enhancement of

7/31/2019 Enhancement Of

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Enhancement of e - commerce via mobile accesses to the Internet

Ushio Sumita , , Jun Yoshii,

Graduate School of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1,

Tenoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan

Received 15 January 2009; revised 11 November 2009; Accepted 11 November 2009.

Available online 3 December 2009.

Through a new generation of mobile devices rapidly spread in society, the way the Internet is

used has been going under revolution, where the traditional e - commerce is in the process of

being converted into m- commerce . However, because of the fact that the mobile technology is

still young, the study of the impact of the mobile access to the Internet on e -businesses is

rather limited, where pioneering papers are either empirical, qualitative or static in their

analytical nature and, to the best knowledge of the authors, no study exists in the literature for

capturing behavioral differences between e - commerce and m- commerce based on a

mathematical stochastic model. The purpose of this paper is to fill this gap by developing and

analyzing a mathematical model for comparing e - commerce via the traditional PC access

only with m- commerce which accommodates both the traditional PC access and the mobile

access.

Three classes of consumers are considered concerning the ways they access the Internet. A

class of consumers who access the Internet only through PCs throughout the period under

consideration is denoted by CPC. The remaining two classes written

as CPCBOTHand CBOTHconsist of those who access the Internet originally only through PCs but

start using the mobile access at some time later and those who access the Internet through both

PCs and mobile devices from the very beginning, respectively. The entire market is thenrepresented by C=CPCCPCBOTHCBOTH. Each time the Internet is accessed for information, it

is assumed that a consumer makes one of the three decisions: to purchase the product, not to

purchase the product, or to remain undecided.

In order to capture the stochastic behavior of a consumer in Cin a unified manner, a semi-

Markov process is formulated with six transient states and two absorbing states. Through

dynamic analysis of the semi-Markov process, the two stochastic performance measures of

interest can be evaluated: the distribution of the number of products sold by time tand the

distribution of the time required for sellingKproducts. This analysis, in turn, enables one to

assess the impact of mobile devices on e -businesses by comparing such stochastic

performance measures for m- commerce against those for traditional e - commerce .

Numerical examples are given for demonstrating the effectiveness of the computationalprocedures proposed in this paper. However, this research is still in its infancy. Extensive

numerical experiments would be needed to extract some useful rules of thumb from the

managerial point of view in conducting m- commerce . In addition, efforts should be made for

estimating the values of the parameters involved in the analytical model from real data. These

studies are in progress and will be reported elsewhere.

Melalui generasi baru perangkat mobile dengan cepat menyebar ke dalam masyarakat, cara

internet digunakan telah berlangsung di bawah revolusi, di mana tradisional e-commerce adalah

dalam proses yang diubah menjadi m-commerce. Namun, karena fakta bahwa teknologi mobile

masih muda, studi tentang dampak dari akses mobile ke Internet pada e-bisnis adalah agak

terbatas, di mana kertas perintis baik empiris, kualitatif atau statis di alam analitis dan, denganpengetahuan terbaik dari penulis, penelitian tidak ada dalam literatur untuk menangkap
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perbedaan perilaku antara e-commerce dan m-commerce didasarkan pada model matematika

stokastik. Tujuan dari makalah ini adalah untuk mengisi kesenjangan ini dengan

mengembangkan dan menganalisis model matematika untuk membandingkan e-commerce

melalui akses PC tradisional hanya dengan m-commerce yang baik mengakomodasi akses PC

tradisional dan akses mobile.

Tiga kelas konsumen dianggap mengenai cara mereka mengakses Internet. Sebuah kelas

konsumen yang mengakses Internet hanya melalui PC selama periode yang sedang dibahas

dinotasikan dengan BPK. Sisanya dua kelas ditulis sebagai BPK KEDUA dan CBOTH

terdiri dari mereka yang mengakses Internet awalnya hanya melalui PC, tetapi mulai

menggunakan akses mobile pada beberapa waktu kemudian dan mereka yang mengakses

Internet baik melalui PC dan perangkat mobile dari awal, masing-masing .Seluruh pasar

kemudian diwakili oleh C = BPK BPK CBOTH KEDUA. Setiap kali internet diakses

untuk informasi, diasumsikan bahwa konsumen membuat salah satu dari tiga keputusan: untuk

membeli produk, bukan untuk membeli produk, atau untuk tetap ragu-ragu.


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An intelligent product-information presentation in E - commerce

S.S. Manvi, , P. Venkataram ,

Protocol Engineering and Technology (PET)-UNIT, Electrical Communication Engineering

Department, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India

Received 2 May 2003; revised 21 May 2004; Accepted 12 January 2005. Available online 31

May 2005.

In this paper, we proposed a distributed proxy based electronic shopping model, which isintelligent enough to study the customer behavior (whether customer is a browser or purchaser)

and plan the product-information presentations accordingly by using an agent based

synchronization model. The model takes a decision about the type of presentation (and

synchronization scheme) to be employed for a customer depending on resources availability

and the customers past history of resources accessed. It triggers one of the three

synchronization mechanisms, real-time continuous, point or adaptive synchronization based on

the customer buying probability. A purchaser is given enough information about the product to

make a decision. The multimedia synchronization model is run at the proxy. Adaptive

synchronized presentations facilitates a customer with high buying probability to thoroughly

look at the product to improve the purchase confidence.

We simulated the electronic shopping model to evaluate the operation effectiveness in several

network scenarios. The benefits of the scheme are: (1) intelligent product-information

presentation planning based on the customer buying probability that aids in proper utilization of

network and server resources, (2) distributed proxies speed up the shopping services by

distributing the data stream-wise and also facilitate to overcome multimedia server failures, (3)

flexible and adaptable synchronization services by allowing the user to encode the delay

estimation policies and choose proper synchronization mechanism to view the material based

on the customer behavior, (4) supports component based software engineering aspects such as

software reuse, maintainability and customizability.

