating the threats to these biodiversity hotspots will require: an increased awareness of the values and management needs of these sites amongst the local stakeholders; a focus of management on the recommended actions; and increased coordination amongst stakeholders to make the greatest conservation gains with limited resources. The recommendations in this report can be used to help focus the work programmes of relevant stakeholders, as well as leverage for the funding required to conserve these biodiversity hotspots.

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Contents Executive Summary 3 List of maps 5 List of tables 5 List of plates 5 Introduction 7 Project objectives 8

Project area 8 Project methodology 9 The format of this report 11

The Southern Gulf NRM region 12 Introduction 12 Biodiversity hotspots 14 Sites recommended for further research 24 Additional findings 24 The Desert Channels NRM Region 26 Introduction 26 Biodiversity hotspots 28 Sites of high nature conservation value 50 Sites recommended for further research 50 Additional findings 52 The South West NRM Region 55 Introduction 55 Biodiversity hotspots 58 Sites of high nature conservation and geological values 96 Additional findings 101 The Border Rivers Maranoa-Balonne NRM Region 102 Introduction 102 Biodiversity hotspots 104 Additional findings 118 Conclusions 121 Acknowledgements 122 References 122 Acronyms 123 Appendix 1: Priority species 124 Appendix 2: Data sheet for site visits 126

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List of maps Map 1. The Stock Route Network of western Queensland. 8 Map 2. Biodiversity hotspots of the Southern Gulf NRM Region. 13 Map 3. Biodiversity hotspots of the Desert Channels NRM Region. 27 Map 4. Biodiversity hotspots of the South West NRM Region. 57 Map 5. Biodiversity hotspots of the Border Rivers Maranoa-Balonne NRM Region. 103

List of tables Table 1. Biodiversity hotspots and sites recommended for further research in the Southern Gulf NRM Region. 12 Table 2. Biodiversity hotspots and sites of high nature conservation value in the

Desert Channels NRM Region. 26 Table 3. Biodiversity hotspots and sites of high nature conservation and geological values in the South West NRM Region. 56 Table 4. Biodiversity hotspots in the Border Rivers Maranoa-Balonne NRM Region. 102

List of plates Plate 1. Charles Curry by the predator-proof fence at the Julia Creek Airport. 15 Plate 2. Hell’s Gate sandstone outcrop. 16 Plate 3. Aboriginal art gallery at Hell’s Gate. 17 Plate 4. Gregory River at the Lawn Hill crossing. 18 Plate 5. Cattle grazing damage to Pandanus aquaticus. 19 Plate 6. Purple-crowned fairy-wren in Pandanus aquaticus. 20 Plate 7. Rapids on the O’Shannassy River. 22 Plate 8. The buff-sided race of the white-browed robin. 25 Plate 9. Bilby burrow with fresh scats and tail-marks. 28 Plate 10. Bilby diggings. 29 Plate 11. Captive bilby. 30 Plate 12. Waddy tree (Acacia peuce) damage where a branch has been removed. 31 Plate 13. Hell Hole Gorge. 33 Plate 14. Yellow-footed rock-wallaby. 34 Plate 15. Elizabeth Springs. 35 Plate 16. “Big Red” sand dune. 37 Plate 17. Lake Galilee. 39 Plate 18. Lake Dunn. 41 Plate 19. The recreational beach on Lake Dunn. 42 Plate 20. Myross Springs. 44 Plate 21. Old Cork Waterhole. 45 Plate 22. McIlwraith Homestead. 46 Plate 23. Chainsaw damage from fire wood collection. 46 Plate 24. Coopers Creek Waterhole. 48 Plate 25. Black-faced woodswallow. 51 Plate 26. Spinifex pigeon. 52

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List of plates continued Plate 27. Northern quoll. 53 Plate 28. Squatter pigeon. 53 Plate 29. Steve Wilson holds up a Collett’s snake road fatality. 54 Plate 30. Lake Dartmouth. 58 Plate 31. Native liquorice flower. 59 Plate 32. Langlo Crossing on the Langlo River. 60 Plate 33. Ooline Park. 62 Plate 34. Harrisia cactus. 63 Plate 35. Ooline trees. 65 Plate 36. Overnight cattle stock camp after rain. 67 Plate 37. Womal. 69 Plate 38. Bundoona Springs. 70 Plate 39. The mistletoe Amyema quandang. 72 Plate 40. Lake Bindegolly with an approaching storm in the distance. 74 Plate 41. A juvenile Murray cod. 76 Plate 42. The CFRC releasing Murray cod fingerlings. 77 Plate 43. Erosion at Bakers Bend. 78 Plate 44. Tagging a mature Murray cod for release. 79 Plate 45. Koala at Boatman Station. 80 Plate 46. Water lettuce at Cunnamulla Weir. 81 Plate 47. Yakka skink. 82 Plate 48. Active rabbit warren with yakka skinks. 84 Plate 49. Yakka skink scats. 86 Plate 50. Yakka skink. 88 Plate 51. Major Mitchell’s cockatoo with crest extension. 92 Plate 52. Major Mitchell’s cockatoo road fatality. 52 Plate 53. Major Mitchell’s cockatoo feeding on a desert paddy melon on the road verge. 53 Plate 54. Oak Swamp. 96 Plate 55. Adavale Escarpment. 97 Plate 56. The pig-proof fencing around Tego Springs. 98 Plate 57. Barakula State Forest. 104 Plate 58. Womal trees. 106 Plate 59. Yakka skink. 108 Plate 60. Little red flying-fox colony on the Balonne River. 110 Plate 61. Beranga Reserve – “The Lilies”. 114 Plate 62. The daisy Rutidosis lanata. 116 Plate 63. Cobb & Co corduroy coach track. 118 Plate 64. Aboriginal well. 119 Plate 65. Parthenium weed. 120

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Introduction Queensland’s Stock Route Network (SRN) is a web of stock routes, roads and reserves for travelling stock that covers most of the State. This network is a rich inherited legacy that has far greater benefits than just the movement of livestock, which was and still is their primary role. The stock routes were formally recognised between the 1860s and 1890s, although human usage of these routes goes back much earlier. Aboriginal trade routes had traditionally followed the best hunting trails and permanent watering sites, so it is little wonder that indigenous knowledge was sought to survey for pastoral settlement and movement of livestock when the stock routes were established. This pragmatic approach resulted in the retention of some of our best biodiversity sites throughout the SRN of western Queensland, including dry season water holes which are the refugia for aquatic life in a land of pulsing seasons. As this network stretches from the Queensland border with New South Wales to the Gulf of Carpentaria, it supports a diverse range of threatened species and habitats from springs of the Great Artesian Basin, to Brigalow woodlands, to the tropical rivers of the Gulf country. Further evidence of the biodiversity value of the stock routes, their connectivity, and remnant vegetation, is illustrated by the number of National Parks and Conservation Reserves that either have stock routes connecting with the park, or dissecting them completely (such as Diamantina National Park and Hell Hole Gorge). In total, this amounts to 28 National Parks and two Bush Heritage Conservation Reserves in the four Natural Resource Management (NRM) regions of Western Queensland. There are also 55 declared State Forests which are in some way connected to stock routes. Under the Land Protection (Pest and Stock Route Management) Act 2002, the administration of the SRN is shared between local Government and the Department of Environment and Resource Management (DERM) (formerly the Department of Natural Resources and Water and the Environmental Protection Agency). Local government is responsible for day-to-day management, while DERM is responsible for providing the framework of legislation and policy for stock route management and support for local governments. As not all of the SRN is currently used to move stock, stock routes are classified into either active (primary, secondary and minor) and in-active. The values of the SRN of western Queensland are under threat from multiple pressures that include inappropriate grazing regimes, feral animals and weeds. Due to the vast scale of the area, and high costs of management, current management of the stock routes is highly fragmented. Additionally, a low appreciation of the multiple assets of the SRN has limited the willingness of managers to protect their values. It is not possible to manage this entire network equally due to its scale, nor would that be necessary because of the habitat fragmentation across the landscape from a history of human impacts. However, by identifying biodiversity hotspots, and recommendations for their management, it would be possible to direct management of the SRN to conserving the most significant biodiversity values while maintaining the primary purpose of the network, which is the movement of stock In order to achieve this, this project was initiated by a consortium consisting of DERM, the four Natural Resource Management bodies of Western Queensland – Southern Gulf Catchments (SGC), Desert Channels Queensland (DCQ), South West

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NRM (SWNRM), and Queensland Murray Darling Committee (QMDC) – and funded by the Australian Government.

