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8/3/2019 EnglishStanagSpeaking

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IMETHODS AND PREPARATION

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Speech and the Speaker

Speech is the most widely used form of communication, with about 80

percent of language activity consisting of speaking and listening. Thismeans you must be able to speak clearly and correctly to get your ideas

across to other people.

In order to be an effective speaker, you need to have integrity, knowl-

edge, and skill. Every time you speak, you show your audience something

about yourself. If you give the impression of not being honest or sincere,

your listeners won't accept what you have to say. If they know you have

integrity, they will believe what you say.

It is necessary to have a thorough and exact knowledge of your subject. If

you don't have enough knowledge, you have to obtain additional informa-

tion by talking with specialists, by obtaining information through correspon

dence, by going to the library, by reading newspapers and magazines, or bydiscussing your ideas.

Methods of Speaking

All speakers use one of the following methods:

1. Manuscript Speaking

Speaking from manuscript consists of writing out the entire speech and

reading it Government officials who must choose each word carefully so

that they will not be misunderstood speak from manuscripts. Radio and

television speeches are almost always read because the speech must fit intoan exact time slot or period.

Although this method allows you to choose your words carefully, and

you feel more confident with the entire speech in front of you, during this

course you will be discouraged from using this method of presentation

because the speech can become dull and you cannot look at your audience.

One of the ways an effective speaker creates and maintains good rapport

with his/her listeners is through eye contact For example, if your purpose is

to persuade your audience to some course of action, it is not likely that you

will get the desired response by using this method since your entire attentio

would be focused on the text before you rather than on your listeners'

response to your ideas.

2. Speaking From Memory

When you speak from memory, you write the speech first and study it

until you can remember it word for word. You can say the whole speech

exactly as you wrote it without looking at your manuscript

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This method makes it possible to plan and develop a speech carefully, to

select the language carefully, and thus to feel confident because you know

exactly what you are going to say.

On the other hand, there is a great chance of forgetting parts of the speechand of sounding very unnatural. This method is not recommended for this

course. In fact, you will be discouraged from committing your presentation

to memory. First of all, memorization requires too much time for prepara-

tion, and only a highly skilled speaker can present a memorized speech that

does not sound like a rote presentation.

3. Impromptu Speaking

Impromptu speaking, without having time to prepare in advance, forces

you to rely entirely on your own general knowledge, personal experience,

and speaking skill. This method is used in meetings, conferences, and grou

discussions where someone asks you to express your opinion or defend youidea.

This is a particularly helpful method for military students to learn becaus

it helps you to think and organize quickly, and it gives you the opportunity

to speak directly about something with a certain spontaneity not possible

with a prepared speech.

Later this day, you will be required to prepare and deliver an impromptu

speech on a subject to be assigned by your instructor.

4. Extemporaneous Speaking

Extemporaneous speaking is the method most widely used by good

speakers. The extemporaneous speech is carefully planned, outlined, and

thoroughly practiced, but it is not memorized. The exact language for the

speech is not practiced. At the time you deliver your speech, you should

remember only the organizational pattern, the main points, and the support-

ing ideas. In other words, you should think about your ideas, not your

words.

Extemporaneous speaking offers, the following advantages:

1. you can use it in various speaking situations;

2. it forces you to be well-prepared and carefully organized; and,

3. it allows you to adjust your speech to your audience.

This is the principal method you will be using in this course. You will

have several opportunities to prepare and present extemporaneous speeches

of different types: informative, problem/solutions, persuasive.


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I ?Preparing to Speak

A good oral presentation includes an introduction, body, and conclusion

The introduction is the opening section of a speech that gains attention,

motivates the audience to listen, and explains what the speech is about. The

body is the main part of the speech where important ideas are developed.

The conclusion is the final section of the speech which summarizes,remotivates, and indicates that the presentation is finished.

The following are the steps involved in preparing an oral presentation:

1. Selecting and Narrowing the Topic

Some subjects are so broad and complex that you cannot speak about the

whole topic in one presentation. The amount of time allowed for the speech

is important in your topic selection. In a five-minute presentation, for

example, you could not effectively tell much about the history of a country.

