english texts for students - agronomists tác giả: nguyễn trung tính trường Đh ngoại...

8/13/2019 English Texts for Students - Agronomists Tác giả: Nguyễn Trung Tính Trường ĐH Ngoại ngữ - ĐH Huế, 2009

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HUE UOIQETWIPY

GLMMENE LA FNTIGUMPUTE FO@ ALTEWPTY

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EONMIWH ALT WZEGIAIG ZUTZLWEW

EONMIWH PEXPW ALT WPU@EOPW-FNTLOLKIWPW

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ONUYEO PTUON PIOH

9 / 4::4



6

ZTEAFGE

Phe fik la this dllc is tl hemp stuèots la fnrigumture èvemlp the alur mfonufne

scimms fo` the fdimity la usion the mfonufne colwme`ne io their glkkuoigftilo fdlut

their spegifmist sudbegt fs wemm. Phe dllc glosists la 65 uoits, efgh la whigh is ìviè`

iotl twl pfrts2 pfrt F shlum` de preseote` io gmfss3 pfrt D is alr sema-stu`y ft hlke.

Phe fgtivities io efgh uoit fre èsinoe` alr stuèots tl prfgtige io refm-miae glotext,

whigh kfy kfce the tfrnet mfonufne klre futheotig. Phe exergises algus lo

ikprlvion the nrfkkfr io use fo` the mfonufne scimms the stuèots oee`, espegifmmy

refìon fo` writion, whigh kfy hemp thek io pfrtigipftion io slke prlbegts fo`

wlrcshlps lo rurfm èvemlpkeot deion hem` dy alreino lrnfoizftilos io Qietofk.

Phe kfterifm glmmegte` is dfse` lo the mfonufne the stuèots oee` alr their auture

bld, remevfot tl the ioterkeìfte mevem la the dfsig mfonufne glurse they hfve stuìe`

ft the uoiversity.

Phe kfterifm èsinoe` lomy fiks tl keet the urneot oee`s la the stuèots la Hue

glmmene la Fnrigumture fo` Alrestry, sl it kust hfve slke glostrfiot fo` mikitftilo. I

hlpe the refèrs whl fre glogeroe` fdlut the sudbegt aio` the kfterifm useaum fo`

kfy f`` slke klre whft ylu hfve nlt io the aiem` tl glkpmete it fs fo Eonmish

kfterifm alr fmm stuèots la fnrigumture io lur gluotry.

ONUYEO PTUON PIOH

9/4::4



4

§ UOIP 6 WLIMW

I. ̂ lr` stu`y6. Aio` the wlr`s whigh hfve sikimfr kefoion.

f. stlre (v) - thion / sudstfoge d. gmefose (v) - drefc `lwo

g. kioerfm arfgtilo (o) - exteot / size `. ioterfgtilo (o) - gmefo e. ègfy (v) - ceep a. kefsure (o) - skfmm piege n. lrnfoig kftter (o) - fgt tl efgh lther h. pfrtigme (o) - kioerfm glkploeot

4. Nrlupion. ^high nrlup `l the almmlwion wlr`s demlon tl<

Zltftl3 tlkftl3 pioefppme3 pfpfyf3 mlonfo3 wheft3 slyf3 rudder3 gfgfl3 rige3 gugukder3gfrrlt3 meklo3 defo3 pefgh3 glttlo3 pefr3 tef3 kfoilg3 lrfone3 glaaee3 sunfr gfoe3 pefout3strfwderry3 gfumiamlwer3 gfddfne3 dfofof3 wfter kemlo . . .Aruit trees Qenetfdmes Ioùstrifm grlps All` grlps

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f. Whfmmlw-rlltion grlps d. Tllt grlps g. Pree grlps........................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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II. Wcimm èvemlpkeot6. Mllc ft the ìfnrfk fo` foswer the questilos demlw.

F. Wlim prlaimes.

* Qery shfmmlw slim * Whfmmlw slim * Klèrftemy èep slim * @eep slim

6:gk

6::gk

- Whfmmlw-rlltion - Klst fnrigumturfm 4::gkgrlps grlps - Tllt grlps

5::gk

- Pree grlps

f. Exergise 6.(pfir-wlrc) Olw fsc fo` sfy fdlut lther slim-type la the slim prlaime fs exfkpme.

F2 ^hft is the èpth la f shfmmlw slim<D2 F shfmmlw slim hfs f èpth la 6: tl 6:: gk.

F2 ^hft grlps is f shfmmlw slim suitfdme alr<D2 Alr shfmmlw rlltion grlps.



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F2 ^hft fre shfmmlw rlltion grlps glkplse`<D2 Dfofof3 pioefppme,... (nive exfkpmes io ylur lwo fref.)

D. Wlim pfrtigme size.Pypes la slim Zfrtigme ìfketer rfone io kk

- glfrse sfo`

-

aioe sfo`- simt- gmfy

6.: - :.4

:.4 - :.:5:.:5 - :.::4= :.::4

Wkfmm slim pfrtigmes fre gfmme` sfo`, simt lr gmfy pfrtigmes, fgglrìon tl their size.f. Wpefcion . (pfir-wlrc) Fsc fo` foswer fdlut the almmlwion slim pfrtigmes.

Exfkpme - Glfrse sfo` F2 ^hft is the ìfketer rfone la glfrse sfo` pfrtigmes<- Aioe sfo` D2 Glfrse sfo` pfrtigmes fre detweeo 4 fo` :.4kk io ìfketer.- Wimt F2 …………………………………………………………… - Gmfy D2 …………………………………………………………….

F2 ……………………………………………………………

D2 ……………………………………………………………

G. Wlim texture fo` strugture.

Wlim texture is the prlplrtilo la ìaaereot pfrtigme sizes io the slim. Wlim with very skfmm pfrtigmes (gmfy) hfs f aioe texture. Wlim with f kixture la skfmm fo` mfrne pfrtigmes (mlfk) hfs fkeìuk texture. Wlim with mfrne pfrtigmes (sfo`) hfs f glfrse texture. Phe rfone la texturesgfo de shlwo lo f slim texture ìfnrfk. Alr exfkpme, slim sfkpme F hfs 6:% sfo`, 4:% simtfo` >:% gmfy. It afmms ft pliot F lo the ìfnrfk. ^hft is the slim texture la slim sfkpme F<

6. Mllc ft slim sfkpme F2

Wlim sfkpme F hfs 6:% sfo`, 4:% simt fo` >:% gmfy. Phus it hfs f ... aioe... texture.

Olw mllc ft the almmlwion slim sfkpmes io the tfdme.



0

f. Aimm io the dmfocs. ^hft is the texture la the almmlwion slim sfkpmes<

Wfkpmes Wfo` Wimt Gmfy

D ...................………......

G .....................………....

@ ....................…………

1:%

7:%

0:%

7:%

5:%

7:%

6:%

4:%

7:%

4. Tef` fo` glkpmete the almmlwion pfssfne.

Wlim with f glfrse texture glosists la remftivemy mfrne pfrtigmes. Phus it retfios fir io thespfges detweeo the pfrtigmes, dut it `les olt retfio wfter. Glfrse-texture` slims fre usufmmywemm `rfioe`. Hlwever, kfoy ikplrtfot outrieots fre mefghe` lut la the slim. Phese slims freusufmmy re` lr drlwo io glmlur.

F keìuk-texture` slim glosists la f kixture la ...(6)... fo` ...(4)... pfrtigmes. ...(7)... itretfios ...(0)... fo` ...(5)... . ...(1)... ...(>)... fre usufmmy ikperaegtmy `rfioe`. Pherealreikplrtfot pmfot ...(8)... fre fvfimfdme alr pmfot nrlwth. Phese slims fre usufmmy ...(9)... lr

...(6:)... with nrey klttmes.F aioe-texture` slim glosists la remftivemy ...(66)... ...(64)... Phus it ...(67)... wfter, ...(60)...it `les olt hlm` ...(65)... . Aioe-texture` slims fre dmue lr nreeo io ...(61).. . Phey fre ...(6>......(68)... `rfioe`.

Phe wlr`s kfy de use` tl aimm the nfps.

thus 3 wfter 3 skfmm 3 slims 3 mfrne 3 keìuk-texture` 3 drlwo 3 outrieotsre` 3 pfrtigmes 3 hlm`s 3 skfmm 3 fir 3 dut 3 pllrmy 3 glmlur 3 usufmmy 3 outrieots

7. Foswer the almmlwion questilo.

f. ^hy `les f glfrse-texture` slim retfio fir< d. Nive loe ìsf`vfotfne la f glfrse-texture` slim.g. ^hy is f keìuk-texture` slim usufmmy ikperaegtmy `rfioe`<`. Fre the pfrtigmes la f aioe-texture` slim pre`lkiofotmy sfo`, simt lr gmfy<e. ^hy is the aioe-texture` slim lateo amllè` fater rfio<a. ^hy is rige lateo nrlwo io f aioe-texture` slim<n. Io whigh type la slim fre rllt grlps (e.n. sweet pltftl, gfssfvf, etg) nrlwo io ylur fref<

Nive loe refslo why ylu thioc this is sl. @. Wlim strugture. @eaioe the slim texture fs quigcmy fs plssidme, theo write the slim strugture.

- Wlim texture2 F2 ………………… D2 ………………… G2 ……………… - sfo` 8:% - sfo` 4:% - sfo` 4:%- simt 6:% - simt >:% - simt 4:%- gmfy 6:% - gmfy 6:% - gmfy 1:%

- Wlim strugture2 F2 …………………. D2 …………………. G2 …………………..

6. Tef` fo` glkpmete.

Wfkpme F is f glfrse-texture` slim, sfkpme D is f keìuk-texture` slim fo` sfkpme G is faioe-texture` slim. Efgh sfkpme is kixe` with wfter fo` shfpe` mice f dfmm. ^hft hfppeoswheo wfter `rips lotl efgh sfkpme<- Phe glfrse-texture` slim drefcs up efsimy. It hfs f mllse strugture.- Phe keìuk-texture` slim ..................... klèrftemy efsimy, .............. ................. ................

............... arifdme strugture.- Phe ...............-................. ......................... `les olt ........................... ................ ...............

.............. .............. slmi` strugture.4. Wpefcion . (pfir-wlrc) Foswer the almmlwion questilos.

f. ^hy is it ìaaigumt tl gumtivfte f aioe-texture slim<



5

d. ̂ hy is f keìuk-texture` slim suitfdme alr pmfot nrlwth<g. ^hft hfppeos tl glfrse-texture` slim io f hefvy rfio stlrk<`. ̂ hft fre the f`vfotfnes la efgh type la slim<e. ^hft fre the ìsf`vfotfnes la efgh type la slim<a. Hlw gfo afrkers gumtivfte f glfrse-texture` slim<

n. Hlw gfo f aioe-texture` slim de use` klst eaaigieotmy<

III. TEF@ION F6. Zre-refìon tfsc.

f. Aio` the ìaaereoge detweeo slim, mfo` fo` efrth.

WLIMWWlims fre very glkpmex ofturfm alrkftilos whigh kfce up the surafge la the efrth. Phey

prlviè f suitfdme eovirlokeot io whigh pmfots kfy ldtfio wfter, outrieots fo` lxyneo alrrllt respirftilo, fo` airk foghlrfne. Wlims fre alrke` dy the weftherion la rlgcs, almmlwe`

dy the nrlwth fo` ègfy la pmfots, foikfms, fo` slims kigrl-lrnfoisks. Ia f afrker is tl prlviè the dest plssidme gloìtilos alr grlp nrlwth, it is èsirfdme thft he shlum` uoèrstfo`

whft slims fre, hlw they were alrke` fo` hlw they shlum` de kfofne`.Phe tlpslim fo` surafge slim is f mfyer fdlut 8-05 gk èep whigh kfy de tfceo fs the

nreftest èpth whigh f afrker wlum` pmlunh lr gumtivfte fo` io whigh klst la the pmfot rlltsfre aluo`.

Mllse, gumtivfte`, tlpslim is slketikes gfmme` klum`.Phe sudslim, whigh mies uoèroefth, is fo ioterkeìfte stfne io the alrkftilo la slim arlk

the rlgc demlw.F slim prlaime is f segtilo tfceo thrlunh the slim `lwo tl the pfreot rlgc. Io slke gfses

this kfy glosist la lomy f shfmmlw surafge slim 6:-65 gk lo tlp la f rlgc sugh fs ghfmc fo`mikestloe. Io lther wemm-èvemlpe` slims (fdlut f ketre èep) there fre usufmmy three lr klreèaioite mfyers (lr hlrizlos) whigh vfry io glmlur, texture fo` strugture.

Phe slim prlaime gfo de exfkioe` dy ìnnion f treogh lr dy tfcion lut glres la slim arlkvfrilus èpths with f slim funer.

F gfreaum exfkioftilo la the mfyers (hlrizlos) gfo de useaum io alrkion fo lpioilo fs tlhlw the slim wfs alrke`, its ofturfm `rfiofne fo` hlw it kinht de afrke`. Wlke ètfime` slimgmfssiaigftilos fre dfse` lo slim prlaime.

II. Ghegc ylur uoèrstfoìon. F. Tef` the text gfreaummy, theo foswer the almmlwion questilos2

6. ^hft fre the alur kfio glostitueot pfrts la slim<4. ^hft shlum` the afrker uoèrstfo` fdlut slim<7. Hlw kfoy types la slim fre there<

0. ^hft slim is gfmme` klum`5. Hlw fre slims alrke`<1. Hlw `l ylu tfce f slim sfkpme<>. ^hft gfo f slim sfkpme temm ylu<

D. Aio` the wlr`s with lpplsite kefoion tl the almmlwion wlr`s io the pfssfne.

- sikpme 2 - èvemlpkeot 2 - glogeotrftion 2- mllse 2 - èep 2 - sionme 2- olt wfote` 2 - wfsh fwfy 2 - neoerfm 2

G. Mllc ft pfrfnrfph 4 fo` sfy whft these wlr`s reaer tl2

mioe 62 whigh .................................... . mioe 92 .............................................mioe 42 whigh ................................... . mioe 672 .............................................

mioe 82 whigh ................................... . mioe 6>2 ............................................. @. Mllc ft the pfssfne fnfio. ^high wlr`s glrresplo` tl the èaioitilos demlw2



1

6. hlw pfrtigmes fre frrfone` io f sudstfoge4. the prlgess la pression pfrtigmes gmlsemy tlnether7. f ìtgh ̀ un io the nrluo`0. the ki``me, lr klst ikplrtfot, pfrt la foythion5. f systek alr tfcion fwfy wfter

1. f nrlup iotl whigh slkethion is put>. whft is dfse` lo tl gmfssiay slim io aumm ètfim8. mllse gumtivfte` surafge slim.9. skfmm lrnfoisks mivion io slim.6:. prepfre fo` use mfo` alr nrlwion grlps

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E. Kftghion the niveo wlr`s with efgh pigture arlk skfmmest pfrtigme tl mfrnest.

F. nrfvem. D. gmfy. G. sfo`. E. stloe. A. simt. N. rlgc.

6.6. 4. 7. 0. 5. 1.

ZFTP D2I. TEF@ION D FNTIGUMPUTFM ZLMIGY

Fnrigumturfm plmigy io the Uoite` Cion`lk sioge 69>7 hfs deeo èterkioe` prikfrimy dyGlkklo Fnrigumturfm Zlmigy (GFZ) la the EU, whigh fiks tl eosure stfdme kfrcets, f afirstfo`fr` la mivion alr prlùgers, fo` renumfr suppmies la all` ft refslofdme priges alrglosukers. Phe glsts tl EU tfxpfyers la the GFZ, whigh fggluots alr klre thfo 5: per geotla the EU“s du`net, fo` the keghfoisks la kfiotfioion afrk priges thrlunh nrfots fo`sudsiìes, fo` thrlunh tfriaas lo ghefper ikplrts, hfve glke uoèr iogrefsion gritigisk sioge

the efrmy 698:s dy Dritfio, dy èvemlpion gluotries, fo` dy the Uoite` Wtftes.Qfrilus realrks hfve deeo ikpmekeote` io fo fttekpt tl reùge glsts, sudsiìes, fo` the

hune mevems la lverprlùgtilo, whigh neoerfte` ‟“dutter kluotfio““ fo` ‟“wioe mfces““ ùrionthe 69>:s fo` 698:s. Phese hfve iogmuè` sghekes tl eoglurfne afrkers tl tfce mfo` lut lafnrigumturfm prlùgtilo, tl f`lpt klre eovirlokeotfmmy cio`, dut mess prlùgtive kethl`s laafrkion, tl ikplse prlùgtilo qultfs lo gertfio prlùgts, mice kimc, fo` tl reùge sudsiìeslo lthers.

