english - tibetan folk tale reader

8/9/2019 English - Tibetan Folk Tale Reader

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/english-tibetan-folk-tale-reader 1/78

English-Tibetan

Folktale Reader

2.- .LA/-.3%?-1%-[ R$-.J2, Sandra Benson, Author lR3 - 0 - 0R,

Klu rgyal tshe ring & Klu rgyal [- o = - 5K-< A% - . % -[-o=, Tibetan Translators ; A$-+<-2,

Zho ra bante sgom pa & Nor bhe 8 R- < - 2_ J-| R3-0-.%-/ R<-SJ,

Text Illustrations <A-3 R-2,

Kevin Stuart, English Editor

.L A/-; A$-l R3-1 A$-0, #J-2/?A- + R- A<-,,



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Contents .!<-($

Preface }R/ - : PR:A-$+3,

1: Uncle Dunba and the King’s Pots A-#-!R/-0-. %-o= -2R:C- a - % -, <4>

2: The Smart Horse and the Wolf ] R-PR?-&/-I A-g-1 R-. %-,%-! A, <9>

3: The Three Friends PR$ ? - 0R-$?3, <14>

4: Uncle Dunba Paints a Bull A-#-! R/ - 0 ? - \ % - = - lA-L$ ? - 0, <18>

5: The Sheep Meets the Wolf =$-,%-! A-.%-:U.-0, <23>

6: The Lion and the Rabbit ? J%-$ J- . % - <A-2 R%-, <27>

7: Uncle Dunba Makes the King Bark Like a Dog A-#-! R/-0?-o= -2 R<-HA-{. -1R$-+-2&$ <32>

8: The Goat, the Fox, and the Wolf <-3-.%-7-3 R, ,%-! A <37>

9: The Cat’s Reward L A-=: A- L - . $ :, <43>

10: The Rabbit and the Turtle

< A- 2 R% - . % -<?-&=,<47>

11: The Monkey and the Carpet 3 J:- . % - ? - $ . /, <51>

12: The King of Frogs &=-2: A- o = - 2 R, <56>

13: The Two Lazy Boys =J-=R- & / - IA-2-$* A?, <60>

14: Uncle Dunba Saves the King’s Life A-#-! R/ - 0 ? - o = - 2R:C-Y R$-*2?-0, <65>

Story Translations 1%- $+3- 2+<- ; A$ <69>



Preface }R/ - : PR:A-$+3, I

am grateful to Tashi Dundop of Drang char magazine for encouraging me to do this project. He patiently helped me translate several stories into English. I thank several

other Tibetans who helped me with translation. I thank Mary Patterson, Peter

Healey, and Karl Peet for offering invaluable suggestions and proofreading themanuscript. The Santa Fe Community College generously donated several textbooks for

reference use. Susan Costello worked closely with me for the past two years, maintaining

long distance connections and keeping me focused on the finished product. I am alsodeeply indebted to Kevin Stuart who suggested I apply for funding for the book, made

endless helpful suggestions, prompted a re-write of the entire book, took on the

burdensome task of editing, directed the translation into Tibetan, and supervised the final production of this book.

This book is dedicated to the education of Tibetan children. All the people mentioned

generously volunteered their time to ensure the completion of this book.

Funding for the publication of this book was made possible by a grant from the BritishCouncil in China.

Sandra Benson

= ?-:. A-12-0<-4%-(<-l R3-1A$-0:-;A-2N-> A?-. R/-:P2-3( R$-$ A?-2. $-= -{= -aR%-( J/-0R-L?-0-3-9., ?/-$%-& A-;%-

3 J. -0<-. LA/-;A$-+-2+<-2<-< R$?-<3-( J/-0R-$/%-2?-:. A<-~ A%-,$-0-/?-2!:-S A/-(J-8?-0-; A/, . J-. %-(2?-& A$-3-

8-= -l-( J-2: A-2?3-:(<-$/%-3#/-. %-8-. $-36. -3#/-Mary Patterson, Peter Healey, Karl Peet2&?-= -

2!:-S A/-( J-8?-0-; A/, $8/-;%-3R-?J3?-( J/- 0R- | R?- . 0J-(-< J-:$:-9<-v: A-. J. -$8A<-$/%-3#/-I A-Santa Fe

Community College. %-, ~A%-* J-* J-|R?-= R-$* A?-< A%-2. $-$ A- ( J. -l R3-:P2-0<-< R$?-<3-L J. -3#/-. %-.?-o/-S/-

{= -$/%-3#/-Susan Costello

2&?-= :%-:. A<-z $-2?3-i3-. $-$ A?-2!:-S A/-( J-8?-2-; A/,

. -.%-;%-. 0 J-(-:. AA-< R$?-*R<-3-.%= -24= -2<-PR?-3$ R-:. R/-3#/-. %-2e R. -,2?-V= -2: A-1/-0-$/%-3#/-$%-. J-Kevin Stuart= -%-

<%-? J3?-:$= -5. -3J. -, J2?-+ J, #R%-$ A?-M<-!2?-G A?-. 0 J-(-Z A= -2R-2*<-:VA-L?-0-3-9. -l R3-1A$-$ A-#<-t A-3R-. %-.-

] % ? - >A%-2 R. -; A$-+-2+<-2<-362-!R/-. %-, . 0J-(: A-l R3-; A$-. $-= -v-{= -36. -0-;A/, . 0J-(-:. A-/ A-2 R. -G A-LA?-0-. $-$ A-a R2-$? R<-#-KR$?-> A%-, $R%-/-VA?-; R. -0:A-3A-$-. $-$ A?-3R-? J3?-:# R= -2:A-%%-<%-

:$= -IA?-= ?-:. A<-8$?-/?-. 0 J-(-:. A-= J$?-:P2-L%-2<-#$-, J$-29R?-0-; A/, . 0J-(-:. A-. 0J-0/-L?-0:A-< R$?-*R<-3-.%= -/ AA-N%-$ R-<-; R. -0:A-. LA/-) A-= ?-:6 B/-z /-5 S$?-G A?-$/%-.A/-36. -0-

; A/,

Sandra Benson

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1

Uncle Dunba and the King’s Pots

Every day Uncle Dunba cook s food for the king. Uncle Dunba works hard for theking. The king is not very kind to Uncle Dunba. The king’s food is very tasty. Uncle

Dunba’s food is not very tasty.

Every night the king tells Uncle Dunba to put big pots of food on the table.One day the king goes away. Before the King goes away he tells Uncle Dunba, “Do

not eat the tsamba in this pot. If you eat this, you die.”

“Do not eat the eggs in this other pot. There are many birds in the pot. If you openthe pot, the birds fly away,” says the king. Then the

king goes away.

First, Uncle Dunba eats all the tsamba. And then

he eats all the eggs.The next day the king comes back. The king looks

in the pots. The pots are empty.

“Where are the birds and the tsamba?” asks theking.

“The birds are noisy. I open the pot and they fly

away. I am so sad I want to die. So I eat the tsamba.

Oh, how sad. I am not dead,” says Uncle Dunba.

New Words ,-~. -$?<-2,

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king o= - 2 R ,

cook 9?-$; R - . R <-L J. -0, )-

3,

hard = ?-= -2l R /-0,

kind 2l J-2, L3?-0, food 9-3, 9?, tasty 8 A3-0 R, put 28$-0, pot a-%-, table

& R

$-4 K,

before } R /- . , tell 2>., eat 9-2, tsamba

l3-0,

die > A-2,

egg | R -%-,

other $8/-0,

bird L,

open K J-2, fly : 1 <,

say 2>., first , R $-3<, . %-0 R,

empty !R%-2, noisy 1-( J-2,

sad * R -2,



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Grammar--Simple Present Tense 2h-3R. -= ?-,A<-2+ %-. -v-2, Simple Present--the verb states actions that occur everyday, habitually, generally or now.

It can also express general statements of fact. :. A:A-L-5 B$-$ A?-* A-3-< J<-L%-2: A-L-2:3 - $ R3?-$> A?-<%-

28A/, ,A<-2+ %-<%-28 A/-/3-. -v:A-:$= -,R. -$?= -2>. -L J. -0-3-9., . %R?-. R/- $%- 8A$- $ A-$/?-=$ ? - 2 eR. -0-;%-

35 S/-,2, →

Example: A simple sentence using simple present tense. . 0J<-/, ,A<-2+ %-$ A-5 B$-& A$-= -,A<-

2+ %-$ A-. -v-2: A-i3-0-2! R= -,R. -LJ. -. $R?, → Pronoun + Verb + Noun 52-5 B$ + L-5 B$ + 3A%-5 B$

• I eat food.

• He/She/It eats food. (add an ‘s’ to the verb with he/she/it) ||

(He/she/it;A-eJ?-?-; R. -0:A-L-5 B$-$ A-3)$-+‘s’.R<- . $ R ?,)

• You eat food.

• We eat food.

• They eat food.

Grammar--Articles 2h-3R. -= ?-. 3 A$?-?-:6 B/-0:A-5 B$

→Always use ‘a,’ ‘an,’ or ‘the’ before a noun. A noun is a person, place or thing. 3 A%-5 B$-

/ A-?-(:3-3 A, . % R ?-0 R - $ % - < %-8 A$-$ A-3 A%- ; A/- =, 3 A%-5 B$-$ A-} R /- . -/3-; A/- < %‘a’. %‘an’ ‘the’2! R = -2-; A/,

• a before nouns that start with a consonant. 3 A%-5 B$-$ A-, R $-3-$?= -L J. -; A A-$ J-; A/-0-. J: A-} R /- . ‘a’ . R <-

. $ R ?, • an before nouns that start with a vowel: ‘a,’ ‘e,’ ‘i,’ ‘o,’ ‘u.’ 3 A%-5 B$-$%-8 A$-$ A-, R $-3-. L%?-

; A$- ! J‘a’. %‘e’ ‘i’ ‘o’ ‘u’; A/-0- . J: A-} R /- . ‘an’ . R <-. $ R ?, • ‘the’ before a particular noun L-. % R ?-> A$-. 3 A$?- ? -:6 B/-0: A-5 B$- $ A-} R /- . -‘the’ . R <-. $ R ?, →Example: Using an article with the singular form of the verb ‘to be.’ . 0 J<-/, . 3 A$?- ? -

:6 A/-0: A-5 B$‘a’. %‘an’ ‘the’$ ? 3-/ A- 3 A%-5 B$-n%-2: A-} R /- . -L-5 B$‘to be’(is, am, are). %-3*3-.-.R<-. $R?, • He is a cook.

• I am a cook.

→Don’t use an article with ‘they’ or ‘we.’ . 3A$?-?-:6 B/-0:A-5 B$- $%-8 A$-‘they’. %‘we’= - . R <-3 A- < %-, • They are cooks. We are cooks.



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Exercises .%-$8 A, 1. Choose the best answers for these questions. 5 B$-P2-:. A-. $- $ A- ;%- . $- 0: A- S A?- = /- :.J3?- . $R?,

A. Who cooks food for the king?

(a) The mother cooks food for the king.(b) The sister cooks food for the king.

(c) Uncle Dunba cooks food for the king.

(d) The daughter cooks food for the king.

B. What does Uncle Dunba put on the table?

(a) Uncle Dunba puts birds on the table.

(b) Uncle Dunba puts eggs on the table.(c) Uncle Dunba puts tsamba on the table.

(d) Uncle Dunba puts big pots on the table.

C. Where does the king go?

(a) The king goes to school.(b) The king goes to sleep.

(c) The king goes to cook.

(d) The king goes to see his mother.

D. How many birds are in the pot?

(a) There are a few birds in the pot.(b) There are two birds in the pot.

(c) There is one bird in the pot.

(d) There are many birds in the pot.

2. Complete these sentences with the correct noun. ;%-. $-0: A-3 A%-5 B$-2! R= -/?-$>3-I A-5 B$-P2-

. $-$A-#-{ R%?, (a) First, Uncle Dunba eats all the ______________.

(b) The king looks inside the __________________.

(c) The ______________ are noisy.(d) The king’s _____________ is very tasty.

3. Write answers to these questions. S A- 2- :. A- . $- $A-SA?- = /- , R2?, (a) Who cooks the food?_____________________________.

(b) What is in the pot?_______________________________.

(c) Where is the food?_______________________________.

(d) Who eats the tsamba?____________________________.

(e) Where are the birds?_____________________________.(f) Who works hard?_______________________________.

(g) Are there eggs in the pot?_________________________.(h) Where is the tsamba?____________________________.



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4. Rewrite these sentences correcting the spelling mistakes $ > 3 - $ ? = - 5A$-P2 - . $ - $A-. R<-[ R$-

/R< - 2 - i 3 ? - . $ - 0 < - 2 &R?-+ J-2*< - : VA-L R?, (a) Ever day Uncle Dunba cooks food for the king. _______________________________________________________________________.

(b) The king tells Uncle Dunba to put gib pots of food on the tible.

_______________________________________________________________________.

(c) One day the kin goes away. ______________________.

(d) The pots are ampty. ______________________________.→The word ‘kind’ has more than one definition. ‘Kind’= -. R /-I A-i3-P%?-$* A?-; R . -. J,

1. kind, (n) different types of things. What kind of meat do you like? $& A$-/ A-. % R ?-0 R : C-< A$?-3 A-

:S-2-= -$ R -2-. %-,

2. kind, (adj) a friendly or good feeling. The father is very kind to his son. $8/-8 A$-/ A-L3?-

. %-~ A%-e J-( J-2-= -$ R

→A. Write the number of the correct definition for each sentence $ > 3 - IA-! R%-(-. $-= -;%-

. $-0:A-3 A%-5 B$-$ A-. R/-$%-; A/-0-. J:A-A%-P%?-U A?, (a) The king is not very kind to Uncle Dunba. _______ (b) He cooks many kinds of food. _______

(c) There are many kinds of birds here. _______

(d) What kind of food is tasty? _______ (e) The boy is not kind to his sister. _______

→The word ‘hard’ also has more than one definition. ‘Hard’;%-. R/-$* A?-= -:)$-! J, 1. hard,(adv) doing something that is difficult. He works very hard. . !:-#$- ( J- 2: A- . R/, 2. hard, (adj.) something that is not soft. The pot is hard. Y-3O J$?-G A-. R /-= -: ) $→B. Write the number of the correct definition for each sentence. $ > 3 - IA-! R%-(-. $-= -;%-. $-

0:A-3A%-5 B$-$ A-. R/-$%-; A/-0-. J:A-A%-P%?-U A?, (a) English is hard to learn. ________

(b) The tabletop is hard. ________

(c) It is hard to cook food. ________

(d) That horse is hard to ride. ________ (e) Rocks are hard. ________



Grammar--The verb ‘to be’ 2h-3R. -= ?-L-5 B$-‘to be’2>. -0, →The verb ‘be’ uses different words when the pronoun or noun is single or plural.

52-5 B$-. %-3 A%-5 B$ n%-5 B$-. %-3%-5 B$-$ A-H. -0<-= - $8A$?-/?-L-5 B$-‘be’3A-:S-2<-.R<-. $ R?, Singular n%-5 B$ Plural 3%-5 B$

P r on o un

5

-5$ +

b e +

n

o un3A%5$

P r on o un

5

-5$ +

‘ b e ’

+ n o un3A%

5$

I am a student We Are students. You are a student. You Are Students She is a student. They Are Students He is a student. It is a bird.

→The same rule applies in sentences with pronouns + ‘be’ + adjectives.. J-. %-(-35%?-

0:A-5 B$-$ A-P2-5= -=,52-5 B$ + be + ( R?-2e R. -GA-5 B$

Singular n%-5 B$ Plural 3%-5 B$

P r on o un

5

-5$ +

‘ b e ’ +

A d j e c t i v

e (?-2eR.

P r on o un

5

-5$

+

‘ b e ’ +

A d j e c t i v e s

(?-2e.

I am tall. we are happy

You are tall. you are happy

She is tall. they are happyHe is tall.

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2

The Smart Horse and the Wolf

One day a horse is stuck in the mud. A wolf walks by and sees the horse.

“You look tasty. I can eat you,” says the wolf to the horse.

“I am dirty. I do not taste very good,” says the horse. “Help me get out of themud and wash me. When I am clean, I taste very good.”

The wolf says, “This is true.”

The wolf pulls the horse out of the mud. Then the wolf washes the horse.

“Now I can eat you,” says the wolf to the horse.“First you can take the jewels out of my hoof .

With no jewels in my hoof, I taste very good,” saysthe horse.

The wolf says, “This is true.”

The wolf bends down to see the jewels. The horse

kick s very hard and kills the wolf.“Take the old horse out of the mud, get stronger.”

“Take the jewels out of the hoof, get richer.”

“Break bones, bad karma,” says the horse as hewalks away.

New Words ,-~. -$?<-2, horse g, smart ] R -< A$-2N-2,

stuck : $= -3 A- , 2-0,

mud :. 3,

dirty 3 A-$4%-2, get out of (/?-);<-]%?-0,

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when /3, . ?- ? ,

see 3, R %-, can ,2- 0,

help < R $?-<3,

wash 2 N ?,

true 2. J/-0,

pull :, J/, .L%-, hoof k A$-0,

first , R $-3<,

take = J/-0, jewel < A/ -0 R - ( J,

bend down 3<- | <-2, tasty S R -w/,

kick :U?-2o2-

0,

strong > J. - &/, rich K $-0 R,

break 2&$-0,

bone < ?-0,

karma = ?-. 2%-,

then . J-e J?,

Usage —‘This’ and ‘That’, ‘These’ and ‘Those’ ‘:. A’. %‘$/’(. J)‘:. A-. $’. %-‘$/-. $’(. J-. $)2&?-

I A-2! R = - 5 =,

→Use the word ‘this’ for single nouns that are near you. Use ‘that’ for single nouns that

are not near you. Use ‘these’ for plural nouns that are near you. Use ‘those’ for plural

nouns that are not near you. || ‘This’/ A-2>. -0-0 R -. %-,$-* J-2: A-$/?-G A-3 A%-5 B$-n%-2<-% R ?-:6 B/-L J. -0-

; A/-=, ‘That’/ A-2>. -0-0 R -. %-,$-3 A-* J-2: A-$/?-G A-. % R ?-0 R -= -$ R -. $ R ?, ‘These’2! R = -/?-2>. -0-0 R -. %-,$-* J-



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2: A-$/?-G A-. % R ?-0 R -:$:- ! R /-0-. %-, ‘Those’2! R = -/?-2>. -0-0 R -. %-,$-3 A-* J-2: A-$/?-G A-. % R ?-0 R -:$<-% R ?-

:6 B/-0-; A/,

• This is a book. That is a book.

• These are books. Those are books.

→Asking questions with ‘this,’ ‘that,’ ‘these,’ ‘those.’ || ‘This’ .%-‘that’ ‘These’.%-

‘those’.<-+ J-:S A-5 B$-:S A-2, Is this a horse? Yes, this is a horse. No, that is not a horse. Are those horses? Yes, those are horses. No, those are not horses. Is he smart? Yes, he is smart. No, he is not smart.

Usage--Adjectives--An adjective is a word that describes a noun or pronoun. Many

adjectives change meaning according to letters added to the word. ( R?-2e R. -5 B$-$ A-.R<-5=, ( R ?-

2e R . -0: A-5 B$- $%-8 A$-3 A%-5 B$-$3-52-5 B$-$ A-<%-28 A/-/3-% R -2 R, H. -( R ?- ! R /-0-. J: R,

→When nouns are compared: 3A%-5 B$-$> A2-2#<-LJ. -0:A-{2?-?, Describe one

thing (positive)

L-.% R ?-$& A$-2e R .-0, (l -2: A-i 3-0)

Compare to another thing

(comparative) L-. % R ?-$* A?-$> A2-

2 # <-L J. -0, (2#<-2: A-< A3-0)

Compare to more than one

thing (superlative) L-. % R ?-:$:-

2 # <-2, (( J?-3, R-2:A-< A3-0)

strong Stronger strongest

big Bigger biggest

dirty Dirtier dirtiest

tasty Tastier tastiest

rich Richer richest

Exercise .%- $8A, 1. Choose the best answers for these questions. ;%-. $-0: A-S A?-= /-:. J3?-. $ R?,

A. Where is the horse?

(a) The horse is on the grassland.(b) The horse is in the river.

(c) The horse is stuck in the mud.

(d) The horse is near the table. .

B. Who talks to the horse?

(a) The fox talks to the horse.(b) The deer talks to the horse.(c) The animals talk to the horse.

(d) The wolf talks to the horse.



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C. Who is dirty?(a) The horse is very clean.

(b) The wolf is dirty.

(c) The dirty horse is tasty.

(d) The horse is dirty.

D. How does the wolf die?

(a) The horse kicks the wolf.

(c) The wolf is sick.(d) The wolf is stuck in the mud.

(d) The wolf kicks the horse.

2. Write “T” for true and “F” for false. :P A$-0<-T. %-/ R<- :O= -= -FUA?, (a) The wolf is hungry. ________ (b) The horse is hungry. ________

(c) The horse is very dirty. ________

(d) The wolf is smart. ________ (e) The wolf kills the horse. ________

3. Write the correct adjectives in the blank spaces: clean, tasty, dirty, smart. ;% -. $-0:A-

( R?-2e R. -G A-5 B$-2!R= -/?-!R% - ( - {R%?,(clean, tasty, dirty, smart)

One day a wolf sees a (a)_________ horse. After the wolf washes the horse, the horse is(b)_______. The wolf says the horse is very (c)__________ . This is a (d)________

horse.

4. Rewrite these sentences using the correct word. ;% -.$-0: A-,-~.-2! R=-/?-5 B$-:. A-.$- .$-0<-

2&R?-+ J-2*< - : VA-L R?, (a) The wolf is happy/sad to see the horse._____________________________________.(b) The horse is stuck in/over the mud.________________________________________.

(c) The horse kicks/pulls the wolf.___________________________________________.(d) The wolf pushes/pulls the horse out of the mud.______________________________.

5. Unscramble these words from the story. $+ 3-o. -= ?-L%-2: A-,-~. -. $-2& R?-1A$-LR?,

(a) skikc ____________ The horse’s hoof hits the wolf.

(b) kilsl ____________ The horse does this to the wolf.

(c) hosre ____________ A big animal with four legs.(d) hadr ____________ Something not easy to do.

(e) hofo _____________ A horse’s foot.

6. Write answers to these questions. SA-2-:. A-. $-$ A-S A?-= /-, R2?, (a) Who asks for help?______________________________.

(b) Where is the horse?_____________________________.(c) Does the horse get out of the mud?_________________.



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(d) What are under the horse’s hoof?___________________.(e) Who kills the wolf?_____________________________.

(f) Who is smarter?________________________________.

7. Match the words 1-4 with the words a-d that are opposite in meaning. || 1-42<-IA-,-

~. -. $-. %a-d2<-IA-,-~. -. $-$ A-5 B$-. R/-wR$-^-i3?-1/-5/-3J= -. $R?,

(1) dirty (a) weak ___

(2) big (b) small ___ (3) smart (c) clean ___

(4) strong (d) stupid ___

→The word ‘look’ has two definitions. || ‘Look'= -.R/-$* A?-; R. -. J,

1. look--(v.) how someone appears using an adjective. 2 v ? - 5 S . -G A-i3-0:3-% R -2 R -$8/-8 A$-. %-:S-

2<-2e R . -0, She looks very happy.

2. look--(v.) to move your eyes in a certain direction. . % R ?-0 R - $ % - < %-8 A$-= -3 A$-$ A?-2v - 2: A-. R /-; A/, Look up and see the sun. →A. Write the number of the definition used in each sentence. $>3-I A-!R%-(-. $-= -;%-. $-

0:A-3A%-5 B$-$ A-. R/-$%-; A/-0-. J:A-A%- P%?- U A?, (a) The wolf looks hungry.

(b) Do not look down.

(c) The meat looks tasty.

(d) Look at that nice horse.(e) He looks good in that robe.