This is too broad a topic. Perhaps you could talk about one particular eventin the country's history.

When you narrow your subject, divide it into parts and use one of those

parts as the area to be covered by your speech. For example, the general

topic "Human Rights," could be narrowed to "Freedom of Speech in

Country X."

2. Determining a Purpose

Most presentations have one of three general purposes: to entertain, to

inform, and to persuade.

You need to consider the general purpose of your speech. Ask yourself thes

questions:

Why am I speaking?

What do I hope to accomplish?

How do I want the audience to react?

If the general purpose for the narrowed topic, "Freedom of Speech in

Country X," is to inform, your specific purpose might be 'T o get the

audience to understand clearly the abuse of human rights in Country X."

The value of determining the general and specific purposes of your

speech is that the choices of support for your topic are immediately nar-rowed.

3. Understanding Your Audience

To accomplish the purpose of your speech, you must consider the situa-

tion and circumstances relating to it. To do this, you have to understand yo

audience so you can adjust your materials and your words to the people wit

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- f t h

whom you wish to communicate. You will find it helpful to know the

following information about your listeners.

First, you need to know their social and economic position. Second, the

education level of your audience must be considered. In order for communi-cation to take place, the listeners must understand what you are saying.

Third, the way the audience thinks and feels toward you is also very impor-

tant

4. Deciding on the Main Idea

In order for your presentation and ideas to have a clear direction, you

need to state your main idea. This is done in the introduction. The following

is an example of a main idea: "Freedom of speech in Country X is non-

existent Citizens cannot speak their opinions without fear of reprisal; the

news media are government controlled; and foreign broadcasts are severely

restricted." The audience knows exactly what you will cover: the problem

of the lack of freedom of speech in Country X. They also know that your

presentation will include examples: ordinary citizens are afraid to speak the

minds; the news media broadcast only the government's version; and

foreign broadcasts are jammed routinely.

5. Gathering Information

Research information for the presentation to make sure that you have

several areas of support which you can talk about as you give your speech.

Research supplemented by personal experience will give you the informa-

tion necessary for an effective presentation.

6. Selecting a Pattern

After you have selected and narrowed the topic of your presentation,

determined a specific purpose, and analyzed the audience and situation, you

are ready to select the best way to organize your ideas logically and system-

atically from a beginning to a conclusion. Several patterns of development

are possible. For this course, you will use the chronological, the topical, and

the problem/solutions patterns.

Th e chronological, or time pattern, is one of the most common methods

of arranging the details in a presentation. Using this pattern, you organize

your ideas according to the order of time in which they happened or willhappen. You organize from past to present present to future, or past to

future.

The topical pattern is another method of organizing a presentation. Using

this pattern, you divide the topic into several subpoints or areas which

support the main topic.

The problem/solutions pattern can be used to identify and describe a

problem or issue and then to discuss possible solutions or techniques for

resolving an issue. This method will be discussed in greater detail in Unit 3

of this module.


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Name

Date

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION FOR INFORMATIVE SPEECH

. Preparation: Outline and speech notes,

speaker is well prepared. 10 points

2. Visual Aid: Uses blackboard/whiteboard/

Power Point effectively. 10 points

3. Delivery : Eye contac t, gestures, posture,

movement, voice level. 20 points.

4. Content : Content understood by audience

evidenced by answers to questions. 10 points.

5. Grammar &. Interm ediate structures used

Vocabulary effec tive ly. Advanced structures

attempted.: Words for important parts

of speech were appropriate _ 10 points.

6. Pronunciation: Speaker could be understood

by listeners, no excessive

global or repetitive errors. 10 points

7. Structure: Student used connectives and

followed format in Book 31. 10 points

8. American Genre: Student mentioned mam

points in introduction, body,

and conclusion.

9. Time limit: Student stays within time

limit.

10 points

10 points

Total

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