Io Dritfio fnrigumturfm kfrcetion is gfrrie` lut dy privfte trfèrs, prlùgers“ gllperftives,fo` kfrcetion dlfr`s alr gertfio prlùgts. Phe oukder la kfrcetion dlfr`s hfs deeo stefìmyreùge` lver the pfst 4: yefrs. Io Olvekder 6990 loe la the mfrnest, the Kimc KfrcetionDlfr` alr Eonmfo` fo` ^fmes, gefse` tl exist fo` wfs repmfge` dy f prlùgers“ gllperftive,

Kimc Kfrque.Dritfio“s all` ioùstry is loe la the wlrm`“s mfrnest fo` klst suggessaum, with f hinhmy

èvemlpe` retfim, suppmy, fo` ìstridutilo oetwlrc. Its superkfrcet ghfios suppmy fo ever-iogrefsion ghlige la all` prlùgts tl the Dritish glosuker fo` fre fklon Eurlpe“s klst

prlaitfdme glkpfoies. Phe 699> kerner la Nuiooess fo` Nrfo` Ketrlplmitfo grefte` loe lathe wlrm`“s dinnest all` fo` `r iocs glonmlkerftes.

II. ^lr` stu`y. F. Aio` the wlr`s io the text whigh hfve sikimfr kefoion tl the almmlwion wlr`s.

6. èaioe 2 f. ........................ 1. suitfdme2 a. ........................4. airk2 d. ........................ >. auo`2 n. .......................

7. olrk2 g. ........................ 8. prlbegt2 h. .......................0. glmmegtive2 `. ........................ 9. prlviè2 i. ........................



>

5. usufm2 e. ........................ 6:. systeks2 b. ........................

III. Nrfkkfr. ^lr` Alrkftilo F. Zrfgtige. Oew wlr`s fre alrke` dy f`ìon f suaaix tl lther wlr`s.

Aio` the wlr`s alrke` io this wfy io the pfssfne tl glkpmete the exergise demlw.

6. prlùge prlùgtilo

- glotridute ……….. - glkpfgt ………… - exfkioe ………… - ………… ………… - …….…... …………

4. ekpmly ekpmlykeot

- require ………… - kfofne ………… - ……… ………… -………. ………… -………. …………

7. prlùge prlùger

-………. ………… -………. ………… -………. ………… -………. ………… -………. …………

0. refslo refslofdme- èsire ………… - suit …………

5.prlùgt prlùgtive-……….. ………… -……….. …………

1.fnrigumture fnrigumturfm-…………. ………… -…………. …………

D. Glkpmete the almmlwion seoteoges, usion the rinht alrk la the niveo wlr`.

6. Phe nlverokeot nives slke sudsiìes tl the dfsig all` tl...............the olrkfm

prlùgtilo. (kfioteofoge)4. Aive `lmmfrs alr f din ghigceo is....................eolunh io Oew Ylrc. (refslo)7. Phere shlum` de f glkpmete........................la fmm the mlgfm futhlrities. (ikpmekeot )0. Dritish Fnrigumture...................bust 4% la the plpumftilo fo` ...................6.9% la N@Z

dut it fghieves hinh mevems la eaaigieogy fo`....................... . (ekpmlykeot 3 glotridutilo 3

prlùge)5. îmm the oew plwer stftilo de fdme tl suppmy us ghefp eoerny..................< (require)1. Fnrigumturfm plmigy fiks tl eosure stfdme kfrcets, f afir stfo`fr` la mivion alr .............,

fo` renumfr suppmies la all` ft...............priges alr glosukers. ( prlùge 3 refslo)>. Qfrilus realrks hfve deeo...................io fo fttekpt tl reùge glsts, sudsiìes, fo` the

hune mevems la ................... . (ikpmekeotftilo 3 lverprlùge)

8. Io Dritfio fnrigumturfm kfrcetion is gfrrie` lut dy privfte trfèrs, prlùgers“..................., fo` kfrcetion dlfr`s alr gertfio.................. .(gllperfte3 prlùge)

IQ. Glkpreheosilo ghegc.6. ^hft fre the kfio pliots la the plmigy<4. ^hft is the fik la the plmigy<7. ^hl nets the klst deoeaits arlk the plmigy<0. Fre there foy fnrigumturfm plmigies io ylur gluotry<5. @l the plmigies hemp tl èvemlp the fnrigumture<1. ^hft is the fnrigumture la ylur gluotry<>. ^hft is the klst `lkiofot segtlr io the fnrigumture<8. ^here is rige kfiomy nrlwo<

9. ^hft plpumftilo `les the fnrigumture ekpmly<6:. ^hft pergeotfne la N@Z `les the fnrigumture fggluot alr<66. ^hft `l ylu thioc fdlut ylur fnrigumture olw fo` io he auture<64. Fre there foy pmfos alr èvemlpion ylur fnrigumture<67. Fgglrìon tl ylu gfo we èvemlp lur mivestlgc rision mice Hlmmfo` lr UWF<60. Fs f auture fnrlolkist `l ylu hfve foy spegifm pmfos alr the fnrigumture<65. ^hft eglolkig segtlr gfo de èvemlpe` dest io lur fnrigumture<

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Oever put laa timm tlklrrlw whft ylu gfo `l tl`fy



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§ UOIP 4 PTLZIGFM WLIMW

I. ^lr` stu`y6. Aimm io the nfps with niveo wlr`s.

ùe tl 3 erlè 3 wftermlnne` 3 glkpluo` 3 preseoge 3 arifdme 3 mfterite 3 peoetrfte

f. Ketfms fre …………….dy fgi`s. d. Glkklo sfmt is f …………………la slìuk fo` ghmlrioe. g. Phe trfio wfs èmfye` ………………..the df` wefther. `. Phe `lns were trfioe` tl ètegt the ………………la `r un.e. Wlim with mfrne pfrtigmes is………………… a. Fmklst rlf`s io the gluotrysiè fre kfè la ……………….. . n. Phe hefvy rfio hf` …………………. rinht thrlunh her glft. h. Phe fref is lateo …………………. io rfioy sefslo.

II. TEF@ION F.6. Zre-refìon tfsc.

f. ^hft gluotries fre trlpigfm<

4. Tef` the pfssfne fo` foswer these questilos fs quigcmy fs plssidme.f. ^hft glmlur is mfterite<

d. ^hft fre the three kfblr slim types keotiloe` io the pfssfne<

PTLZIGFM WLIMPhe slim la hlt, trlpigfm frefs vfries io texture, strugture fo` glmlur fo` io their vfmue alr

fnrigumture. F nrlup gfmme` Prlpigfm Te` Efrths is f very glkklo slim type io, alr exfkpme,trlpigfm Farigf. Phe nrlup iogmuès yemmlw, lrfone fo` drlwo slims fs wemm fs re`. Pheir glmluris ùe tl the preseoge la gertfio kioerfms, kfiomy irlo fo` fmukioiuk lxiès. Phey fre usufmmyrigh io gmfy dut they fre quite arifdme fo` efsimy gumtivfte`. F glkklo type la slim io thisnrlup is mfterite. It is f re`-drlwo slim, whigh deglkes very hfr` wheo it is `ry. Mfterite lateo

alrks f very hfr` grust lo lr demlw the surafge. Zmfots fre uofdme tl nrlw thrlunh it fo` wftergfoolt peoetrfte it. Phese slims fre usufmmy erlè` dy wfter ruooion lver the surafge.Dmfgc lr `frc-glmlure` slims fre aluo` io mlwmfo` frefs, whigh deglke amllè` lr

wftermlnne`, fo` io vfmmeys. Phey fre usufmmy righ slims fo` vfmufdme alr gumtivftilo (rige). Phenrey fo` minht-glmlure` slims glotfio gfmgiuk glkpluo`s fo` fre lateo aluo` lver mikestloerlgc.

F. Wfy whether the ioalrkftilo io the almmlwion seoteoges is true lr afmse. Glrregt foy afmse lr

pfrtmy afmse ioalrkftilo.

6. Phere is lomy loe type la slim io trlpigfm gluotries.4. Wlims whigh fre righ io irlo lxiès fre glkklo io trlpigfm Farigf.7. Phese slims fre aioe-texture` fo` usufmmy slmi` io strugture.

0. Mfterite is fo exfkpme la Prlpigfm Te` Efrths.5. Mfterite hfs prlperties whigh kfce it ìaaigumt alr pmfots tl nrlw.1. Mfterite is f wemm-`rfioe` slim.>. Ikplrtfot outrieots fre mefghe` lut la mfterite slims.8. Dmfgc lr `frc-glmlure` slims fre pllrmy `rfioe`.9. Dmfgc lr `frc-glmlure` slims usufmmy hfve mfrne slim pfrtigmes.6:. Dmfgc lr `frc-glmlure` slims retfio ikplrtfot pmfot outrieots.

D. ^rition fo` spefcion. Foswer the almmlwion questilos

6. Gfo ylu sfy foythion fdlut the pH vfmue la Prlpigfm Te` Efrths arlk the ioalrkftilo

niveo io the pfssfne<

4. Aio` lut fdlut the prlperties la slims io ylur fref. (type la slim, glmlur, texture fo`

strugture la the slim). ^high grlps nrlw lo thek<



9

G. Phe pH vfmue la slim wfter.

ê use the pH sgfme tl èsgride the fgiìty lr fmcfmioity la f slim. F slim with f pH vfmue detweeo 6 fo` 1 is fgi`, wherefs f slim with f pH vfmue la > is oeutrfm fo` f slim with f pHvfmue detweeo 8 fo` 60 is fmcfmioe. Klst slims hfve f pH vfmue detweeo 8 fo` 1. Klst grlps`l olt nrlw wemm io very fgi` lr very fmcfmioe slims.

. ……….tef. glaaee. gitrus. dfofofs. …… ………

6 4 7 0 5 1 > 8 9 6: 66 64 67 60

6. ^rition 6. Olw kfce sikimfr seoteoges fdlut tef, glaaee, gitrus grlps, rige, tlkftl fo`

sweet pltftles fs the niveo exfkpme.

Exfkpme2 Dfofofs nrlw wemm io sminhtmy fgi` lr oeutrfm slim, dut they `l olt nrlw wemm iovery fgi` slim.

f. Pef....................................................................................................................... d. Glaaee..................................................................................................................g. Gitrus................................................................................................................….

`. …………………………………………………………………………………… e. …………………………………………………………………………………..

4. ^rition 4. ^rite glkpfrislo Exfkpme2 dmfgcderry/gherry. Dmfgcderry nrlws wemm io fgi` slim, dut gfrrlt `leso“t.f. nrfpe/gfumiamlwer .…..…………………………………………………………… .

d. slydefo/gemery ..………………….…………………………………………… . g. loilo/pefout .…………………………………………………………………… .`. …………………………………………………………………………………… . e. …………………………………………………………………………………… . a. …………………………………………………………………………………… .

Fgi` fo` Fmcfmioe Plmerfoge

Vuite fgi` (0.: ‗ 1.:) Wminhtmy fgi` (1.: ‗ >.:) Oeutrfm tl fmcfmioe (>.: ‗ >.5)

- dmfgcderry- dmuederry- drfgceo- ghestout- glaaee- gloiaer- mupioe- kfrinlm`- klss

-

lfc- pltftl- pefout- rfspderry- sweet pltftl- tef- wfterkemlo

- fppme- fpriglt- defos- dugcwheft- gherry- enn-pmfot- nllsederry- nrfios- nrfpe

- pfrsmey- pef

- pefgh- pefr- pukpcio- slydefo- strfwderry tlkftl

- fmafmaf- deet- drlgglmi- gfddfne- gfrrlt- gfumiamlwer- gemery- gmlver- gugukder

-

meecs- mettuge- loilo- simver deet- spiofgh- swiss ghfr`- zugghioi

Fgi` fo` fmcfmioe tlmerfoges la semegte` grlps.

7. Exergise 7. (pfir-wlrc)

Fsc fo` sfy fdlut the tlmerfoge la the grlps io the dlx fs exfkpme demlw.

- F2 ^hft grlps nrlw wemm io fo fgi` slim<- D2 Dmfgcderry, pltftl fo` wfterkemlo nrlw wemm io fgi` slim. - F2 ^hft grlps `l olt nrlw wemm io fo fgi` slim<



6:

- D2 Phe grlps `l olt nrlw wemm io fo fgi` slim sugh fs2 loilo, spiofgh fo` gfumiamlwer. - F2 Io whft slim `l defos nrlw wemm<- D2 Defos nrlw wemm io sminhtmy fgi` lr oeutrfm slim, dut they `l olt nrlw wemm io very

fgi` slim.

III. TEF@ION D6. Tef` the almmlwion pfssfne fo` foswer these questilos.

f. ^high la these wlum` ylu expegt tl aio` io trlpigfm slims< @isguss fo` expmfio ylurfoswers.

- slim erlsilo

- outrieot èaigieogy

- fo exgessive fkluot la wfter

- fo iosuaaigieot qufotity la wfter

- fo exgess la outrieots

d. Hlw kugh cflmioite gmfy `l trlpigfm slims usufmmy glotfio<g. ^hft is this segtilo la the refìon pfssfne fdlut<

- trlpigfm slims fo` their kfofnekeot- the ìaaereoges detweeo trlpigfm fo` tekperfte slims

- the ìaaereoges detweeo trlpigfm fo` tekperfte slim kfofnekeot.

PHE KFOFNEKEOP LA PTLZIGFM WLIMWPhe kfofnekeot la trlpigfm slims iovlmves ìaaereot priogipmes arlk thlse la tekperfte

slims. Phis is degfuse dlth the gmikfte fo` the slims fre ìaaereot. Io the trlpigs there is f mlwtekperfture rfone fo` f hinh fverfne tekperfture. Phe rfioafmm is usufmmy very hefvy io therfioy sefslo dut iofèqufte io the `ry sefslo, where there is loe.

Prlpigfm slims glotfio f mfrne fkluot la cflmioite gmfy fo` ia they fre mlw io irlo fo`fmukioiuk, their strugture kfy de exgessivemy pllr fo` uostfdme. Ia, lo the lther hfo`, theslim glotfios fèqufte fkluot la irlo fo` fmukioiuk, their lxiès fo` hy`rlxiès wimm

gekeot the cflmioite pfrtigmes tlnether io remftivemy mfrne fnnrenftes fo` this wimm ikprlve slimstrugture.

^heo kfofnion trlpigfm slims, therealre, twl dfsig priogipmes fre iovlmve`. Phe airst is tluse f kethl` la afrkion whigh iovlmves f kioikuk la gmefo gumtivftilo sioge the mfttermefves the slim defr fo` glosequeotmy mifdme tl wfter erlsilo fo` mlss la outrieots dy mefghion.Phe seglo` is tl use f kethl` whigh kfiotfios suaaigieot lrnfoig kftter io the surafge slim.Phis hemps tl ceep dfses fo` phlsphftes fvfimfdme io the slim, is f nll` slurge la pmfotoutrieots fo` kfiotfios nll` strugture io the surafge slim.4. ^rition fo` spefcion. (pfir lr nrlup-wlrc) Aio` the foswer tl the almmlwions.

f. Nive twl wfys io whigh trlpigfm gmikftes ìaaer arlk tekperfte gmikftes. d. Ofke twl glkklo dfses aluo` io slke trlpigfm slims.

g. Ofke twl afgtlrs, whigh ikprlve slim strugture fo` expmfio their eaaegt.`. Expmfio why f slim kfy glotfio iosuaaigieot phlsphftes.e. Nive loe auogtilo la irlo lxiè io the slim.a. Nive the twl f`vfotfnes la efgh la the dfsig priogipmes io kfofnion trlpigfm slims.

IQ. Nrfkkfr WEOPEOGEW fo` WEOPEOGE ZFPPETOW F. Zhrfses fo` Gmfuses.

Phe vfrilus pfrts la speegh fre nrlupe` iotl phrfses fo` gmfuses whigh kfce up the dfsigseoteoge.6. Zhrfses.

Zhrfses fre nrlups la remfte` wlr`s thft `l olt glotfio f sudbegt-verd glkdioftilo lr

express f glkpmete thlunht. Phere fre oluo, preplsitilofm, pfrtigipifm, verd fo` ioaioitive phrfses.



66

* Oluo phrfse2 - ky drfo` oew gfr - the afklus aimk stfr* Zreplsitilofm phrfse2 - lver the wfmm - frluo` the dmlgc* Zfrtigipifm phrfse2 - pmfyion the pifol - duyion the dllc* Qerd phrfse2 - wimm de niveo - is glkion* Ioaioitive phrfse2 - tl thioc - tl `rfw

4. Gmfuses.Gmfuses fre nrlups la remfte` wlr`s thft glotfio f sudbegt-verd glkdioftilo. Ioèpeoèot

gmfuses express f glkpmete thlunht fo` gfo stfo` dy theksemves fs seoteoges. Wudlrìoftegmfuses serve fs pfrt la f seoteoge dut `l olt express glkpmete thlunht fo` gfoolt stfo` dytheksemves. Phey fre sudlrìofte tl ioèpeoèot gmfuses.* Ioèpeoèot gmfuses2

- the wefther wfs wfrk fo` `ry- Blho nlt aree tigcets tl the pmfy- Phey tllc the wrlon rlf`

* Wudlrìofte gmfuses2- dy the tike Buoe frrive`

- degfuse he wlrcs ft the theftre- wheo they gfke tl the turo

* Glkpmete seoteoges2- Dy the tike Buoe frrive`, the wefther wfs wfrk fo` `ry.- Blho nlt aree tigcets tl the pmfy, degfuse he wlrcs ft the theftre.- ^heo they gfke tl the turo, they tllc the wrlon wfy.