→Spelling Rules . R<-[R$-LJ. -!%?, Nouns and verbs often change spelling in plural form

and with ‘he’ or ‘she.’ The following is a list of the rules for plural spelling. 3A%-5 B$-. %-

L-5 B$-$ A-3%-2: A-i3-0-. %-, He:3she= -2gJ/-/?-1:A-.R<-=$?-= -:I<-2-L%-2-; A/-+ J, $>3-.- 3%-2: A-5 B$-$ A-

1:A-. R<-5= -&%-3R?-/,

1. Add ‘s’ to words that don’t end in ‘ch,’ ‘sh,’ ‘s,’ ‘x,’ or ‘z.’ ,-~.-$% -8 A$-$ A-3 ) $- +ch.%sh, s,

x, z$% - < % -3 J.-/-,.-!<s$& A$-n% - .<-( R $- + J, walks, sees, looks, eats, tastes, gets, eyes, legs

2. Add ‘es’ to words that end in ‘ch,’ ‘sh,’ ‘s,’ ‘x,’ or ‘z.’,-~.-$% -8

A$-$

A-3)$- +

ch. %

sh, s, x,

z$%- < %-8 A$-; R . -/es . R <-. $ R ?-+ J, washes, passes, catches, churches

3. Add ‘ies’ to words that end in a consonant +y. ,-~.-$% -8 A$-$ A-3 ) $- +-$?=-L J.-; A-$ J + y; A/- /-

ies . R <- . $ R ?, study--studies, dirty--dirties



4. Add ‘s’ to words that end in a vowel + y. ,-~.-$% -8 A$-$ A-3 ) $- +-.L% ?-; A$ + y; A/-/-s . R <-. $ R ?, say--says, buy--buys

5. Add ‘es’ to words that end in ‘o.’ ,-~.-$% -8 A$-$ A-3,:-3o; A/-/es . R <-.$ R ?, do--does, go--goes,

potato--potatoes

6. Add ‘ves’ to words that end in ‘f’ or ‘fe.’ ,-~.-$% -8 A$-$ A-3,:-3 f :3fe; A/- /ves . R <-. $ R ?, knife--

knives, wife--wives, life--lives

7. Some words are spelled differently in plural form. ,-~.-:$:-8 A$-3% -5 B$-$ A-i 3-0: A-{2?-?-.R<-=$?-3 A-$& A$- ! J, man--men, child--children, mouse--mice, tooth--teeth

8. Some words are spelled the same in both single and plural form. ,- ~.-< J-:$: A-3% -2: A-5 B$-$ A-

i 3-0-.% -n% -2: A-5 B$-$ A-i 3-0: A-.R<-5=-:S -35% ?-; A/, deer, fish, sheep

∙13∙



3

The Three Friends

O

ne day three friends meet on the road. One friend is from Qinghai, one is fromSichuan, and the other is from Gansu.

“The farmers grow more than one hundred thousand (100,000) different

kinds of vegetables in Qinghai. Onions grow ten hands high. Fruit grows bigger than a

boulder. All the food tastes delicious,” says the boy from Qinghai.

“The nomads have many wild yaks in Sichuan. The yaks are very big. Their horns are

very large. One man climbs onto one horn. Another man climbs onto the other horn. Oneman can not hear the other man talk even when they yell,” says the girl from Sichuan.

“In my hometown the onions are very big. By the end

of the summer you need an ax to chop them down,”

says the girl from Gansu.“In Qinghai they make big copper pots. You need five

hundred boys with hammers to make one big pot,” says

the boy from Qinghai.“Why do you need such a big pot?” ask the friends.

“To cook the onions from Gansu and the yak heads

from Sichuan,” says the boy from Qinghai.

New Words and Expressions 3A%-. %-5 B$-$?<-2,

friend P R $?-0 R, grow *J?,

different H . - 0 <, 3 A- : S - 2, kind < A$?, $- #,

vegetable } R -5 S.,

∙14∙

onion 4 S %-, ten hands high = $-0: A-:(%-2 &: A-3, R -5.,

boulder 1-2 R %-, delicious 8 A3-0 R, wild c R . -0 R ,

yak $;$

climb :$ R ?, :6 K$?,

yell {. -( J/-0 R ?- :2 R . -0, hometown 1- ; =, summer . L<-!

need 3# R -2, . $ R ?-0,

ax !-< J,

copper 9%?, chop $& R .,



∙15∙

hammer , R -2, Xining 9 A-= A%-,

England . L A/-! A-= /, winter . $/-#,

fall ! R /-#,

spring . J A. - !

by the end 3 ) $-+, smart ,%-P%- w/- 0,

Grammar--Pronouns 2h-3R. -= ?-52-5 B$-2>. -0,

Personal Pronoun

3A-$: A-52-5 B$

Possessive Pronoun

2. $-. R/-IA-52-5B$(. %R?-0-$%-8$-2. $-0-$%-8$-= -$+R$?-0<-!R/-0)

I MyYou Your

she/he Hers/his

They Their

We Our

→Usage--’such’ || “Such”;A-.R<-5=, Using ‘such’ to express a lot of something, similar

to ‘very. || “Such”/ A- 3 A-29. -0:A-5 B$-‘> A/-+-’‘. J-:S-’. %-35%?-? R,

• That is such a big pot. That is a very big pot.

• It is such a hot day. It is a very hot day.

• He is such a smart boy. He is a very smart boy.

Exercises .%- $8A,

1. Choose the best answers to these questions. SA- 2- :. A- . $- $ A- ;%-. $-0: A-= /-:.J3?-. $R?,

A. Where are the biggest yaks?

(a) The biggest yaks are in Sichuan.

(b) The biggest yaks are in Gansu.(c) The biggest yaks are in Beijing.

(d) The biggest yaks are in Qinghai.

B. Who grows the strongest onions?(a) The farmers in Qinghai grow the strongest onions.

(b) The farmers in Gansu grow the strongest onions.

(c) The nomads in Gansu grow the strongest onions.(d) The nomads in Qinghai grow the strongest onions.



∙16∙

C. Where are the friends from?(a) The friends are from the same hometown.

(b) The friends are from three different places.

(c) The friends are from Xining.

(d) The friends are from England.

D. When do they chop down the onions?

(a) They chop down the onions in the winter.

(b) They chop down the onions by the end of fall.(c) They chop down the onions at the end of summer.

(d) They chop down the onions in the beginning of spring.

2. Fill in the missing letters to make words from the story. !R%-(<-; A$-:V-{R%-!J-1%-$+ 3-

/%-$A-3A%-5 B$-+-2+<-. $ R?, (a) de_ _ _ious something tasty

(b) _ _ _mer iron stick (c) diff_ _ _ _ t not the same

(d) hom_ _ _ n birth place

(e) o_ni_n makes you cry when you chop it

3. Write the correct word after each description. ;%-. $-0: A-3 A%-5 B$-$%-; A/-0-. J-5 B$-:P J= -< J-< J:A-

3)$-+-UA?, (a) to crawl or walk up something _______

(b) a big black animal with 2 large horns _______

(c) a very large rock _______ (d) grows bigger than a boulder in Qinghai ________

(e) a place where your family lives ________

(f) something that tastes very good ________

4. Draw a circle around things you can eat. $>3-I A-L-. % R?-= ?-H R. -G A?-9?-( R$-0: A-3 A%-= -$ R<-, A$-

oR2?,

copper mountain pot onions horn fruit yak

hammer

5. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false. :P A$-0<T. %-/ R<-:O= - =FU A?, (a) The friends’ friends are all boys. _______

(b) An ax chops down the onions. _______

(c) A big pot cooks the yak meat. _______ (d) The yaks are small. _______



∙17∙

6. Use these words to fill in the blanks: horns, hammers, tall, big . ,-~. -:. A-. $-2! R= -/?-

!R%-(-{ R%?, horns, hammers, tall, big

(a) The yaks’ heads are very _______________.

(b) The onions are very ____________________.(c) The boys hit the pots with _______________.

(d) The yaks’ _________________are very long.

7. Write answers to these questions. SA-2-:. A-. $-$ A-S A?-= /-, R2?, (a) Where are the friends from? _______________________.(b) When are the onions chopped down? ________________.

(c) Who is yelling? _________________________________.

(d) Where do big yaks live? __________________________.(e) Who uses an ax? ________________________________.

→Usage--Use ‘than’ when comparing two things in one sentence. 5 B$-$& A$-$ A-/%-.-L-. %R?-

$* A?-$> A2-2#<-LJ. -0:A-5 K‘than’; A-2! R = - 5 =, • Qinghai Province is bigger than Yunnan Province.

• The farmer is taller than the nomad.• This boy is shorter than that girl.

Numbers A%-P%?, 1 one

2 two

3 three

4 four

5 five

6 six

7 seven8 eight

9 nine

10 ten

11 eleven

12 twelve

13 thirteen

14 fourteen

15 fifteen

100 one hundred

1,000 one thousand

10,000 ten thousand100,000 one hundred thousand

1,000,000 one million



4

Uncle Dunba Paints a Bull

One day Uncle Dunba walks into a field. A farmer plows his field with two bulls.

One bull is black. The other bull is black with white spots.

“Hello. Your bulls are very strong. It is sad they are not a matching pair,”says Uncle Dunba.

“Why do you say that?” asks the farmer.

“Because one bull is black and the other bull is black with white spots,” says Uncle

Dunba.“I can’t change that,” says the farmer.

“Yes, you can. You can make the spotted bull into a black bull,” says Uncle Dunba.

∙18∙

“Can you do that?” asks the farmer.

“Yes, I can. But you must give me one bottle of beer,” says

Uncle Dunba.The farmer and Uncle Dunba agree. Uncle Dunba puts mud

on the spotted bull. The white spots disappear.

“OK , now go to my house. Ask my wife for a bottle of beer,” says the farmer.

Uncle Dunba goes to the farmer’s house.“Your husband wants to buy my black bull. He says you

can give me the money. Look out the window and see the new bull,” says Uncle Dunba.

The wife looks out the window. She sees her husband plowing the field with two black

bulls. She gives Uncle Dunba the money. Uncle Dunba walks away a happy man.

New Words and Expressions 3A%-. %-5 B$-$?<-2, field 8 A%-, farmer 8 A%-2,

plow 8 A%-k R -2,

bull 2 - \ % -, spot , A$-= J, matching (-:P A$-0,

pair (, 9 %-,

matching pair . R -:P A$-0, (- :P A$-0, white spots . !<-, A$ O-, A$ change 2+<-2, :I<-2, give !J<-2, LA/-0,

bottle > J= -. 3,

beer y -(%-, agree

:,. -0,

disappear 3 J. -0<- I<-2, OK ( R $-$ A :P A$-$ A



∙19∙

house #%-2, wife (%-3, husband H R -2 R, buy * R,

money | R <-3 R, look out KA-< R= -+-2v-0, window |J:-#%-, S-3, walks away IJ?-0, $8/-.-?R%- 2,

happy * A. -0 R, has ; R ., go :P R, husband HR- 2 R, paint 5 S/-L$?- 0, wife (%- 3, mud :. 3- 2$

nomad :VR$- 0, →Punctuation--Using apostrophes 2h-35 S/-g$?->., g$?“’”:.A:A-2! R= -!%?, 1. Use an apostrophe to show possession. g$?“’”:. A-2! R = -/?-. % R ?-0 R -. %-2. $-0 R -2<-I A-:V J= -2- ! R /-

0-; A/, • The farmer’s bull is black. The yak’s head is big. That is the student’s book.

2. Don’t use an apostrophe to show plural. 3%-5 B$-$ A-i3-0<-g$?-“’”:. A-2! R = -3 A- < %-,

• The farmers plow the fields. The yaks are big. Those are books.

→Use apostrophes to make these word combinations shorter. These are called

contractions. g$?-“’”:. A-2! R = -/?-5 B$-2 # -L J. -( R $-0?-2 # ?-g$?-G%-; A/,

I am I’mYou are You’re

We are We’re

They are They’reDo not Don’t

He/She does He/She doesn’tCan not Can’t

Is not Isn’t

He is He’sShe is She’s

Exercises .%-$8 A, 1. Choose the best answers to these questions. 5 B$-P2-:. A-. $-$ A-;%-. $-0: A-S A?-= /-:. J3?-. $ R?,

A. Where does Uncle Dunba go?

(a) Uncle Dunba walks to the river.(b) Uncle Dunba goes to town.

(c) Uncle Dunba goes home.

(d) Uncle Dunba walks into the field.

B. Who has two bulls?

(a) Uncle Dunba has two bulls.

(b) The farmer has two bulls.(c) The wife has two bulls.

(d) There are two bulls in the field.



∙20∙

C. Where does Uncle Dunba put the mud?(a) Uncle Dunba puts the mud on the farmer.

(b) Uncle Dunba puts the mud on the field.

(c) He puts the mud on the black and white bull.

(d) Uncle Dunba puts the mud on the farmer’s house.

D. Why does Uncle Dunba paint the bull?

(a) He likes black bulls.

(b) He likes mud.(c) He does not like the white spots.

(d) He wants money.

2. Write <1> for plural and <2> for possessive for the underlined word. /$-, A$- $ A?-3?-

0:A- ,- ~. - . $- = ?- 3%- 5 B$- =1. %- 2. $- . R/- I A- :V J= - 2-!R/- 0:A- 5 B$- =2:V A- . $ R?, (a) The bull’s spots are white. ____

(b) The farmers plow the fields. ____ (c) The farmer’s wife gives the money to Uncle Dunba. ___

(d) The bull has white spots. ___

3. Unscramble these words from the story. 1%- $+ 3- = ?-L%- 2:A- ,- ~. - . $- 2& R?-1A$- L R?,

(a) lowp to prepare a field for planting ___________

(b) tops a round mark ___________ (c) arfmer someone who plants ___________

(d) reeb a kind of drink ___________

(e) eynom use this to buy something __________

4. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false. :P A$- 0<T. %-/ R<- :O=FUA?, (a) Uncle Dunba is a happy man. ______ (b) The farmer plows the fields. ______

(c) The farmer and Uncle Dunba agree. ______

(d) The bulls are strong. ______ (e) The farmer puts mud on the bull. ______

5. Write the words in the story that are opposite in meaning to these words. 1%- $+ 3-

= ?-L%- 2: A- 3 A%- 5 B$- :. A- . $- $ A- w R$- ^:A- 5 B$-UA?, (a) weak ____________

(b) happy ___________

(c) black ____________

(d) sad ____________

(e) buy ____________

6. Write answers to these questions. S A- 2- :. A- . $- $A-SA?- = /- , R2?, (a) Are the bulls black?___________________________.

(b) Is Uncle Dunba smart?_________________________.

(c) Do nomads plow fields? ________________________.(d) Can Uncle Dunba paint the bull?________________.



∙21∙

→Grammar--Using ‘have’ and ‘has’ 2h-3R. - = ?‘have’. %‘has’;A- 2! R= -5=, Use the verbs

‘have’ and ‘has’ to show possession. They are called irregular present tense verbs

because the spelling changes when using with the pronouns ‘he’ and ‘she.’ L- 5 B$-

‘Have’. %‘has’$* A?- 2!R= - /?-2. $- 0 R- $%- = - . % R?- 0 R- $ % - 8A$- ; R. - 0-!R/-=, .J- . $- = - % J?- 3J. -L-5 B$- . - v- 2- 9 J<, .R<-;= - 52- 5 B$-$ A- :I<- 2- . %- 2!/- /?- . J-:I<- :PR-! J, 52- 5 B$he . %she=‘has’. %-, $8/- 0<-‘have’ .R<-

. $ R ?, • I have a bull. He has a bull.

• You have a wife. She has a husband.

• We have a house. It has a bull.

• They have two bulls. The farmer has two bulls.

→Asking questions with ‘have’ and ‘has’ || ‘have’. %-‘has’2! R = - /?- :S A- 5 B$- :S A-2,

• Do you have a bull? Yes, I have a bull.

• Who has a bull? They have bulls.

→Grammar--Question/Answer with contractions. 2h-3R. - = ?- S A- 2- . %- S A?- = /- I A- 2#-5=, Can you paint a bull? Yes, I can. No, I can’t. (can not)

Are you a nomad? Yes, I am. No, I’m not. (I am)

Do you like beef? Yes, I do. No, I don’t. (do not)

Is he a farmer? Yes, he is. No, he isn’t. (is not)

Are the bulls black? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t. (are not)

Does the dog bark? Yes, it does. No, it doesn’t. (does not)

→Usage--Pairs || Pairs;A- 2! R= -!%?, Pairs are things that usually come in two parts but are

the same. (- :S- 2: A- . % R?- 0 R- $* A?- :.?- 0- = ?-P2- 0: A- (- &/- I A- . %R?- 0 R- = -.R<- 2- ; A/, • socks eyes pants gloves shoes horns

7. Write answers to these questions about pairs. $>3- IA- S A- 2- . $- =pairs2!R= - /?- S A?- = /-

, R2?,

(a) Are those your pants? ____________________________.

(b) Are your eyes black? _____________________________.

(c) Do you have a pair of loves? _______________________.

(d) How many horns does a yak have? __________________.(e) How many pairs of socks do you have? ______________.



→Practice these questions: Irregular present tense verbs ‘do,’ ‘go.’ % J?- 3 J. - L- 5 B$-‘do’. % -

‘go’; A- :S A- 5 B$- :. A- . $- = - . R %- 2- L R ?,

• Do I eat tsamba? Yes, I do.

• Does he eat tsamba? Yes, he does.

• Do you eat tsamba? Yes, you do.

• Does she eat tsamba? Yes, she does.

• Do we eat tsamba? Yes, we do.

• Does it eat tsamba? Yes, it does.

• Do they eat tsamba? Yes, they do.

• Do I go to school? Yes, I go to school.

• Does he go to school? Yes, he goes to school.

• Do you go to school? Yes, you go to school.

• Does she go to school? Yes, she goes to school.

• Do students go to school? Yes, students go to school.

• Does Tashi go to school? Yes, Tashi goes to school.

• Do we go to school? Yes, we go to school.

• Does it go to school? Yes, it goes to school.

• Do they go to school? Yes, they go to school.

∙22∙



5

The Sheep Meets the Wolf

One day a sheep is sitting on a mountaintop. The sheep sees a wolf walking down

the road. The wolf is very hungry. The wolf is looking for something to eat.

Wolves like to eat sheep. The sheep is afraid of the wolf. The sheep runs into a

cave quickly. The wolf looks in the cave. The cave is very dark . The wolf walks into the

cave. The cave is so dark the wolf can’t see anything. The sheep is so afraid of the wolf

he pees. Suddenly the wolf is standing in a puddle of pee.

“Who is there? What are you doing?” yells the wolf.“I’m cleaning and sweeping the cave,” says the sheep.

The sheep is afraid. He is shaking. The sheep’s tail is

slapping against the side of the cave.

“What are you doing? What is that noise?” asks the

wolf.

“I’m sharpening my horns so I can kill you,” says thesheep. The wolf is so afraid he runs away.

New Words ,- ~. - $?<- 2,

∙23∙

sheep =$

mountain < A- 2 R, road = 3,

something . % R ?- 0 R - 8 A$

afraid 0$- 0, quick 3I R $?- M <,

inside /%-., /%- < R =, bear . R3, tiger !$

ant P R$- 3,

runs V R ?- 0,

cave ?- . R %-, river (- 2 R, dark ($- /$

anything

$%-<%- 8 A$ pee $& A/- 0, suddenly \R-2<-.,

puddle :. 3- m A%-,

cleaning $4%-4,

sweep $. - 2. <,

shake :. <- 2, slapping $ ; $- $ ; $- L J. - 0, noise 1,

tail d- 3,

sharpen i

R /- 0 R

- 29 R

- 2,

horns G - & R, elephant \ % - ( J/, lion ? J%- $ J

fox 7- 3 R, stick . L $?- 0,



∙24∙

Grammar Rule--Present Continuous 2h: A-3R. -=$?, LJ. - 28A/- 0:A- . - v- 2, The verb that

follows the ‘to be’ verb gets an ‘ing’ ending. Use present continuous when describing

something that is happening now and for a while. L-5 B$- $%- 8 A$- L- 5 B$-‘to be’; A- e J?- /- ; R . - 0- . J: A-

3 ) $- +‘ing’ .<- /- L J. - 28A/- 0:A- . - v-2- ; A/- =, . J-/ A- L- 2- $%- 8A$- $ A-o/- 3- (. -0<- L J. - 28A/- 0:A- | % - % 3 -.?-;/- % J?-

&/- 8A$- $ A- /%-.- LJ. - 28A/- 0-!R/- 0- 8 A$- ; A/, →

Compare present continuous with simple present tense: L J. - 28 A/- 2: A- . - v- 2- . %- , A<- 2+ %- . - v- 2-$* A?- G A- $> A2- 2 # <,

Present Continuous LJ. - 28A/- 2:A- . - v- 2, Simple Present

,A<-2+ %-$ A-. - v- 2,

What are you doing? I’m (I am) reading. What do you do? I read. What is she doing? She’s (She is) reading. What does she do? She reads.

What are they doing? They’re (They are) reading. What do they do? They read. What are we doing? We’re (We are) reading. What do we do? We read.

Exercises .%- $8A,

1. Choose the best answers to these questions. 5 B$- P 2- :. A- . $- $ A- ;%- . $- 0: A- S A?- = /- :. J3?- . $ R ?,

A. Where is the sheep?(a) The sheep is sitting in a cave.

(b) The sheep is standing near a river.

(c) The sheep is sitting on a mountaintop.(d) The sheep is walking down the road.

B. Where is the wolf walking?

(a) The wolf is going to school.

(b) The wolf is walking down the road.(c) The wolf runs into a cave.(d) The wolf is sitting on the mountain.

C. What is the wolf looking for?(a) The wolf is looking for a stick.

(b) The wolf is looking out the window.

(c) The wolf is looking for something to eat.(d) The wolf is looking down the mountain.

D. What does the wolf ask the sheep?(a) “Where are you going?”

(b) “What are you doing?”

(c) “How are you?”

(d) “Who are you?”



∙25∙

2. Write answers to these questions. SA- 2- :. A- . $- $ A- = /- , R2?, (a) Who is sitting on the mountaintop?

___________________________________________________________________.

(b) Who wants to eat the sheep? _________________________________________.

(c) Who is standing in the puddle of pee?

___________________________________________________________________.(d) What is tapping against the side of the cave?

___________________________________________________________________.

(e) Who pees? _______________________________________________________.

3. Complete sentences 1-5 with phrases a-e. 1-52<- IA- 5 B$ - . % -a-e2<- I A- 5 B$-.3- i3?-4J= - . $R?, (1) The sheep sees ___ (a) he runs away.

(2) The wolf is looking for___ (b) the sheep sharpening his horns. (3) The sheep is so afraid___ (c) a wolf.

(4) The wolf hears___ (d) he begins to pee. (5) The wolf is so afraid ____ (e) something to eat.

4. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false. :PA$- 0<T. %-/ R<- :O= - =FU A?, (a) Sheep like to eat wolves. ______

(b) Wolves like to eat sheep. ______

(c) Yaks like to eat wolves. ______

(d) The wolf hears something tapping in the cave. ______ (e) There is nothing in the cave. ______

(f) The sheep is not afraid. ______

5. Write answers to these questions. SA- 2- :. A- . $- $ A- = /- , R2?, (a) Who is hungry?

_______________________________________________________________________.

(b) Who is afraid of the wolf?

_______________________________________________________________________.

(c) Where does the sheep run?

_______________________________________________________________________

(c) What is the slapping noise?