Even though agent technology offers more flexible adaptation services, several problems have

to be still researched and resolved in mobile agent systems implementation, such as, security to

hosts and agents, creation of agents and agent coding languages.

The proposed presentation framework for E - commerce can also be applied to other

multimedia applications, (both in wireless and wired network) by making minor modifications

to the framework. For example, it can be applied to an online Internet-based education systems

where different types of synchronizations are required for viewing the education material (like

random clip viewing, detailed viewing, etc.). The adaptive synchronization and real-time

synchronization of the framework can be used for video-conferencing application of Internet, i.

e ., application can dynamically employ either real-time synchronization (whenever the
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network load is low) or adaptive synchronization (whenever the network load is high or

abruptly increasing).

Dalam makalah ini, kami mengusulkan proxy belanja model yang didasarkan didistribusikan

elektronik, yang cukup cerdas untuk mempelajari perilaku pelanggan (apakah pelanggan adalah

browser atau pembeli) dan merencanakan produk-informasi presentasi sesuai dengan

menggunakan model berbasis agen sinkronisasi. Model ini mengambil keputusan tentang jenis

presentasi (dan skema sinkronisasi) untuk dipekerjakan untuk pelanggan tergantung pada

ketersediaan sumber daya dan sejarah pelanggan masa lalu sumber daya diakses. Ini memicu

salah satu dari tiga mekanisme sinkronisasi, real-waktu kontinu, titik atau sinkronisasi adaptif

berdasarkan pembelian pelanggan probabilitas. Sebuah pembeli diberikan informasi yang

cukup tentang produk untuk membuat keputusan. Model sinkronisasi multimedia dijalankan

pada proxy.Disinkronkan presentasi adaptif memfasilitasi pelanggan dengan probabilitas yang

tinggi untuk benar-benar membeli melihat produk untuk meningkatkan kepercayaan pembelian.

Kami simulasi model belanja elektronik untuk mengevaluasi efektivitas operasi di beberapaskenario jaringan. Manfaat dari skema tersebut: (1) cerdas produk-informasi perencanaan

presentasi berdasarkan pelanggan membeli probabilitas yang membantu dalam pemanfaatan

yang tepat dari sumber daya jaringan dan server, (2) proxy didistribusikan mempercepat

layanan belanja dengan mendistribusikan data stream-bijaksana dan juga memfasilitasi untuk

mengatasi kegagalan server multimedia, (3) layanan sinkronisasi fleksibel dan mudah

beradaptasi dengan memungkinkan pengguna untuk mengkodekan kebijakan menunda estimasi

dan memilih mekanisme sinkronisasi yang tepat untuk melihat materi didasarkan pada perilaku

pelanggan, (4) mendukung rekayasa perangkat lunak berbasis komponen aspek-aspek seperti

penggunaan kembali perangkat lunak, pemeliharaan dan customizability.

Meskipun teknologi agen menawarkan layanan adaptasi lebih fleksibel, beberapa masalah yang

harus diselesaikan masih diteliti dan di ponsel agen implementasi sistem, seperti, keamanan

untuk host dan agen, penciptaan agen dan agen bahasa pengkodean.

Kerangka presentasi diusulkan untuk E-commerce juga dapat diterapkan untuk aplikasi

multimedia lainnya, (baik dalam jaringan nirkabel dan kabel) dengan membuat modifikasi kecil

untuk kerangka kerja. Sebagai contoh, dapat diterapkan ke internet berbasis sistem online

pendidikan di mana berbagai jenis sinkronisasi yang diperlukan untuk melihat materi

pendidikan (seperti menampilkan klip secara acak, melihat rinci, dll). Sinkronisasi sinkronisasi

dan real-time adaptif kerangka dapat digunakan untuk video-conferencing aplikasi Internet,

yaitu, aplikasi dinamis dapat menggunakan baik sinkronisasi real-time (setiap kali beban

jaringan rendah) atau sinkronisasi adaptif (setiap kali beban jaringan ) tinggi atau tiba-tiba

meningkat.


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Association of users with software agents in e - commerce

Zakaria Maamar,

Software Agents Research Group, College of Information Systems, Zayed University, PO Box

19282, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

Accepted 10 April 2002. Available online 13 June 2002.

Associating users with software agents aims at shifting the users role from carrying out

operations by themselves to supervising and coordinating agents that will perform these

operations on their behalf. To achieve this aim, agents involved in e - commerce scenarios

should combine the following abilities:

The ability to look for, assess, and provide information that is tailored to the profile of the

user.

The ability to interact with other agents from different origins and with different interests and

needs.

The ability to facilitate interactions between participants, either customers or providers.

The ability to remind users of policies that help in setting up cooperation and, hence, avoiding

conflict.

Whereas SAs appear to offer benefits to users conducting e - commerce , it is important to be

aware of their limitations. SAs should allow a large degree of human involvement. Thus, it is

unrealistic to expect to be able to provide fully automated e - commerce support. A whole

set of negotiations, dialogues, coordination, and communication between SAs and users may

take place at different stages of the process of an e - commerce scenario.

Bergaul pengguna dengan agen perangkat

lunak bertujuan menggeser peran pengguna'dari melaksanakan operasi sendiri

untuk mengawasi dan mengoordinasikan agen yang akan melakukan operasi ini pada namamereka. Untuk mencapai tujuan ini, agen yang terlibat dalam e-commerce skenario harus
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menggabungkan kemampuan sebagai berikut:

Kemampuan untuk mencari, menilai, dan menyediakan informasi yang disesuaikan

dengan profil pengguna.

Kemampuan untuk berinteraksi dengan agen lainnya dari asal yang berbeda dandengan

kepentingan dan kebutuhan yang berbeda. Kemampuan untuk memfasilitasi interaksi antara peserta, baik pelanggan atau penyedia.