Project objectives The primary objectives of this project were to identify biodiversity hotspots on the SRN of western Queensland, and suggest recommended actions to address any threats to these sites.

Project area The SRN of western Queensland covers approximately 1,844,000 hectares (i.e. 57% of Queensland or 83% of the State’s stock route network), and includes about 75,000 kilometres of stock routes (Map 1). In comparison, all of Britain and Ireland would fit into this project area three times. This area is made up of four NRM regions:

• The Southern Gulf region (managed by Southern Gulf catchments Ltd.),

• The Desert Channels region (managed by Desert Channels Queensland Inc.),

• The South West region (managed by South West NRM Ltd.), and

• The Border Rivers Maranoa-Balonne region (managed by the Queensland Murray Darling Committee Inc.).

Map 1. The Stock Route Network of western Queensland.

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Project methodology In order to achieve the objectives of identifying biodiversity hotspots and recommended management actions over a vast geographic area, and within the timeframe of April 2008 – May 2009, the project followed three major steps. 1. Prioritisation of sites, using the ‘Back on Track species prioritisation framework’

and using maps that overlayed multiple values, 2. Field visits, to confirm the values and threats to each site, and 3. Selection of biodiversity hotspots, using specific criteria.

1. Prioritisation of sites The ‘Back on Track species prioritisation framework’ The project used DERM’s ‘Back on Track species prioritisation framework’ as the basis for identifying potential biodiversity hotspots, because this framework identifies where invested resources can make the greatest gains in conserving Queensland’s threatened species. The 'Back on Track species prioritisation framework' prioritises Queensland's native species (marine, terrestrial and aquatic species of flora and fauna) to guide conservation, management and recovery. Species are prioritised using multiple criteria to allow the identification of those that are in trouble or decline, but which have the greatest chance of recovery. As ‘Back on Track’ assess all species regardless of their current conservation listing, species identified as priorities within the project area include those listed under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, Queensland’s Nature Conservation Act 1992, and species not listed under either Act (Appendix 1). Both ‘Back on Track’ and this project are encouraging a multi-species approach to make the most of management resources. ‘Back on Track’ encourages focussing on the common threats of multiple priority species, and this project aimed to identify biodiversity hotspots (i.e. sites of multiple species). By using known records of where priority species are found on the SRN of western Queensland, this project has identified biodiversity hotspots where management actions will achieve the greatest conservation benefits.

Map production To identify potential biodiversity hotspots, maps were produced that overlayed multiple values. Firstly, a combined map was produced using ArcGIS for the entire area with the various regional boundaries delineated. This was overlayed with an updated stock routes shape file, and buffered to one kilometre each side for the purposes of connectivity and linkages in the landscape. The timeframe to complete this extended from May to August 2008 due to delays in obtaining updated shape files and security clearances. The records of ‘Back on Track’ priority species (Appendix 1), from the DERM WildNet database, was then overlayed on top of the map layer of the stock routes.

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Additional data such as the location of national parks, state forests, conservation reserves, Non-Government Organisations (NGO) conservation holdings (such as Bush Heritage), wetlands, regional ecosystems, and bio-regions were also added to the map overlays. A concerted effort was made to engage key people personally rather than by correspondence, to explain the project and defuse any misconceptions as to its purpose. Engaging with knowledgeable people from the different regions was an invaluable source of information. This resulted in historical recollection, identification of additional biodiversity sites, and on-ground knowledge of the greatest threats such as feral animals and weeds, with the potential to impact on the biodiversity. Finally, all this information was collated, and due to the scale of the project, compiled into topographical map books at a scale 1:250,000 for each region. This created a soundly based foundation from which to launch on-ground site inspections and determine potential biodiversity hotspots.

2. Field visits From August 2008 – March 2009 the potential biodiversity hotspots identified on the maps were checked in the field. These field trips involved driving approximately 80,000 kilometres of stock route. There were two purposes of the field visits: Firstly, to collect data on potential sites; and secondly, to meet and communicate with stock route officers and adjacent landholders in order to gather local knowledge and engage them in the project. At each site, data was gathered to confirm the priority species, other biological values, and threats present, and any current management (Appendix 2). Where possible, attempts were made to camp at sites in order to maximise the time spent at potential biodiversity hotspots and the data collected on each site. Threats to biodiversity were documented at all sites. However, site inspections took into account other activities in the area of concern, e.g. soil erosion. Some threats are still not well known such as fire regime for different species, and the advancement of cane toads. Drought was still dominant throughout most of the western area at the time of commencement, and conditions and access were hot and dusty, particularly in the Gulf. This was dramatically reversed by the onset of an exceptional monsoonal wet season which saw most of the Gulf and further south inundated with flood waters during the term of this project.

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3. Selection of biodiversity hotspots In order to select biodiversity hotspots, the project’s advisory group (made up of representatives of the project’s partners) developed a list of criteria against which the sites visited could be assessed. These criteria were:

1. The presence of (multiple) priority species, and their abundance. 2. The physical constraints: adjoining land use, knowledge of the threats, and

the ability to manage the threats (on-ground). 3. The social constraints (level of engagement): cooperation of land manager in

the area, and the opportunity for cooperative management. 4. Active vs. inactive stock routes (despite receiving little use by travelling stock,

inactive stock routes may be more heavily grazed than active routes, either under permit, because they are not fenced or because they are being grazed unlawfully).

5. Connectivity to adjoining habitat (such as links to national parks, nature refuges and voluntary conservation agreements).

6. The shape and size of regional ecosystems (REs), and the percentage of the stock route site that is mapped as REs.

The format of this report This report presents the biodiversity hotspots identified by this project, and recommendations for their management. As this information has been gathered to improve the management of biodiversity on the SRN of western Queensland, the target audience for this report are the stock route managers, be they local government, State government, or adjoining landholders. However, this report will also be of use to all involved and/or interested in the conservation of biodiversity on stock routes. To facilitate the presentation of this information, this report is divided into the four NRM regions that comprise western Queensland (i.e. Southern Gulf, Desert Channels, South West, and Border Rivers Maranoa-Balonne). Each regional chapter begins with a table listing the biodiversity hotspots and the local government area in which they are located. The rest of each regional chapter expands on each biodiversity hotspot describing their biodiversity values, threats, current management and recommended actions. Where the conservation status of other species are mentioned (such as Rare and Vulnerable), these are as listed under the Nature Conservation Act 1992. The report ends with two appendices. Appendix one is a list of the priority species used by this project (as identified through the ‘Back on Track species prioritisation framework’). Appendix two is a copy of the data sheet used for field visits, for when information needs to be gathered on additional potential biodiversity hotspots.

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The Southern Gulf NRM Region

Introduction The Southern Gulf NRM region covers an area of 195,000 square kilometres, and encompasses the catchments of Flinders, Cloncurry, Leichhardt, Gregory and Nicholson Rivers, Settlement Creek and Morning Inlet, all of which drain into the Gulf of Carpentaria. The region has five bio-regions: Mount Isa Inlier, Mitchell Grass Downs, Gulf Plains, Desert Uplands and Einsleigh Uplands, and comprises all or part of 9 shires including the Doomadgee and Mornington Shires. In the northern part of the region are the Southern Gulf Aggregation wetlands, which are wetlands of high significance. When the project commenced in May 2008, it was decided to make the first visits to this region in order to avoid the wet season across northern Australia that can make mobility almost impossible. As it turned out the 2008 – 2009 wet season was one of the wettest on record with extensive inundation over an exceptionally long period of time. A total of 23 site inspections were made throughout the region, of which five were considered to be biodiversity hotspots using the selection criteria (Table 1 and Map 2).