_______________________________________________________________________.



6. Circle the following animals that live in a cave. .R% - / % -.- ; R. - 0 :A- Y R$ - ( $ ? - $ % - ; A/ - 0 - . J<- $ R<-

,A$- o R2?, bears horses cows elephants lions fox tigers ants

Grammar Review 2h-3R. - 2*<-.R%- , Present Continuous--Use ‘ing’ ending on the verb for

something that is happening in the present and into the near future. Remember to

include the ‘to be’ verb (am, is, are) before the ‘ing’ verb. LJ. - 28A/-0:A- . - v- 2- / A- L- 2- $%- 8A$-:L%- 28A/- 0:3- :L%- 2<- * J- 2: A- $/?- {2?- G A- L-5 B$- $ A- 3)$-+-‘ing’.<- 2- 8 A$- ; A/- =, L- 5 B$‘to be’(am, is,

are)/A- % J?- 0<-.- L- 5 B$‘ing’;A- }R/-.- ; R. - . $R?, →Simple Present--Use simple present tense with ‘now,’ ‘usually,’ ‘everyday,’ ‘every’

and general facts. ,A<- 2+ %- . - v- 2- / A- . - v- 2:3-.?-o/- /3- * A- 3- < J- < J, 35/- 3 R- < J<- . %-,A<- 2+ %-L%- 2: A- L-

2<-.<- /?- 2!R= - 2- 8 A$- ; A/, 7. Write the correct verb in the blanks. ;%- . $- 0:A- L- 5 B$- $ A? - $ > 3 - I A-! R%- (- { R%?,

(a) Everyday the sheep ________on the mountaintop. (sit)

(b) Now the sheep is __________on the mountaintop. (sit)

(c) The wolf is _______________down the road. (walk)

(d) The wolf ________down the road every morning. (walk)

(e) The sheep is ________ the stick against the side of the cave. (slap)

(f) The sheep ________________ his tail against the side of the cave. (slap)

∙26∙



6

The Lion and the Rabbit

An old lion lives in the forest. This lion does not like to hunt for food. He is a verylazy lion. Everyday he orders the rabbit, “Bring me something to eat!” The lion

likes to eat small animals. Soon there are fewer and fewer animals in the forest.One day the lion orders the rabbit again, “Bring me something to eat!”

“I can’t,” answers the rabbit. “There is another lion in the forest. He is bigger andstronger than you. He says I can’t bring you any more food.”

“I am the biggest and strongest lion in the forest,” says the proud lion. “I want to see thisother lion. Can you take me to see him?” says the lion.

“Yes, I can take you to see him,” says the smart little rabbit.

The rabbit and the lion walk together to a well. The rabbit points to the well and says,“Look ! There is the lion who is bigger and stronger than you.”

The lion looks in the well and sees a big lion looking up at him. The lion growls loudly

and the other lion growls, too. The lion is very angry at the other lion. The lion jumps in thewell. The lion can’t swim so he drowns. After that day, all the animals live happily ever

after.

New Words and Expressions 3A%- . %- 5 B$- $?<- 2,

rabbit < A- 2 R%-,

∙27∙

lion ? J%- $ J

hunt < A- ?$?- d R /- 0,

lazy +. -=$

order 2!:- 2| R ?- 0, something . % R ?- 0 R - 8 A$

animal Y R $ - ( $ ?, few *%-%- 8A$ another $8/- 0,

strong ! R2?- ( J- 2, anymore . $$-1- . %- 3*3-.-

2!R= - 2, proud %- o=, smart ,%-P%- w/- 0, stream (- U/, forest /$?- 5=, together 3*3-.,

well . R%-(,

point 2!/- 0, look v R ?, growl %<- {. -1R$- 0,

loud {. - ( J/- 0 R ?,

angry # R %- O R - = %?- 0, swim (-n= - 2,

drown (<- , A3- + J- > A- 2, store 5 S%- #%-,

happily ever after ;/- < A%- 2. J-*A. - %%- 2#. - 0,

meat >

phone #- 0<, Grammar--Subject/Object Pronouns 2h-3R. - = ?- L J. - 0- 0 R- . %- L- 2: A-;= - I A- 52- 5 B$- 2>. - 0, In

almost every sentence there is a subject and an object. The subject is the doer, and the

object is the thing or person that something is done to. 5 B$- 1= - 3 R - ( J- 8 A$-= - L J. - 0- 0 R - < J- . %- L- 2: A-



∙28∙

; = - < J- ; R . - =, L J. - 0- 0 R - / A- L- 2- L J. - 3#/- ; A/- = - L- 2: A- ; = - / A- . % R ?- 0 R :3- 3 A- ! J- L J. - 0- 0 R - $ % - 8 A$-$ A?- L- 2- L J. - ?: A- ; = -

. J- ; A/, Subject Pronoun

LJ. - 0- 0 R:C- 52- 5 B$

Object Pronoun

L- 2:A-;= - IAA- 52- 5 B$

S

b j e c t

uL.00,

O b j e c t

L2

-;=,

I me Can you read with me?

you you Can I read with you?

he/she him/her Can you read with him/her?

they them Can I read with them?

we us Can you read with us?

Usage--Giving Orders {= - 5 B$-. R<-5=, Use ‘!’ an exclamation point at the end of an

important statement. $= - 2R- ( J- = - //- + /- :6 B/- 0: A- 5 B$- $ A- 3)$-+- g$?‘!’2! R= - 2- ; A/,

→Can you get someone to follow these orders? HR. - G A?- 3 A- $ - $ J- 3 R- 8 A$- = -{= - 5 B$- :. A- . $- 2>. -,2-

23, Look up! Look down!

Look out! Look there! Look here!

Exercises .%- $8A, 1. Choose the best answer to these questions. 5B$-P2- :. A- . $- $A- ;%- . $- 0:A- S A?- = /- :. J3?- . $R?,

A. What does the lion like to do?(a) The lion likes to walk in the forest.

(b) The lion likes to eat small animals.

(c) The lion likes to hunt for food.

(d) The lion doesn’t like to cook.

B. What does the lion order the rabbit to do?

(a) “Take an animal to the well.”(b) “Take me to see the rabbit.”

(c) “Bring me something to eat.”

(d) “Don’t do that.”

C. Where do the rabbit and lion go?

(a) They go to the well.(b) They go to school.

(c) They go to the forest.(d) They go to the mountain.

D. Who does the lion see in the well?

(a) The lion sees a mouse in the well.(b) The lion doesn’t see anyone in the well.

(c) The lion sees the other lion in the well.



∙29∙

(d) The lion sees a rabbit in the well.

2. Connect the boxes by drawing a line through the words to make true statements. $>3- I A- S- b%- i3?- , A$- $ A?-4J= - + J- ;%- . $- 0:A- 5 B$-P2-+- $+ R%- . $ R?,

(a) This mountain is taller the lion.

(b) A river is smarter the summer.

(c) The rabbit is deeper the other mountains.

(d) The winters are colder a stream.(e) The sun is hotter

than

the moon.

3. Circle the word that best completes each sentence. 5 B$-P2- ;%- . $- 0<- :P2-,2- 0:A- ,- ~. - = -

.J<- $ R<- , A$- o R2?,

There is a lion living (a) (in/at) the forest. The lion does not (b) (like/likes) to hunt for

food. The rabbit is (c) (small/smaller) than the lion. (d) (Everyday/Sometimes) the lion

orders the rabbit to (e) (bring/brings) him something to eat. One day the rabbit (f)

(says/say) to the lion, “I (g) (can’t/can) do that.” The rabbit and the lion walk (h)(alone/together) to the well. The lion sees a (i) (bigger/biggest) and (j) (strong/stronger)

lion in the well.

4. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false. :PA$- 0<T. %-/ R<- :O= - =FUA?, (a) A lion is bigger than a rabbit._____

(b) The rabbit is smarter than the lion.______ (c) The rabbit and the lion walk to the well._____

(d) The lion knows how to swim._____

(e) All the animals are happy at the end of the story.___

5. Write the words that have the opposite meaning of the words (a)--(e). Use words

from the story. 1%- $+ 3- = ?-L%- 2: A- 3 A%- 5 B$- 2! R= - /?(a)--(e)2<- I A- ,- ~. - . $- $ A- w R$- ^: A- 5 B$-U A?,

(a) happy________ (b) big________ (c) bring __________

(d) many________ (e) nothing_______

6. Write answers to these questions. SA- 2- :. A- . $- $A- = /- , R2?, (a) Where does the lion live? _______________________________________________.

(b) What does the lion like to eat? ___________________________________________.(c) Where do the lion and the rabbit go together?

_______________________________________________________________________.

(d) What is in the well?___________________________________________________.

Grammar--Adjectives ( R?- 2e R. - G A- 5 B$Adjectives are words that describe nouns (person,

place or thing). ( R ?- 2e R . - G A- 5 B$- / A- 3 A%- 5 B$- $%- 8 A$- $ A(3 A- . % - ? - (, . % R ?- 0 R ,)H. - ( R ? - 2 e R . - 0: A- 5 B$- ; A/,

→Simple Sentences , A<- 2+ %- $ A- i3- 0,



∙30∙

Article +

. 3A$?-?-:6 B/-0:A- 5B$

Adjective +

( R?- 2eR. - GA-5 B$ N o un

3A%5$

N

un

o

+

3A%5$

‘ B e ’ +

Adjective

( R?- 2eR. - GA-5 B$

The lazy lion. The lion is lazy. The smart rabbit. The rabbit is smart. The happy animals. The animals are happy. The big forest.

or

;%- /

The forest is big.

→How many adjectives can you find in the story above?

$ R%- $ A-1%- $+ 3- = ?- H R. - GA?- ( R?- 2e R. - GA- 5 B$- $- 5 S. - f J. -,2- 23, _______

7. Write two adjectives used in the story for each statement. 1%- $+ 3-.- ;R. - 0:A- ( R?- 2eR. - G A-

5 B$- $* A?- < J- 2! R= - /?- $>3- I AA-!R%- (- { R%?, (a) The lion is _________________and ________________.

(b) The rabbit is _______________and_________________.

(c) The animals are ____________ and________________.

→The word ‘order’ has at least three definitions. || ‘Order’3- 3,:- ;%- . R /- $ ? 3- = - : ) $- ! J, 1. Order, (v.) to ask for something in a restaurant. L- 5 B$- ! J- 9- #%- /?- 9?- 3%$?- * R- L J. - 0, May I

order some tea?

2. Order, (n.) the way something is placed or located, organized, something that works.

3 A%- 5 B$- ! J- . % R ?- 0 R - i3?- P= - . $- 0 R : A- %%- 2 1 A$- 0: A- . R /, The books in the library are in alphabetical order.

3. Order, (v.) to demand that someone do something. L- 5 B$- ! J- 2!:- 2|R?- 0: A- . R /, I order you

to stop!

→Write the number of the correct definition used in each sentence. $>3- IA-!R%- (- . $- = -

;%- . $- 0:A- 3 A%- 5 B$- $ A- . R/- $%- ;A/- 0- . J:A- A%- !A- U A?, (a) Hello. Can I order some tea? _______

(b) Please put those books in order. _______

(c) I order you to leave now. _______

(d) Order some meat from the store._______

(e) The phone is out of order. _______



Grammar Review--Asking Questions with ‘do.’ 2h-3R. - 2*<-.R%- , Do2!R= - /?- :S A- 5 B$- :S A- 2,

Do you? Yes, I do. No, I don’t.

Do I? Yes, you do. No, you don’t.

Does he/she/it?

Yes, he/she/it does.

No, he/she/it doesn’t.

Do they? Yes, they do. No, they don’t.

Do you want to order some tea? Yes, I do.Do you like to eat meat? Yes, I do.

Does he like to eat meat? Yes, he does.

Does she like to eat tsamba? Yes, she does.

Do they like to read? Yes, they do.

Do we want to eat? Yes, we do.

∙31∙



7

Uncle Dunba Makes the King Bark Like a Dog

ew Year’s Day in Tibet is a very special day. On this day every family goes to

visit the king. Each family gives the king some nice gifts. Some families give the

king some fruit. Others give the king some bread. Each family gives the kinglong white strips of silk called khatags.

One year, the villagers see Uncle Dunba walking on the road.

“Hello, Uncle Dunba. Where are you going?” they ask Uncle Dunba.

“I’m going to see the king,” says Uncle Dunba. “I can make the king bark like a dog.”“You can’t do that,” says a villager. “You can’t make the king bark like a dog.”

At the palace, the king sits on his throne. The villagers give their gifts to the king.The king gives each family some tasty food. Suddenly Uncle Dunba walks into the

palace. The king is surprised to see him. Uncle Dunba has not visited the palace for a

long time.

“My dear Uncle Dunba, I have not seen you for a long time. Where were you?” asksthe king.

“My dear king, I was looking for a special gift for you.

I wanted to buy a very special dog for you,” says UncleDunba.

Everyone knows that a special dog makes a special barking sound. The king asks Uncle Dunba, “What doesthe dog sound like?”

“Meow, Meow!” says Uncle Dunba.

“A good dog doesn’t sound like that. That is the soundof a cat!” says the king.

“My dear king, what does a good dog sound like?” asks Uncle Dunba. The king putshis hands on the floor in front of him and says, “Woof, Woof!”

The villagers are surprised to hear the king bark like a dog.

New Words and Expressions 3A%- . %- 5 B$- $?<- 2, year = R, special H. - 0<- 2,

∙32∙

gift = J$?- * J?, bread $ R - < J,

each < J- < J, strip U- = - < A%- 2, silk . <- Y A,

rider 8R/- 0, garden w3- <, villager #J- 3 A,

say 2>. - 0,

bark :2- {. - o$- 0,

dog

H A,

throne O A,

king o= - 2R, visit 3)= - :U.,

surprise @- = ?-

0, palace 1 R - V%-, floor ?- % R ?,

front 3 . /, sell . %R?- 0R- ? R$?- 5 S%- 2,



∙33∙

Grammar--Simple Past Tense 2h-3R. - = ?-,A<- 2+ %- $A- :. ?- 0, Simple Past tense is used when

something begins and ends in the past. To show past tense you usually add ‘ed’ to the

end of the verb. , A<- 2+ %- $ A- :. ?- 0- / A- L- 2- $%- 8 A$- $ A-3$ R - /?- 3 ) $- 2<- I A-< A3- 0- ; R . - 5. - :. ?- - 0: A- . ?- I A- /%-

; R %?- ? - m R $?- 0<- ! R /- 0- 8 A$- ; A/, :. ?- 0- ! R /- 0- ; A/- /- L- 5 B$- $ A- 3 ) $- +- o /- 0<‘ed’ . R <- . $ R ?, For example: . 0 J<- /,

•

Who walked? I (or you, he, she, it, we, they) walked.→Many verbs are spelled differently in the past tense. These are called irregular verbs. :. ?-

0: A- . ?- ! R /- 0: A- {2?- ? - L- 5 B$- { R <- 8 A$- $ A- 1: A- . R <- !%?- 3 A- :S- ! J, . J- . $- = - % J?- 3 J. - L- 5 B$- . - :2 R ., For example: . 0 J<- /,

Simple Present ,A<- 2+ %- . - v- 2, Simple Past ,A<- 2+ %- :. ?- 0,

say said give gave go went see saw

make made do did is was

are were can could

has had

→The past continuous tense is used when something begins in the past and continues for

a while. To show past continuous you usually add ‘ing’ to the end of the verb. Always

use the past tense of the verb ‘be’ (was or were) before the verb in the sentence. L J. -28 A/- 0: A- :. ?- 0- / A-L- 2- $%- 8 A$- :. ?- 0: A- . ?- % J?- &/- 8 A$- $ A- /%- . - L %- 3 ?- ? - 3( A?- 0- ! R /- 0- 8 A$- ; A/- =, :. ?- 0: A-

L J. - 28 A/- 0- ; A/- /- L- 5 B$- $ A- 3 ) $- + ‘ing’ . R <- . $ R ?, L- 5 B$- $ A- } R /- = - o /- 0<- L- 5 B$‘be’; A- :. ?- 0(was . %

were) . R <- . $ R ?, →For example: . 0 J<- /, Who was walking?

• I was walking.

• They were walking.

• He/She was walking.

•

We were walking.

• Dolma was walking.

• You were walking.

• That boy was walking.



∙34∙

Exercises .%- $8A, 1. Choose the best answers to these questions 5 B$-P2- :. A- . $- $A- ;%- . $- 0:A- S A?- = /- :. J3?- . $R?,

A. Where were the villagers going?

(a) They were going to school.(b) They were going to the city.

(c) They were going to visit the king.

(d) They were going home.

B. Where did the villagers see Uncle Dunba?

(a) They saw him on the road to the palace.

(b) They saw him at home.(c) They saw him talking to the dog.

(d) They didn’t see Uncle Dunba.

C. What did Uncle Dunba do?

(a) Uncle Dunba bought a dog.(b) Uncle Dunba made the king happy.

(c) Uncle Dunba made the king bark like a dog.

(d) Uncle Dunba didn’t do anything.

D. What did the king ask Uncle Dunba?

(a) “Where are you going?”(b) “How are you doing?”

(c) “Can you bark like a dog?”

(d) “Where were you?”

2. Complete the story by writing these words in the correct blanks: 3A%- 5 B$- :. A- . $- $A?-

$>3- I A-!R% - ( - {R%- /?- $+ 3-o. - :. A- (- 5%- 2<- 29 R?, surprised, everyone, king, Dunba, visit, dog,

bark On New Year’s Day, (a) ________ goes to (b) ________ the king. One year Uncle (c)

________ said he was going to make the (d) ______ bark like a(e)_______. Everyonewas (f) ___________ to hear the king (g) ______________ like a dog.

3. Rewrite these sentences correcting the spelling mistakes. 5 B$-P2- :. A- . $- $ A- /%- /?-.R<-

[R$- / R<- 2- i3?- ;%- . $- 0<- 2& R?- + J- 2*<- :VA- L R?,

(a) The vilagers give the king sveral pieces of fruit.

_______________________________________________________________________.(b) The king sat on his throne and ewlcomed all the villagers.

_______________________________________________________________________.

(c) I was looking for a specail gift for you.

_______________________________________________________________________.(d) Suddnley Uncle Dunba walkd into the palace.

_______________________________________________________________________.



∙35∙

4. Write answers to these questions. SA- 2- :. A- . $- $A-S A?- = /- , R2?, (a) What did the villagers do on New Year’s Day?

_______________________________________________________________________.

(b) What did the villagers give the king? _______________________________________________________________________.

(c) What did the king give the villagers?

_________________________________________________________________.

(d) What makes the sound “meow, meow”? _______________________________________________________________________.

5. Draw a line from the animals in the left column to the words for the sounds they

make in the right column. $; R/- KR$?- /- ;R. - 0:A- Y R$- ($?- . J- . $- $ A?- $;?- K R$?- G A-1- $%- 8A$-1R$- 0-

, A$- $ A?-3J= - . $R?,

cow neee neee

horse kaw kawcrow snort snort

yak gurrr gurrr

lion buzz buzz bee moo moo

6. Write the words in the story opposite in meaning to these words. 1%- $+ 3- /%- $A- 3 A%-

5 B$ - 2 !R= - /?- ,- ~. - :. A- . $- $ A- w R$- ^: A- 5 B$- U A?, (a) night ____ (b) short _____

(c) bad ____

(d) sell ______ (e) take _____

→The word ‘like’ has two definitions. || ‘Like’ = - . R/- $* A?- ; R. - . J, a. like, (v.) to show that you feel good about or enjoy something or someone. <%- * A. - $%- = -

. $:- 2:3- . %- 2- ! R /- 0, I like to eat meat.

b. like, (v.) to be similar to something or someone. L- . % R ?- $* A?- 1/- 5 /- :S- 2<- ! R /- 0: R, Can you

bark like a dog?

→A. Write the number of the correct definition used in each sentence. 5 B$- < J- < J:A- /% - $ A- ,- ~. -

GA- ;% - . $- 0: A- . R/- $% - ; A/- 0- . J<- A%- !A- U A?, (a) I like Tibetan New Year’s Day. ______ (b) Dorje looks like a bird. ______ (c) She likes to walk to the village.______

(d) The king barked like a dog. ______

(e) Do you like to give gifts?______



∙36∙

Usage--Adding ‘er’ to the end of a word. 3A%- 5 B$- 8 A$- $ A- 3)$-+ ‘er’.R<-5=, • People who live in a village are called villagers.

• People who sing are called singers.

• People who teach are called teachers.

• People who ride are called riders.

• People who write are called writers.

→Do you know some other ‘er’ words? H R . - G A?-3 A%- 5 B$-$ A- 3 ) $- +-‘er’ . R < -( R $- 0: A- ,- ~. - $8/- > J?-

?3, 7. Complete the following sentences. $>3- IA- 5 B$-P2- . $- (- 5%- 2<- 29R?, (a) People who garden are called ____________________________________________.(b) People who write are called ____________________________________________.

(c) People who buy are called _______________________________________________.

(d) People who sell are called _______________________________________________.

Grammar--Prepositions 2h-3R. - = ?-.R<- 5 B$- 2>. - 0, Locating things and people in a story is

very important. Prepositions are words or word phrases that describe a location of a

noun. The following words are all prepositions. $/?- .% - L J.- 0 R - / A- 1 % - $+3- 8 A$- $ A- /% - . - 3 J.- . - 3 A- < % -

2- ; A/- =, . R <- 5 B$- / A- L- .% R ?- $% - 8 A$-$% - . -; R .- 0<- ! R /- 0: A- ,- ~.- .3- 5 B$- , % - & A$- ; A/, For example: . 0 J<- /, Where is Uncle Dunba?

Pronoun

52- 5 B$ + Preposition

.R<- 5 B$ + Noun

3A%- 5 B$ He is + beside + the king.

He is + behind + the door.

He is + near + the horse.

He is + on + the floor.He is + at + the palace.

→Sometimes prepositions use a phrase (group of words) to describe location. {2?- :$<-

. R <- 5 A$- $ A?- 5 B$- , %- < J- P 2- /?- $/?- ! R /- 0<- L J. - 0- ; A/, For example: . 0 J<- /, • on top of

• in front of

• in the middle of

• at the bottom of

• next to



8

The Goat, the Fox and the Wolf

Long ago in Tibet there was a place called Kundun Raywa. In this place there was

a beautiful grassland and a gently flowing river. One day a greedy wolf was

walking along the road. He was looking for something to eat. The wolf saw a goateating grass beside the river. But the wolf didn’t eat the goat because the goat had a

friend. The goat’s friend was a fierce dog. So the wolf went away hungry.

The next day the wolf saw a fox on the road.

“Dear sister fox, you are the smartest animal in the world. Help me get the goat awayfrom the dog and I can kill the dog. Then you and I can eat the goat,” said the wolf. So

the fox went to visit the goat.“Hello, dear granny goat,” said the fox sweetly. “You are a kind and gentle grass

eater, but you act like a meat eater. Your friend, that mean old dog, is not very nice.

Everyone knows that an old dog can get angry. Maybe that old dog wants to eat you.

You must be careful.”“Advice is helpful, like medicine cures an illness,” thought the goat. The goat

thank ed the fox for her helpful advice.

The next day the goat told the dog, “Hey, you old beggar dog. You and I are friends but everyone says I am like you, a meat eater. But,

maybe you want to eat me. You must go live in another place.” Later that day, the mean old dog went to find anew place to live.

The next morning the wolf came and killed the goat.

They drank warm goat blood and ate fresh goat meat.The wolf and the fox had a delicious meal.


goat <- 3,

∙37∙

fox 7- 3 R,

wolf ,%- ! A

dog H A, Kundun Raywa !/-+- <- 2, grassland C- ,%-, gentle . = - 3 R, :)3- 0 R,

flow 28<- 2,

greedy :. R. - Y J. &/,

along # J<- n%-, $& A$-0,

fierce $+3- S$- $ A granny k R - k R, c/- 3 R, mean ,- >= - I A

maybe 1= - ( J<, cure /. -$?R- 2, illness

/.,

/- 5,

thank 2!:- S A/-8- 2,

helpful 1/- , R $?- ( J- 2: A, $= - ( J- 2: A, advice 2?3- :(<, 2a2- L,



∙38∙

beggar 3%- 2 R, later e J?- ? , find f J. - 0, warm S R /- 3 R, blood O$

fresh $?<- 2,

had : , %- 2,(have; A- . ?- :. ?- 2,) quickly VJ= - :52 - % % -, M<-., barley /?, level 5. - , A$

snowfall #- 2- :2:-0,

Usage--‘But’ || ‘But’;A-.R<-5=, ‘But’ is used to explain that ‘This is the opposite of that.’

|| ‘But’/ A-3A- 3,/- 0: A- 5 B$- o/- I A- U. - ; A/- + J- 3 A- 3,/- 0: A- ( R?- $* A?-#. - 0, For example: . 0 J<- /, • The goat liked the dog, but the fox and wolf didn’t like the dog.