D. Zrfgtige. Fofmyze the almmlwion seoteoges 6. Uoèrmioe fo` ofke the phrfses io the almmlwion seoteoges.

f. ê hfve lomy three `fys tl prfgtise uotim the dfo` glotest. d. Io this gfse slke la the oitrfte retfios io the sudslim.

g. Phis nives twl aurther ikplrtfot priogipmes io trlpigfm slim kfofnekeot.`. Phe airst la these is tl prepfre the mfo` fo` slw the grlps efrmy eolunh tl use the surpmus

oitrlneo fater the `ry sefslo.e. Phe seglo` is tl nrlw grlps with suaaigieotmy èep rllts tl use oitrlneo dealre it is

wfshe` iotl sudslim.4. Aio` fo` uoèrmioe the gmfuses io the almmlwion seoteoges.

f. Zregipitftilo is rfio, solw, aln, smeet, hfim fo` arlst, whigh uoèrnl twl kfio prlgesses2gloèosftilo fo` evfplrftilo.

d. Phe pmfge where ylu mive is f kigrlgmikfte la the mfrne neoerfm gmikfte.g. Kigrlgmikftes gfo de f righ slurge la ìversity, sl ylur èsino shlum` tfce f`vfotfne la

thek rfther thfo emikiofte thek.

`. Ylu gfo grefte ìaaereot hfditfts fo` ìversiay the rfone la pmfots fo` foikfms thft wimmnrlw io ylur nfrèo.

e. Ylu kfy de fdme tl nrlw fo fmklo` tree ia ylu mive io f gllm klist gmikfte sikpmy dy plsitiloion it fnfiost f suooy shemtere` wfmm.

a. Fmthlunh kugh afrkion is stimm dy trfìtilofm kethl`s, there hfs deeo f sinoiaigfotghfone io the tegholmlnies fvfimfdme sioge ioèpeoèoge.

n. Phe rfision la mivestlgc, pfrtigumfrmy hlroe` gfttme, duaafml, hlrses, fo` kumes, is fgeotrfm aefture la the fnrigumturfm eglolky.

h. Phe èkfo` alr ghekigfm aertimizers fo` hinh-yiemìon see` vfrieties hfs iogrefse`kfrce`my, pfrtigumfrmy sioge the kugh-pudmigize` ”Nreeo Tevlmutilo‛ la the 691:s foèfrmy 69>:s - whigh pfrtigumfrmy deoeaite` righer afrkers io wheft-nrlwion frefs mice

Uttfr Zrfèsh fo` Zuobfd stftes.



64

ZFTP D.

I. TEF@ION G.6. Zre-refìon tfsc.

f. Is Ioìf io Eurlpe< d. ^hft is Ioìfo fnrigumture<

g. ^hft fnrigumturfm prlùgts la Ioìf fre plpumfr io the wlrm`<FNTIGUMPUTE LA IO@IF

Fdlut twl-thir`s la Ioìf“s plpumftilo èpeo`s lo the mfo` tl kfce f mivion. Fnrigumtureneoerftes fo estikfte` 48 per geot la nrlss `lkestig prlùgt (N@Z). Klst afrks fre veryskfmm - the fverfne size la hlmìon oftilofmmy is 4.17 hegtfres, dut klre thfo f thir` lahlmìons fre glosière` tll skfmm alr the sudsisteoge oee`s la afrkion afkimy. Io terk la frefslwo the mefìon grlp is rige, the stfpme all` la f mfrne segtilo la the Ioìfo plpumftilo.^heft rfocs oext io ikplrtfoge tl rige, fo` Ioìfo fmsl fklon the mefìon prlùgers io thewlrm` la sunfr gfoe, tef, glttlo, fo` bute. Fooufm prlùgtilo la these glkklìties io theki`-699:s wfs sunfr gfoe, 4>5.5 kimmilo tloes3 rige, 84 kimmilo tloes3 wheft, 15.8 kimmilotloes3 tef, >7>,0:: tloes3 glttlo miot, 6.9 kimmilo tloes3 fo` bute, 6.5 kimmilo tloes. Ltherikplrtfot grlps fre venetfdmes, kemlos, slrnhuk, kimmet, kfize, dfrmey, ghigcpefs, dfofofs,kfonles, rudder, glaaee, miosee`, nrluoòuts (pefouts), fo` vfrilus spiges.

Phe rfision la mivestlgc, pfrtigumfrmy hlroe` gfttme, duaafml, hlrses, fo` kumes, is f geotrfmaefture la the fnrigumturfm eglolky. Io the ki`-699:s Ioìf hf` fdlut 697 kimmilo gfttme,sudstfotifmmy klre thfo foy lther gluotry io the wlrm`. Phese foikfms, mice duaafmles, hlrsesfo` kumes, fre utimize` prikfrimy fs defsts la durèo, fmthlunh the venetfrifoisk fsslgifte`with the Hioù gustlk is almmlwe` dy aew, espegifmmy io olrth Ioìf. Mfgc la pfsture fo`wfter suppmies kefos klst Ioìfo gfttme fre la pllr qufmity. Phe gluotry“s >8 kimmilo duaafmlfre mfrnemy rfise` io the èmtf renilos. Io the `ry renilos la Zuobfd fo` Tfbfsthfo gfkems (6.5kimmilo) fre the priogipfm defsts la durèo. Wheep (00.8 kimmilo) fo` nlfts (668 kimmilo) fre

rfise` kfiomy alr wllm.Fmthlunh kugh afrkion is stimm dy trfìtilofm kethl`s, there hfs deeo f sinoiaigfot ghfoneio the tegholmlnies fvfimfdme sioge ioèpeoèoge. Phe fref uoèr gfofm irrinftilo systeksaiofoge` dy the nlverokeot hfs expfoè` eolrklusmy3 there hfs deeo fo eveo nrefterexpfosilo io the fref wftere` dy wemm-dfse` systeks. Dy the efrmy 699:s fdlut 05 per geot lathe tltfm gumtivfte` fref wfs irrinfte`. Phe èkfo` alr ghekigfm aertimizers fo` hinh-yiemìonsee` vfrieties hfs iogrefse` kfrce`my, pfrtigumfrmy sioge the kugh- pudmigize` ”Nreeo

Tevlmutilo‛ la the 691:s fo` efrmy 69>:s - whigh pfrtigumfrmy deoeaite` righer afrkers iowheft-nrlwion frefs mice Uttfr Zrfèsh fo` Zuobfd stftes.6. Glkpreheosilo ghegc.

F. Aio` the wlr` lr wlr s̀, whigh kfy mioc with the almmlwion tl kfce f phrfse.

* Exfkpme2 f. kethl` (oluo phrfse) trfìtilofm kethl` eaaegtive trfìtilofm kethl` fo eaaegtive trfìtilofm kethl`* prfgtige.6. nlverokeot……………….......... 4. fref ……………….......... 7. systeks ……………….......... 0. eglolky ……………….......... 5. expfosilo …………………………

1. renilo ………………………… >. prlùgt …………....…………

d. èpeo` (verd phrfse)èpeo` whlmmyèpeo` whlmmy lo the mfo`èpeo` whlmmy lo the mfo` alr all`

6. glosièr …………………………… 4. gumtivfte …………………………… 7. mef` …………………………… 0. iogrefse …………………………… 5. prlùge ……………………………

1. nrlw …………………………… >. suppmy ……………………………



67

8. afrk ……………………… 9. grlps ……………………… 6:. aertimizer …………………....

8. irrinfte …………………………… 9. utimize …………………………… 6:. ghfone ……………………………

D. Foswer the almmlwion questilos.

6. Hlw kfoy pergeot la nrlss `lkestig prlùgt `les Ioìfo Fnrigumture neoerfte<4. ^hft size fre afrks io Ioìf<7. ^hft fre the kfio afrkion prlùgts la Ioìfo Fnrigumture<0. Hlw kfoy gfttme fre rfise` io Ioìf<5. ^here fre klst duaafmles rfise`<1. ^hy fre klst Ioìfo gfttme la pllr qufmity<>. ^hft fre gfkems io Ioìf kfiomy use` alr<8. ^hft is the Nreeo Tevlmutilo fdlut<9. ^hft fnrigumturfm prlùgts `les Ioìf explrt tl lther gluotries<6:. ^hy iso't the rfision la mivestlgc io Ioìf iogrefse`<

G. ^rition.

6. ^rite lut aive mefìon fnrigumturfm prlùgts la Ioìf.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. ^rite fdlut the rfision la mivestlgc io Ioìf.………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………

\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\

Kfce hfy whime the suo shioes



60

§ UOIP 7 WLIMW - F MIQION LTNFOIWK

I. ^lr` stu`y. F. ^high set la wlr`s `l the èaioitilos reaer tl<

6. Net dfgc arlk use` kfterifm dy treftion it.4. Alrge thft fttrfgts ldbegts io spfge tlwfr`s efgh lther fo` lo

the efrth pumms thek tlwfr`s the geotre la the pmfoet.7. ^fy f surafge la slim mllcs airk, slat lr hfr`.0. ^fy io whigh the kioerfm arfgtilos tlnether duim` the slim.5. Lrnfoisk sl skfmm thft it gfo de seeo lomy uoèr f kigrlsglpe.1. Wudstfoge arlk whigh slim is duimt.>. ^fy lr teghoiques thft fssist kigrl-lrnfoisks fo` outrieots io

slim io iogrefse.

f. kigrl-lrnfoisk. d. slim kfterifms.

g. slim ikprlvers.`. gygme wfste.e. alrge la nrfvity.a. slim texture.n. slim strugture.

D. Kftgh the wlr` lo the meat with the wlr` with lpplsite kefoion lo the rinht.

6. fmcfmi slmutilo.......…....f. èvemlp 66. fèqufte.........….... c. remefse 4. slmudme.................….... d. ègmioe 64. ègfy .................... m. fmcfmioe7. fdslrd.....................… g. mlse 67. iogrefse................. k. `ry

0. fgiìg......................… `. geotrfmmy 60. kumgh................... o. perglmftilo 5. klisture................... e. èplsit 65. prlklte.......….... l. iolrnfoig thions 1. evfplrftilo............... a. plislos 61. slmudimity............... p. duim`-up>. rllts......................... n. ègrefse 6>. outrieots.... ........... q. hfrkaum8. lrnfoig kftter.......… h. ceepion 68. mefghion................ r. mfgc 9. drefc`lwo..........….... i. fgi` slmutilo 69. mfterfmmy................ s. defr 6:. deoeaigifm .............… b. pregipitfdme 4:. deoeait ................. t. mefves

II. TEF@ION F26. Zre-refìon questilos.

f. Is slim f mivion lrnfoisk< ^hy `l pelpme thioc la slim fs f mivion lrnfoisk<

WLIMW - F MIQION LTNFOIWKYlu gfo thioc la slim fs mivion lrnfoisk whigh regygme wfste, prlkltes fgtive nrlwth,

stlres fo` gmefoses wfter, fo` fgt f dfsig miae slurge alr fmm mivion thions. Fo` mice fmm mivionthions, slim gfo de hefmthy lr uohefmthy.

F hefmthy slim hfs f nll` dfmfoge la wfter, nfses, kioerfm arfgtilos, mivion lrnfoisks fo`ègfyion lrnfoig kftter. Plnether these glkploeots ioterfgt tl nive miae tl the slim.

Wlim Glkploeots6. ^fter / klisture

^fter io slim deglkes f wefc fgi` lr fmcfmi slmutilo, whigh gfrries the slmudme outrieotsthft pmfots fdslrd thrlunh their rllts.

ê tfmc fdlut the pH la the slmutilo3 the pH reaers tl fgiìty lr fmcfmioity whigh, io slims,is f kefsure la slmudimity la outrieots. Phe pH is kefsure` lo f sgfme la : tl 60. Ia f slim hfs f

pH la 8 theo slke outrieots wimm de klre slmudme thfo lthers fo` the slim is sfi` tl defmcfmioe. Ia f slim hfs f pH la 5 theo the slmudimity la its outrieots wimm de ìaaereot fo` the slimis sfi` tl de fgiìg. F slim with f pH la > is oeutrfm.

Wlim pH gfo de ghfone` dy f`ìon mike tl fo fgi` slim tl kfce it klre fmcfmioe, fo`sumphur gfo de f`è` tl fo fmcfmioe slim tl kfce it klre fgiìg. Klst pmfots nrlw withio f pHrfone la 5.5 tl 8.

It is ikplrtfot tl uoèrstfo` hlw wfter klves thrlunh the slim sl thft wheo ylu f`` wfterylu gfo hemp tl ceep it there fo` preveot mefghion la vfmufdme pmfot outrieots. ^fter klvesthrlunh the slim uoèr the alrge la nrfvity. ^hime pmfot rllts fdslrd slke la the wfter, kugh

la it klves `lwowfr`s iotl the mlwer slim mfyers fo` is eveotufmmy fdslrde` iotl the



65

uoèrmyion wfter tfdme. @urion peril`s la hefvy rfio lr lver-wfterion, slim outrieots frewfshe` arlk the rllt zloe.

Klisture klves upwfr`s ùe tl the evfplrftive eaaegts la suominht fo` wio`, fo` arlk the pumm la slim wfter dy the pmfot rllts tl the mefves.

Dy reùgion evfplrftilo arlk the slim surafge fo` perglmftilo ylu gfo iogrefse the

fkluot la wfter fvfimfdme tl pmfot rllts. Phis gfo de fghieve` dy surafge kumghion, ìnnionlrnfoig kftter iotl the slim fo` glostrugtion swfmes.

^fter fmsl klves mfterfmmy fmlon de`ìon rlgcs io the wfter tfdme. Ylu gfo pmfot èep-rllte` pmfots tl deoeait arlk this wfter slurge.4. Fir

Nfses io slims ghfone their pressure fo` type ùrion the `fy fo` ìaaereot sefslos. Pheyfmsl klve iotl fo` lut la slims. Hlw areemy they klve èpeo`s slke exteot lo the texturefo` strugture la the slim.

Nfses io the fir fre exghfone` with thlse niveo laa dy pmfot rllts fo` dy slim kigrl-lrnfoisks. Ia there is fèqufte lxyneo theo slim teo`s tl de sweet skemmion. Ia there is mittmelxyneo theo lther nfses sugh fs sumphur ìlxiè gfo duim` up fo` the slim wimm skemm rltteo.

It hfs regeotmy deeo aluo` thft ethymeoe nfs is pfrtigumfrmy deoeaigifm tl pmfot nrlwth.(Ethymeoe nfs is colwo fs the 'ripeoion' nfs fo` is niveo la fs dfofofs, lrfones fo` ltheraruit ripeo.) Io slim ethymeoe gygmes with lxyneo, iogrefsion the duim`-up la kigrl-lrnfoisksfo` lther slim kfterifms. Peghoiques thft met klre lxyneo iotl the slim, sugh fs alrcion skfmmfrefs lr èep-rippion aiem`s, fre slim ikprlvers degfuse they fssist the ethymeoe gygme.

III. Glkpreheosilo ghegc. F. Fre the almmlwion stftekeots true lr afmse fgglrìon tl the pfssfne<

6. Wlim gfo prlklte the fgtive nrlwth la trees.4. Phe pH is f kefsure la slmudimity la outrieots.7. F slim whigh hfs f pH uoèr > is sfi` tl de fgiìg.

0. Afrkers lateo f`` slke mike tl f slim tl kfce it klre fgiìg.5. Klisture kfy klve upwfr`s ùe tl the evfplrftive eaaegts la suominht fo` wio`.1. Wlims fre ìaaereot arlk efgh lther degfuse they hfve the ìaaereot pH la slmudimity.>. ^heo wfter klves thrlunh the slim, it kfy drion pmfot outrieots iotl wfter tfdme.8. Hlw areemy nfses klve lut la slim èpeo`s lo the texture fo` strugture la the slim.9. Lxyneo with ethymeoe kfy hemp tl iogrefse the duim`-up la kigrl-lrnfoisk.6:. Loe la the teghoiques la ikprlvion slims is tl met klre lxyneo iotl the slim.66. Wlim is glosière` fs mivion lrnfoisk degfuse it fgts fs f dfsig miae reslurge alr fmm mivion

thions.64. Phe pH la the slmutilo io f slim is oever ghfone`.67. Phe uoèrstfoìon hlw wfter klves thrlunh the slim is very ikplrtfot alr afrkers tl

preveot mefghion la vfmufdme pmfot outrieots wheo wfterion.60. Kumghion the slim surafge lr ìnnion lrnfoig kftter iotl the slim gfo reùge evfplrftilo

arlk the slim surafge. D. Wpefcion (pfir lr nrlup-wlrc) Fsc fo` foswer the almmlwion questilos.

6. ^hft fre the kfio slim glkploeots<4. Hlw `l they ioterfgt tl efgh lther<7. ^hft slim is renfrè` tl de hefmthy fo` whft uohefmthy<0. ^hft is the ZH vfmue<5. ^hft gfo the ZH temm ylu fdlut the slim<

G. Prfosmftilo. Prfosmfte the almmlwion seoteoges iotl Qietofkese.6. F hefmthy slim hfs f nll` dfmfoge la wfter, nfses, kioerfm arfgtilos, mivion lrnfoisks

fo` ègfyion lrnfoig kftter. Plnether these glkploeots ioterfgt tl nive miae tl the slim.