Site Recommendation Local Government Area

1. Julia Creek Airport Biodiversity Hotspot McKinlay Shire 2. Hell’s Gate Biodiversity Hotspot Burke Shire 3. Gregory River Crossing (1)

Biodiversity Hotspot Mount Isa City

4. Gregory River Crossing (2)

Biodiversity Hotspot Burke Shire

5. O’Shannassy River Biodiversity Hotspot Mount Isa City 6. Gregory/O’Shannassy Rivers

Further Research Burke Shire

Table 1. Biodiversity hotspots and sites recommended for further research in the Southern Gulf NRM Region.

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Map 2. Biodiversity hotspots of the Southern Gulf NRM Region.

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Biodiversity hotspots Site 1. Julia Creek Airport STOCK ROUTE NUMBER: P012 PRIORITY SPECIES: Animals:

Julia Creek dunnart (Sminthopsis douglasi). RATING: BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT SHIRE COUNCIL: McKINLAY SHIRE

The Julia Creek Airport is already a focus for management actions for the Julia Creek dunnart (Sminthopsis douglasi). This is because there is strong community support for the species and its promotion as a tourist icon, and because a population was discovered around the airport. In conjunction with the Julia Creek community, McKinlay Shire Council, DERM, and Southern Gulf Catchments Ltd. (SGC), a predator-proof fence has been constructed around the airport and part of the stock route (which is an active Reserve), to protect an existing population of the dunnart from predation by feral cats and foxes. (The Shire has the authority to fence off part of the SRN reserve for this purpose).

THREATS: The major threat to the Julia Creek dunnart is predation by cats, foxes and dogs. Overgrazing and weed invasion, in particular parkinsonia (Parkinsonia aculeata), would degrade the quality of habitat. The advancement of cane toads into the area is an unknown, but is expected to have a further negative impact.

CURRENT MANAGEMENT: In conjunction with McKinlay Shire Council, DERM is actively ensuring all predator species are eliminated from within the predator-proof fenced site (Plate 1). Ongoing monitoring and management is planned for the future with the cooperation of all involved.

RECOMMENDATIONS: It is recommended that the current maintenance of the predator-proof fence and predator control be maintained, and planned on-going monitoring be implemented. A draft National Recovery Plan for the Julia Creek dunnart has been prepared by DERM in conjunction with the Australian Government. This document is a blue print for best practice management, and recommends the implementation of baiting and shooting for cats and foxes, which has been successful in national parks. This practice should be incorporated along with the current Shire Pest and Weed Management Plan, if it is not already being implemented.

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Plate 1. Charles Curry (SGC) by the predator-proof fence at the Julia Creek

Airport (Photo: B. Walsh).

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Site 2. Hell’s Gate (Burketown – Borroloola Road)

STOCK ROUTE NUMBER: U124 PRIORITY SPECIES: Animals:

Carpentaria grasswren (Amytornis dorothea); and, red goshawk (Erythrotriorchis radiatus).

RATING: BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT SHIRE COUNCIL: BURKE SHIRE

Situated on the main Burketown to Borroloola Road, Hell’s Gate is a large sandstone outcrop (Plate 2) that is a well known bird watching site, specifically for the Carpentaria grasswren (Amytornis dorothea). The site is believed to be a favourite destination for the Gulf Savannah Guides, as it has other sandstone species and excellent connectivity to an escarpment that runs through to the Northern Territory border and beyond. Hell’s Gate also has cultural significance with Aboriginal art galleries (Plate 3) and a rock shelter, where ochre grinding cups in the solid rock give testimony to its historic usage.

Plate 2. Hell’s Gate sandstone outcrop – habitat of the Carpentaria grasswren

(Photo: B. Walsh).

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Plate 3. Aboriginal art gallery at Hell’s Gate (Photo: B. Walsh).

THREATS: While Carpentaria grasswrens are able to tolerate low intensity, mosaic burns, they are susceptible to high intensity wildfires because they are relatively poor flyers and dispersers (Dr. Leasie Feldorhof, pers. comm.). Apart from high intensity fires, predation from feral cats and dogs, and excessive camping are the greatest threats in this area. Vegetation clearing and overgrazing are not threatening issues in this rocky spinifex terrain as it is lowly rated for grazing purposes, and additionally the stock route at this site is inactive. CURRENT MANAGEMENT: Burke Shire Council has undertaken some minor access road works to the site. However, this has not stopped tourists creating additional tracks throughout the site for access and camping.

RECOMMENDATIONS: In order to minimize the impact of tourists to the site, and their disturbance to Carpentaria grasswren, a priority action needs to be restricting the number of camping sites and vehicle access tracks. Additionally, the installation of bollards to direct traffic to camping sites and avoid the current proliferation of new sites is strongly recommended, as is the erection of good interpretive signage to raise awareness. In order to protect the Aboriginal art galleries, strategic fencing or barriers needs to be installed (Sullivan, 1984).

The control of predators in this isolated site would be futile without a broader coordination in the surrounding area. Therefore, the area will need coordinated baiting between the Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation (DEEDI) (formerly the Department of Primary Industries), Burke Shire Council, and DERM. Finally, it is recommended that low-intensity, mosaic burns are used for any fire management in the area in order to protect the Carpentaria grasswrens.

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Site 3. Gregory River Crossing (1) (Riversleigh Station) STOCK ROUTE NUMBER: U 079 PRIORITY SPECIES: Plants:

Pandanaus aquaticus. Animals: purple-crowned fairy-wren (Malurus coronatus), red goshawk (Erythrotriorchis radiatus), and ghost bat (Macroderma gigas).

RATING: BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT SHIRE COUNCIL: MOUNT ISA CITY

The Gregory River (Plate 4) is one of the most renowned perennial systems in the Top End of Australia. It is spring-fed, combines with the O’Shannassy River, and has recently been classified as a ‘Wild River’ under the Queensland Wild Rivers and Other Legislation Amendment Act 2005. This rich, tropical river system supports multiple priority species living along and adjacent to the riparian edges, and winds through rugged low escarpments where undoubtedly ghost bat (Macroderma gigas) roosts along with other species.

Plate 4. Gregory River at the Lawn Hill crossing (Photo: B. Walsh).

THREATS: Although feral predators such as cats undoubtedly have some predation impact on the faunal species, the greatest threats to Gregory River area come from overgrazing, inappropriate fire regime, feral pigs and weeds. The riparian edges of this system come under a lot of grazing pressure during the dry season, especially in the case of Pandanus aquaticus that cattle graze out over the waters edge (Plate 5). Cane toads have already invaded this area, with minimal ‘before and after’ surveys to quantify impact.

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Plate 5. Cattle grazing damage to Pandanus aquaticus (Photo: B. Walsh).

CURRENT MANAGEMENT: The need for fencing to protect the riparian area of this site has already been recognised, and work has been undertaken with the cooperation of SGC, DERM and the adjacent property manager resulting in the fencing of both sides of the Gregory River through to Riversleigh Station.

RECOMMENDATIONS: It is recommended that the current fence be maintained (a particular concern in this flood-prone area), and that the fencing be extended to protect the riparian area upstream from the crossing in order to improve the protection of the site.

Improved coordination of pest and weed management between DEEDI, Mount Isa City Council, SGC and landholders would also improve the effectiveness and conservation benefits of these actions. It is not recommended to implement any control of cane toads, because until a pathogen is found to biologically control cane toads, manual or mechanical control in isolated localities provides very limited benefits.

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Site 4. Gregory River Crossing (2) (Burketown - Borroloola Road) STOCK ROUTE NUMBER: U124 PRIORITY SPECIES: Plants:

Pandanaus aquaticus. Animals: purple-crowned fairy-wren (Malurus coronatus).

RATING: BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT SHIRE COUNCIL: BURKE SHIRE

As with the Gregory River Crossing at Riversleigh Station, this site has multiple priority species including Pandanaus aquaticus and purple-crowned fairy-wren (Malurus coronatus) (Plate 6). In addition there is an abundance of other species such as white-bellied sea-eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster), white-browed robin (Poecilodryas superciliosa), Australian freshwater crocodile (Crocodylus johnsoni), and northern saratoga (Scleropages leichardti).

Plate 6. Purple-crowned fairy-wren in Pandanus aquaticus (Photo: B. Walsh).

THREATS: The greatest threat to this site is overgrazing of the riparian area. Other major threats are habitat degradation by feral pigs and weeds, predation by feral cats, and cane toads that are fatal to native fauna which ingest the toads (especially crocodiles and goannas). Because this site is on a busy road during the dry season, garbage is also an issue. CURRENT MANAGEMENT: The Burke Shire Council has a management regime in place, including the provision of garbage bins.