Kemampuan untuk mengingatkan pengguna kebijakan yang membantu dalam

menyiapkan kerjasama dan, karenanya, menghindari konflik.

Sedangkan SA muncul untuk menawarkan manfaat bagi pengguna melakukan e-commerce,

penting untuk menyadari keterbatasan mereka. SA harus memungkinkantingkat

besar keterlibatan manusia. Jadi, itu tidak realistis untuk berharap dapat

memberikan otomatis 'sepenuhnya' e-commerce dukungan. Satu set seluruh negosiasi,dialog,

koordinasi, dan komunikasi antara SA dan pengguna dapat terjadi pada berbagai

tahap proses skenario e-commerce.

A growth theory perspective on B2C e - commerce growth in Europe: An exploratory

study

Shu-Chun Hoa, , , Robert J. Kauffmanb,1, , Ting-Peng Liangc,2,

a Department of Information Management, Shu-Te University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC

b Carlson School of Management, 321, 19th Avenue South, University of Minnesota,

Minneapolis, MN, USAc Department of Information Management, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung,

Taiwan, ROC

Received 2 April 2006; Accepted 20 June 2006. Available online 12 July 2006.

The primary objective of this research has been to examine the efficacy of growth-theoretic

explanations of the macro-level determinants of B2C e - commerce growth across countries.

This objective is in line with Castells[17]call for understanding the historical and current

forces at work in the global transformation to a post-industrial information economy. We

positioned our exploration with respect to growth theory in economics because of the

potentially new and interesting insights it offers for understanding B2C e - commerce growth.

We analyzed a newly-constructed data set that includes online shopping expenditures at thecountry level as a means to measure B2C e - commerce revenue growth. We also proposed

three theoretical models: an endogenous growth model, an exogenous growth model, and a

mixed effects endogenousexogenous growth model. The endogenous growth model states that

B2C e - commerce growth in a country primarily results from internal drivers within the

country. The exogenous growth model argues that B2C e - commerce growth in a country is

primarily driven by external drivers from a leading country or multiple leading countries. As an

exploratory step, we tested the case of one leading country, in lieu of a set of them, to capture

any contagion effects that may be present. The mixed effects model posits that a blend of

internal and external factors may be at work, and a key issue is the relative strength of the

regional contagion effects on B2C e - commerce growth in a country. We also made a case for

viewing our analysis as an assessment of contextual production, which includes outputmeasures for B2C e - commerce growth with a set of explanatory variables that characterize
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the national economic environments in which such growth is observed. We were careful to

contrast our methodological approach in the analysis in this article to the analysis of true

inputoutput production correspondences, for which different kinds of evaluative models may

be used.

Tujuan utama penelitian ini adalah untuk meneliti khasiat pertumbuhan-teori penjelasan daritingkat makro penentu B2C e-commerce pertumbuhan di seluruh negara. Tujuan ini sejalan

dengan 'Castells [17] panggilan untuk memahami kekuatan-kekuatan sejarah dan saat ini

bekerja dalam transformasi global ke ekonomi informasi pasca-industri. Kami diposisikan

eksplorasi kami sehubungan dengan teori pertumbuhan ekonomi karena berpotensi wawasan

baru dan menarik menawarkan untuk memahami e-commerce B2C pertumbuhan. Kami

menganalisis set data baru dibangun yang meliputi pengeluaran belanja online di tingkat negara

sebagai sarana untuk mengukur B2C e-commerce pertumbuhan pendapatan. Kami juga

mengusulkan tiga model teoritis: model pertumbuhan endogen, sebuah model pertumbuhan

eksogen, dan efek campuran endogen eksogen-model pertumbuhan. Menyatakan pertumbuhan

endogen model yang B2C e-commerce pertumbuhan di negara terutama hasil dari driver

internal dalam negeri.Model pertumbuhan eksogen berpendapat bahwa e-commerce B2Cpertumbuhan di negara ini terutama didorong oleh driver eksternal dari negara terkemuka atau

beberapa negara terkemuka. Sebagai langkah eksplorasi, kami menguji kasus satu negara

terkemuka, sebagai pengganti satu set dari mereka, untuk menangkap efek contagion apapun

yang mungkin hadir. Ini berpendapat bahwa model campuran efek campuran dari faktor

internal dan eksternal mungkin di tempat kerja, dan isu kunci adalah kekuatan relatif dari efek

penularan regional pada B2C e-commerce pertumbuhan di suatu negara. Kami juga membuat

kasus untuk melihat analisis kami sebagai penilaian produksi kontekstual, yang meliputi

mengukur output untuk B2C e-commerce pertumbuhan dengan satu set variabel penjelas yang

mencirikan lingkungan ekonomi nasional di mana pertumbuhan tersebut diamati. Kami berhati-

hati untuk membedakan pendekatan metodologis kami di analisis dalam artikel ini untuk

analisis "benar" input-output produksi korespondensi, yang berbagai jenis model evaluatif

dapat digunakan.

E - commerce and the retail process: a review

Steve Burt, Leigh Sparks ,

Institute for Retail Studies, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK

Available online 17 December 2002.

This paper has argued that whilst there is a great deal of uncertainty and a range of conflicting

views over the future of e - commerce and e -retailing and their impact upon urban form and

the town centre, assessments based upon product/merchandise sectors limit an understanding of

the future. E - commerce is a process innovation, therefore an approach which explores the

processes in retailing and how these differ between fixed store and virtual store retailing

provides a clearer view of the nature of the threat (or opportunity) to existing retail locationsand operations.
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Ultimately, the real benefits of e - commerce arise from how tasks and activities are performed

within the retail channel, and how changes impact upon ownership, costs and efficiency.