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4. ^fter io slim deglkes f wefc fgi` lr fmcfmi slmutilo, whigh gfrries the slmudme outrieotsthft pmfots fdslrd thrlunh their rllts.

7. ê tfmc fdlut the pH la the slmutilo3 the pH reaers tl fgiìty lr fmcfmioity whigh, ioslims, is f kefsure la slmudimity la outrieots.

0. It is ikplrtfot tl uoèrstfo` hlw wfter klves thrlunh the slim sl thft wheo ylu f``

wfter ylu gfo hemp tl ceep it there fo` preveot mefghion la vfmufdme pmfot outrieots.5. ^hime pmfot rllts fdslrd slke la the wfter, kugh la it klves `lwowfr`s iotl the mlwer

slim mfyers fo` is eveotufmmy fdslrde` iotl the uoèrmyion wfter tfdme.1. Nfses io slims ghfone their pressure fo` type ùrion the `fy fo` ìaaereot sefslos. Phey

fmsl klve iotl fo` lut la slims. Hlw areemy they klve èpeo`s slke exteot lo thetexture fo` strugture la the slim.

>. Nfses io the fir fre exghfone` with thlse niveo laa dy pmfot rllts fo` dy slim kigrl-lrnfoisks.

IQ. NTFKKFT. WUDBEGP fo` ZTE@IGFPEPhe sudbegt is the tlpig la the seoteoge. Phe preìgfte is whft is sfi` fdlut the sudbegt.

Wudbegt Zreìgfte

- Phe dfmmllo amlfte` up thrlunh the trees.- Oew Ylrc Gity is the kfblr gumturfm geotre.- Phe milo tfker fstloishe` the fuìeoge.

Io klst gfses, fs io the pregeìon exfkpmes, the sudbegt la f seoteoge glkes airst, almmlwe` dy the preìgfte. Hlwever, there fre iostfoges wheo the sudbegt is pmfge` fater the preìgfte,lkitte` arlk the seoteoge, lr pmfge` iosiè the verd.

- Iotl the vfmmey la èfth rlè the six huo`re`.- ^fsh the gfr dy tloinht. (sudbegt ' ylu' is uoèrstll`)- Fre ylur pfreots glkion tlklrrlw<- Phere fre alur ghigceos io the yfr`. (there lggupies the pmfge la the sudbegt, dut alur

ghigceos is stimm the sudbegt la the seoteoge) F. Alrks la the sudbegt

Phe klst glkklo alrks la the sudbegt fre oluos, prloluos, fo` prlper oluos.- Gfrlm gfke tl the pfrty mfst oinht.- ^hy `lo't ylu pigc up slke mettuge alr tloinht<- ^hl meat these slgcs here<

Ft tikes, oluo phrfses fo` gmfuses, neruo`s fo` neruo` phrfses, fo` ioaioitive phrfses gfofmsl auogtilo fs the sudbegt.

- Oluo phrfse2 - Phe nirm lo the rinht is ky oiege.- Oluo gmfuse2 - ^hft they sfi` upset Dimm.- Neruo`2 - Wwikkion is ky afvlrite splrt.

- Neruo` phrfse2 - pmfyion ghegcers cept hik arlk thiocion fdlut his ioburies.- Ioaioitive phrfse2 - Pl see gmefrmy is fo frtist's nreftest tfsc.6. Glkpmete sudbegt.

Phe oluo lr prloluo fo` fmm its klìaiers fre colwo fs the glkpmete sudbegt.- Phe ship io the hfrdlr seeke` skfmm fo` arfim.- ^hft he sfi` io the gfr surprise` us fmm.- Phe trees, whigh hf` deeo `fkfne` io the stlrk, were gut `lwo the oext `fy fo` duroe`.

4. Wikpme fo` glkpluo` sudbegts.

f. Phe oluo fo` prloluo dy itsema is colwo fs the sikpme sudbegt. It is ikplrtfot tl ièotiaythe sudbegt degfuse it glotrlms the alrk la the verd use` io the seoteoge.

- Phe ship io the hfrdlr seeke` skfmm fo` arfim.

- @faalìms lpeo io efrmy sprion.- Phey replrte` the aire ikkeìftemy.



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d. Phe glkpluo` sudbegt is glkplse` la twl lr klre oluos, prloluos, lr phrfses lr gmfusestl express the tlpig la f seoteoge.

- Oluo2 - Phe wheft fo` lfts ripeoe` mfte this yefr.- Zrloluos2 - Whe fo` I use` tl de dest arieo`s io hinh sghllm.- Oluo gmfuses2 - ^hft he wfote` fo` whft he nlt were twl ìaaereot thions.

- Neruo` phrfses2 - Hicion io the kluotfios fo` gfkpion lut ft oinht fre experieogeseveryloe shlum` eobly.

D. Alrks la the preìgfte.

Phe preìgfte fmwfys glotfios f verd. Fo fgtilo verd neoerfmmy wimm hfve fo ldbegt fs wemmfs vfrilus verd klìaiers. F miocion verd wimm hfve f glkpmekeot fmlon with its verdklìaiers.

Phus, the preìgfte usufmmy is glkplse` la f verd, ldbegt lr glkpmekeot, fo` verdklìaiers.6. Zreìgfte with Fgtilo Qerds.

Phe klst glkklo alrk la preìgfte is loe io whigh the verd èsgrides slke slrt la fgtilo.Phe verd is almmlwe` dy f ìregt ldbegt (`.l.) fo`, io slke gfses, dy fo ioìregt ldbegt (io`. l.).

Exfkpme2- Blho threw the rumer tl his pfrtoer.- I dlunht twl oewspfpers fo` loe kfnfzioe.- Gfrm Mewis wlo alur nlm` ke`fms io the Lmykpigs.- Whe gfmme` f tfxi alr hik.

Wlke fgtilo verds gfo `rlp their ldbegts fo` stimm kfce seose. Phe preìgfte theo glosistsla the verd lomy.

- Phey hfve deeo prfgtision.- ê were refìon.- Phe replrt ìsfppefre`.- Phe wefther hfs ghfone`.

Fgtilo verd gfo fmsl tfce glkpmekeot. Oluos, prloluos, preplsitilofm phrfses, f`begtives,fo` verd phrfses gfo serve fs glkpmekeots io the preìgfte.

- He tfunht the `ln tl rlmm lver. (ioaioitive phrfse-glkpmekeot)- I gfmme` hik prioge. (oluo-glkpmekeot)- Phey kfè gfkp lo the himm. (preplsitilofm phrfse-glkpmekeot)- ê sfw Zeter wfmcion fmlon thft wfy. (pfrtigipifm phrfse-glkpmekeot)- Her ploy dehfve` defutiaummy. (f`verd-glkpmekeot)- Whe mfy `lwo io the tfmm nrfss. (f`verd fo` preplsitilofm phrfse-glkpmekeot)

4. Zreìgfte with miocion verds.

Miocion verds thft express deion, seekion, lr deglkion oee` f preìgfte lr verd

glkpmekeot tl glkpmete thek. Phe klre glkklo la these verds iogmuè seek, deglke, nrlw,tfste, skemm, fppefr, mllc, aeem, fo` sluo`.- He mllcs sigc. (he mllcs is ioglkpmete. Phe f`begtive sigc fgts fs the preìgfte

glkpmekeot.)- I aeem thft ylu shlum` fplmlnize alr ylur fdseoge. (Phe oluo gmfuse thft ylu shlum`

fplmlnize alr ylur fdseoge is the verd glkpmekeot.)7. Glkpluo` Zreìgfte.

Ft tikes f seoteoge wimm glotfio klre thfo loe verd, ldbegt, lr glkpmekeot. Phesestrugtures fre colwo fs glkpluo` verds, glkpluo` ldbegts, fo` glkpluo` glkpmekeots.

- I nfve the stlve tl Arfogis fo` the dllcgfse tl Bimm. (glkpluo` ìregt ldbegt)- Wfkky's weec ft gfkp wfs mlon fo` mloemy. (glkpluo` glkpmekeot)

- Beooy ref`s the f` fo` tfces olte gfreaummy. (glkpluo` verd)



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G. Zrfgtige. Uoèrmioe the sudbegt, preìgfte, ìregt fo` ioìregt ldbegts io the almmlwionseoteoges.

6. Phey seot ke f mlt la plstgfr`s la the gity.4. Her klther lateo duys gmlthes alr her fo` her drlther.7. His nrfoàfther usufmmy temms hik ioterestion stlries.

0. ^heo Fooie wfs io Til, she tfunht Eonmish tl the Drfzimifo ghim`reo.5. Phey nrlw ìaaereot venetfdmes alr their afkimies io their nfrèos.1. F hefmthy slim hfs f nll` dfmfoge la wfter, nfses, kioerfm arfgtilos, mivion lrnfoisks fo`

ègfyion lrnfoig kftter.>. Dy reùgion evfplrftilo arlk the slim surafge fo` perglmftilo ylu gfo iogrefse the fkluot

la wfter fvfimfdme tl pmfot rllts.8. Phey lateo wrlte tl ke wheo they were ft Lxalr` Uoiversity.9. Io lrèr tl ghfone slim pH afrkers f`` mike tl fo fgi` slim tl kfce it klre fmcfmioe.6:. Ylu gfo pmfot èep-rllte` pmfots tl deoeait arlk this wfter slurge.

ZFTP D AUTPHET TEF@ION

I. TEF@ION D2 F. Zre-refìon tfsc. Tef` the text fo` write lut the ofkes la the eìdme aruit fo` hlro gfttme

io Fustrfmif.

6. Aruit trees2

.....................................................................................................................................………..………………………………………………………............................................…………... 4. Hlro gfttme2

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FNTIGUMPUTE LA FUWPTFMIFFmthlunh the fnrigumturfm segtlr is olw afr mess sinoiaigfot io terks la N@Z fo`

ekpmlykeot (5 per geot la the wlrcalrge io the ki`-699:s), the prlsperity la kugh la thegluotry glotioues tl èpeo` hefvimy lo mivestlgc rision fo` grlp afrkion. Phe pfstlrfm segtlrwfs estfdmishe` io the efrmy `fys la settmekeot, wheo the airst Wpfoish keriol sheep wereiotrlùge` arlk Wluth Farigf, fo` nrfzion mfo`s tl`fy fggluot alr fmklst 9: per geot la theafrke` fref. Phis reamegts the afgt thft, fmthlunh mivestlgc is rfise` io fmm prlùgtive frefs,kugh la the pfstlrfm segtlr is mlgfte` io the seki-fri` zloe la Fustrfmif3 fdlut loe-thir` lasheep fo` fo eveo mfrner pergeotfne la gfttme fre rfise` lo hune prlperties colwo fs‟“stftilo““ io this zloe.

Fustrfmif is the wlrm`“s mfrnest prlùger fo` explrter la wllm, pfrtigumfrmy aioe keriol,fmthlunh ioglke arlk wllm explrts is olw mess thfo 8 per geot la tltfm explrt efroions.Lverprlùgtilo me` tl f sinoiaigfot afmm io ioteroftilofm wllm priges io the mfte 698:s3 io 699:-

6996 klre thfo 6: kimmilo sheep were gumme` arlk the oftilofm amlgc io fo eaalrt tl dllst thekfrcet. Io 6994 Fustrfmif hf` slke 601.8 kimmilo sheep, whigh prlùge` 817,::: tloes lawllm fo` 06,::: tloes la mfkd fo` kuttlo. Fmklst hfma the gluotry“s wllm is prlùge` io

Oew Wluth ^fmes fo` êstero Fustrfmif. Qigtlrif is the mefìon prlùger la mfkd fo`kuttlo.

Gfttme fre rfise` io fmm la Fustrfmif“s stftes fo` territlries, dut Vueeosmfo` is the mefìon prlùger3 it hf` fpprlxikftemy 0: per geot la the oftilofm her` la 40.:1 kimmilo hef`s io theki`-699:s. Fustrfmif prlùges dlth deea fo` `firy gfttme. @firyion is gloaioe` prikfrimy tlthe hinh-rfioafmm glfstfm arione fo` tl the sluthefst, espegifmmy io Qigtlrif. Afrks usufmmyekpmly hinh-tegh kethl`s. Io glotrfst, the hune gfttme stftilos la the olrth fre klre

rekioisgeot la the Fkerigfo ‟“îm` êst““, fmthlunh the glwdlys“ kluots these `fys fre fsmicemy tl de hemiglpters fo` kltlrgygmes, fs hlrses3 the rlf` trfio (f mfrne trugc pummion



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severfm trfimers) hfs fmsl pre`lkiofotmy repmfge` the lm` stlgc rlutes io klvion gfttme frluo`the territlry fo` tl kfrcet. Lutput la deea io the ki`-699:s wfs klre thfo 6.> kimmilo tloes,fo` la kimc >.7 kimmilo mitres.

Fmthlunh lomy fdlut 6: per geot la the tltfm fref la Fustrfmif is uoèr grlp lr al`èr prlùgtilo, this fgrefne is olt nreft eglolkig ikplrtfoge. ^heft grlps lggupy fdlut 05 per

geot la gumtivfte` fgrefne, fo` al`èr grlps fo` lther nrfios lggupy 4: per geot. ^heft prlùgtilo is hinhmy keghfoize` fo` the grlp is nrlwo io fmm stftes3 the sluth-efstero fo`sluth-westero renilos la the gluotry fre resplosidme alr the dumc la prlùgtilo. Fooufm

prlùgtilo hfs ègrefse` io regeot yefrs degfuse la shiats iotl oew, hinher efroion grlps.Lutput wfs fdlut 6:.> kimmilo tloes io 6994, glkpfre` with klre thfo 60 kimmilo tloes iothe efrmy 699:s3 fdlut >: per geot is explrte`. Fdlut 74.> kimmilo tloes la sunfr gfoe were

prlùge` io 6990. Kfoy types la aruit fre nrlwo, iogmuìon fppmes, dfofofs, nrfpes, lrfones, pefrs, pioefppmes, fo` pfpfyfs. Phe kfblr wioe-prlùgion frefs fre io the Dfrlssf Qfmmey laWluth Fustrfmif, io Huoter Qfmmey, Oew Wluth ^fmes, fo` io pfrts la olrth-efstero, sluthero,fo` westero Qigtlrif. Wpegifm vfrieties la nrfpes fre nrlwo, espegifmmy io the Kurrfy Qfmmey,alr the prlùgtilo la rfisios.

Irrinftilo is la ikplrtfoge tl frfdme afrkers io fmm dut the hinhest rfioafmm frefs. Hlwever,iogrefse` slim sfmioity is deglkion f prldmek io severfm frefs, threfteoion prlùgtilo.Experikeots with dil-tegholmlnies fre deion gfrrie` lut with the fik la reùgion the ikpfgtla slim sfmioity fo` guttion the use la expeosive wfter reslurges.

D. Glkpreheosilo ghegc. Fre these stftekeots true lr afmse<

6.\\Fustrfmifo Fnrigumture ekpmlys hfma la wlrcalrge la the gluotry.4.\\Grlp-afrkion fref fggluots alr 9: per geot la the afrke` mfo` la Fustrfmif.7.\\Fustrfmif is the wlrm`'s mefìon gluotry la wllm explrt.0.\\Klst gfttme fre rfise` io Vueeosmfo`.5.\\Fustrfmif ikplrts deea fo` kimc.1.\\Oefrmy 05 per geot la afrke` fref is alr wheft grlps.>.\\Olwf`fys slim sfmioity is deglkion f din prldmek io severfm frefs io Fustrfmif.8.\\Fustrfmif is gfrryion lut f mlt la experikeots with dil-tegholmlnies with the fik la

reùgion the ikpfgt la slim sfmioity.9.\\Irrinftilo is olt ikplrtfot alr the hinhest rfioafmm frefs.

II. ^lr` alrkftilo.Aio` the wlr`s io the pfssfne whigh hfve the sfke rllt.

Exfkpme2 prlùge -? prlùgtilo -? prlùgt s......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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Pike fo` tiè wfit alr ol kfo.



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§ UOIP 0 UOHEFMPHY WLIMW

I. ^lr` stu`y. F. Kftgh the wlr`s whigh hfve sikimfr kefoion.

f. reklvfm d. èsert

g. prltegt`. hfrveste. yiemà. kfrniofm mfo`n. pmlunhh. explsei. evlmutilo

b. hllac. glotfkioftem. mefgho. èplsit

6. defr prlùge lr prlviè (f ofturfm prlùgt)4. pllr slim whigh is olt eolunh aertime alr afrkion.

7. reklvion lr deion reklve`.0. drefc up the surafge la slim dealre pmfotion.5. dfrreo mfo`.1. prlgess la nrfùfmmy èvemlpion>. ceep slkethion sfae arlk hfrk.8. guttion fo` nftherion la all` grlps.9. hlroy pfrt la the allt la f hlrse, fo lx lr f èer.6:. `fonerlus lr ìsefse-gfrryion sudstfoges.66. uoglver lr deion uoprltegte`.64. rekfio, gfuse tl settme67. wfsh fwfy.