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RECOMMENDATIONS: The highest priority for this site is the installation of strategic fencing to protect the riparian area from grazing, which needs to involve the Burke Shire Council and adjacent landholder. These northern, tropical rivers are subject to annual flooding; therefore the maintenance of any installed fencing is of paramount importance. As for the Gregory River Crossing at Riversleigh Station, this site would also benefit from improved coordination of pest and weed management between DEEDI, Burke Shire Council, SGC and landholders.

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Site 5. O’Shannassy River (Lawn Hill Road) STOCK ROUTE NUMBER: U079 PRIORITY SPECIES: Plants:

Pandanaus aquaticus. Animals: purple-crowned fairy-wren (Malurus coronatus), and red goshawk (Erythrotriorchis radiatus).

RATING: BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT SHIRE COUNCIL: MOUNT ISA CITY

The O’Shannassy River is a spring-fed perennial system that joins the Gregory River on Riversleigh Station, with some evidence of limestone tufa formations along its rapids. As it shares the same aquatic system as the Gregory River, it also has the same priority species present. Although the stock route at this site is inactive, the riparian edges are still overgrazed by local stock. Negotiations between SGC, Riversleigh Station and DERM have resulted in fencing off the Gregory River Crossing, with fencing extensions to other flowing streams on Riversleigh Station.

Plate 7. Rapids on the O’Shannassy River (Photo: B. Walsh).

THREATS: The major threats to the O’Shannassy River at Lawn Hill Road are overgrazing of the riparian area, habitat degradation by feral pigs and weeds, and cane toads that are fatal to native fauna which ingest the toads. There is also advanced erosion on the stock route adjacent to the river, and evidence of wildfire through the riparian Melaleuca forest.

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CURRENT MANAGEMENT: As with the Gregory River, negotiations have commenced with between SGC, Riversleigh Station and DERM to fence-off the riparian area. RECOMMENDATIONS: As overgrazing is a major threat, it is recommended that the negotiations between SGC, Riversleigh Station and DERM be continued and the strategic fencing be installed to protect the riparian area. An erosion control strategy plan is needed to address the damage that exists between the two rivers in order to avoid further impact on water quality and arrest degradation of the landscape. As for the two hotspots on the Gregory River (Sites 3 and 4), coordination of pest and weed management would improve the effectiveness and conservation benefits of these actions.

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Sites recommended for further research The Gregory and O’Shannassy Rivers As the Gregory River system is so rich in multiple species, anywhere stock routes cross its banks would rate as a biodiversity hotspot. Despite dry season overgrazing, the system is still considered relatively intact. This is supported by: the river receiving Wild River status; that 15% is in national park; and, that there are no towns (apart from the Gregory River township) or dams along its watercourse. There is a great need to identify what are the key sites along both the Gregory and O’Shannassy Rivers, as the entire system would probably rate as a biodiversity hotspot using this project’s criteria. RECOMMENDATION: It is recommended that further surveys and research to assess the presence and abundance of priority species, and to identify key sites and areas of connectivity and landscape linkage across the whole system.

Additional findings An additional 17 sites were visited with data recorded for DERM’s WildNet database. These included such species that are not ‘priority species’ under ‘Back on Track, but are still uncommon and of conservation interest. These species include the black-breasted buzzard (Hamirostra melanosternon), small-leaved ebony (Diospyorus humilis), and a deceased specimen of the greater glider (Petauroides volans) that was picked up off a barbed wire fence north of Hughenden. The Queensland Museum now holds the specimen which is believed to be the western- most recording of the species. Sarus crane (Grus antigone) were in numerous small flocks south of Burketown on the stock route reserve, with evidence of both mature and juvenile birds. The buff-sided race of the white-browed robin (Poecilodryas superciliosa race cerviniventris) was active and plentiful at the Borroloola crossing of the Gregory River (Plate 8). This site would be approximately the eastern extent of the distribution of this race. Little data exists on WildNet for the area north of Hughenden and Julia Creek in the Southern Gulf NRM region. Because of the mixed landscapes, soils, remnant forests and escarpments of the area, surveys would reveal more priority species on stock routes in this area.

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Plate 8. The buff-sided race of the white-browed robin (Poecilodryas superciliosa cerviniventris) (Photo: B. Walsh).

In conjunction with DEEDI, SGC undertook a survey of the rivers in the Southern Gulf NRM region (Hogan and Vallance, 2005). In the results of this report the Flinders River was highlighted, as it has several endemic species (including priority sawfish and stingray species) and has dry season water holes that are proven refugia for fish species in the region. It is strongly suggested that any future surveys visit sites where stock routes cross this river.

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The Desert Channels NRM Region

Introduction The Desert Channels NRM region covers an area of 510,642 square kilometres, which is approximately 33% of Queensland. The two main catchments of this NRM region, the Georgina / Diamantina system in the west, plus the combination of the Barcoo and Thompson Rivers, join to become Cooper Creek and make up the largest part of the Lake Eyre Basin catchment. The region has seven bioregions, which are the: Simpson Strzelecki Dune fields, North-West Highlands, Mulga Lands, Channel Country, Desert Uplands, Mitchell grass Downs, and the Brigalow Belt South (Sattler and Williams, 1999). The Desert Channels NRM region comprises 12 Shires, and approximately 14,000 people who are mostly involved in the pastoral industry, tourism, and some mining. The Desert Channels NRM region has by far the greatest area of all the NRM regions in Queensland, and it was difficult to cover the area adequately in the timeframe of this project. However, a total of 35 site inspections were made, of which 10 were considered to be biodiversity hotspots using the selection criteria (Table 2 and Map 3).

Site Recommendation Local Government Area

1. Bedourie – Birdsville Road

Biodiversity Hotspot Diamantina Shire

2. Birdsville/Bedourie Biodiversity Hotspot Diamantina Shire 3. Hell Hole Gorge National Park

Biodiversity Hotspot Quilpie Shire

4. Elizabeth Springs Biodiversity Hotspot Diamantina Shire 5. “Big Red” Sand Dune Biodiversity Hotspot Diamantina Shire 6. Lake Galilee Biodiversity Hotspot Barcaldine Shire 7. Lake Dunn Biodiversity Hotspot Barcaldine Shire 8. The Big Spring Biodiversity Hotspot Barcaldine Shire 9. Old Cork Waterhole Biodiversity Hotspot Winton Shire 10. Cooper Creek Biodiversity Hotspot Barcoo Shire 11. Jericho Reserve High Nature Conservation

Value Barcaldine Shire

12. Isisford – Stonehenge Road

Further Research Blackall Shire

Table 2. Biodiversity hotspots, sites of high nature conservation value, and sites recommended for further research in the Desert Channels NRM Region.

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Map 3. Biodiversity hotspots of the Desert Channels NRM Region.

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Biodiversity hotspots Site 1. Bedourie – Birdsville Road (Linkage with Adria Downs Station) STOCK ROUTE NUMBER: U465 PRIORITY SPECIES: Animals:

greater bilby (Macrotis lagotis). RATING: BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT SHIRE COUNCIL: DIAMANTINA SHIRE There are many historic records of greater bilby (Macrotis lagotis) in the Birdsville region. Regrettably, many of these records are just that, historic, and indicate a former distribution of where the bilby once occurred. However, a site inspection and quick ground survey undertaken at one of these old sites along the stock route north of Birdsville discovered evidence of a large bilby population in the area. A total of 63 active bilby burrows were located along and adjoining the stock route. Using the technique of brushing away all tracks at burrow entrances at dusk and re-checking the entrances in the morning, it was possible to determine that these burrows were being actively used as there was the presence of fresh scats and tail-marks (Plate 9). Additional evidence included signs of bilby diggings (from foraging) (Plate 10), and the remains of a bilby foot was found under a tree that was possibly dropped by a raptor. Scats were also collected and positively identified by a researcher at DERM, with the quantity of scats around the burrows suggesting a reasonably sized population.

Plate 9. Bilby burrow with fresh scats and tail-marks (Photo: B. Walsh).