The process evaluation undertaken here suggests that we are already witnessing the harnessing

of the Internet to enhance business efficiencies. This is particularly the case for the world's

largest retailers and it can be argued that they have begun to leverage their scale effectively in

the first instance. If this provides them with cheaper product and better supply adaptation, then

there will be enormous pressures placed on existing retailers. These competitive pressures may

be the lasting legacy of e - commerce . However, new business models and formats can be

envisaged with retailers emerging with an unrivalled product offer in niche opportunities. Such

depth assortment may provide a sustainable business if consumers can be convinced to trust

these new operators.

Either way, retail locations will need enhancement to attract consumers to patronise them. The

opportunities for electronic commerce are such that without reasons to go physical shopping

in a location, then they could become lonely places. Those able to attract consumers on the

other hand are likely to exhibit enhanced activity of all sorts. If e - commerce helps make our

town centres more interesting, exciting and dynamic places (even if out of necessity to

compete) for retailing and other activities then we may all be better off. The increasingly

standardised High Street of 20th century Britain may not survive the early decades of the 21st

century, but this may be to our advantage.

It is clear from this review that there is muchpotentialto change business practices in retail andits supply system. The dimensions of such changes are not clear however. They will vary

geographically, corporately and over time. It is essential therefore that as well as

conceptualising the potential dimensions of change, detailed research is undertaken into actual

change (including causality and dimensions) at all levels of the retail channel. Such research

will become increasingly important to understanding the impact of process innovation.

Makalah ini berpendapat bahwa sementara ada banyak ketidakpastian dan berbagai pandangan

bertentangan mengenai masa depan e-commerce dan e-ritel dan dampaknya terhadap bentuk

perkotaan dan pusat kota, penilaian didasarkan pada produk / barang sektor batassuatu pemahaman tentang masa depan. E-commerce adalah inovasi proses, karena itu

merupakan pendekatan yang mengeksplorasi proses dalam ritel dan bagaimana berbeda antara

toko ritel tetap dan toko virtual yang menyediakan pandangan yang lebih jelas tentang sifat dari

"ancaman" (atau kesempatan) untuk lokasi ritel yang ada dan operasi .

Pada akhirnya, manfaat nyata dari e-commerce yang muncul dari bagaimana tugas dan kegiatan

dilakukan dalam saluran ritel, dan bagaimana perubahan berdampak pada kepemilikan, biaya

dan efisiensi.

Evaluasi proses yang dilakukan di sini menunjukkan bahwa kita sudah menyaksikan

memanfaatkan Internet untuk meningkatkan efisiensi bisnis. Hal ini terutama terjadi untukpengecer terbesar di dunia dan bisa dikatakan bahwa mereka telah mulai meningkatkan skala
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mereka secara efektif dalam contoh pertama. Jika ini menyediakan mereka dengan produk

murah dan adaptasi pasokan yang lebih baik, maka akan ada tekanan besar ditempatkan pada

pengecer yang ada. Tekanan-tekanan kompetitif mungkin warisan abadi dari e-

commerce. Namun, model bisnis baru dan format dapat dipertimbangkan dengan pengecer

yang muncul dengan menawarkan produk yang tak tertandingi dalam kesempatan

niche. Berbagai kedalaman tersebut dapat memberikan bisnis yang berkelanjutan jikakonsumen dapat diyakinkan untuk percaya ini operator baru.

Either way, lokasi ritel akan perlu perangkat tambahan untuk menarik konsumen untuk

merendahkan mereka. Kesempatan untuk perdagangan elektronik adalah seperti yang tanpa

alasan untuk "pergi belanja fisik" di lokasi, maka mereka bisa menjadi tempat-tempat

sepi. Mereka mampu menarik konsumen di sisi lain cenderung menunjukkan peningkatan

aktivitas segala macam. Jika e-commerce membantu membuat pusat-pusat kota kami lebih

menarik, tempat-tempat menarik dan dinamis (bahkan jika karena kebutuhan untuk bersaing)

untuk ritel dan kegiatan lainnya maka kita semua mungkin akan lebih baik. High Street

semakin standar dari Inggris abad ke-20 tidak mungkin bertahan dekade awal abad ke-21, tapi

ini mungkin untuk keuntungan kita.

Hal ini jelas dari review ini bahwa ada banyak potensi untuk mengubah praktik bisnis di ritel

dan sistem pasokan. Dimensi perubahan tersebut tidak jelas namun. Mereka akan bervariasi

secara geografis, kelompok maupun dari waktu ke waktu. Hal ini penting karena itu serta

membuat konsep dimensi potensial dari perubahan, penelitian rinci dilakukan dalam perubahan

aktual (termasuk kausalitas dan dimensi) pada semua tingkat saluran ritel. Penelitian semacam

ini akan menjadi semakin penting untuk memahami dampak dari inovasi proses.

Customer behavior in electronic commerce : The moderating effect of e -purchasing

experience

Blanca Hernndez , , Julio Jimnez, , M. Jos Martn,

University of Zaragoza, Spain

Received 1 May 2008; revised 1 July 2008; Accepted 1 January 2009. Available online 17

September 2009.

The conclusions obtained have important implications for the business sector and for academic

research, derived principally from the analysis of two types of e -customers. This research has

important contributions for e - commerce providers whose business models and revenue

streams depend on e -customer behavior. However, it is important to remember that Spanish

culture may have influenced the results.

Regarding the academic implications, our results contribute to the study of technological

acceptance and, more specifically, to the field of e - commerce . This is one of the few studies

which includes purchasing experience as a variable moderating e -customer behavior andformulates ad hoc hypotheses to test it. Purchasing experience influences the evolution of e -
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customers' perceptions, attitude and behavior. Consequently, research on e - commerce must

distinguish between customers who have no previous experience of e -shopping and those who

base their perceptions on their experiences, establishing behavior patterns for each sample.

Companies that wish to compete in the e -market must understand the type of customers they

are addressing and develop their strategy according to whether they want to capture new e -

customers or retain their existing ones. Policies aimed at encouraging e -shopping must be

tailor-made for the needs of each type of e -customer, affecting different perceptions

depending on the target clients.