• The wolf wanted to eat the goat, but he didn’t eat the goat.

• The goat said to the dog, “You are my friend, but maybe you want to eat me.”

Exercises .%- $8A,

1.Choose the best answers to these questions. S A- 2- :. A- . $- $ A- ;%- . $- 0: A- S A?- = /- :. J3?,

A. What was the wolf doing?

(a) The wolf was standing by the river.(b) The wolf was looking for a fox to eat.

(c) The wolf was sitting by the river.

(d) The wolf was looking for something to eat.

B. Who was the goat’s friend?

(a) The dog was the goat’s friend.

(b) The wolf was the goat’s friend.

(c) The fox was the dog’s friend.(d) The beggar was the goat’s friend.

C. Where did the goat and the dog live?

(a) They lived beside the river.

(b) They lived in the valley.(c) They lived near the mountain.

(d) They lived in a beautiful place called Kundun Raywa.

D. What did the goat eat?(a) The goat ate dogs.

(b) The goat ate barley.(c) The goat ate grass.(d) The goat ate wolves.



∙39∙

2. Write the name of the animal in the story that is described by these adjectives .

( R ? - 2 e R . - G A- 5 B$- :. A- . $- = - $8 A$?- + J-1%- $+ 3- /%- $A- Y R $- ($?- . J- . $- $ A- 3 A%- U A?,

(a) gentle grass eater ____________

(b) old beggar ____________ (c) dear granny ____________

(d) mean old ____________

(e) dear sister ____________

(f) greedy ____________

3. Rewrite these sentences correcting the spelling mistakes. 5 B$-P2- :.A- . $- $ A- /%- /?-.R<-

[R$- / R<- 2- i3?- ;%- . $- 0<- 2& R?- + J- 2*<- :VA- L R?,

(a) The fox is the smartset animul in the wrld.

_______________________________________________________________________.

(b) Your friend the meen old dog is not veri nece. _______________________________________________________________________.

(c) Advice is helpful like medincine cures an illnss.

_______________________________________________________________________.(d) The wolf and the fox had a deilcious meel. _______________________________________________________________________.

4. Write answers to these questions. :S A- 5 B$ - : .A- . $ - $A- S A?- =/- UA?,

(a) Who ate the goat?_______________________________.

(b) Who knows a dog can get angry?___________________.(c) Who gave advice to the goat?______________________.

(d) Did the dog die?________________________________.

5. Change these statements into questions using ‘what,’ ‘where,’ or ‘who.’ || ‘What’

‘where’;%- /-‘who’? R$ ? - 2 !R= - + J- $>3- I A- $/?-=$?- eR. - L J. - G A- 5 B$-P2- :. A- . $- :S A- 5 B$-+- , R%?, For

example: . 0J<- /,

• statement $/?-= $?- e R . - L J. - G A- 5 B$- P 2,: The fox likes the goat.

• question :S A- 5 B$: Who likes the goat?

(a) The goat was the dog’s friend.

_________________________________________________________________.

(b) The fox and the wolf ate the goat.

_________________________________________________________________.

(c) There is a beautiful grassland in Kundun Raywa. _______________________________________________________________________.

(d) Advice is helpful like medicine. _______________________________________________________________________.



∙40∙

6. Make three four-letter words using letters in ‘friends.’ || ‘Friends’2!R= - +J- 5 B$- $?3-

28A-43- 21A$?,

____________ _____________ ____________

• The word ‘mean’ has at least three definitions. || ‘Mean’ 8 J?- 0: A- ,- ~. - :. A- = - 3- 3,:-;%- . R /-

I A- i 3 - P % ? - $ ? 3- ; R .,

• mean, (v.) to represent something. What does the word “apple” mean? L- 5 B$- ! J- L- . % R ?-

$%- 8 A$- $?= - 2>. - L?- 0: A- . R /, • mean, (adj.) to be cruel or not kind. He was mean to the dog . ( R ?- 2e R . - G A- 5 B$- ! J- $ . $- l2- ( J-

8 A%- L3?- ? J3?- 3 A- w/- 0,

• mean, (n.) the average of a group of numbers. Fourteen is the mean age level of

children in class four. 3 A%- 5 B$-!J-5 S$?- 0- 8A$- $ A- OR. -.- $/?- 0: A- (- ~R3?- P%?- . J- = - 9 J<,

→A. Write the number of the correct definition for each sentence. $>3- I A- 5 B$- P 2- ? R - ? R : C-

;%- . $- 0: A- $ R - . R /- $%- ; A/- 0- . J: A- A % - P % ? - U A?, (a) Do you know what I mean? _________ (b) Why is he mean to that horse? _________

(c) The teacher is mean to the students. _________

(d) What do you mean by that? _________ (e) I don’t know what this word means? _________

(f) The mean level of snowfall is 4 meters. _________

Usage--‘Must’ and ‘has to.’ || ‘Must’. %-‘has to’;A-.R<-5=, These both mean that something

is very important or very necessary. You do not have a choice to do anything else. ,- ~. -

:.A- $* A?- G A- $ R- . R/- / A- L- . % R?- $%- 8A$- % J?- 0<- 212- . $ R?-2:3- 3#R- ( J- 2 ? - . J- = ?-:. :-o- 3J. - 0-! R/- 0- ; A/- + J, For

example: . 0 J<- /,

• The dog must find another place to live.

• The dog has to find another place to live.

• The wolf must eat something.

• The wolf has to eat something.

• The goat must be careful.

• The goat has to be careful



∙41∙

→With ‘I,’ ‘you,’ ‘we,’ and ‘they’ use ‘have to,’ or with the past tense use ‘had to.’ ||

‘I,’ ‘you,’ ‘we,’ ‘they’? R$?- =‘have to’.R<- . $R?- 2- . %- :. ?- 5 B$- = -‘had to’.R<- . $R?,

• They must eat something. They have to eat something.

• We must eat something. We have to eat something.

• You must eat something. You have to eat something.

7. Circle ‘has’ or ‘have’ to make correct sentences. || ‘Has’ . %-‘have’$* A?- = ?- $%- 8A$- 5 B$-P2-+- :53?- 0- . J<- $ R<- , A$- o R2?,

(a) The dog has/have to find another place to live.

(b) The goat has/have a beautiful place to live.

(c) Animals has/have to eat.(d) The wolf has/have to kill the goat.

→Spelling Rules for Simple Past ‘-ed’ verbs. ,A<- 2+ %- $ A-.?- :. ?- 2:A-L- 5 B$- =‘ed’ .R<-5=,

1. The word ends in one consonant +‘e’ add ‘d.’ L- 5 B$- $ A- 3 ) $- +“$?= - L J. - ; A- $ J +e”v<- P 2- ; R . -

5 K‘d’ . R <- . $ R ?, live--lived, care--cared, hate--hated

2. If the word ends in one vowel + one consonant, double the consonant and add ‘ed.’ L-

5 B$- $ A- 3 ) $- + “. L%?- ; A$ - $ & A$ + $?= - L J. - ; A- $ J- $& A$”v<- P 2- 5 K, 3 ) $- $ A- $?= - L J. - ; A- $ J- . J- , J%?- $* A?- = -

V A?- e J?-‘ed’ . R <- . $ R ?, stop--stopped, pull--pulled, kill--killed, beg--begged

3. The word ends with two vowels + one consonant, add ‘ed.’ L- 5 B$- $ A- 3 ) $- +“. L%?- ; A$- $* A?

+ $?= - L J. - ; A- $ J- $& A$”v<- P 2- 5 K, 3 ) $- +‘ed’ . R <- . $ R ?, look--looked, rain--rained,

train--trained

4. The word ends with two consonants, add ‘ed.’ (don’t double the consonant) L- 5 B$- $ A-

3 ) $- +- $?= - L J. - ; A- $ J- $* A?- L J. - . J- P 2- 5 J, 3 ) $- +’ed’ . R <- . $ R ?,($?= - L J. -; A- $ J- , J% ? - $ * A?- = - :V A- 3 A- ( R $)

count--counted, help--helped, doubt--doubted

5. The word ends with a consonant + y, change ‘y’ to ‘i’ and add ‘ed.’ L- 5 B$- $ A- 3)$-+“$?= -

LJ. - ; A- $ J- $& A$ + y”v<-P2- 5 K, , R$- 3< ‘y’ . J‘i’ <- 2+<- e J? ‘ed’ .R<- . $ R?, study--studied, carry--carried, bury--buried



6. The word ends with a vowel + y, add ‘ed.’ (Don’t change ‘y’ to ‘i.’) L- 5 B$- $ A- 3)$-

+“. L%?- ;A$ - $ &A$ + y”v<-P2- 5 K, 3)$-+“ ed”.R<- . $ R?, (‘y’ . J ‘i’<- 2+<- 3 A- . $ R?,) stay--stayed, play--played, enjoy--enjoyed

→Punctuation--Using Commas 353?- g$?- 2! R= -5=,

• Put a comma before ‘and,’ ‘but,’ ‘for,’ ‘or',’ ‘nor,’ ‘yet,’ ‘ so’ when they connect twoindependent clauses. || ‘and,’ ‘but,’ ‘for,’ ‘or,’ ‘nor,’ ‘yet,’ ‘so’? R $?-2! R = -+ J-<%-n- , 2-0: A-

5 B$- P 2-$* A?- 3 J= - . ?- . J- . $- $ A- } R /- . -353?- g$?- :) R $- . $ R ?,

• Put a comma between items in a series. . R /- 5/-}- K A- :V J= - 2: A- 2<- . - 353?- g$?- :) R $- . $ R ?,

• Put a comma after an introductory expression or a part of the sentence that is less

important. ( R ?- &/- $%- 8 A$- $ A- % R - 2 R - 2e R . - 0: A- {2?- ? - ( R ?- &/- . J: 3 - $ 4 S - 2 R - 3- I<- 2: A- 5 B$- P 2 - $ % - < %- $ A- e J?- ? -

353?- g$?- :) R $- . $ R ?,

• Put commas around the name of a person spoken to. *J?- 2 R-?- 8 A$-5- 2- 0 R- ; A/- 0- . J:A- 3 A%- $ A- e J?-?-

353?- g$?- :) R$- . $ R?,

• Put commas around words such as ‘however,’ ‘moreover,’ ‘furthermore’ ||

‘However,’ ‘moreover’. % ‘furthermore’ ? R $ ? - v - 2 : A- 2 $/- 5 B$- $ A- e J?- ? - 353?- g$?- :) R $- . $ R ?,

∙42∙



9

The Cat’s Reward

Once upon a time, in a village called Nema Rangshar there lived a man called

Shinbaga. This man was a clever and productive farmer. He had the largest

granary in the area. But the mice were always stealing his grain.

One day Shinbaga wanted to stop the mice. He bought a very expensive cat.“Listen, cat,” said the farmer. “Today you must catch mice in the granary. If you

catch one mouse, I will give you a reward. If you catch two mice, you will get a better

reward.” The cat was very happy to hear this and walked to the granary.The cat peek ed through a hole in the wall. He was watching for the mice. The cat

waited for a long time but he didn’t see any mice. Finally, at the end of the day, the cat

saw one small mouse. The cat caught the tiny mouse and brought it to the farmer.

“You caught a very small mouse. Here is your reward,” said the farmer to the cat. Thefarmer gave the cat one very small dry bone. The cat was not happy.

The next day the cat sat by the granary wall and waited for the mice. This time the cat

caught a mouse but he didn’t take the mouse to the farmer. Thecat led the mouse to the piles of the finest grain. After a few

days, the cat caught a very fat mouse. It was the same mouse

he had caught before. The cat brought the mouse to the

farmer.“Catch a big mouse, get a big reward,” said the farmer to the

cat. The farmer gave the cat one very big juicy piece of lamb.

he cat was very happy.

New Words ,- ~. - $?<- 2,

T

cat LA- =,

, productive , R/-*J. - G A- = ?- = -

ry 6 S .,

steal b - 2,

stop

ive - $ R %- 3, R - 2: A,

catch :6 B/- 0,

reward L- . $:, peek ; A2?- /?- v- 2, thin >- < A R,

{ A ,

finest @- &%- 29%- 2: A,

fat

brought * R ?- 2,

- 0,

piece = J2- 3 R,

lamb $

/-.,

, :- ,

seed , mouse B- ! A

granary : -,

bone <?- 0,

Shinbaga ? J3?- 0- . $:

8$?- 0: A,

grana : V - 3

area ; = - P :$ R $- 0,

expens < A/

. - 0

dry 3- 0 R,

led $ J- :O. - 0

5 S /- 0 R, juicy 2 &. - w/

=-

usually .?-ograin : V

prize .$ g$?

?- 2 R/

4

V- #%

∙43∙



∙44∙

Grammar--Simple Future 2h-3R. - = ?-,A<- 2+ %- 3- : R% ? - 0, Use the verb ‘will’ to indicate

something will happen in the future. L- 5 B$‘will’,. - . J- L- . %R?- $%- 8A$- 3- : R%?- 2:A-.?-?- :L%-o-!R/-

0, . 0J<- /, I-you-we-they-it-he-she will get a reward.

Usage--‘If ’ || ‘If’; A-.R<-5=, Use ‘if’ to explain that something must happen first before

something else happens and to set a condition for something else to happen. || ‘If’

2! R = - + J- L- . % R ?- $%- 8 A$- 3- L %- 2: A- } R /- . - , R $- 3<- L- . % R ?- . J- : L %- 2<- (- n J/- :. R /- 0,

• If you catch one mouse, I will give you a reward.

• If you catch two mice, I will give you a better reward.

Usage Reminder--‘But’ || ‘But’ ;A-.R<-5=, Use ‘but’ when explaining something that is

the opposite also happened. || ‘But’/A- L- 2- $%- 8 A$- $ A- } - K A- : $ = - 2 -! R/- 0: A- 5 B$- ; A/, 1.He had the largest granary, but the mice often stole the grain.

2. he cat waited for a long time, but the cat didn’t see any mice.

3. The cat caught a mouse, but the cat didn’t take the mouse to the farmer.

Exercises .% - $ 8A,

1. Choose the best answers to these questions. SA- 2- :. A- . $- $A- ;%- . $- 0:A- S A?- = /- :. J3?,

A. What kind of farmer was Shinbaga?

(a) Shinbaga was a lazy farmer.

(b) Shinbaga was a happy farmer.(c) Shinbaga was a clever and productive farmer.

(d) Shinbaga was a fat farmer.

B. Where did Shinbaga store the grain?(a) He stored the grain in a store.(b) He stored the grain in a house.

(c) He stored the grain in the mountain.

(d) He stored the grain in a granary.

C. How long did the cat wait before he caught the fat mouse?

(a) The cat waited a few hours.(b) The cat waited for a few days.

(c) The cat waited for one month.

(d) The cat waited for many days.

D. Who was angry in the story?(a) The cat was angry when he got a small reward.

(b) The farmer was angry when the mice stole his grain.

(c) The mouse was angry when he was caught by the cat.(d) No one was angry in the story.



∙45∙

2. Match words 1-5 with words a-e that are similar in meaning. 1/?5. % a-e 2<- I A- ,- ~. -

. $- = ?- . R/- 35%?- 5 B$- i3?- , A$- $ A?-3J=,

(1) prize (a) tiny ___

(2) very small (b) grain ___

(3) capture (c) reward ___

(4) seed (d) catch ___

3. Write answers to these questions. SA- 2- :. A- . $-$ A- = /- U A?,

(a) Who had the largest granary?______________________.(b) Where did the farmer live_________________________.

(c) Why was the cat angry?__________________________.(d) Who got fat?___________________________________.

4. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false. ;%- . $- 0<-T . %- / R<- :O= - =F UA?,

(a) The farmer was a rich man. ________

(b) Nema Rangshar is a village in England. ________

(c) The cat caught a very fat mouse. ________ (d) The mouse ate a lot of grain ________

5. Fill in the missing adjective used in the story. $+ 3-o. - = ?- (. - z $-L%- ;R. - 0:A- ( R?- 2eR. - G A- 5 B$-

:.A- . $-(- 5%- 2<- { R%- . $R?,

(a) fine finer ________ (grain)

(b) good ____ best (reward)(c) _____ bigger biggest (piece of lamb)

6. Write the number 1-4 of the question that matches the sentences a-d. || a-d 2<- IA-

5 B$-P2- ? R- ? R<-1/?42<- IA- S A- 2- = ?- (- :P A$- 0:A- A % - P % ? - U A?,

(a) ___The cat saw one small mouse in the granary.(b) ___The cat sat by the hole in the granary wall.(c) ___The cat brought the mouse to the farmer.

(d) ___The farmer gave the cat a dry bone and a piece of lamb.

(1) Where did the cat wait for the mice?

(2) Where did the cat take the dead mouse?(3) Where did the cat see the fat mouse?

(4) What did the farmer give the cat?

7. Write answers to these questions. S A- 2- :. A- . $- $ A- = /- UA?,

(a) Who is clever?_______________________________.(b) Who is smart?_______________________________.(c) Who is fat?_________________________________.

(d) Who is angry?_______________________________.



∙46∙

8. The word ‘store’ has at least two definitions. || ‘Store’= - 3- 3,:- ;%- . R/-I A- i3 - P %?- $*A?- ; R.,

(1) Store---(n.) a place that has things for sale. Let’s go to the store and buy some meat.

(3 A%- 5 B$) $/?- 8 A$- ! J- . % R ?- 9 R $- i3?- 24 S % - ? :A- 5 S% - # % -, (2) Store---(v.) to keep things for future use. Can we store the meat in here? (L- 5 B$) e J?-

K R $?- ? - 2! R = - ( J. - . % R ?- 0 R - ? R $?- . R - . 3- 33- $?R$- :) R$- L J. - 0- = - 9 J<,

→Write the number of the correct definition for each sentence. $ > 3 - I A- 5 B$- P 2- ? R - ? R : C- ;%-

. $- 0: A- $ R - . R /- $%- ; A/- 0- . J: A- A%- P%?- U A?,

(a) Can I store my books in your house? ______

(b) Do you want to go to the store? ______ (c) The farmer stored the grain in the granary. ______

(d) The food in that store is expensive. ______

Usage--Making Comparisons H. - 2#<- I A- i3- . LJ-.R<-5=, The verb changes when comparing

one person or thing to another person or thing.$%- 9$- $3- L- . % R ?- $%- 8 A$- $8/- . %- < A$?- 3 , /- . -H. -

0<- 2 # <- {2?-L- 5 B$- = - : I<- 2- ; R .,

• big bigger small smaller

• happy happier 1

smart smarter

• fine finest

→Use the word ‘more’ in front of longer words. ,- ~. - < A%- > R?- G A- } R/-.‘more’.R<- . $ R?, • productive more productive delicious more delicious

• beautiful more beautiful expensive more expensive

→Exceptions to this rule are: ,/- 3 A/- IA-P2-5=, • good better best bad worse worst

→The words ‘same’ and ‘different’ are also used to make comparisons. || ‘Same’ . %-

‘different’$* A?- G%- H. - 0<-!R/- 0: A- 2h- = -.R<- ( R$

• Pema and Tashi live in Qinghai. They live in the same place.

• Dolma lives in Yushu and Tashitso lives in Golok. They live in different places.

1Use ‘ier’ with words ending in y. ,- ~. - G A- 3 ) $- +‘y’ .<- ; R . - 5 K ‘ier’ . R <- . $ R ?,



10

The Rabbit and the Turtle

Long ago in the beautiful land of Tibet there lived a rabbit and a turtle. One day

they sat together on a mountaintop. The sky was blue. The forest had many fruit

trees. A river flowed from the mountaintop gentlyinto the valley. There was a big lake in the middle of the

valley. Halfway down the mountain was a grassy meadow.

It was a very peaceful place to live. This is why the rabbit

got an idea one day.“Hey, little one,” said the rabbit to the turtle.

“Tomorrow is a good day for a contest. We can race fromthe bottom of the mountain to the top. If you win this race,

the mountain is all yours. But if I win the race, you must find another place to live.”

This is not a good idea, thought the turtle. He liked this place very much. So the turtle

got a clever idea.“Dear Brother Rabbit. I can’t race you. My legs are too short. I can crawl from the

bottom of the mountain up to the meadow. But I crawl very slowly. It will take a very

long time. We can race from the mountaintop down to the lake. Is that OK?” asked theturtle. The rabbit agreed. The rabbit was sure the turtle would not win the race.

The next morning, the rabbit and the turtle started the race. The rabbit ran very fast down the mountain. In the afternoon the rabbit ran across a big bridge. The rabbitlooked below the bridge. The turtle was floating down the river.

“Run faster, run faster!” said the turtle to the rabbit.

Later that evening the rabbit reached the lake in the valley. He was surprised to seethe turtle waiting for him. The rabbit slowly hopped away leaving his beautiful home.

Tears fell from his eyes. But the turtle was very happy.

New Words ,- ~. - $?<- 2,

beautiful 36 K?-#$- w/- 0,

together 3*3-., peaceful 2. J- :)$?- ; A/- 0,

contest :P/- 0:3- 2 # < - 2,

∙47∙

race o $?- l= - :P/- 2 # <, bottom :. 2?, 82?,

win o= - 2,

short ,%-%-,

crawl $ R $- 3 R - o$- 0,

morning 8 R $?- 0, fast M<- 2, afternoon K A- S R,

bridge 93- 0, float :K R - 2,

run o$?,

evening . $ R %- 3 R,

reach :L R <-2,

hop < J- 2,



∙48∙

later e J?-?,

lovely v- /-#$- 0:A,

already 9 A/- 0, 5<- 2, race :P/ -2 # <,

→Grammar--Possessive Pronouns 2h -3R.- =?- 2.$- . R/- I A- :V J=-1:A- 52- 5 B$

Use these before a noun.

3 A%- n%- $ A- } R /- . - 52- 5 B$- . R <- 2, Use these after or without a noun.

3 A%- n%- $ A- e J?- ? : 3 - 3 A% - n % - 3 J.- 5 K,

my This is my book. mine It’s mine.

your Is this your book? yours Is this yours?

his These are his books. his These are his.

her Is this her book? hers Is this hers?

our Is this our home? ours Yes, it’s ours.

their Is this their forest? theirs Yes, it’s theirs.

Grammar--Adverbs 2h- 3 R . - = ? - 2 $/- 5 B$- $ A- { R <, An adjective describes a noun. An adverb

describes a verb. Most verbs become adverbs by adding ‘ly.’ ( R ? - 2 e R . - G A- 5 B$- & A$- $ A?- 3 A%- 5 B$-

= - o/- 3?- > A%- 2 $/- 5 B$- & A$- $ A?- L- 5 B$- = - o/- 3?- 2- ; A/, L- 5 B$-3%- > R ?- G A- 3 ) $- +‘ly’ .<- 5 K- 2 $/- 5 B$- +- P 2, Simple Sentence ,A<- 2+ %- $A-P2-5=,

Pronoun or noun 3 A%- n%- %3- 52- 5 B$ + verb L- 5 B$ + adverb 2 $/- 5 B$

I crawl slowly. (slow) The river flows gently. (gentle) The rabbit Ran quickly. (quick)

The rabbit Hopped sadly. (sad)

→These adjectives do not change spelling when they are used as adverbs. ( R ?- 2e R . - G A-

5 B$- :. A- . $- $ A- . R <- 5 = - 2 $/- 5 B$- . %- 3 5 %?- {2?- . J- . $- $ A- . R <- [ R $- L J. - !% ? - 3A- : I<,

1. The rabbit ran fast. 2. Running is hard for the turtle.

3. The rabbit got to the lake late.

4. The turtle got to the lake early.

Exercises .%- $8A,

1. Choose the best answers to these questions. :SA- 5 B$- :. A- . $- $ A- ;%- . $- 0: A- S A?- = /- :. J3?,

A. Where did the rabbit and turtle live?(a) They lived in the forest.

(b) They lived on the river.(c) They lived in a beautiful place.