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Plate 10. Bilby diggings (Photo: B. Walsh).

THREATS: The major threat to this bilby population are food competition from rabbits, and artificial watering points that could be points of predation. There is also the threat of predation from feral cats, foxes and dogs, which are present but not in high numbers. It is unlikely that the current light stocking rates could be increased at this site and be a threat to the bilbies, as the type of country could not support a high density of cattle. The stock route is currently unused and unfenced, resulting in minor grazing in the area where the bilby burrows were found. CURRENT MANAGEMENT: None. Although: positive discussions have taken place between Desert Channels Queensland Inc. (DCQ) and the adjoining landholder, as connectivity of this site to adjoining habitat is of paramount importance for the protection of the population; and, DCQ have also installed road signage in the area to encourage motorists to reduce their speed in order to avoid bilby road fatalities. RECOMMENDATIONS: Further surveys are needed to determine the extent and distribution of the bilby population at this site, and to more accurately prioritise the threats to the population. Staff from DCQ will undertake a survey of the site, and the results will be used by DCQ, the landholder, DERM and Diamantina Shire Council to determine the recommended management. It is strongly recommended that a cooperative effort is made by DERM and DCQ to further survey and attempt to locate other bilby populations on stock routes, as they are believed to still exist at other sites on stock routes SRN U465, U501, U461, and P001 (Peter McCrae, pers. comm.).

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Plate 11. Captive bilby at the DERM office Charleville (Photo: B. Walsh).

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Site 2. Birdsville/Bedourie STOCK ROUTE NUMBER: U465 PRIORITY SPECIES: Animals:

At this site the following priority species are known to occur: common death adder (Acanthophis antarcticus), woma (Aspidites ramsayi), and kowari (Dasyuroides byrnei) (Steve Wilson, pers. comm.).

RATING: BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT SHIRE COUNCIL: DIAMANTINA SHIRE This site is a biodiversity hotspot for common death adder (Acanthophis antarcticus), woma (Aspidites ramsayi), and kowari (Dasyuroides byrnei). Apart from these priority species this site is also known for western taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus), and has a large stand of waddy tree (Acacia peuce) of which there are only three known stands in Australia. As the trees are scattered over an area approximately 10 kilometres by 3 kilometres that is traversed by the stock route, and has extensive habitat linkages with the adjoining landholder, this habitat is undoubtedly an important site for bird breeding and feeding. The waddy tree is an important part of local Aboriginal mythology and a dream time story is told at this site. The local community is supportive of the site, and have erected a shade area and interpretive information bay for tourists.

Plate 12. Waddy tree (Acacia peuce) damage where a branch has been removed

(Photo: B. Walsh). THREATS: The major threats to the kowari and juvenile womas are feral cats and foxes, and the major threat to the habitat are collectors of waddy tree (for both firewood, wood-turning and fence-posts), grazing of the regenerating trees, and a lack of knowledge about the reproductive ecology of the trees.

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CURRENT MANAGEMENT: None, although there is a tourist information site maintained by the Diamantina Shire Council. RECOMMENDATIONS: It is recommended to implement control actions for feral cats and foxes at this site, which would benefit the priority species. Any pest control should be in coordination with Diamantina Shire Council and adjacent landholders. In an environment where trees are sparse, the waddy tree is an important breeding and feeding habitat for bird species, as well as a rare species itself. It is recommended that there are discussions between the adjoining landholder, Diamantina Shire Council and DCQ with a view to manage this unique habitat. It would also be beneficial if the existing interpretive information for tourists be expanded to make it more comprehensive and inclusive of biodiversity.

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Site 3. Hell Hole Gorge National Park STOCK ROUTE NUMBER: U510 PRIORITY SPECIES: Animals:

Emmott’s short-neck turtle (Emydura macquarii emmotti), and yellow-footed rock-wallaby (Petrogale xanthopus celeris).

RATING: BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT SHIRE COUNCIL: QUILPIE SHIRE Hell Hole Gorge is a restricted access national park with the stock route running straight through the park along Powell Creek. A small gorge of approximately 20 metres in depth has been cut through the composite rock by Powell Creek (Plate 13). A fallen rock formation in the Gorge is home to a population of yellow-footed rock-wallaby (Petrogale xanthopus celeris) (Plate 14). Emmott’s short-neck turtle (Emydura macquarii emmotti) exist in permanent pools.

Plate 13. Hell Hole Gorge (Photo: B. Walsh).

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Plate 14. Yellow-footed rock-wallaby (Photo: B. Walsh).

THREATS: There is no threat from overgrazing by cattle as this stock route is inactive. Major threats are predation from feral cats, foxes and dogs, and potential displacement and overgrazing by goats. Illegal fishing and netting may also be a threat. Throughout the area feral pigs are predators on turtle nests, and if confirmed at this site would also be a major threat. CURRENT MANAGEMENT: Periodic feral control in Hell Hole Gorge National Park is implemented by DERM, and goat numbers appear to be under control. There is very little surface soil around the Gorge, and weeds are not prominent around the Rock Wallaby colony. RECOMMENDATIONS: Any management actions should be in coordination with DERM, nearby Milo Station, and the Quilpie Shire Council, especially in order to maximise the benefits of feral animal control on a landscape scale and not just in the national park. An intensive survey is recommended to look at any potential habitat corridors for yellow-footed rock-wallaby that would improve the connectivity between this population and possible others on local properties. Adjoining landholders are supportive of such an initiative. The turtle and fish population at this site is sometimes subjected to the pressure of overfishing. Regulatory signage at the gorge itself, combined with opportunistic inspections from Charleville and Longreach rangers, would improve the protection of these species.

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Site 4. Elizabeth Springs STOCK ROUTE NUMBER: P001 PRIORITY SPECIES: Plants:

Eriocaulon carsonii, and Myriophyllum artesium. Animals: Elizabeth Springs goby (Chlamydogobius micropterus).

RATING: BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT SHIRE COUNCIL: DIAMANTINA SHIRE Elizabeth Springs consists of multiple springs spread over 20 – 30 hectares (Plate 15). They are the classic mound spring formation, standing at 1 – 2 metres above the surrounding land. The water in the springs is shallow, but runs down the mounds to lower pools. The Elizabeth Springs goby (Chlamydogobius micropterus) is a small and timid fish that is sighted when it darts between submerged weeds and detritus. The species is both present and abundant, and is possibly benefiting from fencing installed by DERM to exclude cattle, which would graze the springs if they were unfenced.

Plate 15. Elizabeth Springs (feral pig rooting damage in the foreground)

(Photo: B. Walsh).

THREATS: The major threats to this site are habitat degradation from groundwater drawdown, habitat degradation from pig rooting and wallowing, and invasive weeds (especially parkinsonia). There are also potential impacts from: the illegal collection of native fish; competition/displacement from accidental introduction of mosquitofish

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(Gambusia sp.) that can be transported under the feathers of waterfowl; and overgrazing if stock break through into the fenced area. CURRENT MANAGEMENT: The fencing installed by DERM has partially limited overgrazing and trampling by cattle. However, pigs still frequent the area and impacts from their rooting and wallowing continue to occur. RECOMMENDATIONS: To improve the mitigation of pest and weed threats to this site, combined management by the Diamantina Shire Council, DERM and DCQ is recommended. The exclusion of cattle from Elizabeth Springs does seem to be beneficial. A similar experiment is strongly recommended with pig-proof fencing around some of the mounds within the enclosed area. Exclusion of feral pigs, followed by careful monitoring, would help identify, quantify and isolate pig damage as well as verifying the benefits of fencing. Other experiences such as the successful fencing of Tego Springs on the stock route through Culgoa Floodplain National Park resulted in the regrowth of 37 plant species that were not there prior to fencing, including the rare Sporobolus partimpatens (Craig Eddy, pers. comm.) A recovery plan is being jointly developed by the Commonwealth and Queensland Government Agencies. However, inadequate information on individual spring management has meant that an effective management programme for Elizabeth Springs has not yet been developed. Gathering adequate information to inform management should be a high priority for the conservation of this Endangered regional ecosystem. As the mound springs are so unique with so many endemic species, consideration should be given to the establishment of a monitoring programme to determine if new weed or invasive species such as mosquitofish (Gambusia sp.) are introduced, especially in the Desert Channels Queensland NRM region where so many of these springs are located.