E - commerce providers cannot control the level of experience of e -customers but they can

develop sites that include options for their customization and, then, guide e -customers through

a shopping experience that is confidence-building. E -business must provide information about

the properties, advantages and convenience of e - commerce , to potential e -customers (Otim

and Grover, 2006). Thus, the initial stages of customer capture must concentrate on making

individuals feel efficient and capable of correctly performing all types of e -transactions (self-

efficacy and control). This sensation of self-efficacy will increase PU and, finally, the rate of

adoption. After adoption, behavior does not remain static; purchasing experience verifies or

refutes initial perceptions, so they undergo changes. So, having captured a new customer,

companies should focus even more on aspects of self-efficacy and usefulness, as these factors

will increase intentions to make further purchases.

For experienced e -customers, interaction with a complex website will probably not cause them

to abandon the purchasing process, since they are fully acquainted with the medium employed.

PEOU is a factor which does not condition the success of e - commerce because experienced

e -customers take it for granted. This conclusion implies that companies must concentrate on

the PU of their commercial websites by offering an effectiveness which sets them apart from

their competitors. E -customers will obtain added value if they find valuable information as

well as services which are not available in any other channel. From a user retention perspective,

this will cause greater satisfaction for experienced e -customers and lead to their retention in

the e -market and, even, on a particular website.

With respect to limitations and future lines of research, our study analyzes purchasing behavior

without specifying the type of product exchanged (tangible or intangible) (Peterson et al.,

1997). One weakness of the Internet is that it can only reproduce two of our five senses

realistically (sight and sound). This limitation hinders the sale of some products on this channel

and makes the Internet well suited to certain types of intangible or service-related goods

( [Phau and Poon, 2000] and[Brown et al., 2003] ).

We consider that the experience acquired by a customer from the e -purchase of certain

products, may not affect the purchase of other, more tangible ones. In this case, e -shopping
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experience might not exert a moderating effect on behavior because the shopper may not

consider the products previously acquired and the new acquisitions to be similar. This

limitation argues for the need to introduce, in future research, the effect exerted by the type of

product upon e -purchasing behavior.

Finally, we think that the employment of a range of tools (described in Table 1) may affect

users' perceptions and behavior because they provide different aspects of knowledge about the

Internet. Therefore, we would also like to test the influence of the different tools available on

the Internet and employed by the users. In future work, we will include a new factor that

captures this variety and that will act as an antecedent of self-efficacy.

Kesimpulan yang diperoleh memiliki implikasi penting bagi sektor bisnis dan untuk penelitian

akademik, terutama yang berasal dari analisis dari dua jenis e-pelanggan.Penelitian ini

memiliki kontribusi penting bagi penyedia e-commerce yang bisnis model dan aliranpendapatan tergantung pada e-perilaku pelanggan. Namun, penting untuk diingat bahwa budaya

Spanyol mungkin telah mempengaruhi hasil.

Mengenai implikasi akademik, hasil kami memberikan kontribusi untuk mempelajari

penerimaan teknologi dan, lebih khusus, untuk bidang e-commerce. Ini adalah salah satu dari

beberapa studi yang meliputi pembelian pengalaman sebagai variabel moderating perilaku e-

pelanggan dan merumuskan hipotesis ad hoc untuk menguji itu. Pembelian pengalaman

mempengaruhi evolusi, sikap persepsi e-pelanggan dan perilaku. Akibatnya, penelitian tentang

e-commerce harus membedakan antara pelanggan yang tidak memiliki pengalaman

sebelumnya e-belanja dan mereka yang mendasarkan persepsi mereka pada pengalaman

mereka, membentuk pola perilaku untuk setiap sampel.

Perusahaan yang ingin bersaing di pasar e-harus memahami jenis pelanggan mereka menangani

dan mengembangkan strategi mereka sesuai dengan apakah mereka ingin menangkap e-

pelanggan atau mempertahankan yang sudah ada mereka. Kebijakan yang bertujuan untuk

mendorong e-belanja harus dibuat khusus untuk kebutuhan masing-masing jenis e-pelanggan,

yang mempengaruhi persepsi yang berbeda tergantung pada klien target.

E-commerce penyedia tidak dapat mengontrol tingkat pengalaman e-pelanggan tetapi mereka

dapat mengembangkan situs yang menyertakan pilihan untuk kustomisasi dan, kemudian,

panduan e-pelanggan melalui pengalaman belanja yang membangun rasa percaya diri. E-bisnis

harus memberikan informasi tentang sifat, keuntungan dan kenyamanan e-commerce, untuk

potensi e-pelanggan (Otim dan Grover, 2006). Jadi, tahap awal menangkap pelanggan harus

berkonsentrasi pada membuat individu merasa efisien dan mampu melakukan semua dengan

benar jenis e-transaksi (self-efficacy dan kontrol). Sensasi dari self-efficacy akan meningkatkan

PU dan, akhirnya, tingkat adopsi.Setelah adopsi, perilaku tidak statis; pengalaman pembelian

memverifikasi atau menyangkal persepsi awal, sehingga mereka mengalami perubahan. Jadi,

berhasil menangkap pelanggan baru, perusahaan harus lebih fokus pada aspek self-efficacy dan

kegunaan, seperti faktor-faktor ini akan meningkatkan niat untuk melakukan pembelian lebih

lanjut.