D. Aimm io the nfps with loe la the wlr`s fdlve, kfcion foy ghfones oegessfry.6. ^hft is the……………….la wheft per fgre< 4. Arlk the pmlunh tl the trfgtlr is f mlon ……………….la afrkion kethl`s. 7. Qfst frefs la mfo` hfve deglke ……………….degfuse la èalrestftilo. 0. Phe kef`lw hfs deeo……………….up. 5. Phe vfggioe wfs use` tl……………….the whlme plpumftilo fnfiost ioaegtilo.1. Phe slim wfs wfshe` fwfy dy the amll`, ………………. dfre rlgc. >. Afrkers fre very dusy ùrion………………. . 8. Fater hfvion duimt the afgtlry the wfter la the river wfs ………….dy ghekigfms. 9. pmfot outrieots kfy de …………. iotl sudslim dy hefvy rfio.6:. Ofturfm sfmts fre…………io the upper mfyers la the slim fs the wfter evfplrftes.

II. NTFKKFT. WEOPEOGE GLOWPTUGPILOEonmish hfs alur dfsig seoteoge glostrugtilos2 sikpme, glkpluo`, glkpmex, fo`

glkpluo`-glkpmex seoteoges. Efgh glostrugtilo uses the sfke dfsig emekeots la seoteogestrugture pfrts la speegh, phrfses, fo` gmfuses.

F. Wikpme Weoteoge.

Phe sikpme seoteoge is fo ioèpeoèot gmfuse with ol sudlrìofte gmfuses. It denios with fgfpitfm metter fo` gmlses with fo eo` kfrc. Wikpme seoteoges gfo vfry glosièrfdmy io meonth.

Exfkpme2

- I dlunht alur fppmes ft the afrkers' kfrcet.- I dlunht alur fppmes, f dfscet la tlkftles, f dfn la nreeo defos, fo` three kemlos ft the

afrkers' kfrcet.- Phe afrkers' kfrcet is f gmfssig exfkpme la prlùgers semmion ìregtmy tl glosukers fo`

fvliìon the fttekpts la fneots tl glotrlm the suppmy lr tl kfoipumfte the prige. D. Glkpluo` Weoteoge.

Phe glkpluo` seoteoge glotfios twl lr klre ioèpeoèot gmfuses dut ol sudlrìoftegmfuses. Phe twl ioèpeoèot gmfuses usufmmy fre blioe` dy f glkkf almmlwe` dy fglobuogtilo (dut, fo`, olr, yet). Phey kfy fmsl de blioe` dy f sekiglmlo, f sekiglmloalmmlwe` dy f miocion f`verd (therealre, hlwever, degfuse, sioge), lr f glmlo.* Globuogtilo2 - I ̀ lo't colw where he weot, fo` ol loe hfs seeo hik sioge this faterollo.* Wekiglmlo2 - Hfrlm` the airst alunht io Olrthero Iremfo`3 his gfkpfinos neoerfmmy were

suggessaum.

*Miocion f`verd2 -Qivifo wfote` tl stfy folther weec io Fshvimme3 hlwever her pfreotsreause` tl seo` her klre kloey.



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* Glmlo2 - Ylu kust hfve hefr` the oews2 we're fmm nettion dlouses this yefr!G. Glkpmex Weoteoge.

Phe glkpmex seoteoge is kfè up la fo ioèpeoèot gmfuse fo` loe lr klre sudlrìoftegmfuses. ^heo f sudlrìofte gmfuse iotrlùges the seoteoge, it is usufmmy almmlwe` dy fglkkf uomess it is very shlrt.

- Phe midrfry gmlses efrmy io sukker wheo the stuèots fre lut la sghllm. Fater the gmefr`fys la Ioìfo sukker, the futuko scies nrlw hefvimy fo` `frc. Mio`f tlm` us lo the phloethft they hf` hf` f amft tire mfst oinht fo` thft the gfr wlumò't stfrt this klroion.- ^heo ylu glke io the arlot `llr, kfce sure ylu push it shut, degfuse the mlgc `leso't

fmwfys gftgh. @. Glkpluo`-glkpmex Weoteoge.

Phe glkpluo`-glkpmex seoteoge is glkplse` la twl lr klre ioèpeoèot gmfuses fo`loe lr klre sudlrìofte gmfuses.- Blho Meoolo wrlte kfoy dfmmf`s, fo` he reglrè` thek whime he wfs io Eonmfo`.- Phe metter gfrrier, ^hl is fmwfys puogtufm, ìò't glke tl`fy3 I wloèr ia she is imm.- He shlum` temephloe ylu fs sllo fs he frrives3 dut ia alr slke refslo he `leso't gfmm, temm

ke ikkeìftemy. E. Zrfgtige2 ^high types la seoteoge `l the almmlwions demlon tl< Uoèrmioe the sudbegt fo` preìgfte.

f. ^heft prlùgtilo is hinhmy keghfoize` fo` the grlp is nrlwo io fmm stftes. d. Wpegifm vfrieties la nrfpes fre nrlwo, espegifmmy io the Kurrfy Qfmmey, alr the prlùgtilo

la rfisios.g. Experikeots with dil-tegholmlnies fre deion gfrrie` lut with the fik la reùgion the

ikpfgt la slim sfmioity fo` guttion the use la expeosive wfter reslurges.`. Gfttme fre rfise` io fmm la Fustrfmif“s stftes fo` territlries, dut Vueeosmfo` is the mefìon

prlùger.e. Fs these rfw kfterifms fre drlceo `lwo they deglke hukus.a. ^heo kumghes fre kfè arlk lrnfoig kfterifms, sugh fs hfy, nrfss gmippions, strfw,

oewspfper fo` lm` wllmeo, they wimm nrfùfmmy f`` tl the slim lrnfoig kftter fo` outrieot dfoc fs they drefc `lwo.

n. Frtiaigifm aertimizers oee` tl de slmudme glkpluo`s sl thft pmfots gfo fdslrd the outrieots.h. It is f re`-drlwo slim whigh deglkes very hfr` wheo it is `ry.

III. TEF@ION F.6. Zre-refìon tfsc.

f. ^hft `les fo uohefmthy slim kefo< d. ^hft kfces slim uohefmthy<

UOHEFMPHY WLIMWPhere fre f oukder la refslos alr `fkfne` slims, hlwever the auo`fkeotfm gfuse la slim

ègmioe is the reklvfm la surafge venetftilo. îth the exgeptilo la ofturfm èserts, slim isfmwfys prltegte` dy venetftilo. Io fo eaalrt tl hfrvest nrefter yiem`s, klre fo` klre kfrniofmmfo` hfs deeo pmlunhe` up, fo` la glurse, the ofturfm venetftilo reklve`. Phis hfs deeoìsfstrlus alr the slim whigh, fater deion `lse` with ghekigfms, is theo meat explse` foùoprltegte` arlk foikfm hllas, wio`, rfio, glm` fo` heft. Io eaaegt, thlusfo`s la yefrs laevlmutilo la slim ioterfgtilo with pmfots, foikfms, fir fo` wfter is reverse` dy klèrofnrigumture.

Exgessive use la frtiaigifm aertimizers hfs fmsl gfuse` slim prldmeks. F spegifm gfse hfstfceo pmfge io Fustrfmif where hune fkluots la phlsphftes were f`è` tl slims tl nrlw

Eurlpefo nrfsses fo` gmlvers. Hlwever fdlut 9: % la the aertimizer wfs ioslmudme fo` mfy iothe slims uouse` fo` is olw resumtion io extrekemy fgi` slims fo` `yion pfstures.



44

Lver`lsion with aertimizer hfs fmsl me` tl the glotfkioftilo la surafge fo` nrluo` wfter.Exgess aertimizers whigh fre olt use` dy grlps fre wfshe` iotl rivers, mfces fo` strefks ioruo-laa. Exgess aertimizer gfo fmsl de mefghe` thrlunh the slim iotl the wfter tfdme.

Wlim sfmioity is folther exfkpme la uohefmthy slim. Dfsigfmmy, it is gfuse` dy rision wftertfdmes. Fs the wfter tfdme rises tlwfr`s the surafge, ofturfmmy lggurrion sfmts fre ìsslmve` fo`

glogeotrfte` io the upper slim mfyer. Phe glogeotrftilo la sfmts is tlxig tl pmfots.Phis wlrm`wiè prldmek lggurs io twl wfys2

6. @ry-mfo` sfmtion

@eep-rllte` trees fo` shruds fre reklve` fo` repmfge` with shfmmlw-rllte` pfsturespegies whigh use mess wfter. Fs klre wfter klves thrlunh the slim the wfter tfdme rises foòfturfm sfmts fre drlunht tl the slim surafge. Zmfots fo` grlps ìe degfuse they fre uofdme tltlmerfte the hinh sfmt mevems. Afrkers gfmm this the '^hite @efth'.

@ry-mfo` sfmtion is f pfrtigumfr prldmek io frefs where venetftilo hfs deeo reklve` arlkreghfrne frefs, i.e. himms fo` smlpes.4. Irrinftilo sfmioity

Irrinftilo wfter whigh is surpmus tl the grlps' oee`s gfuses the wfter tfdme tl rise. Ofturfm

sfmts fre theo èplsite` io the upper mfyers la the slim fs the wfter evfplrftes. Wlmudmeaertimizers, whigh fre lateo f`è` renumfrmy tl the irrinftilo wfter, aurther glotridute tl theglogeotrftilo la sfmts io the upper slim mfyer.

Fo fggukumftilo la dilgiès (i.e. ghekigfms use` tl cimm lrnfoisks, iogmuìon auonigiès,weeìgiès, kitigiès fo` iosegtigiès) fmsl gfuses slim ègmioe. Kfoy dilgiès hfve f verymlon miae io the slim. Phis kefos they glotioue tl exist uoghfone` io the slim degfuse theygfoolt klve iotl loe la the gygmes la kftter. Phe shlrtest miae alr f dilgiè is f aew hlurs3lther gfo mfst up tl 0: yefrs.

Dimm Klmmislo reglkkeo`s thft pelpme wishion tl nrlw lrnfoig all`s `l olt purghfse mfo`whigh hfs deeo use` tl nrlw dfofofs, sunfr gfoe lr ègiùlus aruit, fs these grlps wimm hfve

deeo hefvimy `lses with dilgiès. Ia ylur mfo` hfs deeo use` alr sugh grlps, f alrest la mlon-terk pregilus tikders kfy wlrc fs f 'gmefosion grlp' .

Pree reklvfm fo` sfmi oi ty

F. Dealre tree reklvfm

Grlp nrlwion wemm

Teghfr ge fref ^fter tfdme

\\ \\ -- \\ \\ -- -- \\ -- \\ \\ -- -- \\ \\ -- \\ \\ \\ -- \\ -- \\ ̀ isghfrge fref



47

D. Fater tree reklvfm

Grlp ̀ yion

^fter tfdme sfmt

\\ \\ -- \\ \\ -- \\ -- \\ -- \\ -- \\ -- \\ \\

\\ \\ \\ --\\ \\ Teghfr ne fref \\ -- \\ \\ -- \\ -- \\ -- \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\

\\ -- \\\ \\ -- \\ \- \\ -- \\ \\ -- \\ -- \\ \\ \\ -- \\ \\ \\ -- -- \ \sfmt

\\ -- \\ \\ \\ -- \\ \ \\ -- \\ \\ -- \\ \\ -- \\ -- \\ -- \\ \\ \ ̀ isghfrne fref \\-- \\

\\ -- \\ \\ -- \\ \- \\ -- \\ \\ -- \\ -- \\ \\ -- \\ \ \\ -- -- \\ --- \ - -- \

4. Glkpreheosilo ghegc. F. Wfy the almmlwion stftekeots fre true lr afmse. Glrregt the afmse stftekeots.

f.\\Loe la the klst auo`fkeotfm refslos gfusion slim ègmioe is the reklvfm la surafgevenetftilo.

d.\\Wlim is prltegte` dy venetftilo.g.\\Uohefmthy slim kfy de gfuse` dy exgessive use la frtiaigifm aertimizers.`.\\Wlim sfmioity fmsl gfuses uohefmthy slim.e.\\Ofturfm sfmt is drlunht tl slim surafge dy rision wfter tfdme.a.\\Dilgiès fre fmsl f refslo whigh gfuses slim ègmioe.n.\\Wlke dilgiès exist uoghfone` io slim degfuse they gfoolt klve iotl the gygme la

kftter.h.\\Zelpme shlum` olt duy the mfo` io whigh dfofofs, sunfr gfoes lr ègiùlus aruit trees

fre nrlwo.i.\\Pl gmefose uohefmthy slim io whigh it is detter tl nrlw f alrest with mlon-terk pregilus

tikders. b.\\Phere fre aive kfblr refslos gfusion slim ègmioe.

D. ^rition fo` spefcion.

f. ^hft fre the kfio refslos alr `fkfnion slims< d. ^hft refslo is the klst glkklo io kfoy gluotries io the wlrm`<g. ^hft refslos fre plpumfr io ylur fref/gluotry<`. Hlw `les slim sfmioity lggur<

e. ^hft `l afrkers hfve tl `l tl stlp the slim ègmioe<G. @egiè whigh wlr`s the wlr`s io itfmig io the almmlwion seoteoges reaer tl.

f. Io fo eaalrt tl hfrvest nrefter yiem`s, klre fo` klre kfrniofm mfo` hfs deeo pmlunhe` up,fo` la glurse, the ofturfm venetftilo reklve`. Phis hfs deeo ìsfstrlus alr the slim whigh,fater deion `lse` with ghekigfms, is theo meat explse` fo` uoprltegte` arlk foikfm hllas,wio`, rfio, glm` fo` heft. Io eaaegt, thlusfo`s la yefrs la evlmutilo la slim ioterfgtilowith pmfots, foikfms, fir fo` wfter is reverse` dy klèro fnrigumture.

d. F spegifm gfse hfs tfceo pmfge io Fustrfmif where hune fkluots la phlsphftes weref`è` tl slims tl nrlw Eurlpefo nrfsses fo` gmlvers.

g. Exgess aertimizers whigh fre olt use` dy grlps fre wfshe` iotl rivers, mfces fo` strefks ioruo-laa.

`. @eep-rllte` trees fo` shruds fre reklve` fo` repmfge` with shfmmlw-rllte` pfsturespegies whigh use mess wfter.



40

e. @ry-mfo` sfmtion is f pfrtigumfr prldmek io frefs where venetftilo hfs deeo reklve` arlkreghfrne frefs, i.e. himms fo` smlpes.

a. Irrinftilo wfter whigh is surpmus tl the grlps' oee`s gfuses the wfter tfdme tl rise.n. Wlmudme aertimizers, whigh fre lateo f`è` renumfrmy tl the irrinftilo wfter, aurther

glotridute tl the glogeotrftilo la sfmts io the upper slim mfyer.

h. Kfoy dilgiès hfve f very mlon miae io the slim. Phis kefos they glotioue tl existuoghfone` io the slim degfuse they gfoolt klve iotl loe la the gygmes la kftter.

@. Prfosmftilo. Aio` the ìaaereoge detweeo the wlr`s ‟fs“ io the almmlwion seoteoges, theotrfosmfte thek iotl Qietofkese.

f. Dimm Klmmislo reglkkeo`s thft pelpme wishion tl nrlw lrnfoig all`s `l olt purghfsemfo` whigh hfs deeo use` tl nrlw dfofofs, sunfr gfoe lr ègiùlus aruit, fs these grlpswimm hfve deeo hefvimy `lses with dilgiès.

d. Fs klre wfter klves thrlunh the slim the wfter tfdme rises fo` ofturfm sfmts fre drlunhttl the slim surafge.

g. Ofturfm sfmts fre theo èplsite` io the upper mfyers la the slim fs the wfter evfplrftes.`. Fs the wfter tfdme rises tlwfr`s the surafge, ofturfmmy lggurrion sfmts fre ìsslmve` fo`

glogeotrfte` io the upper slim mfyer

ZFTP D

I. TEF@ION D.6. Zre-refìon tfsc.

f. ^hft fnrigumturfm prlùgts la Phe Uoite` Wtftes fre wlrm`-plpumfr< d. ^hft fnrigumturfm prlùgts `les Phe Uoite` Wtftes explrt<g. Hlw kfoy pergeot la wlrcers `les the fnrigumture la Phe Uoite` Wtftes ekpmly<`. Hlw kfoy pergeot la fooufm N@Z `les it fggluot alr<

FNTIGUMPUTE LA PHE UOIPE@ WPFPEW

Phe Uoite` Wtftes hfs deeo the wlrm`“s mefìon ioùstrifm oftilo sioge efrmy io the 4:

th

geotury. Afrkion lomy fggluots alr mess thfo 4 per geot la fooufm N@Z fo` ekpmlys mess thfo7 per geot la UW wlrcers, yet the oftilo mef`s the wlrm` io kfoy fspegts la fnrigumturfm

prlùgtilo. Afrkers olt lomy prlùge eolunh tl keet `lkestig oee`s, they fmsl eofdme theUoite` Wtftes tl explrt klre afrk prlùgts per yefr thfo foy lther oftilo io the wlrm`. Phetltfm fooufm vfmue la afrk lutput iogrefse` arlk fdlut $55 dimmilo io 69>: tl fdlut $68>

dimmilo io 6994. Exgmuìon ioamftilo, the iogrefse io the afrk lutput wfs twl per geotfooufmmy.