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Site 5. “Big Red” Sand Dune STOCK ROUTE NUMBER: U465 PRIORITY SPECIES: Animals:

striated grasswren (Amytornis striatus). RATING: BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT SHIRE COUNCIL: DIAMANTINA SHIRE The “Big Red” sand dune is a tourist destination, rising some 100 metres above the surrounding swales, which is found on the stock route due west from Birdsville. Despite the popularity of this section of track for motor vehicles, a brief survey revealed an abundance of life including a family of striated grasswrens (Amytornis striatus). During the field visit the grasswrens were unafraid, and a positive identification was made by sight and photographs.

Plate 16. “Big Red” sand dune (Photo: B. Walsh).

THREATS: The major threats at this site are predation from feral cats, foxes and dogs, minor impacts from inappropriate fire regime, and possibly some impact from rabbits removing vegetation and as a result reducing the abundance of insects. Another threat is uncontrolled four-wheel driving, which damages the entire dune ecology. Unlike rabbits, the impact from cattle grazing is limited as it is restricted by the proximity to water. CURRENT MANAGEMENT: There is no current management for striated grasswrens at this site. RECOMMENDATIONS: Feral animal control is the management priority for this site area, with a particular focus on the control of feral cats, foxes and dogs. To realistically control feral animals at this site would require addressing these threats

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across the adjoining landscape, which in turn would require coordination of feral control between stakeholders. Of great benefit would be collaboration with the scientific research undertaken by the Invasive Animals CRC. In terms of visitor management to the site, there needs to be restriction of four-wheel drive activities to the main track. Interpretive signage on local species such as the striated grass wren and dune ecology would also be valuable to raise visitor awareness and appreciation of the striated grasswren and the dune ecology. A follow up survey is recommended for the area, as other uncommon species such as cinnamon quail-thrush (Cinclosoma cinnamomeum) and gibberbird (Ashbyia lovensis) were also noted in the vicinity.

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Site 6. Lake Galilee (Hazelmere Station) STOCK ROUTE NUMBER: U311 PRIORITY SPECIES: Animals:

Australian painted snipe (Rostratula australis). RATING: BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT SHIRE COUNCIL: BARCALDINE SHIRE Lake Galilee is an exceptional saline lake of approximately 40 kilometres by 30 kilometres in dimension (Plate 17), and has an Endangered regional ecosystem (10.3.17) in the south-west corner of the lake on the stock route reserve. The lake is a migratory stop over for birds and is considered to be of importance to many species. Many of the bird species that breed at the lake are ground breeders. The sodic clay soils produce plants that are not regarded as highly palatable to stock, but they are still grazed.

Plate 17. Lake Galilee (Photo: B. Walsh).

THREATS: The major threats to this site are predation from feral cats, foxes and dogs, habitat degradation by rabbits, and habitat degradation from weeds such as parkinsonia (Parkinsonia aculeata). It is unknown what the advancement of cane toads will do to this lake, but because the waters are mostly saline this may minimise impact. On the stock route reserve there is some impact from previous tree clearing, but this does not appear to be a current threat. CURRENT MANAGEMENT: None.

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RECOMMENDATIONS: Over the years, many of these large unfenced stock route reserves have, understandably, become regarded as part of station management with no objection from Government agencies. Therefore, dialogue needs to be established with these properties to re-emphasise the status of the stock route network and their regulations. The current moratorium on tree clearing under the Vegetation Management Act 1999 should prevent future clearing on stock route reserves, but there is a need for a sustainable grazing agreement to be negotiated with the station management adjoining Lake Galilee. It would be beneficial to the ground nesting birds if pest control activities could coincide with breeding patterns, so as to minimize the levels of predation when eggs and fledglings are present. Finally, there is the need to assess the breeding and roosting sites around Lake Galilee to determine if some sites warrant fencing-off from feral predators.

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Site 7. Lake Dunn (The Lake Station) STOCK ROUTE NUMBER: M033 PRIORITY SPECIES: Animals:

Australian painted snipe (Rostratula australis). RATING: BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT SHIRE COUNCIL: BARCALDINE SHIRE Lake Dunn is a freshwater lake that is the inland recreational beach for the people from the Aramac area, and on its western side there is a large stock route reserve. It is already designated as a wildlife sanctuary, and is an important stop over for migratory species. The lake also supports native shrimp, crayfish and yellow belly (Macquaria ambigua) making it an important food source for birds as well as other wildlife.

Plate 18. Lake Dunn (Photo: B. Walsh).

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Plate 19. The recreational beach on Lake Dunn (Photo: B. Walsh).

THREATS: The major threats to Lake Dunn are overgrazing of the lake edge, habitat degradation by rabbits and weeds, and predation of native wildlife by feral cats and foxes. (According to the local stock routes officer, feral foxes and cats are on the increase in this region). The introduction of red claw yabbies (Cherax quadricarinatus) to the system for fishing purposes, and the advancement of cane toads, have the potential to become the greatest threats because the lake is fresh water and would provide suitable habitat to both. CURRENT MANAGEMENT: Barcaldine Shire Council manages the access road and public facilities through their Aramac office. RECOMMENDATIONS: Given there are complexities with the management of Lake Galilee (as it is a Wildlife Sanctuary, a recreational destination, and a major stock route reserve utilised by adjoining property owners), a priority is to engage the Barcaldine Shire Council in discussions on the long term management of the lake. It is strongly recommend that a Lake Dunn Management Plan be developed to address the current and potential threats to this significant aquatic system.

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Site 8. The Big Spring (Myross Station) STOCK ROUTE NUMBER: M033 PRIORITY SPECIES: Plants:

Peplidium sp. (Edgbaston R.J.Fensham 3341). Animals: Edgbaston goby (Chlamydogobius squamigenus), and Edgbaston hardyhead (Craterocephalus sp).

RATING: BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT SHIRE COUNCIL: BARCALDINE SHIRE Although Big Spring is situated off stock route (on Myross Station), it has a considerable overflow into the adjoining Pelican Creek, which is on the stock route and where the priority species are also present. The spring itself is of exceptional standards, the dimensions of an Olympic swimming pool dimensions (albeit shallow) and with an active permanent discharge of potable water (Plate 20). The stock route is active, but minor, and droving is usually confined to the more easily traversed road verges, as a large expanse of soft spinifex (Triodia pungens) surrounds the springs. Cattle show a preference to drink out of Pelican creek rather than the springs. One of the biological questions posed by this site is that although the entire area is periodically inundated when Lake Mueller floods, the aquatic species can still be found at the springs after the floods (D. Hay, pers. comm.). The interaction between Big Spring, Pelican Creek, Lake Mueller, and the movement of the priority fish species through this aquatic system, makes this site a biodiversity hotspot as it supports priority species and maintains important linkages. THREATS: The major threats to this site are illegal collection of native fish species, overgrazing by stock, and habitat degradation from pig rooting and wallowing. Potential threats include the potential draw-down of the water for stock, accidental introduction of mosquitofish (Gambusia sp.), the arrival of cane toads, and the spread of parkinsonia weed. CURRENT MANAGEMENT: The running water from the springs is channelled off for stock purposes under the station management. RECOMMENDATIONS: It would be of benefit if this site is included in the Barcaldine Shire Council pest and weed management programme, with a particular focus on pig control. It is also important to keep open dialogue with the management of Myross Station regarding the management of the spring and stock route. The site should also be monitored for the potential future arrival of invasive species such as mosquitofish (Gambusia sp.), cane toads, and parkinsonia weed.

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Plate 20. Myross Springs (Photo: B. Walsh).

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Site 9. Old Cork Waterhole (Winton – Birdsville Road) STOCK ROUTE NUMBER: P014 PRIORITY SPECIES: Animals:

Australian painted snipe (Rostratula australis). At this site the following species are also known to occur: the kultarr (Antechinomys laniger) that is found on the adjoining dunes and listed as Rare under the NCA, the red-tailed black-cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus banksii), and an undescribed species of turtle (Steve Wilson, pers. comm.)