Untuk berpengalaman e-pelanggan, interaksi dengan sebuah website yang kompleks mungkintidak akan menyebabkan mereka meninggalkan proses pembelian, karena mereka sepenuhnya
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berkenalan dengan media yang digunakan. PEOU adalah faktor yang tidak kondisi

keberhasilan e-commerce karena mengalami e-pelanggan mengambil begitu saja. Kesimpulan

ini menyiratkan bahwa perusahaan harus berkonsentrasi pada PU situs komersial mereka

dengan menawarkan efektifitas yang membedakan mereka dari pesaing mereka. E-pelanggan

akan memperoleh nilai tambah jika mereka menemukan informasi yang berharga serta layanan

yang tidak tersedia di saluran lainnya.Dari perspektif retensi pengguna, ini akan menyebabkankepuasan yang lebih besar untuk mengalami e-pelanggan dan menyebabkan retensi mereka di

pasar e-dan, bahkan, pada situs web tertentu.

Sehubungan dengan keterbatasan dan garis masa depan penelitian, penelitian kami

menganalisis perilaku pembelian tanpa menentukan jenis produk yang dipertukarkan (berwujud

atau tidak berwujud) (Peterson et al., 1997). Salah satu kelemahan Internet adalah bahwa ia

hanya dapat mereproduksi dua dari lima indra kita realistis (penglihatan dan

suara). Keterbatasan ini menghambat penjualan dari beberapa produk di saluran ini dan

membuat Internet cocok untuk jenis tertentu dari barang tidak berwujud atau jasa terkait ([Phau

dan Poon, 2000] dan [Brown et al, 2003.]).

Kami menganggap bahwa pengalaman yang diperoleh oleh pelanggan dari pembelian e-produk

tertentu, tidak dapat mempengaruhi pembelian lainnya, yang lebih nyata. Dalam hal ini, e-

shopping pengalaman tidak mungkin mengerahkan efek moderat pada perilaku karena

pembelanja tidak dapat mempertimbangkan produk yang diperoleh sebelumnya dan akuisisi

baru untuk menjadi serupa. Keterbatasan ini berpendapat untuk kebutuhan untuk

memperkenalkan, dalam penelitian masa depan, efek yang diberikan oleh jenis produk pada e-

perilaku pembelian.

Akhirnya, kita berpikir bahwa kerja dari berbagai alat (dijelaskan pada Tabel 1) dapat

mempengaruhi persepsi pengguna 'dan perilaku karena mereka memberikan aspek yang

berbeda dari pengetahuan tentang Internet. Oleh karena itu, kami juga ingin untuk menguji

pengaruh alat yang berbeda yang tersedia di Internet dan digunakan oleh pengguna.Dalam

pekerjaan di masa depan, kami akan menyertakan sebuah faktor baru yang menangkap berbagai

ini dan itu akan bertindak sebagai anteseden self-efficacy.

Chen & He (2003)R. Chen and F. He, Examination of brand knowledge,

perceived risk and consumers intention to adopt an online retailer. Total

Quality Management and Business Excellence, 14 6 (2003), pp. 677693. | View

Record in Scopus| | Full Text via CrossRef| Cited By in Scopus (26)

Customer loyalty in e - commerce : an exploration of its antecedents and

consequences

Srini S. Srinivasan ,a, , Rolph Andersona, Kishore Ponnavolub
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0268401207001120#bbib8http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=RedirectURL&_method=outwardLink&_partnerName=655&_eid=1-s2.0-S0268401207001120&_origin=article&_zone=art_page&_targetURL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scopus.com%2Finward%2Frecord.url%3Feid%3D2-s2.0-30244439496%26partnerID%3D10%26rel%3DR3.0.0%26md5%3Da01a9847d68a763948b88273f9420b8b&_acct=C000066135&_version=1&_userid=6263174&md5=2c2a2f668132f02d79924fe3085290c1http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=RedirectURL&_method=outwardLink&_partnerName=655&_eid=1-s2.0-S0268401207001120&_origin=article&_zone=art_page&_targetURL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scopus.com%2Finward%2Frecord.url%3Feid%3D2-s2.0-30244439496%26partnerID%3D10%26rel%3DR3.0.0%26md5%3Da01a9847d68a763948b88273f9420b8b&_acct=C000066135&_version=1&_userid=6263174&md5=2c2a2f668132f02d79924fe3085290c1http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=RedirectURL&_method=outwardLink&_partnerName=3&_origin=article&_zone=art_page&_targetURL=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1080%252F1478336032000053825&_acct=C000066135&_version=1&_userid=6263174&md5=66fcaced268b43c6a34a6eb8af9a0c95http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=RedirectURL&_method=outwardLink&_partnerName=3&_origin=article&_zone=art_page&_targetURL=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1080%252F1478336032000053825&_acct=C000066135&_version=1&_userid=6263174&md5=66fcaced268b43c6a34a6eb8af9a0c95http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=RedirectURL&_method=outwardLink&_partnerName=656&_origin=article&_zone=art_page&_targetURL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scopus.com%2Finward%2Fcitedby.url%3Feid%3D2-s2.0-30244439496%26partnerID%3D10%26rel%3DR3.0.0%26md5%3Da01a9847d68a763948b88273f9420b8b&_acct=C000066135&_version=1&_userid=6263174&md5=78f9b9d7d910a0edbc6027712b642f02http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022435901000653#COR1http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022435901000653#AFF1http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022435901000653#AFF1http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022435901000653#AFF1mailto:[email protected]://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022435901000653#AFF1http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022435901000653#AFF2mailto:[email protected]://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022435901000653#COR1http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022435901000653#hit3http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022435901000653#hit1http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022435901000653#hit2http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0268401207001120#bbib8http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=RedirectURL&_method=outwardLink&_partnerName=655&_eid=1-s2.0-S0268401207001120&_origin=article&_zone=art_page&_targetURL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scopus.com%2Finward%2Frecord.url%3Feid%3D2-s2.0-30244439496%26partnerID%3D10%26rel%3DR3.0.0%26md5%3Da01a9847d68a763948b88273f9420b8b&_acct=C000066135&_version=1&_userid=6263174&md5=2c2a2f668132f02d79924fe3085290c1http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=RedirectURL&_method=outwardLink&_partnerName=655&_eid=1-s2.0-S0268401207001120&_origin=article&_zone=art_page&_targetURL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scopus.com%2Finward%2Frecord.url%3Feid%3D2-s2.0-30244439496%26partnerID%3D10%26rel%3DR3.0.0%26md5%3Da01a9847d68a763948b88273f9420b8b&_acct=C000066135&_version=1&_userid=6263174&md5=2c2a2f668132f02d79924fe3085290c1http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=RedirectURL&_method=outwardLink&_partnerName=3&_origin=article&_zone=art_page&_targetURL=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1080%252F1478336032000053825&_acct=C000066135&_version=1&_userid=6263174&md5=66fcaced268b43c6a34a6eb8af9a0c95http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=RedirectURL&_method=outwardLink&_partnerName=656&_origin=article&_zone=art_page&_targetURL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scopus.com%2Finward%2Fcitedby.url%3Feid%3D2-s2.0-30244439496%26partnerID%3D10%26rel%3DR3.0.0%26md5%3Da01a9847d68a763948b88273f9420b8b&_acct=C000066135&_version=1&_userid=6263174&md5=78f9b9d7d910a0edbc6027712b642f02http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022435901000653#AFF1http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022435901000653#AFF1http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022435901000653#AFF2