(d) They lived near a school.



∙49∙

B. Where did the rabbit want to race?(a) He wanted to race from the bottom of the mountain to the top.

(b) He wanted to race from the mountaintop to the lake.

(c) He wanted to race from the lake to the forest.

(d) He wanted to race from the bridge to the lake.

C. Why did the turtle want to race from the mountaintop to the lake?

(a) The turtle said his legs were too short.

(b) The turtle said the rabbit’s legs were too long.(c) He thought the rabbit was trying to trick him.

(d) He thought it was a good idea.

D. How did the turtle win the race?

(a) He ran faster than the rabbit.(b) He floated down the river and got to the lake before the rabbit.

(c) He didn’t win the race.

(d) The turtle was taller than the rabbit.

2. Write complete sentences using the following words. $>3- I A- ,- ~. - :. A- . $- 2! R= - + J- 5 B$-P2-

29R?,

→For example:. 0 J<- /, morning--turtle--rabbit--race

→Answer: S A?- = /, The next morning the turtle and the rabbit started to race.

(a) rabbit--saw--bridge--turtle--floating

_______________________________________________________________________.

(b) rabbit--turtle--sat--mountain _______________________________________________________________________.

(c) turtle--float--river

_______________________________________________________________________.(d) lake--valley--rabbit--reached

_______________________________________________________________________.

3. Write questions for these answers. S A?- = /- :. A- . $- $ A- :S A- 5 B$- U A?, For example: . 0 J<- /,

→Answer: S A?- = /,The turtle and rabbit sat together on the mountaintop.

Who______________________________?

→Question: S A- 2, Who sat together on the mountaintop?

(a) The rabbit and the turtle lived in a beautiful place.

Where __________________________________________?

(b) The rabbit wanted to race the turtle.Why____________________________________________?(c) The turtle won the race. Who____________________________________________?

(d) The rabbit saw the turtle floating down the river.

Where___________________________________________?



∙50∙

4. Write the words that are similar in meaning to these words. ,- ~.- :.A-.$- $A- . R/- 35% ?- ,- ~.- UA?,

(a) calm _______________.

(b) competition ________.

(c) below ________.(d) certain _____________.

5. Match the sentences 1-5 with the phrases (a)-(e). 1/?5. % a-e 2<- I A- . R/- 35%?- 5 B$- i3?-

, A$- $ A?-3J=, (1) The rabbit and the turtle lived (a) across the bridge. ___

(2)The turtle floated (b) on the mountain. ___

(3)The large green meadow was (c) into the valley. ___

(4) The river flowed (d) halfway down the mountain.__

(5) The rabbit ran (e) down the river. ___

6. Write the correct verbs in each sentence. 5 B$-P2- < J- < J<- ;%- . $- 0:A- L- 5 B$- { R%?,

(a) One day the rabbit and the turtle were ____________on the mountaintop.

(b) The turtle ______________ down the river.

(c) The rabbit began to ___________after he lost the race.(d) At the end of the story the rabbit ______________ away.

Grammar--Prepositions of Time 2h-3R. - = ?-.?- 5 S. -!R/- 0:A- 5 B$ - U .,(5 K- {2?,)

at The race begins at 2:00pm.

The race ended at night. at + a specific time

at + night

in The race began in the morning.The turtle floated under the bridge in the afternoon.

The race ended in the evening.

in + the morning.in + the afternoon.

in + the evening. on They raced on Monday.

They raced on October 31, 2000. on + a specific day.

on + a specific date. from They raced from morning to evening.

They raced from 9:00am to 8:00pm. from (a specific time) to

(a specific time)



11

The Monkey and the Carpet

Long ago in the Tibet there lived an old farmer woman. Every year she harvested the barley. One day she cut the stalks of grain in the field. Then she tossed the stalks into

the wind. The wind separated the grain from the stalks. Finally she raked the graininto piles on the ground.

The next day she went back to the pick up the grain. But there were only a few grains of barley on the ground. “Oh my! Someone has buried almost all the grain,” said the

old woman. She saw many footprints on the ground. But there was something strange aboutthese prints. These footprints were made by the old monkey who lived nearby. She wanted tocatch this old monkey but she didn’t know how.

The next day she went back to the field. All day long she planted small radish and onion plants in the field. The next morning she went to the field again. Almost all the plants she planted were missing. Only a few plants were in the ground. “Oh My! Someone buried my

plants,” said the old farmer woman. Again she saw many footprints. She knew thesefootprints were made by the old monkey. She was very angry. She went into her house.

Then she carried a large white carpet to the field. She put the carpet on the ground. Then shelay down on the carpet. She rolled from side to side on the carpet. After a while she got up

and poured glue all over the carpet. After that shewent back into the house.

That night, the monkey came and did exactly what the old woman did. He rolled from side to side

on the carpet. Soon the monkey couldn’t move.The next morning the old farmer woman went to

the field. She was happy to see the old monkeytrap ped on the carpet.

New Words ,- ~. - $?<- 2,

harvest =R- = J$?, = R- + R$- 2d- 2,

2 # - 2,

stalks = R - + R $- $ A-C- b % -,

toss :1%?- 0,

∙51∙

separate ? R - ? R <- K J?- 2,

rake 2h= - 2,

ground ?-! J%-, bury &?- 2,

footprints b % - e J?,

strange ;- 35/,

catch :6 B/, 29%-,

radish = - 1 $miss 3 A- 5%- 0: A,

angry # R %- O R -*J?- 0,

carpet ?- $. /,

pour ] $- 0,

glue , A/, exactly ) A- 28 A/, % R - 3, trap f A,



∙52∙

Common Expressions ,A<- 2+ %- $A- 35 S/-5= - :$:,

Expression 35 S/-5=, Meaning $ R- . R/,

Oh my! G J- 3, What a surprise!

Wow! :-: , That’s amazing!

Hey! @ J: A, Hello!

Ouch! A- 5 S : R, That hurts!

→Counting P%?- G A- 2l A- 5 =,

• How many onions did she plant?

none $& A$- G%-,

a couple (- $& A$

a few * %- > R ?,

several #- >?,($ ? 3- ;/- (.,)

many 3%- 0 R,

all 5%- 3,

almost all 1= - ( J<- 5%- 3,

• How many times did she plant onions?

1st , J%?- . %- 0 R, The first time. She planted onions one time. She planted them once.

2nd , J%?- $* A?- 0, The second time. She planted onions two times. She planted them

twice. She planted them a couple of times.

3rd , J% ? - $ ? 3- 0, The third time. She planted onions three times. She planted them

several times.

4th 28 A- 2, fourth

5th s - 2, fifth

6th S $- 0, sixth

7th 2 . /- 0, seventh

8th 2o. - 0, eighth

9th . $- 2, ninth

10th 2 &- 2 tenth

11th 2 &- $& A$- 0, eleventh

12th 2 &- $* A?- 0, twelfth

13th 2 &- $ ? 3- 0, thirteenth

14th 2 &- 28 A- 0, fourteenth

15th 2& R - s - 2, fifteenth

16th 2 &- S $- 0, sixteenth

17th 2 &- 2 . /- 0, seventeenth

18th 2& R - 2o. - 0, eighteenth

19th 2&- .$- 2, nineteenth

20th * A->- 0, twentieth 30th ?3-&- 0, thirtieth



∙53∙

Exercises .%- $8A,

1. Choose the best answers to these questions. :S A- 5 B$- :. A-. $- $A- ;%- . $- 0:A- S A?- = /- :. J3?,

A. Where did the old farmer woman live?

(a) She lived in the forest.(b) She lived in Tibet.

(c) She lived in the valley. (d) She lived with the monkey.

B. What did the old farmer woman do every year?

(a) She harvested the barley.

(b) She trapped the monkey.(c) She went to the store.

(e) She buried her plants.

C. Who made footprints on the ground?

(a) The old farmer woman made the footprints.(b) The wind made the footprints.

(c) The monkey made the footprints.

(d) A ghost made the footprints.

D. What was buried?

(a) The monkey was buried.(b) The stalks of grain were buried.

(c) The carpet was buried.

(d) The plants and grain were buried.

E. How many footprints did the old woman see?

(a) The old woman saw many footprints.

(b) She saw a few footprints.

(c) She didn’t see any footprints.(d) The old woman saw several footprints.

F. How often did the old woman harvest the barley?

(a) The old woman harvested barley twice a year.

(b) The old woman harvested barley once a year.(c) The old woman harvested barley three times a year.

(d) The old woman was always harvesting the barley.

G. How many times did the monkey visit the old woman?(a) The monkey visited the old woman three times.

(b) The monkey visited the old woman only once.(c) The monkey visited the old woman every day.(d) The monkey visited the old woman twice.



∙54∙

H. When did the monkey roll on the carpet?(a) The monkey rolled on the carpet in the morning.

(b) The monkey rolled on the carpet in the afternoon.

(c) The monkey rolled on the carpet at night.

(d) The monkey rolled on the carpet the next day.

2. Rewrite these words spelling them correctly. ,- ~. - :. A- . $- $ A-.R<- [R$- L J. -!%?- ;%- . $- 0<- UA?,

(a) womn _________________ (female)(b) barly ________________ (kind of grain)

(c) strang _________________ (unusual)

(d) gruond _________________ (earth)

3. Complete these sentences by filling in the missing adjectives. (R?-2eR. -GA-5 B$-2!R= -+J-5B$

P2- . $- (- 5%- 2<- , R%?,

(a) After the woman saw the footprints, she was __________.(b) After the woman saw the monkey in the carpet, she was _______________.

(c) The footprints were made by an ____________ monkey.

(d) This story is about an old ________________woman.

4. Which event happened first, second, third? Write the correct number after each

sentence. 5 B$-P2- ? R- ? R:C- 3)$-+- A % - P % ? - V A?- + J- L- 2- $%- 8 A$- , R$- 3<-L%- 2- . %-, $ % - 8A$- 2<-.-L% - 2 - ? R$?-

GA- $ R- < A3- 21A$?,

A. (a) She raked the grain into piles. ______

(b) She cut the stalks of grain. ______

(c) She went back to pick up the grain. ______ (d) She tossed the stalks into the wind. ______

B. (a) She lay down on the carpet. ______ (b) She got up and poured glue on the carpet. ______

(c) She carried the carpet to the field. ______

(d) She put the carpet on the ground. ______

5. Rewrite these answers as questions. S A?- = /- :. A- . $- :SA- 5 B$- v<- U A?,

→ For example: . 0J<- /,

→Answer: S A?- = /, She harvested the barley every year. (When?)

→Question: S A- 2, When did the old farmer woman harvest the barley?

(a) The old farmer woman got angry. (Who?) _______________________________________________________________________ (b) The monkey rolled in the carpet. (Who?)

_______________________________________________________________________

(c) She went into her house. (Where?)

_______________________________________________________________________



∙55∙

(d) She carried a large white carpet into the field. (What?)

→Time Expressions .?-!R/- 0,

Words that are used for time in the past, present, and future. .?- $?3- =-.<- 2:A- ,- ~.- :$:,

Past :. ?- 2, Present . - v- 2, Future 3- : R%?- 0,

yesterday # - ? % -, today . J- < A%-, tomorrow ?%- * A/,

last week $9:- :# R <- } R /- 3, this week

$9:- :# R <- :. A, next week $9:- :# R <- e J?- 3,

last month ^- 2- } R /- 3, this month ^- 2- :. A, next month

^ - 2 - e J?- 3,

last year /- / A%-, this year . - = R, next year ?%- = R,

last Monday $9:- :# R <- } R /- 3: A-

$9:- ^- 2,

this Monday $9:- :# R <- :. A: A-

$9:- ^- 2,

next Monday $9:- :# R <- e J?- 3: A-

$9:- ^- 2,

five minutes ago {<- 3- :$: A-} R /-.,

now . - v, in ten minutes {<- 3- 2 &: A- e J?-?,

four hours ago

(- 5 S . - 28 A: A- } R / - . , this hour (- 5 S . - :. A, in two hours

(- 5 S . - $* A?- G A- e J?-?,

three days ago

* A/- $ ? 3- I A-} R /- . , today . J- < A%-, in several days

* A/- :$: A- e J?- ? ,

or: ; % - /, • After fifteen minutes {<- 3- 2&- 28 A:A- e J?-?,

• Long ago $/:- }- 3 R - 8 A$- =,

• Once upon a time } R /-.?- 8 A$- =, • A long time ago .?-;/- < A%- 0 R:C- } R/-.,

• In ancient times $/:-.?- 8A$- =,

• Many years ago =R-.- 3: A- } R/- =,

→All these phrases have the same meaning. ‘Forever’ and ‘never’ are opposite in

meaning.$ R %- $ A- 5 B$-.3- :. A- . $- $A- $ R- . R/- $& A$- 35%?- ; A/- =

‘Forever’. %

’never’$* A?- G A- $ R- . R/- w R$- ^-<-P2,



12

The King of Frogs

O ne day a big tiger was walking in the forest. He was looking for something to

eat. The tiger saw a small frog sitting in the forest. The frog was afraid of the

tiger.“Where are you going?” the frog asked the tiger.

“I want some food. I am very hungry. You are very small but I can eat you,” said the

tiger. “I am the King of the Frogs!” shouted the frog. “Don’t you know who I am? I

can jump high into the sky. I am also very smart. If you don’t believe me, we can race.”The tiger agreed.

Before the race, the frog put the tiger’s tail in his mouth. The tiger ran for a long time.At the end of the race, the tiger turned around and saw the that frog was now in front.

“I won the race,” said the frog to the tiger. “Now, who can spit the farthest?”

The tiger was very hungry and tired. He couldn’t spit at all. The frog’s spit flew into

the air past the tiger. The tiger saw some tiger hair in the spit.“Why are the tiger hairs in your spit?” asked the tiger.

“Yesterday I killed a tiger and ate it,” said the frog. The tiger was very afraid and ran

away. On the way through the forest, the tiger saw a fox. “Why are you running so fast?” the

fox asked the tiger.“I met a frog who ate a tiger. I don’t want the frog to eat me,” said the tiger.“This can’t be true,” said the fox. “Don’t be afraid. Show me the frog and I can kill

him.”

“OK,” said the tiger. “But when we meet the Frog King,don’t run away. I don’t want to be alone with the frog.”

∙56∙

“OK,” said the fox. “Tie your tail to my tail. Then wecan go see the Frog King together.”

The tiger and the fox went to the frog’s place in the

forest.

“Hey, Mr. Fox,” said the frog. “You didn’t come see me

for many days. Did you bring any food? How wonderful.You brought a tiger for me to eat. Thank you,” The tiger

was terrified. The tiger ran away. He dragged the poor fox behind him. The fox died.

New Words and Expressions ,- ~. - $?<- 2,

tiger !$

frog &= - 2,

forest /$?- 5=, afraid 8J. -$%-*J?- 2:A,

hungry 2N J?- v R $?- G A, jump w A%- 2,

spit 3( A= - 3,

run away V R ?- 2,



∙57∙

meet :U. - 0, alone $& A$-0,

tie 3.. - 0- o$- 0, bring :H J<- ; R % - 2, drag :S. - 0,

show 3 A$- = -2>3?- 0, 3% R/- 0, behind e J?-?-=?- 2,

believe ; A. - ( J?- 0,

terrify :) A$?-0$-a R%-2,

→Usage--‘Be’ || ‘Be’ ; A-.R<-5=, The verb ‘be’ means to exist or to do something. L- 5 B$

‘be’ ; A?- L- . % R?- $%- 8 A$- $/?- 2:3- 2 1 2- o - ! R /- 0, →For example: . 0 J<- /,

• I don’t want to be alone with the frog.

• Don’t be afraid.

• Be careful! Be quiet!

→Usage--‘Could’ || ‘Could’; A-.R<-5=, The word ‘could’ is the past tense of ‘can’ (to be

able to do something). || ‘Could’/ A‘can’; A- :. ?- 5 B$- ; A/,(L- 2- $%- 8A$-12-,2- 0-!R/- 0,)• Could he run very fast? No, he couldn’t run very fast.

• Could he spit very far? No, he couldn’t spit very far.

Exercises .%- $8A,

1. Choose the best answers to these questions. :S A- 5 B$- :. A- . $- $ A- ;%- . $- 0: A- S A?- = /- :. J3?,

A. Where was the tiger walking?(a) The tiger was walking on the street.

(b) The tiger was walking with the horse.

(c) The tiger was afraid.

(d) The tiger was walking in the forest.(e) The frog was walking in the forest.

B. Why did the frog put the tiger’s tail in his mouth?(a) The frog was hungry.

(b) The tail was long.

(c) The tiger ran away.(d) The frog wanted to win the race.

(e) The frog was angry.

C. Who did the tiger see in the forest?

(a) He met a horse.

(b) He saw a frog.

(c) He saw a frog and a fox.(d) He didn’t see a tiger.

(e) He walked in the forest.



∙58∙

D. Why did the fox tie his tail to the tiger’s tail?

(a) The fox liked the tiger.

(b) The tiger wanted to help the fox.

(c) The frog was hungry.(d) The tiger didn’t want to be alone with the frog.

(e) The tiger wanted to eat the fox.

2. Write the missing words in the blanks below. $ > 3 - I -!% - ( : - / % -.- ( . - z $ -L% - ; . - 0 : - , - ~ . -

i3?- {R% ? - > A$ The tiger was (a)_______through the forest. The tiger was (b)________for something to

eat. The frog is a (c)________ animal. The frog said he was the (d)_______of the frogs.

The tiger saw the tiger’s (e)_________in the frog’s spit. The frog said that yesterday he

ate a (f)________. The tiger asked a (g)_______ to go with him to see the frog. The tiger

and the fox went to see the (h)______. The fox (i) ______his tail to the tiger’s tail. When

the tiger ran away the fox (j)______.

3. Write ‘noun, verb or adjective’ for the word underlined in these sentences. 5 B$-P2-

:. A- . $- = ?- /$- , A$- $ A?-3?- 0:A- ,- ~. - . $- 3 A%- 5 B$- . %- L- 5 B$ ( R?- 2eR. - GA- 5 B$ - $ % - ;A/- 0- U A?,

(a) “Where do you want to go?” ___________

(b) “You are very small but I can eat you.” ___________

(c) “I am very wise.” ___________

(d) “Yesterday I killed a tiger and ate it.” ___________

(e) The fox agreed. ___________

4. Find words in the story similar in meaning to these words and phrases. 1%- $+ 3- = ?-

$>3- I A- ,-~. - . 3- 5 B$-.3- :.A- . $- $ A- . R/-35%?-0: A- 5 B$- i3?- :. J3?,

(a) little ___________

(b) have the same idea ___________

(c) a longer distance ___________

(d) a big cat with stripes ___________

(e) to finish the race first ___________



∙59∙

5. Write answers to these questions. :S A- 5 B$- :. A- . $-$A- = /- UA?,

(a) Where did the frog see the tiger?____________________.

(b) Who helped the tiger?____________________________.

(c) Who spit the farthest?____________________________.

(d) Who ate a tiger?_________________________________.

(e) Why did the tiger run away?_______________________.

6. Rewrite these sentences spelling the words correctly. 5 B$-P2- :. A- . $- = ?- ,- ~. - G A-.R<- [ R$-

LJ. -!%?- ;%- . $- 0<- U A?,

(a) You are bery small bet I can eat you. _______________________________________________________________________.

(b) The fro’gs spit fleuw pass the tiger.

_______________________________________________________________________.(c) Yestday I kiled a tiger and eat it.

_______________________________________________________________________.

(d) We can go togthr to see the Frog King. _______________________________________________________________________.

→Usage--Review of superlatives. ( J?- 3, R- 2: A- < A3- 0:A-.R<-5= - = - 2*<-.R%-L R?, Superlatives are

words that describe a relationship between one thing and more than two other things. ( J?- 3, R- 2: A- < A3- 0-.<- 5 K- L- . % R?- $& A$- . %- $8/- :$:A- 2<- IA- :V J= - 2- 2e R. - 0- ; A/,

• far-->farthest wise-->wisest small-->smallest

• long-->longest pretty--> prettiest tall-->tallest

• great--> greatest cold-->coldest big-->biggest

7. Write the correct word in the blank space below. $>3- IA-!R%- (:A- /%-.- ;%- . $- 0: A- ,- ~. -

{R%?,

(a) Who can spit the (far)________________?

(b) The frog is a (small)_________________animal.

(c) The tiger’s tail is (long)____________than the fox’s tail.

(d) The frog is (wise)__________________than the fox.



13

The Two Lazy Boys

O

nce upon a time there were two very lazy boys. One was called Tashi and theother was called Dundop. All day long they sat leaning against the wall of their

family home. They never did any work. Their parents gave them all their food

and clothes. Finally their parents got angry. The parents said to the boys, “If you don’t goto work, you must go live somewhere else.” So the brothers left home. They wandered

through the countryside like beggars.

One night the brothers sat by a fire talking about their future.“It would be good if there is a place we could get tasty food and good warm clothes

without doing any work,” said Tashi. “But I don’t know if there is a place like this.”

“I heard that in the whole world there is no place like this,” Dundop replied. “But it is

said there is a place like this in Heaven.”“Oh, I know how to get to Heaven,” said Tashi. “I’m sure the people there will not

look down at us if we don’t work.”

“It would be good if we could go. How do we get there?” asked Dundop.“First we must find a very tall ladder,” said Tashi. After a moment he said, “We can

go even if we don’t have a tall ladder.”

“Really? How can we do that?” asked Dundop.

“A very big bird lives on the mountaintop,” said Tashi. “When I was a little child Iwent there with Grandfather. That’s where I saw him catch a big eagle. If we can catch

that eagle, we can find our way to Heaven.”

“That is a really good plan. Let’s do that.” said Dundop.The next morning the two brothers climbed the mountain. They found the eagle’s nest

and quickly hid beside it. They waited for the eagle. At sunset a big eagle came flying

down from the sky. When the eagle landed in his nest, Tashi grabbed the eagle’s legs.The frightened eagle quickly flew up into the sky.

“Grab my legs!” yelled Tashi to his brother. Dundop grabbed his brother’s legs.

Tashi held onto the eagle’s claws. Dundop held Tashi’s legs. The eagle flew higher and higher into the sky. The two boys swung back and forth in the sky on their way up

to Heaven.“Are we there yet?” asked Dundop. “I can’t hold on

much longer.”

Suddenly Tashi saw a big hole in the clouds. “It’s not

too much farther,” said Tashi. “I can see the gate toHeaven now.” Dundop was happy to hear this.

“How big is the gate?” asked Dundop. “Do you think we can both fit inside the gate?”

“Yes, it’s big enough,” said Tashi.

“How big is it?” asked Dundop.

Tashi opened his arms above his head to show his brother the size of the gate.

Immediately the boys fell from the sky. When they hit the earth, they quickly became like two broken lumps of flesh.

∙60∙




lazy = J- = R - &/,

lean 2~J?- 0,

somewhere else ; = - $8/

,

countryside P R %- $? J2,

without 3 J. - 0, whole 5%- 3, heaven z -;=,

ladder {?,

Grandfather %R- 2R, eagle L- \$

nest L- 5%-,

frighten :) A$?-$%-{= - 2,

back and forth } R /- eJ?-?, hole #%-2,

cloud 3 A/- 0,

gate | R

fit + $- + $- </- 0,

enough 5. - . %- </- 0,

size ( J-(%- 5.,

become :I<- 2,

broken $?- 2, $+ R <- 2,

lump h R $- 0 R,

flesh 3 A- >,

humble #J%?-*%-, #-?$- = R$- 0, float ( - #< - $; J %- 2,

invite 3P R/-.- :2 R. - 0, →Usage--Words that sound the same but have different definitions. 1- 35%?- ,- ~. - = - $ R- . R/-

,. - /?- H. - 0<- ; R. - 0-!R/- 0, • they’re--contraction of ‘they are’ # R - 5 S - / A,‘they are’2#?- :VA- L J. - 0- ; A/, They’re going to live

somewhere else.