RATING: BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT SHIRE COUNCIL: WINTON SHIRE

The Old Cork Waterhole is a site of both natural and historic significance on the Diamantina River (Plate 21). Overlooking the area is the historic homestead of Queensland’s past Premier McIlwraith (Plate 22), and the waterhole itself is one of the exceptional refugia for aquatic species in the Desert Channels NRM region. Such refugia are becoming more recognised as exceptionally significant sites for fish assemblages of the flood plain river systems, as well as other wildlife, and need special management consideration. Little work has been done on these sites, and an undescribed turtle is known to exist in the Old Cork Waterhole. The site is situated on an active stock route.

Plate 21. Old Cork Waterhole (Photo: B. Walsh).

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Plate 22. McIlwraith Homestead (Photo: B. Walsh).

THREATS: The major threat to this site are overgrazing by cattle, overfishing and the illegal netting of fish, predation by feral cats and foxes, habitat degradation by weeds, cane toads, and excessive tourist impacts from vehicle traffic, camping and wood collection along the riparian edges using chainsaws (Plate 23).

Plate 23. Chainsaw damage from firewood collection (Photo: B. Walsh).

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CURRENT MANAGEMENT: Desert Channels Queensland has undertaken the preservation of the old McIlwraith homestead and the protection of some red-tailed black-cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus banksii) breeding hollows. RECOMMENDATIONS: It is strongly recommend that a visitor and landscape management plan be developed in conjunction with management of the adjoining station. Of importance is addressing the damage caused by tourists collecting firewood at this site (and other sites in western Queensland). It would be beneficial to engage with Winton Shire Council to put up signs on the approach to the Old Cork Waterhole, in order to encourage tourists to gather wood along the roadside before they reach this site. This site should also be a high priority list for pest and animal control delivered by Winton Shire Council. As tourist numbers are on the increase, consideration should be given by the Shires of Western Queensland for a combined public education programme that would address sustainable camping and fishing, to foster a continued enjoyment of the outback.

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Site 10. Cooper Creek Waterhole (Windorah)

STOCK ROUTE NUMBER: U480 PRIORITY SPECIES: Animals:

Australian painted snipe (Rostratula australis). At this site the following species are also known to occur: the kultarr (Antechinomys laniger) that is found on the adjoining dunes and listed as Rare under the NCA, the red-tailed black-cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus banksii), and an undescribed species of turtle (Steve Wilson, pers. comm.).

RATING: BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT. SHIRE COUNCIL: BARCOO SHIRE The Cooper Creek Waterhole (Plate 24) is 37 metres deep and an important refugia for fish and turtle assemblages. It eventually discharges into Lake Eyre, providing brood stock for the many bird and aquatic species that explode in numbers after a big ‘wet season’ (as witnessed during the course of this project). The connectivity of this site and others with the Windorah floodplains and their high fish production is well documented (Balcombe and Arthington, 2009). Additionally, Major Mitchell’s cockatoos (Lophochroa leadbeateri) and red-tailed black-cockatoos (Calyptorhynchus banksii) are known to use the riparian old growth trees for breeding.

Plate 24. Coopers Creek Waterhole (Photo: B. Walsh).

THREATS: The major threats to this site are overgrazing by cattle, overfishing, predation by feral cats and foxes, habitat degradation by weeds, and visitor impacts from excessive camping and firewood collection. Cane toads have been recorded at

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Windorah but their presence at this site is unknown at the time of report writing (Stephen Peck, pers. comm.). CURRENT MANAGEMENT: The Barcoo Shire Council has established an interpretative drive, and maintains garbage bins. RECOMMENDATIONS: As with the Old Cork Waterhole, this popular destination has reached a point where the next protective management step needs to be taken by developing a management plan. Firewood gathering sites should be designated, and chainsaw usage should be banned. There also needs to be a public awareness campaign to highlight the values of the site, and what visitors need to do to help conserve those values. It is recommended that further survey work be undertaken at this site (and other similar waterholes) to determine the presence and abundance of priority species. Most existing data records are biased, as they have been collected during the dry season when mobility is easy, rather than during the wet season when there is abundant wildlife but also when floods restrict access.

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Sites of high nature conservation value Site 11. Jericho Reserve STOCK ROUTE NUMBER: M313 PRIORITY SPECIES: Unknown RATING: HIGH NATURE CONSERVATION VALUE SHIRE COUNCIL: BARCALDINE SHIRE Although the vegetation between Lake Dunn and Jericho is in a poor state from the recent drought, there is a strong demarcation when entering the stock route reserve north of Jericho. This extensive stock route reserve consists of intact remnant vegetation and is in very good condition. THREATS: Major threats to the Jericho Reserve are habitat degradation from weeds, predation from feral animals, and a lack of knowledge of what species of flora and fauna exist at the site. RECOMMENDATION: The first priority for this site is a survey to determine presence/abundance of priority species, the quality of habitat, and assess the importance of the threats.

Sites recommended for further research

Site 12. Isisford – Stonehenge Road STOCK ROUTE NUMBER: U221 PRIORITY SPECIES: Unknown RATING: Further Research SHIRE COUNCIL: BLACKALL SHIRE This site may be a possible hotspot as common death adder (Acanthophis antarcticus) are known from the area (Angus Emmott, pers. comm.), and a number of birds (such as black-faced woodswallow (Artamus cinereus), Plate 25) were seen in the scattered, remnant brigalow trees.

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Plate 25. Black-faced woodswallow (Photo: S. Wilson).

THREATS: Unknown. CURRENT MANAGEMENT: None. RECOMMENDATIONS: The site requires a more intensive survey to confirm the presence of any priority species and identify their threats.

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Additional findings

Spinifex pigeons (Geophaps plumifera) (Plate 26) were recorded as far south as Adavale adjacent to the Blackwater River, which would be about the extent of their southern distribution.

Plate 26. Spinifex pigeon (Photo: B. Walsh).

It is of significant interest that two northern quoll specimens (Dasuyrus hallucatus) (Plate 27), have been handed into DERM from the township of Tambo during the time of this project. As the town is surrounded by stock route with remnant vegetation, it is most probable that these specimens inhabited this habitat. These specimens would be the western most records in Queensland of this priority species.

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Plate 27. Northern quoll (Photo: T. Hughes).

Squatter pigeon (Geophaps scripta) (Plate 28) were also recorded at Lake Galilee, which would be close to the western extent of their range.

Plate 28. Squatter pigeon (Photo: B. Walsh).

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Two specimens of the Rare Collett’s snake (Pseudechis colletti), which is endemic to the Mitchell Grass Downs, were found on stock routes. Both specimens were road fatalities (Plate 29), and one was the largest specimen ever recorded (and was given to the Queensland Museum by DCQ).

Plate 29. Steve Wilson (DCQ) holds up a Collett’s snake road fatality

(Photo: B. Walsh).

Major Mitchell’s cockatoos (Lophochroa leadbeateri) are a priority species and in the Desert Channels NRM region they were observed in flocks of up to 25 during field visits. However, these observations were always of cockatoos feeding opportunistically on melons growing on the roadside, and these sites did not warrant ‘biodiversity hotspot’ status. In the Desert Channels NRM region cane toads appear to be encroaching from the east as well as from the north, and are now in the upper catchments of the Warrego and Maranoa Rivers.

Lastly, a confirmed sighting of a western taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus) was made by DCQ staff along the Bedourie – Birdsville stock route during April 2009.

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The South West NRM Region

Introduction The South West NRM region covers an area of 186,200 square kilometres and four catchments: the Bulloo, Paroo, Warrego, and Nebine Rivers. The Paroo, Warrego and Nebine Rivers all eventually connect with the Darling River, which has both local and national significance. In the NRM region there is representation of four bioregions: the Mitchell Grass Downs, Channel Country, Brigalow belt, and the majority of the area being Mulga Lands. Most of the residents in this region are in the pastoral industry, tourism, some mining, and Charleville is a centre for kangaroo and goat harvesting and processing. A total of 51 sites were visited, 21 of which were biodiversity hotspots, three were of high nature conservation value, and one site was of high geological value (Table 3 and Map 4).