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a Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USAb McKinsey & Company, USA

Available online 7 May 2002.

Consumer trust in e - commerce in the United States, Singapore and China

Thompson S.H. Teo , , Jing Liu,

Department of Decision Sciences, School of Business, National University of

Singapore, 1 Business Link 117592, Singapore

Received 27 July 2004; Accepted 4 February 2005. Available online 24 March

2005.

Technology, politics, and e - commerce : Internet sales tax and interstatecooperation

Kathleen Halea, , , Ramona McNealb

[Author vitae]a Auburn University, Department of Political Science and MPA Program, 7080

Haley Center, Auburn, AL 36849, USAb University of Northern Iowa, Department of Political Science, USA
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305048305000356#cor1mailto:[email protected]://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740624X10001449#af0005http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740624X10001449#cr0005mailto:[email protected]://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740624X10001449#af0010http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740624X10001449#vitaemailto:[email protected]://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740624X10001449#cr0005http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740624X10001449#hit3http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740624X10001449#hit1http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740624X10001449#hit2mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305048305000356#cor1http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305048305000356#hit3http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305048305000356#hit1http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305048305000356#hit2http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740624X10001449#af0005http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740624X10001449#af0010http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740624X10001449#vitae


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Available online 4 February 2011.

Studi ini meneliti satu aspek dari kebijakan negara yang telah berdampak signifikan oleh

perubahan teknologi. Pengaruh ini cenderung tumbuh sebagai penjualan internet terus menjadi

lebih populer dan sebagai teknologi menawarkan metode kerjasama antarnegara yang baik

menyederhanakan administrasi pajak penjualan dan menangkap kehilangan pendapatan pajak

penjualan. Ke depan, penelitian ini membentuk dasar untuk memeriksa pilihan negara dalam

lingkungan fiskal yang menyatakan volatile dalam menghadapi kekurangan anggaran belum

pernah terjadi sebelumnya dari pendapatan pajak yang hilang dari setiap jenis. Dalam

lingkungan seperti itu, mungkin menjadi kasus bahwa negara kedaulatan individu atas

keputusan perpajakan negara akan tetap menjadi perhatian penting. Atau, mungkin menjadi

kasus yang menyatakan mulai menjatuhkan keberatan politik mereka dalam rangka untuk

berpartisipasi dalam sebuah solusi, koperasi teknologi untuk merampingkan sistem pajak

penjualan negara dalam rangka untuk mengumpulkan miliaran dolar dalam pendapatan daripajak yang dipungut tetapi belum direalisasi.

Kemajuan teknologi terus menimbulkan tantangan bagi administrasi publik. Teknologi dapat

memberikan kerangka kerja bagi negara-negara di bawah federalisme Amerika untuk

mengatasi masalah umum, ini solusi koperasi, yang bisa mengatasi masalah unik untuk

pemerintah negara bagian dan juga dapat menyajikan kesempatan bagi negara untuk

mendorong kembali terhadap pilihan-pilihan kebijakan nasional. Temuan di sini menunjukkan

bahwa, sebagai teknologi menjadi lebih terjalin dengan praktek-praktek pemerintah, teknologi

berbasis solusi administrasi mungkin mulai untuk memotong lebih dekat ke tulang

politik. Keputusan tentang definisi barang kena pajak dan jasa dan tarif pajak, misalnya,

memiliki bobot politik yang lebih besar daripada keputusan tentang membangun sebuah situs

web atau mengembangkan fitur-fitur online untuk departemen pendapatan negara. Sebagai

negara bergerak melampaui tahun-tahun awal e-Government, keputusan tentang bagaimana

menggunakan teknologi dalam praktek administrasi publik dapat menjadi lebih bermuatan

politis.

Ketegangan antara pemerintahan, administrasi, dan teknologi digambarkan dalam penelitian ini

tidak terbatas pada pertanyaan tentang kebijakan pajak dan administrasi. Di seluruh domain

kebijakan, perubahan teknologi hadir administrator negara dengan pertanyaan-pertanyaan baru

yang akan membutuhkan hati-hati pemeriksaan ulang dari keputusan kebijakan dasar dari

administrator dan para pemimpin politik. Sebagai perubahan teknologi secara luas terus terjadi

di pasar konsumen, industri swasta dan warga negara telah menjadi semakin terbiasa dengan

solusi teknologi dan berharap bahwa praktek-praktek pemerintah akan tetap bertahan. Sebuah

peran kunci untuk membentuk lembaga pemerintah adalah sekitar teknologi dan penggunaan

teknologi untuk terhubung solusi untuk masalah antar departemen pemerintah, antara

pemerintah dan bisnis, dan antara pemerintah dan warga negara. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa

teknologi informasi itu sendiri akan menjadi fitur yang lebih dominan praktik-praktik tata

kelola dan administrasi di semua wilayah kebijakan. Dalam gambar itu lebih besar, peran kunciuntuk administrator publik akan secara aktif mengembangkan dan mempertahankan hubungan-


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hubungan teknologi di dalam dan di instansi pemerintah, dengan bisnis, dan dengan warga

negara. Sebagai kemajuan teknologi terus berkembang, kemampuan untuk mengatur dan untuk

mengelola tampaknya sangat terkait dengan investasi dalam kapasitas pemerintah untuk

mengadopsi dan menggunakan teknologi yang ada dan untuk menciptakan solusi teknologi

baru.

Penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa praktek-praktek baru pertukaran informasi dipupuk oleh

kemajuan teknologi akan menyusun ulang hubungan antar pemerintah ([Fountain, 2001],

[Fountain, 2008] dan [Mayer-Schonberger dan Lazer, 2007]). Muncul penelitian menunjukkan

teknologi yang juga dapat memberikan prinsip pengorganisasian untuk hubungan kolaboratif

baru dan pengaturan yang mengatur (misalnya, [Ferro dan Sorrentino, 2010] dan [Potnis,

2010]). Temuan di sini memperluas pemahaman kita tentang peluang dan tantangan yang

menyajikan perubahan teknologi untuk perubahan kebijakan dalam lingkungan antar

pemerintah Amerika. Sebagai lingkungan antar Amerika telah menjadi peningkatan tertimbang

terhadap pengaturan jaringan pemerintahan bersama dan tanggung jawab administratif,

beberapa negara mungkin menemukan keuntungan dalam pengaturan jaringan, atau berusaha

untuk mendapatkan keuntungan seperti, sebagai hasil dari investasi sebelumnya dalam

kemajuan teknologi.Baru antar negara bagian kolaborasi dan pengaturan yang mengatur bukan

tanpa risiko politik, seperti kasus SSUTA menggambarkan. Meskipun peluang untuk reformasi

diperkuat oleh kapasitas teknologi yang ada, peluang tersebut juga dapat frustrasi oleh

persyaratan untuk tata kelola bersama dan tanggung jawab administratif. Ini frustrasi diperkuat

dengan keputusan-keputusan kebijakan yang bergerak melampaui hal-hal administrasi yang

relatif netral dari tahun-tahun awal e-Government sekarang menyentuh hal-hal yang pada

dasarnya masalah politik substantif.

This study examined one aspect of state policy that has been impacted significantly by

technological change. This influence is likely to grow as internet sales continue to become

more popular and as technology offers a method of interstate cooperation that both simplifies

sales tax administration and captures lost sales tax revenue. Moving forward, this research

establishes a foundation for examining state choices in a volatile fiscal environment in which

states face unprecedented budget shortfalls from lost tax revenues of every type. In such an

environment, it may be the case that individual state sovereignty over state taxation decisionswill remain a paramount concern. Or, it may be the case that states begin to drop their political

objections in order to participate in a cooperative, technological solution to streamline state

sales tax systems in order to collect billions of dollars in revenue from taxes that are levied but

unrealized.

Technological advances continue to pose challenges for public administration. Technology may

provide an organizing framework for states under American federalism to address common

problems; these cooperative solutions may address concerns unique to state government and

may also present an opportunity for states to push back against national policy choices. The


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findings here suggest that, as technology becomes more intertwined with government practices,

technology-driven administrative solutions may begin to cut closer to the political bone.

Decisions about the definitions of taxable goods and services and tax rates, for example, carry

greater political weight than decisions about establishing a website or developing online

features for a state revenue department. As states move beyond the early years of e-Government, decisions about how to use technology in the practice of public administration

may become more politically charged.

The tensions between governance, administration, and technology illustrated in this study are

not limited to questions about tax policy and its administration. Across all policy domains,

technological changes present state administrators with new questions that will require careful

re-examination of fundamental policy decisions from administrators and political leaders. As

widespread technological changes continue to occur across consumer markets, private industry

and citizens have become increasingly accustomed to technological solutions and expect that

government practices will keep pace. A key role for government institutions is forming around

technology and the use of technology to connect solutions to problems between government

departments, between government and business, and between government and citizens. This

suggests that information technology itself will become a more dominant feature of governance

and administrative practices across all policy areas. Within that larger picture, a key role for

public administrators will be to actively foster and maintain those technological connections

within and across government institutions, with businesses, and with citizens. As technological

advances continue to unfold, the ability to govern and to administer appears to be strongly

linked to investment in government capacity to adopt and use existing technology and to createnew technological solutions.

Research also suggests that new practices of information exchange fostered by technological

advance will reorder relationships across government ( [Fountain, 2001] , [Fountain, 2008] and

[Mayer-Schonberger and Lazer, 2007] ). Emerging research suggests that technology can also

provide an organizing principle for new collaborative relationships and governing

arrangements (e.g., [Ferro and Sorrentino, 2010] and [Potnis, 2010] ). The findings here extend

our understanding about the opportunities and challenges that technological change presents forpolicy change in the American intergovernmental environment. As the American

intergovernmental environment has become increasing weighted toward networked

arrangements of shared governance and administrative responsibilities, some states may find

advantage in networked arrangements, or seek to gain such an advantage, as a result of

previous investment in technological advances. New interstate collaborations and governing

arrangements are not without political risk, as the case of the SSUTA illustrates. Although

opportunities for reform are enhanced by existing technological capacity, these opportunities

can also be frustrated by requirements for shared governance and administrative

responsibilities. These frustrations are amplified in those policy decisions that move beyond the


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relatively neutral administrative matters of the early years of e-Government to touch now on

matters that are essentially substantive political concerns.

enhancement of

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