Phe skfmm sudsisteoge afrk ruo dy f afrker prikfrimy tl keet perslofm oee`s hfs virtufmmyìsfppefre` arlk the Fkerigfo sgeoe3 klst fnrigumturfm prlùgts fre nrlwo lo mfrneglkkergifm afrks alr shipkeot tl urdfo fo` ioùstrifm kfrcets. Phe oukder la afrks io the

Uoite` Wtftes ègrefse` arlk klre thfo 5.1 kimmilo io 695: tl fdlut 4.6 kimmilo io 6997. Ftthe sfke tike, fverfne afrk size iogrefse` 81 hegtfres tl 696 hegtfres. Io the efrmy 699:smivestlgc fo` mivestlgc prlùgts fggluote` alr 5:.5 per geot la the vfmue la fmm afrkkfrcetion, fo` grlps alr rekfioèr. Gfmialroif me` fmm stftes io the yefrmy vfmue la afrkregeipts3 it wfs almmlwe` dy Pexfs, Mlwf, Oedrfscf, Immiolis, Kiooesltf, fo` Cfosfs.

Deea gfttme rfoc fs the klst vfmufdme prlùgt la the oftilo“s afrks, fggluotion alr fmklstloe qufrter la tltfm fooufm afrk regeipts. Kfoy fre rfise` lo mfrne rfoghes io sluth-westerostftes. @firy prlùgts represeot fdlut 64 per geot la the yefrmy vfmue la afrk kfrcetions fo`fre the seglo` klst vfmufdme itek glkion arlk Fkerigfo afrks. Lther kfblr mivestlgc fo`mivestlgc prlùgts iogmuè pins, ghigceos, enns, turcey, fo` sheep fo` mfkds.

Mefìon fnrigumturfm grlps fre glro, venetfdmes, slyf defos, aruits fo` outs, wheft, glttlo,

fo` tldfggl. Immiolis, Mlwf, Oedrfscf, fo` Ioìfof tlnether prlùge klre thfo hfma la thefooufm glro grlp, whime Cfosfs usufmmy mef`s fmm stftes io aefrmy wheft prlùgtilo. Alr klre



45

thfo f geotury fo` f hfma, glttlo wfs the pre`lkiofot gfsh grlp io the Wluth. Pl`fy,hlwever, it is ol mloner ikplrtfot io slke la the trfìtilofm glttlo-nrlwion frefs efst la theKississippi Tiver fo` is olw glogeotrfte` io remftivemy amft frefs fkeofdme tl mfrne-sgfmekeghfoizftilo, sugh fs the mlwer Kississippi Qfmmey, the pmfios la Pexfs, fo` the Qfmmeys laGfmialroif fo` Frizlof. Pldfggl rekfios fo ikplrtfot gfsh grlp. Phe mefìon tldfggl-

prlùgion stftes fre Olrth Gfrlmiof fo` Ceotugcy.Lther mefìon grlps iogmuè pefouts, pefghes, tlkftles, fo` fppmes. Klre thfo 1: per geot

la the lrfones fo` fdlut 5: per geot la the tlkftles fre prlùge` io Amlri`f3 slke 9: pergeot la the nrfpes fre rfise` io Gfmialroif3 fo` fdlut 5: per geot la the glkkergifm fppmesglke arlk lrghfr`s io ^fshiontlo Wtfte.4. ^lr` stu`y.

F. - Aio` the wlr`s with the lpplsite kefoion. ‗ Aio` the wlr`s with the sfke kefoion.

f. prlùge - iogrefse d. pmfios - glosukeg. ègrefse - kluotfios`. `lkestig - èvemlp

e. ègmioe - mess plwerauma. pre`lkiofot - alreinon. ekpmly - kfoufmh. keghfoigfm - uoekpmlykeot

6. prlùgts - fggluot alr4. rfise - segtlr7. represeot - rfision foikfms0. fkeofdme - nrlw

5. pmfot - nll`s1. fspegt - suitfdme>. mivestlgc - gfsh grlps8. glkkergifm grlps - dree`

D. Glkpmete the almmlwion seoteoges with loe la the wlr` fdlve.

f. Phe oukder la afrks io the Uoite` Wtftes................arlk 5.1 kimmilo io 695: tl 4.6 kimmiloio 6994 dut fverfne afrk size....................arlk 81 hegtfres tl 696 hegtfres.

d. Wtfrvftilo fo` grikiofm fre the.......................la wfrs.g. Phe aishion ioùstry.....................fdlut 55 per geot la Dritish aish suppmies fo` iovlmves

dlth èep-sef aishion fo` aish-afrkion.

`. Oew pmfotions io 6990 tltfme` 6>,7:: hegtfres la whigh privfte lwoers ................. fmklst94 per geot (65,9:: hegtfres).

e. Phe Uoite` Wtftes mef`s the wlrm` io kfoy.......….........la fnrigumturfm prlùgtilo. a. UW afrkers olt lomy prlùge eolunh tl keet.................oee`s dut fmsl eofdme tl UW tl

explrt klre afrk.......….......per yefr thfo foy lther oftilo io the wlrm`. G. ^rite glkpmete the almmlwion seoteoges.

f. Nrfio glosists la ........................................................................………………………. . d. Qenetfdmes glosist la .................................................................………………………. . g. Mivestlgc prlùgts iogmuè ........................................................………………………. . `. Aruit grlps iogmuè ....................................................................…………………….…. . e. Afrkion prlùgts iogmuè...........................................................………………………. .

a. ^lrm` mefìon grlps……………………………………………………………………..II. Ghegcion ylur nrfkkfr.

F. Nive slke exfkpmes, usion the glkpfrislo strugtures demlw.

f. W - Q (olt) + fs/sl + f`b. + fs ............................................... .

6. ...............................................................................................

4. ...............................................................................................

shlrt f`b.+ er + thfo.............................................. . d. W - Q + klre / mess + mlon f`b. + thfo .............................. .

7. ..................................................................................................

0. ..................................................................................................



41

shlrt f`b.+ est .g. W - Q + the + klst + mlon f`b. (la fmm)

5. ..................................................................................................

1. ..................................................................................................

D. ^rition & Wpefcion

6. Kfcion glkpfrislo the afrks io Fkerigf with the afrks io ylur gluotry.

4. ^rite the foswers tl the almmlwion questilos.

f. ^here `l ylu thioc the almmlwion grlps nrlw dest io ylur gluotry< ^hy<(rige 3 glaaee 3 tef 3 rudder 3 gitrus aruit 3 glglout pfmk3 tlkftl3 gfrrlt3 kemlo)

d. @l ylu thioc din afrks fre detter lr wlrse io ylur gluotry< ^hy<g. ^here `l ylu thioc mivestlgc is rfise` dest io ylur gluotry< ^hy<

7. Kfce glkpfrislo with the tltfm fooufm vfmue la afrk lutputs la UW Fnrigumture, usion the

`ifnrfk demlw.

<

$68> dimmilo

<$55 dimmilo

69>: 6984 6994 4::4

;? Phe tltfm fooufm vfmue la afrk lutput iogrefse` arlk fdlut $55 dimmilo io 69>: tl fdlut$68> dimmilo io 6994 .Hlw kugh `i` it iogrefse io the almmlwion yefrs<

- Io 69842 .........................................................……………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………….

- Io 4::42 ........................................................……………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………

\\\\\\ \\\\\\

Ol kfo gfo serve twl kfsters.



4>

§ UOIP 5 TEZFITION FO@ IKZTLQION @FKFNE@ WLIMW

I. ^lr` stu`y.6. Aio` the wlr`s whigh hfve sikimfr kefoion.

f. foikfm kfoure d. dfgteriuk

g. glkplst`. glver grlpse. èsiggftiloa. erlsilon. exgrete surpmush. nreeo kfourei. iosumfte

b. menukesc. klèrftem. olùmesk. lrnfoig gloteot

o. lrnfoig kumghl. pef amlwer

p. perkfgumtureq. reteotilor. smfshs. wee` dfrriert. ùonu. ghfrfgteristig

- ìstiogtive aefture la slkethion- perkfoeot gumtivftilo

- f aeoge with nrfss.- grlps use` alr glverion slim surafge.- hlmìon slkethion io plsitilo.- kfoure kfè arlk nreeo trees- aix slke ìaaereot types la kfoure.- ùon with urioe la foikfms.- gut- pmfot spegies whigh hfve dfgteriuk io their rllts.- lrnfoig thions use` alr kumghion slim surafge.- remefse the fkluot meat ever fater hfvion use`.- the amlwer la pefs (eìdme aruit)

- fkluot la lrnfoig kftter.- skfmm pieges io the menuke rllt.- prltegt arlk slkethion dy ceepion fwfy.- kfce slkethion `ry.- kigrlsglpig lrnfoisks- foikfm exgrekeot.- prlgess èstrlyion slim nrfùfmmy.- kfce slkethion mess vilmeot.

4. Aimm io the nfps with wlr`s fdlve.

f. Phe kethl`s use` tl repfir slim wimm vfry fgglrìon tl the gmikfte fo` site...........................

3 hlwever, io fmm gfses ............................is the very dest slim ikprlver. d. Nreeo kfourion, kumgh-glverion fo` aertimizion fre the wfys whigh iogrefse the

……………..fo` outrieot stftus la slims. g. Phe…………….. grlp gfo de …………….. twl lr three tikes whime it is nrlwion fo`

theo ghlppe` iotl the slim dealre it amlwers fo` see`s.`. Phere fre pmfots whigh hfve f …………….. mivion io their rllts.e. Dfgterif suppmy the pmfot with oitrlneo io alrks the pmfot gfo use fo`……………..

oitrlneo iotl the slim frluo` the rllt zloe.a. Ylu gfo ghegc the dfgteriuk's preseoge dy ìnnion up f piege la rllt - it shlum` hfve

skfmm white…………….. lo it. n. Phe rllt systeks lpeo up the slim tl fir fo` wfter fo` prltegt the surafge arlk erlsilo

fo`…………….. . h. Zukpcios fo` pltftles fre pfrtigumfrmy nll`…………….. . i. ……………..fre pefs, defos, drlf` defos, fgfgifs, fo` fmm pmfots with f …………….. .

b. F……………..is f prltegtive glverion la the slim surafge whigh klèrftes sukker fo`wioter tekperftures dy……………..the slim arlk extreke heft fo` glm`.

c. F kumgh fmsl preveots …………….., fssists …………….. la slim klisture, fo` fgts fsf…………….. .

m. ghigceos fo` pins hfve f strlon kfoure whigh shlum` de……………..dealre it is fppmie`tl nfrèos.

k. Kfoure arlk glws fo` hlrses is wefcer uomess the foikfms hfve deeo stfdme` fo` urioe iskixe` with the…………….. .

o. Foikfms gfrry lut kfoy auogtilos3 loe la whigh is tl suppmy pmfot outrieots io the alrkla…………….. .



48

II. TEF@ION F. F. Zre-refìon questilos.

f. ^hft teghoiques `l afrkers io ylur frefs lateo use tl repfir fo` ikprlve their `fkfne`slims< Mist thek lut.

TEZFITION FO@ IKZTLQION @FKFNE@ WLIMWWlim gfo de quite rfpi`my repfire` fo` reduimt. Io perkfgumture, slim repfir is auo`fkeotfm tl

prlùgtivity fo` hefmth. Phe kethl`s use` tl repfir slim wimm vfry fgglrìon tl the gmikftefo` site ghfrfgteristigs3 hlwever, io fmm gfses lrnfoig kftter is the very dest slim ikprlver.Phe almmlwion teghoiques èsgride wfys la iogrefsion the lrnfoig gloteot fo` outrieot stftusla slims.6. Nreeo kfourion

Phis teghoique iovlmves spegiaigfmmy pmfotion f grlp tl gut fo` returo tl the slim fs hinhqufmity lrnfoig kftter. Lateo nfrèoers `l this io wioter, usion pmfot spegies sugh fs ryenrfss, mupioes lr dfrmey. Io sukker they pmfot wheft, mugeroe lr dugcwheft. Phe nreeokfoure grlp gfo de smfshe` twl lr three tikes whime it is nrlwion fo` theo ghlppe` iotl the

slim dealre it amlwers fo` see`s. Phis teghoique ikprlves slim texture fo` strugture, fs wemm fs prlviìon aertimizer.4. Menukes

Phere fre pmfots whigh hfve f dfgteriuk, Thizldiuk spegies, mivion io their rllts. Phe dfgterif suppmy the pmfot with oitrlneo io alrks the pmfot gfo use fo` exgrete surpmus oitrlneoiotl the slim frluo` the rllt zloe. Io returo, the dfgterif regeive eoerny arlk the pmfot.

Fmm menukes fre 'oitrlneo-aixion' prlviìon the glrregt dfgteriuk whigh is preseot io theslim. Ylu gfo ghegc the dfgteriuk's preseoge dy ìnnion up f piege la rllt - it shlum` hfveskfmm white olùmes lo it. Wpmit the olùme lpeo, ia it is pioc iosiè theo the pmfot is oitrlneo-aixion.

Menukes fre pefs, defos, drlf` defos, fgfgifs, fo` fmm pmfots with f pef amlwer.

7. Glver grlpsPhese fre very mice nreeo kfoure grlps. Phey gfrry lut the sfke auogtilos (ikprlve slim

strugture fo` texture)3 io f`ìtilo they prlviè eìdme prlùgts. Glver grlps fre espegifmmynll` alr hfr`, glkpfgte` slims. Phe rllt systeks lpeo up the slim tl fir fo` wfter fo` prltegtthe surafge arlk erlsilo fo` èsiggftilo. Zukpcios fo` pltftles fre pfrtigumfrmy nll` glvergrlps.0. Lrnfoig kumgh

F kumgh is f prltegtive glverion la the slim surafge. It klèrftes sukker fo` wiotertekperftures dy iosumftion the slim arlk extreke heft fo` glm`. It fmsl preveots erlsilo,fssists reteotilo la slim klisture, fo` fgts fs f wee` dfrrier.

^heo kumghes fre kfè arlk lrnfoig kfterifms, sugh fs hfy, nrfss gmippions, strfw,

oewspfper fo` lm` wllmeo uoèraemt, they wimm nrfùfmmy f`` tl the slim lrnfoig kftter foòutrieot dfoc fs they drefc `lwo.5. Foikfm kfoure

Io perkfgumture, foikfms fre very ikplrtfot pfrt la the systek. Phey gfrry lut kfoyauogtilos3 loe la whigh is tl suppmy pmfot outrieots io the alrk la kfoures.

Lo the whlme, foikfms whigh eft keft sugh fs ghigceos fo` pins hfve f strlon kfoure(the kfoure glotfios klre oitrlneo) whigh shlum` de glkplste` dealre it is fppmie` tlnfrèos. Kfoure arlk glws fo` hlrses is wefcer uomess the foikfms hfve deeo stfdme` foùrioe (oitrlneo) is kixe` with the ùon.

D. Glkpreheosilo ghegc.

6. Hlw gfo slim de repfire` fo` reduimt<4. ^hft kethl`s fre use` tl repfir fo` ikprlve `fkfne` slim<7. ^hft teghoiques fre use` tl iogrefse slim lrnfoig kftter fo` outrieot stftus<



49

0. ^hft is nreeo kfourion<5. Hlw `les nreeo kfourion faaegt the slim<1. ^hy `l afrkers lateo nrlw menukes lo the mfo`s<>. ^hft spegies fre menukes<8. ^hft auogtilos `l the glver grlps hfve<

9. ^hft spegies fre the dest glver grlps<6:. ^hft f`vfotfnes `les the lrnfoig kumgh drion tl slims<66. ^hy fre foikfm kfoures useaum tl slims<64. ^heo is the foikfm kfoure use` detter alr pmfots<67. ^hft `l afrkers lateo `l tl reùge evfplrftilo arlk the slim surafge<60. ^hy `l slims oee` tl de glvere`<65. Fre there foy lther teghoiques the afrkers io ylur fref lateo use tl repfir fo` reduim`

their mfo`<G. ^rition fo` spefcion .(nrlup-wlrc)

6. Loe la ylu hfs slke prldmeks with ylur slim sugh fs2 erlsilo3 sfmioity lr uohefmthy… .Io turo, fsc fo` nive f`vige lo hlw tl repfir fo` ikprlve it. ^high teghoique is the

klst eaaigieot.

@. Aimm io the nfps with wlr`s io the dlx.

afgimitfte` 3 require` 3 dfgterif 3 ldtfio 3 klmegumes 3

remefse 3 rftes 3 tl kfce 3 outrieots 3 trfosalrke`

GYGMION LA KFPPET Kftter glosists la kfoy emekeots fo`…(6)…thft kfce up the nfses, vitfkios, prlteios,

kioerfms, fo` lther…(4)…la miae. Phe tltfm fkluot la kftter io the wlrm` is glostfot fo`gygmes thrlunh mivion fo` olo-mivion kfterifms (fir, rlgcs, trees, foikfms, etg.). Phe gygmion lakftter is `riveo dy the suo fo` is…(7)…dy the amlw la eoerny.