• their--possessive plural pronoun # R - 5 S : C, 2. $- 0R-!R/- L J. - G A- :V J= -1:A- 3%- 5 B$ Their parents were

angry.

• there--to locate something . J- /, L- . % R ?- $%- 8 A$- $/?- 2:3- ; R. - 0-!R/- 0, ‘there is a...’ ‘there

are...’ There is a place we can get food.

• whole--something that is complete 5%- 3, L- . % R ?- 8 A$- = ?- ; R . - 5. - ! R /- 0, In the whole world

there is no place like this. • hole--a round opening or cavity #%-2, /%- #R$-! R%- 8 A%- . LA2?- |R<- $9$?- &/-.-P2- 0, Suddenly

Tashi saw a big hole in the sky.

∙61∙



∙62∙

→Usage--‘Would’ || ‘Would’; A-.R<-5=, The word ‘would’ is used to talk about the future.

It means ‘to hope’ or to wish something will happen. || ‘Would’.<- + J- 3 - : R% ? - 2 - 2 e R.- 0, .J:A-

$R- . R/- / A-( R/ - 0 : 3 - L - . % R? - $ % - 8 A$- :L%-o<- < J- 2 - L J.- 0,

• “It would be good if we could go to Heaven.”

• “It would be good if there is a place we can get tasty food.”

• ‘Would’ is also used to invite someone to do something.

• “Would you like to find an eagle?”• “Would you like some tea?

Exercises .%- $8A,

1. Choose the best answers to these questions. :S A- 5 B$- :. A- . $- $A- ;%- . $- 0: A- S A?- = /- :. J3?,

A. Why were the parents angry with their sons?

(a) They were angry because the boys wanted to go to school.

(b) Because the boys didn’t want to stay at home.(c) They were angry because the boys didn’t work.

(d) They were angry because the boys were stupid.

B. What kind of place were the boys looking for? (a) They were looking for a place where they could get food and clothes.

(b) They were looking for a place where they could get good jobs.(c) They were looking for a place to get a ladder, a cloud, and a bird.

(d) A place where they could find food and clothes without working.

C. Where was the eagle’s nest?

(a) It was near the river.

(b) It was on the mountaintop in the forest.

(c) It was in the valley.

(d) It was at the edge of a valley on the mountaintop.

D. How did the boys want to get to Heaven?(a) They wanted to get there by holding the eagle’s legs.

(b) They wanted to get there by climbing a ladder.(c) They wanted to get there by wandering.

(d) They wanted to get there by riding on a cloud.

2. Complete the following sentences by writing the missing words. (. - z $-L%- ; R. - 0: A- ,-

~. - VA?- + J- $>3- IA- 5 B$-P2- . $- (- 5%-.- $+ R%- . $ R?,

(a) “If you are not going to work, you must go live ________________else.”(b) Dundop didn’t know how they would get to __________.

(c) They __________________the countryside like beggars.

(d) “First we must find a very tall ____________________.”



∙63∙

3. Write the words from the story for these definitions. $>3- I A- $?= - 2>. - :.A- . $- = - $8 A$?-

+J-1%- $+ 3- /%- $ A- ,- ~. - UA?, (a) white, floats in the sky ___________________

(b) magical bird ___________________ (c) use this to climb something ___________________

(d) your father’s father ___________________

(e) people with no home or money ___________________

4. Match sentences 1-5 with phrases a-e. 1/?-52<- I A- 5 B$-P2- .$a /?e2<- IA- 5 B$-.3- = - ;%- .$- 0<-4J=, (1) The brothers didn’t want to (a) legs.___

(2) They didn’t want others to (b) just as the sun was starting to set.___ (3) The eagle arrived at the nest (c) a hole in the clouds___

(4) The boys were happy to see (d) look down on them.___

(5) Dundop grabbed his brother’s (e) work.___

5. Write answers to these questions. :S A- 5 B$- :. A- . $- $A- S A?- = /- U A?,

(a) What did the boys do at home? _______________________________________________________________________.(b) How did the boys get to Heaven?_________________________________________.

(c) Where was the eagle’s nest? ____________________________________________.

(d) Who showed Tashi the nest? ____________________________________________.

6. Rewrite the following sentences with the correct spelling. $ > 3 - IA- 5 B$-P2- :. A- . $- $A-.R<-

[R$- L J. -!%?- ;%- . $- 0<- UA?,

(a) As son as the eagle landed Tashi grabed held of the birds’ leg.

_______________________________________________________________________

(b) The boys’s swung bac and furth in the sky on their way to heven. _______________________________________________________________________

(c) A very big byrd lives on the mountiantop. _________________________________________________ (d) The big bird become frighteneed and quickley flue up into the sky.

_______________________________________________________________________

7. Circle the things that can be found in the sky./3- 3#:- /?- :5 S= -,2- 0:A- . %R?- 2 R- . $- = - | R<- , A$-

oR2?,

stars rocks river moon car plane flower

temple yak sun fork cloud tree wind



∙64∙

→Usage--adjective + enough || ‘( R? - 2 eR. - G A- 5 B$ + enough’i3- 0- &/- I A- 5 B$-P2- G A-.R<-5=, The

word ‘enough’ means to have or do something to a satisfactory amount. || ‘Enough’8 J?-

0: A- ,- ~. - :. A: A- $ R - . R /- / A- L- . % R?- $%- 8 A$- ; A. - 5 B3- 0<-12- 0:3- ; R . - 0, For example: . 0J<- /,

• big enough, far enough, hard enough

•

We haven’t gone far enough.• Heaven’s gate wasn’t big enough.

• The boys didn’t work hard enough.

• They couldn’t hold on to the eagle’s legs long enough.

→The word ‘lean’ has at least two definitions. || ‘Lean’ 8J?- 0:A- ,- ~. - :. A- = - 3- 3,:- ;%- . R/-IA-

i3- P%?- - $* A?- ; R.,

1. lean, (noun) not fat, thin. That horse is very lean. || ‘Lean’(3 A%- 5 B$)>- o$?- 0- 3 A/- 0- ! J- < A. - 0 R -

; A/- 0- ! R /,

2. lean, (verb) to rest against something. The boys were leaning on the wall. || (L- 5 B$) . % R ?-

0 R - 8 A$- = - 2~ J?- + J- %= - $? R - 2- ! R /,

→A. Write the number of the correct definition for each sentence.$>3- IA- 5 B$-P2- ? R- ? R:C-

;%- . $- 0:A- $ R- . R/- $%- ; A/- 0- . J:A- A%- P%?- U A?,

(a) His father liked lean meat. ______ (b) The tired man leaned against the tree. ______

(c) The cook liked fatty meat better than lean meat. ______

(d) Don’t lean on that chair. It’s broken. ______

→‘Won’t’ is the negative of ‘will.’ || ‘Won’t’/ A-‘will’ ; A- . $$- 0:A- 5 B$- ; A/, Helpful saying:

I would if I could but I can’t so I won’t. o/- 3#R:C- 2 > . -5= - &A$-!J, $= - + J- %?-/?- /- 212- % J?- 3 R. -

:R/- G%- %?- 3 A-/?- 0?- 212-o- 3 A/,



14

Uncle Dunba Saves the King’s Life

I

n Tibet long ago there lived a very rich king. One day the king’s wife, the queen,

was very ill. The king was sure she would die. He gave the queen expensive

medicine but she didn’t get better. Finally the king asked Uncle Dunba for

advice.

“I don’t know what to do,” said the king. “Do you know how to help the queen?

I’m afraid she is going to die!”

“I’m not a doctor, but I understand bird language. Perhaps I can ask the birds.

Perhaps they will know what to do,” said Uncle Dunba.

“Yes, please do this quickly,” begged the king.

A little while later, Uncle Dunba went to see the king.

“Uncle Dunba, what did the birds say?” asked the king.

“My dear king. The queen’s illness can be cured. The birds told me what to do.”

“Quickly tell me everything. I will do anything they say,” said the king.

“The birds said, ‘If you want the queen to get better, you must give half of your

treasury to the poor people. If you don’t do this, the queen will die,’” said Uncle

Dunba.

The King loved the queen very much, but he loved his treasures even more. Herefused to give anything to the poor people. Uncle Dunba secretly told the queen

what the king had done. The queen was so heartbroken she died two days later.

After the queen died, the king felt sad. He was very sorry he had not obeyed the

birds’ orders. A few days later, the king felt ill. The king sent for Uncle Dunba.

“Please help me,” said the king. “I am very sick. Perhaps I will die soon.”

“I’m not a doctor, but I can go ask the birds for advice,” said Uncle Dunba.

“Yes, yes, please do this quickly,” said the king.

A little while later, Uncle Dunba returned.

“Uncle Dunba, what did the birds say?” asked the king.

“The wise birds said you have the same illness as the queen. It can be cured in the

same way. Give your riches to the poor and you will live a long and happy life. If youdon’t do this, we can’t say what will happen.” Hearing this the king agreed to give his

treasures to the poor.

“When will you do this?” asked Uncle

Dunba.

“Here is the key to my treasury,” said the

King. “Take half of my treasure. This letter

says I’m ordering you to do this.” Uncle

Dunba agreed to help the king.

A few days later a villager asked Uncle

Dunba, “Why is the king so happy thesedays?” Uncle Dunba laughed and said, “I

don’t know. I haven’t been to the palace for

a long time. But if you really want to know,

I can ask the birds. Perhaps they know.”

∙65∙



New Words and Expressions 3A% - . %- 5 B$- $?<- 2, ill /- 2, sure . % R ?- $/?- G A, ,$- ( R. -

;A/- 0: A,

expensive < A/-$ R %- 3, R - 2: A, medicine (/,

language {. - < A$?,

∙66∙

perhaps 1= - ( J<,

please < J- 2-8- 2: A- 5 B$

a little *%-%, (%-%,

while later ;. - 43- :$ R<-

eJ?, poor . 2 = - 2 R ,

love 2l J- . %?,

treasure o- / R<,

refuse #?- 3 A- = J/- 0,

secret $?%- 2,

wise 3#?- > A%- 36%?- 0: A, cure /. - = ?- ,<- 2,

key w J- 3 A$

worry ? J3?- O= - L J. - 0, regret ] R - :I R . -L%- 2, advice 2?3-5= - :. R/- 0,

trick 3$ R- { R<- $+ R%- 2,

agree #- :(3?- 0,

→Usage--‘Say’ and ‘tell’ || ‘Say’. % tell’ ; A-.R<-5=,

• The words ‘say and tell’ have the same meaning, but we use them differently. || ‘Say’. % ‘tell’9 J<- 2: AA- ,- ~. - :. A- $* A?- $ R- . R/- 35%?- G%-.R<-5= - I A- ,. - /?- 3 A- :S- 2- ; A/,

• ‘Say’ is used with a direct object. A direct object answers the question ‘what?’ ||

‘Say’ / A- L- 2: A-;= - $4 S - 2 R - . %- 3*3-.-.R<- . $ R ?, L- 2:A-;= - $4 S - 2 R - & A$- 2! R = - + J‘what’i3- 0- &/- I A- :S A- 5 B$- = -

= /- :. J2?- . $ R ?,

• ‘Tell’ is used with an indirect object before the direct object. An indirect object

answers the question ‘who?’ || ‘Tell’/ A- L- 2: A-;= - 1= - 2- . %- 3*3- . - . R <- . $ R ?, L- 2: A- ; = - 1= - 2- & A$-

2! R = - + J‘who’i3- 0- &/- I A- :S A- 5 B$- = - = /- :. J2?- . $ R ?,

→For example: . 0J<- /, Subject Verb Indirect Object Direct Object

LJ. - 0- 0 R, L- 5 B$ L- 2: A- ; = - 1= - 2, L- 2: A- ; = - $4 S - 2 R,

Uncle Dunba told the queen a secret.

Uncle Dunba said, “I have a secret.”

The king told Uncle Dunba to take his treasure.

The king says to take his treasure.

The birds told him what to do.The birds said, “Give your riches away.” The king told Uncle Dunba he felt ill

The king said, he was ill



∙67∙

Exercises .%- $8A,

1. Choose the best answers to these questions. :SA- 5 B$- :. A- . $- $ A- ;%- . $- 0: A- S A?- = /- :. J3?,

A. In the beginning of the story, why was the King worried?

(a) He was worried that the Queen might die.(b) He was worried that he didn’t understand bird language.

(c) He was worried that he would lose his money.

(d) He was worried that he would get ill.

B. How did the Queen die?

(a) She died from eating bad food.

(b) She died because she didn’t like the King.(c) She died because Uncle Dunba killed her.

(d) She died because she was heartbroken.

C. What did the King love more than anything else?

(a) He loved the Queen more than anything else.(b) He loved eating mutton more than anything else.

(c) He loved talking to Uncle Dunba more than anything else.

(d) He loved his treasures more than anything else.

D. What advice did the birds give the King?

(a) The birds said the King should kill Uncle Dunba.(b) The birds said the King should give his food to the poor.

(c) The birds said the King should stop collecting gold.

(d) There were no birds. Uncle Dunba gave the advice.

2. Complete sentences 1-5 with the phrases a-e. 1/?52<- I A- 5 B$-P2- . $ a-e2<- IA- 5 B$-.3- . %-

3J= - + J- (- 5%-.- $+ R%- . $R?,

(1) Only Uncle Dunba understood (a) why the King was so happy. ___

(2) The King liked his treasures (b) more than the Queen. ___

(3) The King had the same illness (c) to help the King. ___

(4) Uncle Dunba agreed (d) as the Queen.___

(5) A villager asked Uncle Dunba (e) the language of the birds. ___

3. Complete the following paragraph by writing the missing words .(. - z $-L%- 0:A- ,- ~. -

. $- VA?- + J-.3- 5/- :. A- (- 5% -.- , R%?,

The king bought some very (a)________________medicine for the queen’s illness. But it

didn’t help the queen get (b)______________. So the king (c)_____________ Uncle

Dunba for his help. Uncle Dunba’s advice came from the (d)_____________. The birds

told Uncle Dunba that the king (e)____________ give half of his treasures to the

(g)___________. Then the queen (h) _________________ get better.



∙68∙

4. Write ‘T’ for true or ‘F’ for false. ;%- . $- 0<-T. %- / R<- :O= - = -FU A?,

(a) The King loved the Queen more than anything. _______

(b) The birds told the truth. ________

(c) Uncle Dunba knew how to trick the King. _______ (d) The King thought he was going to die. _______

(e) The King agreed to give Uncle Dunba half his treasury. _

5. Rewrite the following sentences using the correct spelling. $ > 3 - IA- 5 B$-P2- :. A- . $- $ A-.R<-[R$- L J. -!%?- ;%- . $- 0<- U A?,

(a) “Quickley, tell me averything. I willl do anyting they say,” siad the King.

_______________________________________________________________________.

(b) Fianlly, the King deceded to aks Uncle Tempa for his adivce. _______________________________________________________________________.

(c) Uncle Dunba secratley told the Queen what the King have said.

_______________________________________________________________________.(d) When the King herd this, he noded agreeeing that this is what he shold do.

_______________________________________________________________________.

→Usage--‘Too’ and ‘to’ || ‘Too’. %‘to’$* A?- G A-.R<-5=, 1. To show that something is a problem. || ‘S$? ’. %- . R / - : S - ! J- ( R ?- $%- 8 A$- 5. - = ?- 2c= - 2<- ! R /- 0- ; A/,

• Too bad That is too bad. It’s such a shame. I’m sorry.

• Too much That costs too much. It costs too much money.

• Too loud Turn the radio off. It’s too loud.

2. Meaning ‘also.’ I want to go, too. ( I also want to go.) # .- 0: A- 5 B$- ; A/- + J- G% - ;% - :% - $ ? 3- .% - . R /-

:S,

→Remember ‘to’ is a preposition, but ‘too’ means ‘also’ or ‘a lot.’|| ‘To’

/ A

- 5 B

$- U. - & A

$- ; A

/,

: R /- G%‘too’; A?-#. - 0:3- ,= - S$?- 0: A- . R /- ! R /, • I was going to the store, but it was too hot.

• He was going to read a book, but it was too hard to read.

→A. Write the number for the correct meaning in the blank beside each sentence.

5 B$-P2- < J- < J:A- 3)$- $ A-!R%- (:A- /%-.- ;%- . $- 0: A- $ R- . R/- I A- A%- P%?- U A?,

(a) She liked to eat meat, too. _________

(b) I don’t want to go outside. It’s too cold. _________

(c) His mother is too weak to walk. _________

(d) Do you think I can help, too. _________



∙69∙

Story Translations 1% - $ + 3 - 2+<- ; A$

1

A-#-!R/ - 0 - . % - o = - 2 R: C- a - % - ,

A-#-!/- 0?-.?-o/-.- o= - 2 R- = - 9?- $; R-.<- L J.-G A/- ; R. - = - # ? - = ? - ! < - @ - & % -@<- ,$- L?- /:%- o= - 2 R?- #-= - 2lJ- 2-

LJ.- G A- 3 J.- . J, o= - 2R: C- 9?- = - 8 A3 - 3 % < - I A?- $+3?- > A%- A-#-! R/- 0: A- 9 ? - = - V R- 2 - .J- : S - 3 J., .$R%- 3 R- < J<- o= - 2 R?- A-#-!R/ - 0 < - 9 ? - G A- a - % - ( J/-0 R- . $ - 3./- & R$-!J% - : )R$ - 0 < - 2{=, *A/- 8 A$ - = - o = - 2 R- K A- < R= -.-? R%-, #R- 3 - ? R% - 2 : A- } R/-.- # R? - A -#-! R/ - 0 < - 2 > . -o<, “a - % :A- /%- $ A- l 3 - 0 - 3 - 9, $= - +J- H R.-

G A?- . J- 9 R? - / - HR.- <%- > A- :P R” “a - % - $ 8 / - . J- ; A- / % - $ A- L - |R%- . J- . $ - 9 R?- 3 A- ( R$ .J:A- /%-.- L-U$ - 3 % - 0 R-;R.- 0?, $ = - +J- H R.-

G A?- . J: A- #- K J? - / - . J- .$- :1< - : P R” o = - 2R?- . J- v <- 2> .- 0- .%- 1<- ? R%- % RR-,

A-#-!R/ - 0 ? - , R$- 3<- l3-0- ; R.- 5.- 9?- 5<- 2- .%- . J- / ? - L - | R%- 5%- 3- 9 R?- 5<- 2<- L?,

K A- * A/ - o = - 2 R- K A<- , R/, o= - 2 R? - a - % : A-/%-.-2 v ? - 0 - / - ; R. - 5 . -! R% - 2 - ;A/- 0- 3,R% - / ? - # R?- :S A-o<, “L-U$ - . % - l 3 - 0 - $ % -.-

;R.- .3,”

“L-U$ - . $ - $ A?-1-1R$- ( J- 2 ? - % ? - a - % :A- # - K J? - 2 - / - :1<- < R, % - < % - @ - & % - ? J3?-* R- 2 - . % - > A- :P R- 2 - = - ~ 3 - 2 - = - / ? - l 3 - 0 -9 R?, AR--)A- :S:A-*R- 2- = - %- > A- 3 - ? R%-,” A-#-! R/ - 0 ? - . J- v <- 2> .- . R,

2

]R-PR?- &/- I A- g - 1R- . %-,%- ! A,

*A/- 8 A$ ,%- ! A- 8 A$ - = 3 -.- :P R- 8 R<-.- g - 8 A$- :.3-.- L A%?-+ J- :$= -,2- G A/- 3 J.- 0- 3, R% - / ?“HR.- <%- 8 A3- 3%<- &/- 8 A$-

; A/ - = ? - ( J, %?- HR. - < % - 9 -o- ; A/,”8J?-,%- ! A?- g- = - 2> ., g?“%- <% - 3A- $ 4 % - 2 ? - V R- 2 - .J- : S - 8 A$ - $ - = - ; R., % - : . 3 - / ? - ; < - ] % ? - > A%- $4%- 3<- 2N? - / - VR- 2 - @ - & % - 2 9 % -”8J?-

2> ., ,%- ! A?- 2> .-o<, “.J- / A- 2. J/ - 0 < - :.$”

,%- ! A? - g - .J- : . 3 - / ? - K A< - : ,J/- 8 A% - $ 4 % - 3 < - 2N?- + J “.- / A- % ? - HR.- <%- 29:- ( R$ - 0 < - :.$”8 J?- g- = - 2> ., g ? - 2 > . -

o<, “,R$ - 3 < - HR.- G A?- %:A- k A$ - 3 $ R: A- $9 A-(% - : .A- . $ - ] % ? - + J- 3 J.- 0<- 29 R? - / - @ - & % - V R- 2- .%- w/- 0- ; A/,”

“.J- / A- 2. J/ - 0 < - :.$” ,%- ! A?- . J- v <- 2> ., ,%- ! A- 3 < -|<- /?- kA$- 3$ R: C- $9 A-(%- = J/- 0<- 2l3?- 0- /- g?- > J.->$ ? - ;R.- 5.- G A? - : U ? - 2 o 2 - +J- 2?.- .R, g?- :P R- 8 R<-.-5?- 0, “g - c / - : . 3 - / ? - = J/ - 0 : A- > J.- &/- 0 R, ,

kA$ - 3 $R: C- $9 A-(%- = J/ - 0 : A-K$ - 0 - 0 R, , <?- 0-Z$- $ J< - $ +R%- $ A- = ?- %/- 0 R, ,”



∙70∙

3

P R$ ? - 0 R- $?3, *A/- 8 A$- P R$ ? - 0R- $?3 - = 3 - / ? - : U ., P R$ ? - 0R- $& A$- / A- 35 S- } R/- /?- ;R% - = - $ &A$- / A- 9 A- O/- /?- ; R%-, $8/- .-!/-?:- /?-

:R%?- 2- < J., “35 S- } R/-.- 8 A%- 2- i3?- = - } R- 5= - <A$ ? - 3A- : S - 2 - :23 - $ &A$ - z $ -*J?- ; R.- 0- .%- 4 S%- $A- 3 , - 5 . - /A- :(%- 2&- ;R.-=, ?A= -

+R$- i3?- 1- 2 R% - = ? - G % - (J- 2<- ; R.,

9 ? - < A$ ? - ; R. - 5 . - 8A3 - 0 :A- V R- ; A?- $+3?,”

35 S- } R/ - / ? - : R% ? - 0 : A-*J? - 0 - . J?- . J- v <-= 2,

“9 A- O R/- I A- :V R$- 0- i3?- = - :V R%- 3%- 0 R- ; R. - = - : VR%- i3?- @- &%- ( J-! J, .J- . $ - $ A-G- > A/-+- ( J- 2 ? - 3 A- $& A$-G- & R- $& A$- $ A-

! J%-.- :$ R?- > A%- 3 A- $& A$-G- & A$- > R?- . J: A-!J%-.-:$ R?- /-$& A$- $ A?- & A$- > R?- . J?- & A- 2 > . - 0 - ,R?-.!:-! J, , - / - { . - (J/- 0 R?- 2 R?-

G%-<%- $ R- . ! : - 2 - ; A/,” 8 J?- 9 A- O R/- I A- $8 R/-/- 3- .J? - 2 > ., “%: A- 1-;= - I A- 4 S%- / A- @- &%-& R3- + J- . L < - 3)$-+-!- < J? - $ &R.- .$ R?,” 8 J? - ! / -?:- / ? - :R% ? - 0 : A- L A- 3 R- . J?- 2> ., 35 S-

}R/- I A-*J? - 0 - .J?- 2> .-o<, “35S- } R/ - / - 9 % ? - G A- a- %- ( J/- 0 R- 8 A$- 29 R- I A/- ; R.-= -$?<-2- s- 2o?- t$?- G- ,-2-(J/- 0R-= -2g/-

/?- 29 R- 28 A/ - 0 - ; A/,”