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Site Recommendation Local Government Area

1. Lake Dartmouth Biodiversity Hotspot Quilpie Shire 2. Langlo Crossing Biodiversity Hotspot Murweh Shire 3. Ooline Park Biodiversity Hotspot Murweh Shire 4. Morven/Tregole Road Biodiversity Hotspot Murweh Shire 5. Mungallala/Mitchell Road (1)

Biodiversity Hotspot Murweh Shire

6. Mungallala/Mitchell Road (2)

Biodiversity Hotspot Murweh Shire

7. Morven/Tregonning Road

Biodiversity Hotspot Murweh Shire

8. Bundoona Springs Biodiversity Hotspot Paroo Shire 9. Currawinya National Park

Biodiversity Hotspot Bulloo Shire

10. Lake Bindegolly National Park

Biodiversity Hotspot Bulloo Shire

11. Ward River Biodiversity Hotspot Murweh Shire 12. Bakers Bend Biodiversity Hotspot Murweh Shire 13. Dillalah Waterhole Biodiversity Hotspot Murweh Shire 14. Boatman Road (1) Biodiversity Hotspot Murweh Shire 15. Boatman Road (2) Biodiversity Hotspot Murweh Shire 16. Boatman Road (3) Biodiversity Hotspot Murweh Shire 17. Boatman Road (4) Biodiversity Hotspot Murweh Shire 18. Boatman Road (5) Biodiversity Hotspot Murweh Shire 19. Riversleigh Road Biodiversity Hotspot Murweh Shire 20. Angelalla Biodiversity Hotspot Murweh Shire 21.Charleville/Augathella Road

Biodiversity Hotspot Murweh Shire

22. Oak Swamp High Nature Conservation Value

Murweh Shire

23. Adavale Escarpment High Nature Conservation Value

Quilpie Shire

24. Tego Springs High Nature Conservation Value

Paroo Shire

25. Yowah Creek Area of High Geological Value

Paroo Shire

26. Murra Murra Further Research Paroo Shire Table 3. Biodiversity hotspots and sites of high nature conservation and geological values in the South West NRM Region.

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Map 4. Biodiversity hotspots of the South West NRM Region.

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Biodiversity hotspots Site 1. Lake Dartmouth (Charleville – Adavale Road) STOCK ROUTE NUMBER: M503 PRIORITY SPECIES: Plants:

native liquorice (Glycyrrhiza acanthocarpa). RATING: BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT SHIRE COUNCIL: QUILPIE SHIRE Lake Dartmouth (Plate 30) covers approximately 10,000 hectares and was made a nature refuge during the time of this project. It is also listed under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 as a wetland of national importance, and gives rise to Ambathalla Creek which is part of the Warrego River catchment. The lake only floods periodically (the last flood is believed to be in 1989, Neil Marks, pers. comm.), but when it floods it transforms into a dynamic semi-arid wetland teeming with birdlife, which retains water for many years. The yellowbelly fish (Macquaria ambigua) found in Lake Dartmouth are extremely slow growing and some work has been undertaken to determine if they are a unique sub-species. Bi-valve mussels are also prolific in the system, and there is evidence of Aboriginal occupation in the form of broken grind stones. At the time of the project, the lake dried back to holes along Ambathalla creek. However, this freshly exposed ground is suitable to the growth of native liquorice (Glycyrrhiza acanthocarpa) (Plate 31), which was both present and abundant in January – February 2009.

Plate 30. Lake Dartmouth (with native liquorice in the foreground) (Photo: B. Walsh).

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Plate 31. Native liquorice flower (Photo: B. Walsh).

THREATS: The major threats to Lake Dartmouth are overgrazing from cattle and goats, and habitat degradation by weeds. Predation from feral cats, foxes and dogs is a threat to other fauna that are attracted to the area during and after floods. CURRENT MANAGEMENT: The site is being managed by the adjoining landholders, and is now a nature refuge. RECOMMENDATIONS: The stock route that crosses this site is classified as active, and traverses the northern end of the lake. It is recommended that droving permits emphasise expedient crossing of this section of the lake system, and prohibit the overnight camping of stock along this section in order to maintain water quality and prevent overgrazing of bluebush (Chenopodium auricomum). It would be of benefit if the section of stock route that traverses the lake could also be included in the management of the nature refuge management, especially in respect to the control of pests and weeds. The threat of predators to ground-nesting birds from feral cats, foxes and dogs can be addressed by co-operative pest and weed management between the adjacent landholders, Quilpie Shire Council and DERM. Although feral goats and rabbits also have the potential to impact on vegetation, the current practice of goat harvesting appears to be keeping goats under control.

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Site 2. Langlo Crossing (Charleville – Adavale Road) STOCK ROUTE NUMBER: M503 PRIORITY SPECIES: Animals:

Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii peelii) RATING: BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT SHIRE COUNCIL: MURWEH SHIRE Langlo Crossing (Plate 32) was once a thriving community of which there is no evidence today. The red gums and coolabahs along the extensive riparian edges are some of the largest to be seen in the region, and in excellent condition. Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) are known to live in this location, and other common species of wildlife are abundant. In the past, Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii peelii) were caught here frequently, and recently there has been another sighting. The Charleville Fishing and Restocking Club (CFRC), in conjunction with DEEDI, are proposing to restock these historic aquatic sites with cod. The CFRC is also participating in ‘catch and release’ recording of Murray cod with DEEDI, which is an invaluable monitoring tool. Water quality and retention of snags is of paramount importance to this species and all other aquatic native species.

Plate 32. Langlo Crossing on the Langlo River (Photo: B. Walsh).

THREATS: The major threats to this site are overgrazing by cattle of the riparian area that reduces water quality, habitat degradation by weeds, and overfishing. Additionally, carp (Cyprinus carpio) are found throughout this aquatic system and compete and displace Murray cod.

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CURRENT MANAGEMENT: In conjunction with the DEEDI, the CFRC monitors Murray cod at known locations on a recreational basis. RECOMMENDATIONS: The most practical and effective management option for Murray cod at this site is to support the ongoing work of the CFRC and DEEDI. Static grazing permits of this site, or any reserves adjacent to aquatic refugia, should be restricted or carefully monitored to avoid overgrazing and siltation of these critical habitats.

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Site 3. Ooline Park (Mungalalla – Mitchell) STOCK ROUTE NUMBER: P002 PRIORITY SPECIES: Plants:

ooline (Cadellia pentasylis). RATING: BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT SHIRE COUNCIL: MURWEH SHIRE Ooline Park (Plate 33) is already recognised by the Queensland Department of Transport and Main Roads (DTMR) with a location sign for tourists and basic amenities. There is a healthy stand of ooline trees (Cadellia pentasylis) on both sides of the road, with the majority on the southern side (which is about 200 m wide and not as eroded). This site is on a primary active stock route, and many herds of up to 2,500 cattle were driven along this route to the Roma market during 2008-2009. Fortunately stock are usually driven on the northern side of the road (the side with the fewest ooline trees), as there is a watering dam on this side of the reserve.

Plate 33. Ooline Park (Photo: B. Walsh).

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THREATS: The major threats to Ooline Park are overgrazing by cattle, habitat degradation by rabbits (which leads to erosion), collectors of wood for both firewood and wood-turning, inappropriate fire regime, and habitat degradation from weeds such as harrisia cactus (Eriocereus sp.) (Plate 34). Although gravel extraction for road maintenance and construction is not currently occurring at this site, it has happened in the past and is a potential future threat. Because ooline grows on gravely ridges, which are rare in this black soil country and so are often sites favoured by road crews as sites to extract gravel. Therefore it is important all regional council and DTMR road crews are made aware of the identification of ooline and encouraged to mitigate the impacts of any potential gravel extraction.

Plate 34. Harrisia cactus (Photo: B. Walsh).

CURRENT MANAGEMENT: Murweh Shire Council is well aware of the priority species and issues along this section, and has devoted additional resources to controlling harrisia cactus. RECOMMENDATIONS: This stock route comes under more pressure than most, as it is the site where stock routes converge before cattle are driven to the Roma market. Consequently, the high density of cattle compounds the conservation threats to the site and Murweh Shire Council will need additional support for the management of these threats. As the erosion on the upper side of the watering dam (situated on the northern side of the road) is quite pronounced, it will need remedial action with some diversion earthworks and restoration. Consideration should be given to the removal of the dam, as its present location is a traffic hazard because cattle gather around this watering point and some animal spill on to the road (stock fatalities have previously occurred