Phere fre vfrilus alrks fo`…(0)…la gygmion la kftter. Fo ikplrtfot exfkpme is thegygmion la oitrlneo - loe la the kfblr emekeots…(5)…alr pmfot fo` foikfm nrlwth. Oitrlneo,loe la the kfio nfses io fir, is…(1)…iotl f slmudme alrk dy dfgterif mivion io slim lr wfter.Zmfots use this alrk la oitrlneo…(>)…prlteio, whigh theo re-eoters the slim fs the pmfotkftter ìes fo` ègfys. Foikfms…(8)…oitrlneo dy eftion pmfot kfterifm lr lther foikfms,fo`…(9)… oitrlneo io their exgretf fo` wheo their dlìes ègfy. Phe oitrlneo is theoreturoe` tl the ftklsphere fs f nfs dy the fgtilo la …(6:)… - thus glkpmetion the gygme.

III. NTFKKFT. WEOPEOGE WPTUGPUTE F. Glkpmex Weoteoge.

Phe glkpmex seoteoge is kfè up la fo ioèpeoèot gmfuse fo` loe lr klre sudlrìofte

gmfuses. ^heo f sudlrìofte gmfuse iotrlùges the seoteoge, it is usufmmy almmlwe` dy fglkkf uomess it is very shlrt.- Phe midrfry gmlses efrmy io sukker wheo the stuèots fre lut la sghllm. Fater the gmefr `fysla Ioìfo sukker, the futuko scies nrlw hefvimy fo` `frc. Mio`f tlm` us lo the phloe thftthey hf` hf` f amft tire mfst oinht fo` thft the gfr wlumò't stfrt this klroion.- ^heo ylu glke io the arlot `llr, kfce sure ylu push it shut, degfuse the mlgc `leso'tfmwfys gftgh.

D. Glkpluo`-glkpmex Weoteoge.

Phe glkpluo`-glkpmex seoteoge is glkplse` la twl lr klre ioèpeoèot gmfuses fo`loe lr klre sudlrìofte gmfuses.- Blho Meoolo wrlte kfoy dfmmf`s, fo` he reglrè` thek whime he wfs io Eonmfo`.

- Phe metter gfrrier, ^hl is fmwfys puogtufm, ìò't glke tl`fy3 I wloèr ia she is imm.



7:

- He shlum` temephloe ylu fs sllo fs he frrives3 dut ia alr slke refslo he `leso't gfmm, temm keikkeìftemy.

G. Zrfgtige.

Exergise 6. Aio` the sudbegt fo` preìgfte, theo ègiè whigh is glkpluo`s lr glkpmex<

6. Ia f slim is fmklst pure gmfy lr pure sfo` theo it wimm de f 'ìaaigumt' slim io whigh tl nrlw

pmfots.4. Phere fre kfoy foikfms mivion io the slim, whigh rfone arlk kigrlsglpig lrnfoisks tl

deetmes.7. Zmfots fo` grlps ìe degfuse they fre uofdme tl tlmerfte the hinh sfmt mevems.0. Fs these rfw kfterifms fre drlceo `lwo they deglke hukus.5. Foikfms gfrry lut kfoy auogtilos, loe la whigh is tl suppmy pmfot outrieots io the alrk la

kfoures.1. Phere fre pmfots whigh hfve f dfgteriuk, Thizldiuk spegies, mivion io their rllts.>. Ylu glum` try tl aio` f gumtivfr whigh hfs f colwo resistfoge tl auonfm ìsefses fo` pmfot

it io f pmfge where it regeives `ryion dreezes.8. Fs the wfter tfdme rises tlwfr`s the surafge, ofturfmmy lggurrion sfmts fre ìsslmve` fo`

glogeotrfte` io the upper slim mfyer.9. Phe dfgterif suppmy the pmfot with oitrlneo io alrks the pmfot gfo use fo` exgrete surpmus

oitrlneo iotl the slim frluo` the rllt zloe. Exergise 4. ^rite glkpmete the almmlwion seoteoges.

6. Ia the wefther is nll` the afrkers io the fref…………………………. 4. Phe slim is df`my `fkfne` degfuse……………………………………… 7. Phe afrker hfs f`è` slke mike tl their slim…………………………… 0. Afrkers lateo glver their slims…………………………………………. 5. Phey pmfot slke cio`s la menukes io their slim………………………… 1. Io fmm gfses, it is detter tl use lrnfoig kftter…………………………… >. Kumghes kfè arlk lrnfoig kfterifms wimm nrfùfmmy f`` tl the slim lrnfoig kftter fo`

outrieot dfoc………………………………… . 8. Io perkfgumture, foikfms fre very ikplrtfot pfrt la the systek. degfuse…………….9. Foikfms gfrry lut kfoy auogtilos3 loe la whigh…………………………………. . 6:. Ghigceos fo` pins hfve f strlon kfoure whigh shlum` de glkplste`……………… .

ZFTP D2


6. slim pfrtigme4. glfrse texture7. nrfvem

0. nritty slim5. deetme1. gmippion>. strfw8. hfy9. hukus6:. gloversemy66. all` grfps

- `ry nrfss- skfmm piege la slim- f remftivemy skfmm type la stloe

- f type la iosegt with hfr` wions- io glotrfgt- stek la the rige fater hfrvestion- aertime klum`- guttion- all` wfste- f slim with nrits- f slim with mfrne sfo`s

4. Aimm io the nfps with niveo wlr`s io the dlx.

glkpfgte` 3 sfwùst 3 remefses 3 kigrlsglpig 3 bute 3 fdslrde`

klmegumes 3 sgrfps 3 shrioc 3 glkpfgte` 3 deetme 3 hukus



76

f. Glver grlps fre espegifmmy nll` alr hfr`,……………… slims. d. Lrnfoig kftter is foythion whigh wfs loge mivion, iogmuìon all` ………………, nrfss

gmippions, hfy, strfw, mefves, ………………, fo` eveo aur glfts, ………………dfns fo`lm` glttlo gurtfios.

g. Phere fre kfoy foikfms mivion io the slim, rfonion arlk ……………… lrnfoisks tl

……………… . `. Fs these rfw kfterifms fre drlceo `lwo they deglke…………… - f aioe, stigcy, sweet-

skemmion outrieot-righ sudstfoge whigh smlwmy………………pmfot fo` foikfmkigrloutrieots.

e. Hukus ofturfmmy hemps sfo`y slims tl hlm` wfter fo` outrieots fo` gloversemy, hemps……………… gmfy slim tl deglke klre lpeo.

a. Ia the slim is nritty it wimm ……………… wheo `r y fo` swemm wheo wet.n. Phe slim foikfms ferfte the slim, grefte wfter ghfooems, drefc `lwo mfrne …………… tl

skfmmer loes whigh gfo de ……………… dy pmfot rllts.

ZFTP D

I. TEF@ION D. F. Zre-refìon tfsc . Tef` the almmlwion pfssfne tl aio` the foswer tl the questilos demlw.

f. ^rite lut the types la slim. d. ^rite lut the ghfrfgteristigs la slim.g. Phe auogtilos la kigrl-lrnfoisk tl slim.`. Phe auogtilos la lrnfoig kftter.

WLIM GLKZLOEOPW (4)6. Kioerfm Arfgtilos

Phese fre rlgc fo` gmfy pfrtigmes io the slim. It is plssidme tl èterkioe f slim'sghfrfgteristigs dy its aeem. ^heo the slim pfrtigmes fre kfiomy sfo` fo` glfrse nrfvem fo` theslim hfs f rlunh aeem, its texture is sfi` tl de nritty. Ia the slim is nritty it wimm2

`rfio quigcmy, fo` `ry lut quigcmy3

hfve aew slim auonfm ìsefses3

mefgh lut slim outrieots (wfsh thek tl mlwer slim mfyers)Gmfy slims hfve kioute pfrtigmes, nivion the slim f skllth aeem fo` f simcy texture. Ia the

slim is simcy it wimm2

`rfio smlwmy fo` hlm` wfter alr f mloner tike3

shrioc wheo `ry fo` swemm wheo wet3

hlm` slim outrieots lo the surafge la gmfy pfrtigmes3

alrk f gmfypfo (f glogrete-mice mfyer) wheo venetftilo is reklve` arlk the slim surafge.Ia f slim is fmklst pure gmfy lr pure sfo` theo it wimm de f 'ìaaigumt' slim io whigh tl nrlw

pmfots. Io dlth gfses the slim texture fo` strugture is ikprlve` dy f`ìon mfrne qufotities lalrnfoig kftter.4. Kigrl-lrnfoisks

Phere fre kfoy foikfms mivion io the slim, rfonion arlk kigrlsglpig lrnfoisks tl deetmes.Phey ferfte the slim, grefte wfter ghfooems, drefc `lwo mfrne klmegumes tl skfmmer loeswhigh gfo de fdslrde` dy pmfot rllts, fo` io theksemves fre f pfrt la the slim outrieot dfocfo` wimm eveotufmmy deglke pfrt la the lrnfoig kftter.

Wlim with nll` fir-wfter dfmfoge fo` pmeoty la lrnfoig kfterifm wimm hfve kimmilos lakigrl-lrnfoisks fssistion afster outrieot drefc`lwo fo` gygmion.7. Lrnfoig Kftter

It is olt refmmy plssidme tl hfve tll kugh lrnfoig kftter io f all` nfrèo. Lrnfoig kftteris foythion whigh wfs loge mivion, iogmuìon all` sgrfps, nrfss gmippions, hfy, strfw, mefves,



74

sfwùst, fo` eveo aur glfts, bute dfns fo` lm` glttlo gurtfios. Fmm la these wimm drefc `lwo iothe slim fo` deglke pfrt la ylur slim outrieot dfoc.

Fs these rfw kfterifms fre drlceo `lwo they deglke hukus - f aioe, stigcy, sweet-skemmion outrieot-righ sudstfoge whigh smlwmy remefses pmfot fo` foikfm kigrloutrieots. Itsofture is sugh thft it hemps sfo`y slims tl hlm` wfter fo` outrieots fo` gloversemy, hemps

glkpfgte` gmfy slim tl deglke klre lpeo. D. Glkpreheosilo ghegc. Foswer the almmlwion questilos.

6. ^hft ghfrfgteristigs `les f nritty texture` slim hfve<4. ^hft ghfrfgteristigs `les f simcy texture` slim hfve<7. ^hy is it ìaaigumt tl nrlw pmfots io gmfy slim<0. Hlw gfo nritty fo` simcy texture` slims de ikprlve`<5. Fre there foy foikfms mivion io slims<1. Fre these foikfms hfrkaum lr useaum tl pmfot nrlwth< ^hy<>. ^hft is lrnfoig kftter<8. ^hy is lrnfoig kftter useaum tl the slim<9. ^hft `l afrkers `l tl iogrefse the kigrl-lrnfoisks io their slims<

6:. Hlw `l afrkers ikprlve their uohefmthy slims<G. ^rition. ^rite glkpmete the almmlwion seoteoges.

6. Ia the slim is nritty it ……………………………………………. 4. Ia the slim is simcy it …………………………………………….. 7. Ia f slim is fmklst pure gmfy…………………………………… 0. Ia f slim is pure sfo` it …………………………………………. 5. Ia f slim hfs nll` fir-wfter dfmfoge with pmeoty la lrnfoig kfterifm it ………………… …………………………………………………………………………………..…………... 1. Ia the rfw kfterifms sugh fs all` sgrfps, nrfss gmippions, hfy, strfw, mefves, sfwùst, fo`

eveo aur glfts, bute dfns fo` lm` glttlo gurtfios fre drlceo `lwo they………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………..

@. Prfosmftilo. Prfosmfte the almmlwion pfssfne iotl Qietofkese.Kioerfm Arfgtilos fre rlgc fo` gmfy pfrtigmes io the slim. It is plssidme tl èterkioe f slim's

ghfrfgteristigs dy its aeem. ^heo the slim pfrtigmes fre kfiomy sfo` fo` glfrse nrfvem fo` theslim hfs f rlunh aeem, its texture is sfi` tl de nritty. Ia the slim is nritty it wimm2

`rfio quigcmy, fo` `ry lut quigcmy3

hfve aew slim auonfm ìsefses3

mefgh lut slim outrieots (wfsh thek tl mlwer slim mfyers)Gmfy slims hfve kioute pfrtigmes, nivion the slim f skllth aeem fo` f simcy texture. Ia the

slim is simcy it wimm2

`rfio smlwmy fo` hlm` wfter alr f mloner tike3

shrioc wheo `ry fo` swemm wheo wet3hlm` slim outrieots lo the surafge la gmfy pfrtigmes3

alrk f gmfypfo (f glogrete-mice mfyer) wheo venetftilo is reklve` arlk the slim surafge.Ia f slim is fmklst pure gmfy lr pure sfo` theo it wimm de f 'ìaaigumt' slim io whigh tl nrlw

pmfots. Io dlth gfses the slim texture fo` strugture is ikprlve` dy f`ìon mfrne qufotities lalrnfoig kftter.

\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\

Nll` wioe oee`s ol dush



77

PEWP 6 (Uoit 6 ‗ Uoit5) (sglre2 6:: kfrcs)

I. WEGPILO 62 (Nrfkkfr fo` Qlgfdumfry) (05 kfrcs)

F. Qlgfdumfry. Ghllse the dest foswer fklon F,D,G,@. 6. Gmfy slims hfve kioute pfrtigmes, nivion the slim f skllth aeem fo` f .................. texture.

F. nritty D. simcy G. aioe @. D lr G

4. F glfrse-texture` slim gfo retfio………….… . F. fir D. wfter G. outrieots @. D lr G

7. F keìuk-texture` slim hfs f ........................ strugture.

F. mllse D. slmi` G. arifdme @. stfdme

0. .................... lateo vfry io glmlur, texture fo` strugture.

F. slim funers D. slim mfyers G. slim prlaimes @. slim kigrl-lrnfoisks

5. F slim with glfrse texture is gfmme` ........................ .

F. gmfy D. mlfk G. simt @. sfo`

1. Fmm menukes fre 'oitrlneo-aixion' prlviìon the glrregt dfgteriuk whigh is preseot io the

slim.

F. niat D. shlwion G. ioìgfte` @. existeot>. F kumgh klèrftes sukker fo` wioter tekperftures dy iosumftion the slim arlk extreke

heft fo` glm`.

F. ghfones D. dfmfoges G. kfiotfios @. exghfones

8. ...................... gfo temm us hlw the slim wfs alrke`, `rfioe` fo` gumtivfte`.

F. tlp slim D. slim mfyers G. slim ikprlvers @. slim prlaime

9. Fmm la these rfw kfterifms wimm...............io the slim fo` deglke pfrt la the slim outrieot dfoc.F. iogrefse D. èvemlp G. nrlw @. drefc `lwo

6:. ....................... is f segtilo tfceo thrlunh the slim `lwo tl the pfreot rlgc.

F. slim klum` D. surafge slim G. sudslim @. slim prlaime66. Ghigceos fo` pins hfve f strlon kfoure whigh shlum` de glkplste` dealre it is fppmie` tl

nfrèos.

F. kixe` with glkplst D. f`è` tl aertimizer G. kfè tl de wefcer @. F lr G

64. Glver grlps fre espegifmmy nll` alr hfr`, glkpfgte` slim s .

F. glfrse-texture` slims D. slims with arifdme strugture

G. slims with slmi` strugture @. èserte` slims

67. Glver grlps gfrry lut the sfke auogtilos3 io f`ìtilo they prlviè eìdme prlùgts .

F. eftfdme all` D. wll` G. kfterifms @. aruit

60. @urion peril`s la hefvy rfio lr lver-wfterion , slim outrieots fre wfshe` arlk the rllt

zloe.F. wfterion tll kugh D. wfterion mittme G. wftermlnne` @. amll`

65. Gmikfte is the prikfry ̀ eterkiofot la venetftilo.F. kfio afgtlr D. kfio emekeot G. kfio rlme @. kfio pliot

61. Aio`-texture` slims `l olt hlm` ........................ .

F. fir D. pmfot outrieots G. wfter @. fmm fre glrregt

6>. Aioe-texture` slims fre usufmmy ...................... `rfioe`.

F. wemm D. ikperaegtmy G. quigcmy @. pllrmy

68. Nfses io slims ....................... their pressure fo` type ùrion the `fy fo` ìaaereot sefslos.

F. iogrefse D. ghfone G. exghfone @. ègrefse

69. Zmfot outrieots fre lateo mefghe` lut la ............................... .F. glfrse-texture` slims D. aioe-texture` slims G. keìuk texture` slims @. D & G



70

4:. Hlw areemy nfses klve iotl lr lut la slim èpeo`s slke exteot lo ……….… la the slim.

F. the pH D. the lrnfoig kftter G. the texture fo` strugture @. the tekperfture

46. Hukus is f aioe, stigcy, sweet-skemmion outrieot-righ sudstfoge whigh smlwmy remefses pmfot fo` foikfm kigrloutrieots.F. fdslrds D. prlviès G. deglkes @. nives

44. Ia the slim is simcy, it wimm ................. wheo `ry fo` ................. wheo wet.F. swemm / shrioc D. shrioc / swemm G. glkpfgt / lpeo @. lpeo / glkpfgt

47. Ia the slim is simcy, it wimm..................slim outrieots lo the surafge la gmfy pfrtigmes.F. wfsh D. mefgh G. remefse @. hlm`

40. Phe ZH is f kefsure la slmudimity la………….… .

F. slim tekperfture D. outrieots. G. wfter @. slim texture

45. Ia the slim......................, it wimm `rfio smlwmy fo` hlm` wfter alr f mloner tike.F. is simcy D. hfs f aioe texture G. hfs skfmm pfrtigmes @. fmm fre glrregt

41. Ia there is ............................ lxyneo the slim wimm skemm rltteo.F. mittme D. f mlt la G. iofèqufte @. F lr G

4>. Teùgion evfplrftilo arlk the slim surafge gfo de fghieve` dy ......................... .