“& A: A- K A< - . - : S : A- a - % - (J/- 0 R- 8 A$- .$ R? - 0 - ; A/ - / 3,” P R$ ? - 0 R- $* A?- G A?- . J- v < - S A? - 0 < - 3 5S- } R/- I A-*J? - 0 - .J?“!/-?:-

/?- ,R/- 0: A- 4 S%- .%- 9 A- O R/ - / ? - ,R/ - 0 : A- :V R% - 3 $ R- $; R-.R<- L J.- ( J.-.: R”8J? - 2 > . - .R, 4

A-#-!R/ - 0 ? - \ % - = - l A-L$ ? - 0, * A/- 8 A$ - A -#-!R/ - 0 - 8 A%- #- 8 A$ - = - ? R%-, 8A% - 2 - 8 A$- $ A? - 2 - \ % - $ * A? - = - 8 A%- k R- 28 A/- ; R.- . J- $& A$- / A- / $ - 0R- . % - $ & A$- / A-

/ $ - O - 8 A$- ; A/, “A- < R$?, H R.- G A- 2 - \ % - > J. - @ - & % - ( J/- 0 R- :.$- G%- (- 3 A- 3*3- 0?-*R- 2- A%-,” A-#-!R/ - 0 ? - . J- v <- 2> ., “&A: A- K A<- 9 J<- <3,” 8 A% - 2 ? - . - v < - S A?, A-#-! R/ - 0 ?“2 - \ % - $ & A$- / A- / $ - 0R- . % - $ & A$- / A- O - 2 R- ; A/ - 0 ? - .J- v <- 2> .- 0-

;A/”8 J? - 2 > .,

“:R/ - G % - % - . J<- 2+< - , 2 ? - 3A- :.$” 8A% - 2 ? - .J- v <- 2> ., “HR.- = - 2+< - , 2 ? - ; R.- . J- H R.- G A? - O - O - . $ - / $ - 0 R<- 2+<- ( R$” A-#-!R/ - 0 ? - . J- v <- = /- 2+2, “HR.- G A?- . J- v <- 212-,2 - 2 3,” 8A%- 2?- S A?, A-#-! R/- 0?“% ? - .J- v < - 2+<-,2- 3 R.- G A- H R.- G A? - % - = - % J? - 0 < -.-y-

(%- > J= - . 3 - $ % -!J<- .$R?”8J? - 2 > ., .J- / ? - 8A%-2-.%-A-#-!R/ -0- $*A?- P R?- 3,/-L%-!J- A-#-!R/ - 0 ? - 2 - \ % - O- 2 R- . J:A-!J%- = - :.3- I A?-L$ ? - 0 - / - . ! < - ,A$-

3J. - 0 < -I<, “. - v - % J.- 5%- = - ? R%- /?-(% - 3 < -y- ( % - >J= -.3-$%-a R%-( R$” 8A% - 2 - .J?- . J-v <-2> .-0-.%-A-#-! R/ - 0 - 8A%-2: A-

HA3-.- ? R%-,



∙71∙

“HR.- G A- c . - 0 R? - % : A- 2 - \ % - * R- :. R.-*J? - 0 - . % - # R?- 2> .- 0<- | R<- 3 R- H R.- G A?-!<-% J?- ; A/- 9J<, S-3: A- KA- <= -+- v ?- .%- 2-

\ % - / $ - 0 R-. J- 3, R%-,2,” A-#-!R/ - 0 ? - 8 A% - 2 : A-(%- 3<- . J- v <- 2> .- 0- .%-# R- 3 R? - S - 3 : A- KA- <= - /- <%- *A. - G - c . - 0R?- 2- \%- /$-

0R-$* A? - = - 8 A%- k R- 28 A/ - 0 - 3 , R% - 0 ? - A -#-! R/ - 0 < - | R<- 3 R-3., A-#-! R/ - 0 - . $ : -3 R: A- # J%?- 28 A/- ;= - = R,

5

=$-,%- ! A- . % - : U . - 0, * A/- 8 A$-=$- & A$- < A- l J- / - ;R.- 0- = -,%- ! A- 8 A$ - = 3 -.- 3 < - : P R- 2 - 3 , R%-, ,%- ! A- @ - & % - v R$?- +- 9?- :5= -28A/- ;R.-=, ,%-

! A- . $ -=$ - $ ? R. - 0 < - . $ : - 2 ? -=$- . J-,$- ! A<-0$- /?- 3I R$?-M<- %%- ?- . R%- 8 A$-+- V R?, ,%- ! A? - ? - .R% - / % -.- 2v ?- 0- /-3/-

0 - @ - & % - / $ - 0 - . % - # R- . R%- /%-.- K A/- 3 R.-3/ - 0 -!$ - S $ ? - 0 ? - & A- ;%- 3, R% - 3 -L%-, =$- . J-,%- ! A- = - @- &%-0$ - S $ ? - 0 ? - $ &A/- 0-

> R<- 8 A%- . J- :U= -,%- ! A-$& A/- m A%- 8 A$-+- = %?- :.$ “?- ; A/- /3, HR.- G A?- & A- 8 A$- L J.- G A/- ; R.- .3,” ,%- ! A? - { . - & R< - 2 o 2, =$- $ A?- 2> .-o<, “% ? - ? - . R% - = - $ . - 2 . < -

LJ.- G A/- ; R.,” =$- . J-0$- /?- :.<- GA/- ; R. - = - d - 3 - I % - % R? - = - $;$- $;$ - L ?, “HR.- G A?- & A- 8 A$- L J.- G A/- ; R.- .3, 1- . J- & A- 8 A$- ; A/- /3,” ,%- ! A?- S A?, “%?-G- $* A?- i R/- 0 R< - 2 h < - / - H R. - $ ? R.-,2- 0?- .J- 2 h < - G A/- ; R.,” =$- $ A?- . J- v <- 2> .- 0- .%-,%- ! A-0$- + J- V R?- ? R,

6

? J%- $ J- .%- < A- 2 R%-, }R/- /$?- 5=- 8A$-+- ? J%- $ J- c / - 0 - 8A$- $/?- ; R.- =, ?J%- $ J- . J- / A- 9 ? - G A- K A<-.- < A-?$?- d R/ - 0 < - 3A- .$:- 2: A-+ A.-

=$- ( J/- 0 R- 8 A$- ; A/, #R?- * A/-o/- < A- 2 R%- =“% - = - 9 - 3 - H J<- > R$”8J?- 2!:- 2|R?, ? J%- $ J- . J- / A- < A-?$?-(% - 2 :A- < A$?- 9-

2<- .$:- 2?- /$?- G A- < A-?$?- .J- 3 - *A.- /?- ) J-*%- /?- ) J-*%-.- K A/, *A/- 8 A$- ? J%- $ J?- < A- 2 R%- =

“%- =- 9- 3- H J<-> R$

”8J?- ;%- 2*<- 2!:- 2| R?,

“%?- 3A-/?- +J,

/$?- 5=-+- H R.- =?-

(J- =-! R2?- .%- w/- 0- 8 A$- ; R.- 0- .%-. J?- %?- HR.- =- 9- 3- H J<- 3 A-( R$-9 J<,” < A- 2 R%- $ A?- . J- v<- =/- 2+2,

“%- / A- /$?- 5=- :. A: A- / % - ( J?-!R2?- .%- w/- 0: A- ? J%- $ J- # R- / - ; A/,” %- o=- &/- I A- ? J%- $ J?- . J- v < - 2 > . - & A%-“%?-

?J%- $ J- $8/- 0- .J- 3, R% - : .R.- 0?- H R.- G A?- %- =-! R/- ( R$- $3”8J?- 2>., “( R$- $ A %?- H J. - = - ? J%- $ J- . J-! R/- ( R$” ] R- < A$ - 2 N - 2 : A- < A- 2 R%-(%-(%- . J?- . J- v < - 2 > ., <A- 2 R%- .%- ? J%- $ J- $* A?- 3*3-.- . R%-(:A- : P 3 -.- K A/, <A- 2 R%- $ A?- ? J%- $ J- = - .R%-(- . J- 2!/- /?- 2>.-o<, “vR?-

.%-, HR.- =?-!R2?- (J- 2: A-?J%-$ J- . J- :. A- / - ; R.,” ? J%- $ J?- . R%-(- / % -.- 2v?- 0- /- ? J%- $ J- ( J/- 0 R-8A$- $ A?- # R- =- 2v?- ;.-

0- 3,R%-, .J<- # R?- %<- {.- ( J/- 0 R-1R$- 0- =- $8/- .J?- G%- %<- {.-1R$?- 0?- #- <%- #%-O-=%?-+ J-.R%-(- /%-.-3( R%?- 2-.%-, # R- < % -(- n=- 3 A- > J?- 0?-(<- , A3- /?- >A- ? R%-, . J- / ? - 29%- + J- Y R$- ($?- ; R.-5.-;/- < A% - 2 .J-* A.- %%- :5 S- 2 - <R=-

,2 - 0 -L%- % R-,



∙72∙

7

A -#-! R/- 0?- o=- 2R- = - H A- {.-1R$-+- 2&$- 0,

=R- $?<- IA- * A/- 3 R- / A- 2 R.- =- 35 S/- /- @- &% - H.- 0<- 2: A- * A/- 3 R- 8 A$- ; A/- =, * A/- 3R- :. A<- H A3- 5% - ; R.- 5.- o=- 2 R- =- 3)=- 2<-

:PR- 2 - ; A/- +J, HA3- 5% - < J- < J?- o=- 2R- = - = J$?-*J?- 29% - 2 R-:2=- 2- ; A/, H3-5% -< J- :$?- o=- 2 R-=- ?A=- +R$- :2=- 8A% -<J- :$?-$ R-< J-

:2=- 2- .% -, HA3- 5% - < J?- o=- 2 R- =- .!<- =- < A% - 2:A- #- 2+$?- < J- :2=- 2- ;A/, =R- 8 A$- =, #J- 3A- i 3?- G A?- A-#-! R/- 0- =3-.- :P R- 28 A/- 0- 3, R% - /?“A- < R$?- A-#-!R/- 0, HR.- $% - =- :P R- 28 A/- ; R.- .3, ”

#R- 5 S?- A-#-!R/- 0<- .J-v<- S A?- 0<- A-#-!R/- 0?“% - o=- 2R<- 3)=- 2<- :PR- I A/- ; R.- =- % ?- o=- 2R<- HA- {.-1R$- 0<- L-,2”8J?-

2>., #J- 3 A- i 3?- G A?“HR.- G A?- o=- 2R<-HA-{.-1R$- 0<- L- .!:- : R”8J? - 2 > .,

1R- V% -.- o=- 2R- O A- = - 28$?- >A% -#J- 3 A- i 3?- GA?- o=- 2 R-=-<% -<% -$ A-= J$?-*?-1=- 8A% - o=- 2R?- #R-5 S-=- 3% <- (- w/- 0:A- 9?-

2)=, \R-2<-.- A-#-!R/- 0- 1R- V% -.- , R/- 0- . J?- o=- 2R- ;- 35/- 0<-I<- + J, #R-.?-;/- < A% - 2 R- 8 A$- =- 1R- V% -.- 3- : R% - 0?- ?R, “~A% - 2lJ- 2: A- A-#-!R/- 0, HR.-;/- < A% - 8 A$- =- 3- 3, R% - 2?- $% -.- ? R% - % 3,” o=- 2R?- . J- v<- S A?, “2l J- w / - I A- o = - 2R- = $ ?, % -HR. - = - = J$?-*J?- H.- 0<- 2- 8 A$- :5 S=- 2<- KA/- 0- ; A/, % ?- HR.- =- @- &% - H.- 0<- &/- I A- H - 8A$-

*R- :. R.-*J?, ” A-#-!R/- 0?- .J- v<- 2>., 3A-!/- I A?- H.- 0<- &/- I A- HA?- H.- 0<- 2: A- :2- {.-1R$ - 0 - >J?- + J, o=- 2R? - A -#-!R/- 0<“HA- .J:A- {.- $- :S - :.$- $3”8 J?-

SA?, A-#-!R/- 0?- 2>.-o<, “3:, 3:,”

“HA- 29% - 2 R- 8 A$- $ A- {.- / A- . J- :S - 3- ; A/- + J, .J- / A- L A-=- 8A$- $ A- { . - < J.,” A-#- o=- 2 R?- 2>.,

“2l J- w / - I A- o=- 2R- = $ ?, HA- 29% - 2R- 8 A$- $ A- {.- / A- & A- :S - =$?- ?3,” A-#-!R/- 0?- .J- v<- S A?- 0<- o=- 2 R?- A-#-! R/- 0:A-

3./- /?- =$-9% - ?- =- ?<- 28$- +J “y: R, y: R”8 J?-1-1R$?, # J- 3 A- i 3?- G A?- o=- 2R: C- :2- {.-H A- .% - ;% - .$- 35% ?- 0?- @- =?-

0<-I<- < R, 8

< - 3 - . % - 7 - 3R, ,%- ! A

$ / : - } - 3 R- 8 A$-=, 2 R.-;= - /-!/-+- < - 2 - 8 J?- :2 R. - 0 :A-;= -P-8 A$- ; R. - 0 - . J-<- 36 K?-#$ - w / - 0 : A-C- ,%- .%- .= - I A?-

28<- 2: A- $4%- 2R- 8 A$- ; R., *A/- 8 A$ - = - : . R.- Y J.- &/- I A-,%- ! A- 8 A$- = 3- 2<- /- # J< - n % -.- :P R- 28 A/ - $ 9 / - ( ? - : 5S= - I A/- :.$ ,%- ! A? - < - 3 - 8 A$- $ A?- $4%- :P 3-.-C- 9 - 2 8 A/- :.$ - 0 - 3 , R%-, : R/- G%-,%- ! A? - < - 3 - 3 - 9 R?- + J- < - 3 < - P R$ ? - 0R- 8 A$- ; R.- = - .J- / A-

% < - & / - IA- H A- 8 A$- < J., .J- 2 ? -,%- ! A- . J- 2N J?- v R$ ? - % % - K A<-2.- ? R%-, *A/- e J?- 3<-,%- ! A? - 7 - 3 R- 8 A$- = 3- 2<- /?- 3, R%-, ,%- ! A?“~ A%- * J- 2: A- A- &J- 7 - 3 R- = $?, HJ.- / A- : 6 3 - \ A%- Y R$ - ( $ ? -

OR.-.- ( J?- ] R- < A$- w/- 0- ; A/, %- = - <R$ ? - LR? - . % - < - 3 - . % - H A-$* A?- ? R- ? R< - 2 ! < - e J?- %?- HA- . J- $? R., e?-?-:- $ * ? - G ? - < - 3 - . -

9 R? - / - (R$”& J?- 2> ., .J- / ? - 7 - 3 R- < - 3 < - : 5 3 ? - : S A- L J.-.- ? R% - 2 - ; A/, 7- 3 R? - % $ - : ) 3 - 0 : A- %%- 2> .-o<, “6- ; J, ~A%- * J- 2: A- < - 3 - c / - 3 R- = $?, H J.- / A- 2l J- ? J3 ? - (J- 2: A-C- $ 9 / - 8 A$- ; A/,

:R/ - G % - HJ.- G A-,R. - 0 - /A- $&/- $9/- 8A$ - . % - : S, H J.- G A- P R$ ? - 0 - R!J-$.$-l2- &/- I A- H A- c / - . J- / A- @- &%- 29%- 2 R- 3 A- :.$ 3A- 5 % -



∙73∙

3?- HA- c / - . J- # R%?- OR- = % ? - % J? - 2 - 5 S<- ; R., 1= - (J<- H A- c/- . J?- H R. - < % - 9 - : .R.- ; R.- 0?- HJ.- G A?- % J? - 0 < -.- ; A. - : )R$ - L -

.$ R?,” < - 3 :A- 2 ? 3 - 0 < - 2 a 2 - L - / A- /.- $? R- 2 < - 3 # R- 2: A-(/- v -2- ; A/ - ~ 3, < - 3 ? - 7 - 3 R- ; A? - 1 / - ( J- 2: A- 2 a 2 - L - $ / % - 2 < - 2 ! : -

S A/-8?,

K A- * A/- <- 3?- H A- =“7- ; J- H A- c / - HR.- / A-3%- 2 R- 8 A$- ; A/, %- .%- H R.- / A- P R$ ? - 0R- ; A/- 3 R.- : R/ - G % - 3 A- 5 % - 3 ? - % - < % - ; % - H R.-

. % - : S - 2 < - $+3 - S $ - & / - 8 A$-+-$%-, 1= - ( J<- H R.- G A? - % - < % - 9 - : . R.- ; R.- 0?, HR.- % J? - 0 < -+-;= - $ 8 / - 8A$ - = - ?R%-!- :5-#.-I A?”8 J?-5?, *A/- . J: A- e J?-?- H A- c / - % < - & / - . J- $ / ? - $ ? < - 2 - 8 A$ - = -%<- + J- :5 S-# R.- L?,

K A- * A/ - } - 3 R-,%- ! A- ; R%-! J- < - 3 - 2 ? ., # R- 5 S? - < - O $ - S R/- 3 R- :,%- 28 A/- V R- 2 - & / - I A- > - 9R?- + J-,%- ! A- . % - 7 - 3 R- $* A?- G A?- 8 A3-

3 % < - w / - 0 : A- 9 ? -,/- & A$- = R%?-?-,.,

9

LA- = : A- L - . $ :,

$ / : - } - 3 R- > A$- =, *A- 3 - < % - > < - 9 J<- 2: A-#J- 2 - 8 A$- $ A- /%-.- 3 A% - = - ? J3 ? - 0 - . $ : - 8 J? - : 2R. - 0 : A-* J? - 0 - 8 A$- ; R., #R- / A- ] R-

< A$-P%- 8 A%- , R/-* J.- G A- = ?- = -8$ ? - 0 : A- 8 A% - 0 - 8 A$- ; A/ - 0 - . % -;= -P- . J-<- (?- (-2: A- :V-36 S.-3%:-2-; A/, : R/- G%- L A-2: A- */-

o/-.- # R:A- :V- < A$ ? - 2b- 28 A/ - $ . :, * A/- 8 A$ - = - ? J3? - 0- . $ : - ; A?- L A- 2 - : $ R$ - 0 < - 2 ? 3 - / ? - < A/- $ R%- 3,R- 2: A- L A- = - 8 A$- * R?-+ J-5?- 2, “*R/- > A$- L A- =, .- <%-

H J.-G A?- % J?- 0<-.- :V- 36 S. - / ? - L A- 2 - : 6 B/- .$ R?, $= - +J- H R.- G A?- L A- 2 - $ & A$- 29%- /, % ? - HR.- = - L- .$:-! J<- % J?- ; A/, $= -

+J- H J.- G A?- L A- 2 - $ *A?- 29% - / - H R.- = - . J- = ?- 29%- 2: A- L - . $ : - , R2- % J?,” LA- = ?- $+3- :. A- , R? - 0 ? - . $ : - 5 S<- ( J/- 0 R-*?- +- :V-

36 S.-.- K A/,

L A- = - . J- I%- $+A%- $ A-#%-2- 8 A$- $ A- / % -.-; A2 ? - +J- L A- 2<- 2v - 28 A/- 2#., LA- = - . -;/- <A% - 2- 8 A$-= -|$- 3.-LA- 2 - $ &A$- G%-

3 A$- $ A? - 3 - 3 , R%-, *A/- . J: A- 3 , : - 3 < - L A- = ?- L A- 2-(%-(%- 8 A$- 3,R%-L%-, L A- = ? - L A- 2 - <A.- 0 R- . J- 29%-!J- 8 A%- 0: A- ?<- H J<- ? R%-, 8 A% - 0 ?“H J.-G A?- 29%- 2: AA- L A- 2- @- &%-(% - 2 ? - : .A- / A-H J.-G A- L - . $ : - ; A/”8J?-<? - { 3 - > A/-.-(%-%- 8 A$- L A/, .J- 2 ? - L A-

= - . $ : - 0R- 3-L%-, K A- * A/- L A- = - . J- :V- 36 S.- G A- I % - : P 3 - / ? - 2#.- . J- L A- 2<-|$- 0- <J., ,J%?- :.<-LA- = ?- LA- 2 - 8A$- 29%- G%- #?- LA- 2 - . - 8A%

- 2 < - 3 -3. - 0 - < J., L A- = ?- L A- 2 - .J- :V- < A$?-1%- 2 R- 8 A$- $ A- ? < - OA.- . J- 2+%- 2- < J.,

*A/ - : $ :A- e J?-?, LA- = ? - L A- 2 - @ - & % - 5S/- 0 R- 8 A$- 29% - 2 - . % - . - / A- # R?- } R/- (.- 29%- M R% - 2 :A- L A- 2 - . J- < J., .J- / ? - L A- = ? - LA-

2- . J- 8 A%- 2<- H J<- ? R% - 2 - < J., 8 A% - 0 ? - L A- = <“L A- 2 - (J/- 0 R- 8 A$- 29%- :.$ - 0 ? - L - . $ : - ( J/- 0 R- , R2- :.$”&J?- 2> .- 0- .%- 8 A% - 0 ? - L A- = <-=-$: A- > - = J2-

3 R- ( J/- 0 R- 8 A$- L A/ - 0 ? - L A- = - .$:-3R- 5.- 3 J.-*J?,



∙74∙

10

< A- 2 R%- .%-<?-&=,

$/:- }- 3 R- 8 A$- = - 2 R.-;= - I- 36K?-#$- w/- 0: A-;= -P- 8 A$-+- < A- 2 R%- 8 A$- .% -<?-&= -& A$- :5S-#.- L?- ;R., *A/- 8 A$- = -

#R- 5 S- <- 2 R- 8 A$- $ A- l J- 3- /?-3*3-.- 2#., /3- 3#:- } R- 8 A%-2?%?- =, /$?-[%-!/-.- : V ? -2?-..- 0:A- u / - > A%- i3?- ,$?-

?- 2 N <A- 2: C- l J- /?-(- 2 R- 8 A$- .= - I A?-=%-#$-+- :22- &A%-, =%- 2:A- .2?-?- 3 5 - (J/- 0 R- 8 A$-:H= - :.$ <A- { . - / A-%%-$8 R%?-

2.-3 R-(%-(%- 8 A$- ; A/- =,

.- / A-@- &%- 2.- :)$?- G A- :5 S- $/?- > A$ - ; / - + - < - 2 R% - $ - ?J3?- = - ,2?- > ?- $8/- 8 A$- :(<- 2: A- n J/-; % - : .A- = -,$ - 0 - <J.,

<A- 2 R% - $ ?“7- ; J, *3-(%-<?-&= - = $ ?, ?%- *A/- / A- :P /- 2#<-I A- * A/- 29%- 2- 8 A$- ; A/- 0?- % J. - & $ - < A- :.2?- /?- < A-

lJ- 2 < -o$ ? - +J- :P /, $= - +J- H.- :P /- 2#<- :.- = ?- o= - /, <A- 2 - : . : A- $+?- .%- 2&?- 2- H.- = -.2%- , : R/- G%- %- <%- :P /-

2#< - : .A- = ?- o= - /, HR.- G A?- % J?- 0<-+- $ / ? - $ 8 / - 8 A$ - 2 4 = - +J- :5 S-#R.- L R?”8 J?-<?-&= - = - 2> ., <?-&= -I?- :.- / A- ,2?- = J$?- 0R- 8 A$-+- 3 - ? J3?, #R- <%- $/?- :.- = - @- &%-.$:- 8 A%-.%- 0?, <?-&= - I - ? J3 ? - = - ] R-

<A$ - $ * ? - : 6S3 ? - G - , 2 ? - > ? - & A$- > <- +, “~%- *J- 2:A-%/- P R$?- = $?, %- H.- .%- :P /- 3 A- 1 R., %?- b%- = $- 28- 2 R-,%-

S$?- 0?-%- <%- < A- :.2?- /?-%%- $8 R%?- 2<- :$ R?- G%- .= - 2- .%-.?-;/- < A%- 2- 8 A$ - : $ < - %J?, % - 5 - < A- l J- /?-,<-.-35 S- # < -

o$?- +- :P /- /- 3- ($- $3”8 J?-<?-&= - I?- < A- 2 R%- = - S A?, <A- 2 R%-<?-&= - .%- 3?- 3,/-L%- 2- .%- :P /- 2#<- = ?-<?-&= -

o= - 3A- 1 R.- # R- , $ - 2 & .,

KA- */- }- 3 R, <A- 2 R%- .%-<?-&= - $ *A?- G?- :P /- 2#< - I - : $ R- 2 l 3 ? -L%- , <A- 2 R%- @- &%-M< - 3 : C- %%- <A- l J- /?-,<-.-

2 2 ? - 0 - . % - K A- S R: A-.?-?- 9 3 - ( J/- 8 A$- 2o.- . J-o$?, <A- 2 R%-$ A? - 9 3 - 0 : A- : R$-+- 2 v ? - 5K-<?-&= -(- #-<- $; J%?- 28 A/- :.$ <?-&= - I A?“M<-.-o$?, M<-.-o$?,”&J? - 2 > .,

? - Y . - G -.?-?- < A- 2 R%- . J-=%-#$- $ A- 35- #<- :LR<, <?-&= - I ? - # - = -|$- :.$ - 0 - . - 3 , % - 2 ? - # - ; - 3 5 < - 8 A%- , <A3-

28A/ - < - 2 R%- $ A?- <%- $ A- 36 K?-#$- w/- 0: A- 1-;= - .%- V= - .$?- 0?- 3 A$-9%- = ?- 3( A-3-z%- , : R/- G%-<?-&= -/ A-3R-*A.-G A?-

#J% ? - :.$ 11

3J:- . % - ? - $ . /,

$ / : - } - 3 - 8 A$- = - 2R.-;= - / - 8A%- 2- c/- 3-8 A$- :5S-#.- L?- ; R., = - < J< - # - 3 ? - / ? - :V- 2#? - 0 - < J., *A/- 8 A$- # R- 3 R?- 8 A%-

= ?- /?-C- V J$ ? - +J-_%- = - :K<- 2?- :V- h R$ - . % -C- b % - ? R- ? R<- K J?, 3,<- #R- 3 R?- :V- h R$- i3?- ?-! J% - / ? -1%- 2 R- L ? - +J- 2 h =,

KA- * A/- 8 R$?- 0<- # R- 3 R- K A<- :V- < A$?- 2#-<- ? R%- 2- <J., : R/- G%- ?-!%-.- /?- :V-*%-%- 43- = ?- z$- 3- :.$ c / - 3 ?

“A- @- 2

R- - - - - - % :

A- :V- <

A$?

, 1= - (

J< - 3 - 8

A$- $

A?- :V- <

A$?- ;

R%?- m

R$?-&? - 2 - < .

”&

J?- {.- 2o2

, #- 3

R?- ?- ,$- /?- b%- e

J?-

3%- 2R- 8 A$- 3,R%- , ; A/- ;%- eJ?- .- .$- ;- 35/- 8$-+-$%- , 3- $8A- b%- e?- :.- .$- /- * J- : # < - / - : 5 S-#R. - L ? - ; . - 0 : A-3:- c/-

.J?- 29 R? - 2 - < J., #R- 3 R?-3J:- c / - . J- :6 B/ - : .R.- G%- < J- 8 A$ - , 2 ? - 3 - f J.,



∙75∙

* A/- $* A? - 0 < - # - 3R- K A<-8 A%-#<- K/- +- *A/- Z A= - 2 < - # R- 3 R?- 8 A%- /%-.- = -1$-(%-%- .%- 4%- 2+2- 0- <., KA- * / - 8 R$?- 0<-

#R- 3- ;%- 2*<-8 A% - # < - ?R%-.?- ?- /%-.- 5.- 3- b%-:$:- = ?- $8/- ; R%?- m R$?- 3,%-o- 3- :.$ 8A%- 2- c/- 3?“A - @ - 2R- %?-

5S.-3, 3- 8 A$- $ A?- %?- .-.$-&? - 2 - < .”&J?- 2> ., ;%- #- 3 R?- b%- eJ?- :$:- 3,%- 2- .%- .- .$-3J:- c/- .: A-29 R?- 2-$8A- /?-

>J?-L%- , #R- 3 R- @- &%- #%- O-*?- + J- K A<- #%- H3-.- = R$- /?- #- 3?- ?- $./- (J/- 0 R- 8 A$- :#<- /?- ?R%-!- ?- ,$-+- 2+%- e J?- .: A-

!J%-.- *= - +- :P J- = R$- :$:-2 o2, ;. - 4 3 - : $ < - e J? - # - 3 R- ;<- = %?- + J- $./- % R?- ; R%?- m$?- = -,A/-]$- e J?- K A<- #%- 0: A- /%-

.- = R$ .$R%- 3- .<-3:-K A<- a J2?- 0- .%- c/- 3 R?- L?- 0- )- 28A/- ?- $./-!J% - / ? - : P - = R$- 2o2- &A%- {.- &$- 43- = -3 J:- ?-

$./-!J% - / ? - :$= - 3 A-,2- 0<-I<,

K A- * A/- 8 R$ ? - 0, 8A% - 0 - c / - 3 R- . J- 8 A%- #<- ? R%-.?, # R- 3 R?-3J:- c / - ? - $ . / -!J%-.- : L < - ;R.-0-3, R%-!- .$:-3-*?- 0- < J., 12

&= - 2: A- o = - 2 R,

*A/- 8 A$- = -!$ - ( / - 0R- 8 A$- /$?- $? J2- 2o.- /?- #- 9?- :5 S= - I/- :.$ !$- $ A?-&= - 2-(%-%- 8 A$ - / $ ? - $ ? 2 -.- :.$-

0- . J- 3, R%- 2- .%-&= - 2 -!$ - = -0$-$%-*J?, &= - 2 ? -!$- =“H R.- $%-.- :P R-o- ; A/”8J?- S A?, !$- $ A?- 2> .-o<, “2.$- = - 9-o- 8 A$- 3#, %- <%- 2N?- v $?- G?-

3 / < - 2 8 / - ; . - 0 ? - H R.- > A/-+-(%-<% - % ? - H . - 9 R?- ( R$” &= -2?“%- / A-&= - 2 :A- o= - 2 R- ; A/”8J?-!- & R- 2o2, “H . - G ? - % - < % -

%R- 3 A- > J?- ?3 2.$- /A- ] R- <$-P%- 8 A%-3#:- = - 3(R%- 1 R., $ = - + J- H . - % - = - ; A.-( J? - 3 . - / - % - 5 S- :P /- 2#<- L J.-( R$”&J?- 2> ., . J- / ? -!$-&= -2- .%- 3R?- 3,/-L%-,

:P /- 2#< - 3 - L . - 0 : A- } R/-., &= - 2?-!$- $ A- 3)$ - 3 - # - < % - $A- #- /%-.- 2&$ .- /?-!$-;/- <%- 2- 8 A$- = -o$?- +- K A<-

:# R<-.?-&= - 2- <%- $ A- 3./- K R$?-?- :.$ - 0 - .J- 3, R%-, &= - 2?“% - < % - : P / - 2#<- = ?- o= - ? R%-, .- v -?- 8 A$- $ A? - 3 (A= - 3- o% - < A%-.- :1 J/-,2- 23”8 J?-!$ - = - 2 > .,!$- /A-

@- &% - v $?-;R.- 0:A- #<- %= -.2- G A?- # J%?- :.$- 0?- 3(= - 3- $+/- /?- :1/-o-3-L%-, &= - 2?- 3(A= - 3- #- > ?-!$- = ?- o%-

<A%-.- :1%?- 2- .%-!$- $ A?-&= - 2 :A- 3 ( = - 3 :A- /%-.-!$-%- #- > ?-:.$- 0- 3,%-!-&= - 2 <“&A: A-KA<-H R. - G - 3 ( A= - 3 :A- /%-.-

!$-%- :.$ - $ 3”&J?- S A?,

&= - 2 ?“#- ?%- %?-!$- & A$- 2?.- .- 9 R?- 2- ;A/”&J?- 2> ., !$-0$-$%- ( J/- 0 R-*J? - + - V R?- ? R%- 2- <J., /$?- $? J2-

2o.- 0: A- = 3- 2<- /?-!$- $ A?- 7- 3 R- 8 A$- 3,%- , 7- 3 R?“&A- 8 A$- = - H.- <%- :.- :S: A- 3I R$?-M<- %%- :V- 28A/- ; R. - . 3”8 J?-

S A?, !$- $ A?- 2> .-o<, “%?-!$- 9- 3#/- I A-&= - 2 - 8 A$- 3,R%- 2- .%- 2.$- $ A?-&= - 2?- %- <%- 9- 2<- :)$- 3 A- : . . - 0 - ; A/,” 7- 3 R?“:. A- / A- 2. J/ - 0 < - 3A-$%-, H R.- <%- 3-0$ &= - 2 - . J- %- = -!R/ - . % - % ? - # R- $? R.-,2”&J? - 2 > .,

“= $?- ? R, :R/- G%- %- 5 S-&= - 2:A- o= - 2 R<-,$-.?- V R? - 3 - (R$- %- <%- $& A$- 0 R-&= - 2- .%- 3*3-.- :.$- 3 A- 1 R.,” !$-

$A?- .- v <- 2> ., 7- 3R?“= $?- ? R, :- $*?- G- 3)$ - 3 - $ &A$-+-4= - e?, %- 5S- 3*3-.-&= - 2 : A- o = - 2R< - 2 v -<- :PR”&J?-

2> .,



∙76∙

!$- .%- 7- 3 R- $* A? - / $ ? - 5 = - 2o. - / ? -&= - 2: A- ? < - ? R%-, “6- ; J-{- 82?- 7- 3 R- H . - < % - % - = - 2 v -<- 3 - ;R%- 2<- * A/- :$:- :$R<- ? R%-, H.- G?- %- = - 9-o- & A$- H<- ; R% - 2 - ; A/- /3, & A-

:S:A-3- 2- w/- 0- =, H . - G ? - % - = -!$- & A$- #- 9?-?- H J<- ;%- :.$- 0<- 2!:- S A/- (,” &= - 2?- 2> ., .- /?-!$-0$-$%- ( J/-

0R-*J?- + J- V R?- ? R%-, #R? - * 3 ? -(%- $ A- 7 - 3R- . J- e J?-?-S.- . J- 7 - 3R- > A- 2 - < J.,

13

= J- = R- & / - I A-2- $* A?,

$ / : - } - 3 - 8A$- = - = J- = - &/- I A-2- $* A? - ; . - ., $&A$- $ A- 3 % - = - 2 N - > A?- .%- $8/- 0:- 3%- = - . R/- :P2- 9 J<, #- $*A? - * / -

o/-.- #%- 2:A- I%- = - 2~?- +-#. - 0 - = ? - % = - lR= - $+/- /?- 3- L J.- 0?- 9?- $ R?- ; R.- 5.- 1- 3?-.A/- 0- < J., .- v <-;/- < A%- 2 R-

8A$- :$ R< - e ? - ; 2 -;3- $*A?- !-2- 5 S<- # R%- O-*?- +- 2> .-o<, “$= - +J- H R.- 5 S- = ?- !<- 3A-8$?- /, %J?- 0<-.- $/?- $8/- 8 A$-

= - ? R%-!J- :5 S- 2 - <R= - & A$” .J- 2 ? - # R-%/- 3( J. - $ *A? - ! - 1 -;= - .%- #- V= - + J-3%- 2 R- 8 A$- $ A-5= - 28 A/- P R% - $ ?J2-+- : H 3 ?, * A/- 8 A$- $ A-.$ R%- 3 R- # R-%/- 3(.- $* A?- !- 3- 3,:-<- 2#. - . - 3 - : R%- 2: A- {<- = - = 2- \%- L?, 2N- > A?- G A?“$= - +- %- 5?-

.!:- = ?- &- ;%- M R% - 3 - . $ R?- 0<- 83- 3%<- &/- I- 9?- .%- S R. - : ) 3 - w / - 0 :A- I / - $ R?- ? R$?- =R%?-?-,.-,2- /- @- &%- 29%- 2<-

:I<- % J?, : R/ - G % - ? - ( - : . A- :S- 8 A$- ; R.- 3.-%?-3- >J?”&J?- 2> ., “%?- $R- ,?- = - :) A$- g J/- I- #3?-?- : . - : S : A- ?- (- 8A$ - 3 - $ / ?, ;A/- ;%- 3- 5%- 3?- 2> .- 0-v <- /- z-;= - / A- . J- :S- 8 A$-

;A/ - 9 <,” . / - :P2- G A?- 2> ., 2N- > A?- G?“%?- z-;= -= -)- v <- :P -5= - > J?, $= - +- %= - lR= - L . - 3 - . $ R?- /- 3- 5%- 3?- %-

5S< - . 3 : - : 2J2 ? - 3 A- L J.- # R- , $ - ; A/”8J? - 2 > .,

“%- 5 S- z-;= - = - ) A- v <- :P R $ = - +J- %- 5S- :P R-,2- /- .- ;$- 0 R- :.$”&J?- ./- :P2-G A?- S A? - 2 - < J., .J- /?- 2N- > A? - G ? -

2> .-o<, “,R$- 3<- %- 5?- {?- @- &%- <%- 2- 8 A$- :5S= - . $R?,” ;. - 4 3 - : $R<- e?- #?- ;%- 2*<“$= - +J- %- 5 S<- {?- <%- 2-

8A$- 3 J.- /:%- :P R-,2”& J?- 2> .,

“% R- 3 - ;A/- /3, .R/- . J- %- 5 S?- ) A- v <- 2I”&J?- . R/-:P2 - G ? - SA?, 2N- >A?- G A?- 2> .-o<, “<A- l J-<- L- ( J/- 8 A$- $ A?- 5%-

2&R?- ; R., %-(%-.?-?-%- 2- = $?- .%- 3*3-.- $ / ? - . < - ? R%- M R%- = - .- / A- # - 2 ? - L - \ $ - : 6B/ - ? - < ., $= - +J- %- 5 S? - L - \ $ - . -

:6 B/-,2 - 0 -L%- /- z-;= - = - :P R- ?: A- = 3 - f J.-,2,”

“.J- / A- % R- 3 - , 2 ? - ; $ - 0 R- < J., %- 5 S?- . J- 28 A/-.- 212,” .R/- :P2- G A?- 2> .,

KA- *A/- 8$?- 0<- # R-1-/- $* A? - ! - < - = - : $R?- +- L- \$- $ A- 5%- f.- 0- .%- g2- g2- 0 R< - . :A- = R$?-?- ; A2?- +- L- \$- = -|$ *A-

3-/2- #:A-.?-?- L- \$- &A$- 2<-$%- /?- 3<- :22- G A/- :.$ L- \$- .- L- 5%- /%-.- 22?- 0: A- 3.- = - 2N- > A?- G?- L- \$- $ A-

b % - 0 < - : , 3 ?, \ R-2<-.- :) A$?-0$- $ A?-{= - 2 ? - L - \ $ - . J- K A<- .$%- } R/- I A- .L A%?-?- :1<,

2 N - > B?- G A? - < % - $ A-%/- =“%?- b%- 0<- :)?”&J?- {.- 2o2, .J- 2 ? - . R/- :P2- G A?- # R:A-%/- I A- b % - 0 < - : , 3 ? - 0 - < J., 2N- > A? - L - \ $ - $ -#<- 3 R<- :,3?- >A%- . R/- :P2- # R- 2 R:A- b%- 0<- :)?- ; R., L - \ $ - $ ? - .$% - } / - G - . L A%?-?- /3- :1%- $+.-

0 ? - #R- $* A?- z-;= - = - :P R- ?: A- = 3 - 2 < - / ? - } R/- e J?-?- $;$- $;$ - L ?, “%- 5 S- .-<% - 3 - , R/- /3, %?-;/- < A%- = - :)- 3 A- 1 R.,” & J?- . R/- :P2- G A?- S A?,



∙77∙

\R-2<-.- 2N- > A? - G ? -3/- $? J2-+-#%-2- ( / - 0R- 8 A$-2gR= - ; R.- 0- 3, R%-!“.-/ A- ,$- <%- 2-3- :.$ .-v -%?- z-;= - = - :PR- ?: A-

#%-2- 3, R%-,2”&J? - 2 > ., .R/- :P2- G A- { . - ( - : . A- 5 S< - 2 ? - . $ : -3R- ( J/- 0 R-*J?,

“|R- ; A- ( J-(%- & A- 43- :.$ H . - G ? - 2 ? 3 - / - | : A- /%- # R$- . J-+$- +$- %.- $*?- G A-=?- .%- </- 0- ; A/- /3”8J?- ./- :P2-

GA?- S A?,

2 N - > A?- G A?- 2> .-o<, “<J.- ;, .J: A- ( J-(% - 5 . - . % - < / - 0 - < J.,” ; % - .R/- :P2- G A?“: R- / - .J: A- ( J-(%- ) A- 4 3 - < J.”8 J?-

S A?, 2N- >A?- G A?- <%- $ A- .0%- 2- $*?- 3$- ,$- /?- 2n%?- +- #- 2 R?-%/- = - |:A- 5.- 43- 2!/, .- 2?- {.- &A$- * A.-.-2- $*A?- !- 2<-

$% - / ? - 3 < -z%-, ?<-z%-.?- # R- 5 S- > - h R$-9%-.-I< - 2 - :.$

14

A-#-!R/ - 0 ? - o = - 2R: C- Y R$-*2 ? - 0,

$/:- }- 3- 8A$- = - 2 R.-;= -.-!2 ? - : LR<- w/- 0:A- o= - 2 R- 8 A$- ; R., *A/- 8 A$- = - o= - 2: C- 24/- 3 R<- /- 5- (/- 0 R-L%- +- o= -

2R?- 3 R- :(-o- < J.- 2?3?, #?- 24/ - 3 < -(/- l- (/- .$-].- G%- 1/- 3- ,$?- 0?- 3,<- o= - 2?- A-#-! R/- 0<- ]- S A?, “%?-

&A- 8 A$- LJ.-o- 3A- > J?, H . - G ? - 2 . $ - $ A- 24/ - 3 < - ) A- v <- 212- /- 1/- 0- > J? - ? 3, %?- #- 3- :(-o- < . - 2 ? 3 - / ? - ] - 2 . - 2R- 3-

:.$” o= - 2 R?- . J- v <- 2> ., A-#-!/- 0?- 2> .-o<, “%- / A-(/ - 0 - 8A$- 3 A/- ;%- %?- L- {.- $ R- 2- ;A/, .J- 2?- %?- L- 5 S<- :S A-

.%- 1= - ( J<- # R- 5 S?- & A- 8 A$- L J.- .$R? - 2 - 2 > . - :R%-,”

“<J.- ;, M<-.- . J- v < - L R?”8 J?- o= - 0 R?- A-#-! R/ - 0 < -8- 2 - LJ.,

;. - 4 3 - : $ R<- e J?- A-#-! R/ - 0 - o = - 2 R<- 3)= -.- ? R%- 2- < J., o= - 0 R?“A-#-! R/- 0, L- 5 S?- & A- 8 A$- 9 J< - < 3”8 J?- S A?, “2 . $ - $ A- 2l J- w / - I A- o= - 2R- = $?, 24/- 3 R:A- / . - = - 2 &R? - , 2 ? - ; R., L- 5 S? - 2 . $ - = - &A- 8 A$- 212-.$ R?-0-2> .-? R%-,”

“5B$ - $ &A$ - G % - 3 - $ ? % - 0 < - % - = -M<-.- > R.- < R$?,” o= - 0R?- 2> .,

“L- 5?- 2> .-o<, $= - +J- 24/- 3 R- /.- = ?- ,<- .$?- /, H . - G ? - % J? - 0 < -.-o- / R<- I A- K J. - ! - . - .2= - 2 R- i3?- = -./- 0-

$+R%- .$ R?, $= - +J- . J- v < - 3 - 212- 5 K, 24/- 3 R- :( A- % J?- < J.,” A-#-!R/ - 0 ? - .J- v <- 2> ., o = - 2 - . - 24/- 3- = - @- &%- .$:- 3 R.- G%- .- = ?- .$:- 2- /- <%- $ A-o- / R<- ; A/-0?- <%- $A-o- / R<- .2= - 2- i3?- = -./- 0-

$+%-o- # ? - 3 - ] % ?, A-#-!/- 0?- $?%-!2 ? - G ? - 24/- 3- = - o= - 0?- & A- 8A$-12- 0- 2> ., *A/- $* A?- G A- e ? -?- o= - 0 R: A-

24/- 3 R<- ~ A% - / . - 1 R$-!J- :( A- 2 - <J., 24/ - 3 - > A- e?- o= - 2 R<- ? J3?-#$-$ A?- 3/<- +- #- <%- $?- L- 5?- #- = - 3- */- 0<- :I R.- 0-*?, *A/- :$: A- e J?-?, o= -

2R<- /.-L%-!- A-#-!R/-0- 2?, o= - 0R?“H . - G ? - % - = - < R$?- LR?- .%- , %- <%-= - /.- u A. - 3 - 8A$-L%- :.$ 1= - (<- %- ;%- 3-

:I%?- 2<- :( A- % J?- < J.”& J?- 2> ., A-#-!R/ - 0 ? -5?- 2, “%- / A-(/ - 0 - 8 A$- 3 A/ - G % - % ? - L - 5 S?- & A- $?%- S A? - / - ( R$”

“<J.-;, <J.- ;, M<-.- . J- v <- LR?” o= - 2R?- 2> ., &% - 4 3 - : $R<- e J?- A-#-!R/ - 0 - K A<- = R$-L%-,

“A-#-!R/- 0, L- i3?- GA?- & A- 8 A$- 9 J<-L%-”8 J?- o= - 0 R?- S A? - 0 - /, A-#-!/- 0?- 2> .-o<, “3#?- 36%?- w/- 0: A- L-

i3?- GA?- 2> .- 0- v <- /- H.- = :%- 24/ - 3 :A- /.- .- 1 R$- :.$- 9 J<, /.- .- = ?- ,<- 2<- ,2?- = 3- $&A$- :S-$%- 2- ; A/- +-o- / R<-



,3?- &.- .2= - 2 < - LA/- 5- H J.- G A-{- 5 K- 2g/- & A%-3R- 2 - : 1 J=, $ = - +J- H J.- G?- . J- v <- 3-212-5 K- . / - n J/ - & - 8 A$- :L% -o- 2.$- $A?-

HJ.- = - 2> .- 3 A- 1 R.,” o= - 0R? - $ + 3 - . - ,R?- 3- ,$- A-#-!R/- 0:A- $+3- .<- :,.- 0-L%-!- #R?-o- /R<- ,3?- &.- .2= - 2 < -!<-o- #?- ]%?,

“/3- 8A$ - = - H . - G A? - . / - : . - 212-o- ; A/”8J? - A -#-! R/- 0?- S A?, o= - 0R?- 2> .-o<, “:. A- / - % :A-36 S.- #%- $ A- wJ- 3 $ - ; R., o-

/R< - I - KJ. - ! - : H < - >R$ ; A- $ J- :. A:A-!%-.- H . - G ? - : . - v < -12-( R$- 0:A- 2!:- ; A$ - V ? - ; R.,” . - / ? - A -#-!/- 0?- o= - 2 R<-

<R$ ? - LJ.-o- : , . - 0 -L%-, * A/ - : $ :A- e ? -?, # J- 3- 8 A$- $ A? - A -#-!/ - 0 <“*A/- :.- :$:A- < A%- o= - 2 R<- . J- :S: A-3R- 2 - w / - 0 - n / - &A- 8 A$- < J.- .3”&J?-

SA?, A-#-!R/ - 0 - $ . - 3 - . $R.- 28A/- 2> .-o<, “% - ? - . < - 3 - ? R%- 2<-;/- < A%- :$ R<- ? R%- 2?- %?- ;%- 3 A- > J?,, $= - +- H.-G?- % R-

3- > J? - : .R.- /, % ? - L - 5 S< - : S A- .%- 1= - ( J<- # R- 5 S?- > J?- : R%?,”

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