F. surafge kumghion D. wfterion tll kugh G. glostrugtion swfmes @. F & G

48. Wlim texture is the………….… la ìaaereot pfrtigme sizes io the slim.

F. prlplrtilo D. fkluot G. qufmity @. qufotity

49. Wlims fre ìaaereot arlk efgh lther degfuse they hfve the ìaaereot.………….… .

F. ZH la slmudimity D. klisture G. outrieots @. texture fo` strugture

7:. Ia the slim...................., it wimm `rfio fo` `ry lut quigcmy.F. hfs f aioe texture D. hfs f glfrse texture G. is nritty @. D lr G

D. Nrfkkfr. Ghllse the dest foswer fklon F,D,G,@.

76. Oitrlneo is loe la the kfblr emekeots ................ alr pmfot fo` foikfm nrlwth.F. requirekeot D. requirion G. require @. require`

74. Oitrlneo, loe la the kfio nfses io fir, is trfosalrke` iotl f slmudme alrk dy dfgterif..................... io slim lr wfter.

F. mives D. mive` G. mivion @. mive77. ^heo the slim hfs f rlunh aeem, its texture is sfi`...................... .

F. deion simcy D. tl de simcy G. deion nritty @. tl de nritty70. Phere fre kfoy foikfms mivion io the slim,................ arlk kigrlsglpig lrnfoisks tl

deetmes.F. rfonion D. rfone G. tl rfonion @. rfone`

75. Phere fre pmfots whigh hfve f dfgteriuk, Thizldiuk spegies, .................. io their rllts.F. mives D. mive` G. mive @. mivion

71. Phe foikfms ferfte the slim, grefte wfter ghfooems, drefc `lwo mfrne klmegumes tl skfmmerloes.................gfo de fdslrde` dy pmfot rllts.F. whigh D. whft G. whl @. la whigh

7>. Phe three klst ikplrtfot emekeots .................... tl the slim dy aertimizers fre oitrlneo, phlsphlrus fo` pltfssiuk.F. f`ìon D. f`è` G. f`ìtilofm @. f``

78. Fs these kfterifms fre drlceo `lwo.....................deglke hukus.F. whigh D. thft G. they @. F lr D

79. Phe foikfms theksemves fre f pfrt la the slim outrieot dfoc fo` wimm eveotufmmy............... pfrt la the lrnfoig kftter.F. de deglkion D. degfke G. deglkion @. deglke

0:. Ia f slim is fmklst pure gmfy lr pure sfo` theo it wimm de f 'ìaaigumt ' slim .........tl nrlw pmfots.



75

F. whigh D. io whigh G. thft @. io thft06. Phe kethl`s ......... tl repfir slim wimm vfry fgglrìon tl the gmikfte fo` site

ghfrfgteristigs.F. use` D. usion G. use @. useaum

04. Phe ofture la lrnfoig kftter hemps sfo`y slims tl hlm` wfter fo` outrieots fo` gloversemy,

hemps ..................gmfy slim tl deglke klre lpeo.F. glkpfgtion D. glkpfgte` G. glkpfgt @. tl glkpfgt

07. Wlim with nll` fir-wfter dfmfoge fo` pmeoty la lrnfoig kfterifm wimm hfve kimmilos lakigrl-lrnfoisks...................afster outrieot drefc`lwo fo` gygmion.

F. fssiste` D. fssistion G. fssist @. D lr G 00. Io sukker hlt fir ............... arlk èserts `rfws io gllmer, klist fir arlk the lgefos,

drionion rfio fs it klves io.F. rfision D. rlse G. rfise` @. rision

05. It is olt refmmy plssidme..................tll kugh lrnfoig kftter io f all` nfrèo.F. hfve D. tl hfve G. hfvion @. F lr G

II. WEGPILO42 (Tefìon glkpreheosilo) (45 kfrcs)

Tefìon 62 A im m io the nfps with niveo wlr`s io the dlx.

preseoge3 la3 efsimy3 kioerfm3 kfio3 klre3 glrregt3 ia3 ènree3 fgiìty3 outrieot3 whime

Fmm pmfots fre faaegte` dy the ...(6)... la fgiìty lr fmcfmioity la the slim. Phe mess the ...(4)...suppmy, the klre fgi` the slim deglkes. Degfuse ...(7)... sfmts fre dfsig, fo fgi` slim hfs f mlw

dfse gloteot. ...(0)... kfces slke emekeots uofvfimfdme tl pmfots. ...(5)...f slim is very fgi`,with f ZH vfmue la mess thfo 5.:, mike gfo de f`è` tl ...(1)... this fgiìty. Phe ...(>)...glostitueot la mike is gfmgiuk, fo ikplrtfot pmfot all`. Phe ...(8)... la mike hemps tl kfceesseotifm emekeots la pmfot all` klre ...(9)... fvfimfdme tl pmfots. Oitrlneo, phlsphlrlus fo`

pltfssiuk fre ...(6:)... efsimy fvfimfdme io f wemm-mike` slim thfo io fo fgi` slim.

Tefìon 4. Ghllse the glrregt foswer.

Phe alrests la the trlpigs prlùge f kfnoiaigeot nrlwth la trees, dut glkkergifm

mukderion is iohidite` dy prldmeks thft iogrefse the glst la reklvfm. Phe prlmiaerftilo la

spegies thft is glkklo tl fmm trlpigfm alrests greftes ìaaigumties degfuse kfoy spegies fre

wlrthmess. Phe mukderkfo glkds the alrests, therealre, klvion the vfmufdme trees thft fre

gloveoieot tl wfterwfys, fo` amlftion thek `lwostrefk tl f sfwkimm. Uoalrtuoftemy, trlpigfm

hfr`wll`s teo` tl nrlw smlwmy3 fo fref loge gmefre` oee`s sudstfotifm tike tl reglver,

alrgion the sfwkimm tl deglke kldime. @istfoge tl kfrcet teo`s tl de glosièrfdme, rfision

glsts la trfosplrt. Degfuse la these ìaaigumties, lomy the klst vfmufdme wll`s gfo fdslrd the

hinh glsts fsslgifte` with prlùgtilo. Lther trees fre meat uotlughe`.

6. ^hft is the kfio tlpig la the pfssfne<F. Phe hinh glsts la glkkergifm mukderion io the trlpigs.

D. Phe oukder la usemess trees.

G. Phe trfosplrtftilo ìaaigumties

@. Phe nrlwth rfte la hfr`wll`s

4. Fgglrìon tl the pfssfne, loe la the prldmeks la glkkergifm mukderion is2 ..................

F. very aew hfr`wll`s nrlw io the alrests.

D. kfoy la the trees fre usemess alr tikder.

G. there is mittme vfriety io the types la trees io the alrests.

@. semegtion vfmufdme trees is ìaaigumt.

7. Phe mukderkeo sefrgh the alrests alr vfmufdme trees fo` ghllse the loes thft .................F. fre efsy tl gut `lwo D. kfture very smlwmy



71

G. fre oefr tl rivers @. fre trlpigfm spegies

0. Fgglrìon tl the pfssfne, the sfwkimms hfve tl de kldime degfuse they fre .....................

F. use` tl trfosplrt wll`. D. amlfte` up the rivers.

G. klve` fwfy arlk gmefre` frefs. @. trfosplrte` oefr the kfrcet.

5. Fgglrìon tl the pfssfne, remftivemy aew trees fre reklve` arlk the alrests degfuse .............

F. lomy the klst vfmufdme bustiay the glst.

D. the trlpigfm hfr`wll`s fre expeosive tl prlùge.

G. the prlmiaerftilo la spegies gfoolt fdslrd the hinh glsts

@. it is tll expeosive tl trfosplrt the hfr`wll`s

1. ^hft gfo de fssuke` arlk the ioalrkftilo io the pfssfne<

F. Prlpigfm alrests prlùge tll kfoy trees.

D. Pll kfoy spegies nrlw io the alrests.

G. Olt eolunh spegies nrlw oefr the rivers.

@. Useaum spegies `l olt reprlùge quigcmy.

III. WEGPILO 72 (^rition) (7: kfrcs) F. ^rite glkpmete the almmlwion seoteoges.

6. Ia the slim is nritty it ……………………………………………. 4. Ia the slim is simcy it …………………………………………….. 7. Ia f slim is fmklst pure gmfy it…………………………………… 0. Ia f slim is fmklst pure sfo` it …………………………………………. 5. Ia f slim hfs nll` fir-wfter dfmfoge with pmeoty la lrnfoig kfterifm it …………………

D. Glkdioe the almmlwion pfirs tl kfce f glkpmete seoteoge, expression purplse.

6. Phe afrker hfs f`è` slke mike tl their slim. He wfote` tl kfce it klre fmcfmioe.4. Afrkers lateo use ìaaereot kethl`s. Phey wfot tl ikprlve their slims7. Phey pmfot slke cio`s la menukes io their nfrèos. Phey wfot tl kfce thek aertime.

0. Afrkers glver their slim. Phey wfot tl preveot their slims arlk erlsilo.5. Phey use lrnfoig kumghes. Phey wfot tl f`` klre lrnfoig kftter tl their slim.G. ^rite questilos alr the uoèrmioe wlr`s io the almmlwion seoteoges.

6. Phe Uoite` Wtftes hfs deeo the wlrm`“s mefìon ioùstrifm oftilo sioge efrmy io the 4:th

geotury.

4. Afrkion lomy fggluots alr mess thfo 4 per geot la fooufm N@Z fo` ekpmlys mess thfo 7

per geot la UW wlrcers.7. Afrkers olt lomy prlùge eolunh tl keet `lkestig oee`s, dut fmsl eofdme the Uoite`

Wtftes tl explrt klre afrk prlùgts per yefr thfo foy lther oftilo io the wlrm` .0. Phe skfmm sudsisteoge afrk ruo dy f afrker prikfrimy tl keet perslofm oee`s hfs

virtufmmy ìsfppefre` arlk the Fkerigfo sgeoe.

5. Klst fnrigumturfm prlùgts fre nrlwo lo mfrne glkkergifm afrks alr shipkeot tl urdfofo` ioùstrifm kfrcets.

1. Phe oukder la afrks io the Uoite` Wtftes ègrefse` arlk klre thfo 5.1 kimmilo io 695:

tl fdlut 4.6 kimmilo io 6997. >. Io the efrmy 699:s mivestlgc fo` mivestlgc prlùgts fggluote` alr 5:.5 per geot la the

vfmue la fmm afrk kfrcetion.

8. Gfmialroif me` fmm stftes io the yefrmy vfmue la afrk regeipts.9. Deea gfttme rfoc fs the klst vfmufdme prlùgt la the oftilo“s afrks, fggluotion alr fmklst

loe qufrter la tltfm fooufm afrk regeipts.6:. Klst la deea gfttme fre rfise` lo mfrne rfoghes io sluth-westero stftes.



7>

§ UOIP 1 GMIKFPE

I. ^lr` stu`y. F. Kftgh the wlr` with its èaioitilo.

6. èterkiofot4. pregipitftilo

7. rfìftilo0. gurreot5. eglsystek1. extreke>. eaaigieogy8. gloèosftilo9. uoèrnl6:. f`vfotfne66. ikpfgt64. rltftilo67. wio`drefc

- kfce use la slkethion wemm, prlpermy.- strlon eaaegt lo slkethion.

- rlw la trees lr f he`ne, aeoge thft nives prltegtilo arlk the wio`.- loe glkpmete klvekeot la the efrth.- afmm la rfio, solw lr smeet, hfim lr fkluot la rfio afmmion io fo fref.- kfio afgtlr thft gfo ègiè suggess lr afimure io slkethion.- prlgess la wfter deion glogeotrfte` dy evfplrftilo.- the nreftest lr hinhest ènree.- the seoìon lut la heft, eoerny io the alrk la rfys.- klvekeot la wfter, fir amlwion io f gertfio ìregtilo.- rftil la useaum wlrc peralrke` tl the tltfm eoerny use`.- eglmlnigfm uoit glosistion la f nrlup la pmfot fo` mivion greftures

ioterfgtion with efgh lther fo` with their surrluoìons.

- nl thrlunh f ìstfoge. D. Aimm io the nfps with loe la the wlr`s fdlve.

6. Phe kfio ……………… la eglolkig suggess is lur fdimity tl glotrlm ioamftilo. 4. Phey tllc aumm. ………………la the hltem's afgimities. 7. Fs wemm fs prlviìon aruit, lrfone glum` de use` fs f……………… . 0. Phe irrinftilo systek hfs f trekeo`lus.………………lo the yiem` la rige. 5. Iosegt………………ghfones io alrk fs they iogrefse io size fo` kfturity. 1. îo` is gfuse` dy the efrth“s ……………… fo` the ìaaereotifm heftion la mfo` fo` sef.>. @frc dlìes………………the nreftest fkluot la minht fo` mfter………………it dfgc fs

heft.8. Klst ..................glkes arlk the suo fs minht eoerny.9. Fo uoèrstfoìon la wio` pftteros wimm hemp ylu tl èsino ylur hluse whigh tfce

f`vfotfne, lr kioikize the………………la wio`. 6:. ylu gfo èsino………………whigh reùge afimur es la grlps fo` foikfms gfuse` dy

gmikftig……………… .

II. NTFKKFT. Wudlrìofte gmfusesWudlrìofte gmfuses gfo de gmfssiaie` uoèr three hefìons2 oluo gmfuse, remftive gmfuse

fo` f`verdifm gmfuse.6. Oluo gmfuse.

f. I `lo't colw where Foo mives. d. @l ylu uoèrstfo` whft he hfs bust sfi`<

4. Temftive gmfuse.f. Phe writer whl wrlte 'stuèot miae' is ky tefgher.

d. Phere fre pmfots whigh hfve dfgteriuk mivion io their rllts.7. F`verdifm gmfuse.

f. Phey wfot tl mefro Eonmish degfuse they oee` it alr their blds. d. Phe trfio hf` nloe dealre we frrive` ft the stftilo.

F. Zrfgtige.

Uoèrmioe the sudlrìofte gmfuses io the almmlwion seoteoges.

6. Minht-glmlure` ldbegts fo` lrnfoisks teo` tl reamegt minht, whigh gfo theo de use` lrfdslrde` dy lther pmfots, wfter fo` kfterifms, lr seot dfgc iotl the ftklsphere.

4. Ylu gfo grefte ìaaereot hfditfts fo` ìversiay the rfone la pmfots fo` foikfms thft wimm

nrlw io ylur nfrèo.



78

7. Fater deion fdslrde` it is rfìfte` dfgc iotl the ftklsphere fs heft eoerny lr turoe` iotlghekigfm eoerny dy nreeo pmfots wheo they phltlsyothesize.

0. Aertimizers fre f`è` tl slim tl repmfge outrieots thft hfve deeo use` dy previlus grlps, dmlwo fwfy lr mefghe` (wfshe` fwfy) iotl the sudslim dy rfio lr irrinftilo.

5. Ia the slim is nritty it wimm `rfio fo` `ry lut quigcmy.

1. ^heo the slim pfrtigmes fre kfiomy sfo` fo` glfrse nrfvem its texture is sfi` tl de nritty.>. Ia the slim is simcy it wimm `rfio smlwmy fo` hlm` wfter alr f mloner tike.8. Frtiaigifm aertimizers oee` tl de slmudme glkpluo`s sl thft pmfots gfo fdslrd the outrieots.9. Phis kefos they glotioue tl exist uoghfone` io the slim degfuse they gfoolt klve iotl

loe la the gygmes la kftter. D. ^lr` alrkftilo.

Phere fre kfoy Eonmish wlr`s èrive` arlk lther wlr`s with ìaaereot preaixes lr suaaixessugh fs2 -keot3 -ftilo3 -ilo3 -foge3 -fm3 -eot3 -fdme3 -my3 -eo3 -er3 -lr3 -ist3 eo- . . .

6. Aio` lut the wlr`s with these suaaixes lr preaixes io the pfssfne.

Qerd ‗ Oluo2 -keot

- èvemlpkeot - ……………………….. -……………………….. -………………………..

Qerd ‗ F`begtive2 -eot

-ìaaer eot -……………………….. -……………………….. -………………………..

F`begtive ‗ Qerd2 -eo

-wièo-……………………….. -……………………….. -………………………..

Qerd ‗ Oluo2 -ftilo (-ilo)-ioalrkftilo - prlùgtilo -……………………….. -……………………….. -………………………..

Oluo ‗ F`begtive2 -fdme (-edme)-refslofdme -……………………….. -……………………….. -………………………..

F`begtive ‗ Qerd2 -ize -klèroize -……………………….. -……………………….. -………………………..

Qerd ‗ Oluo2 er (-lr)-afrker

-……………………….. -……………………….. -…………………………

Oluo ‗ F`begtive2 -fm -oftilofm

-……………………….. -……………………….. -………………………..

F`begtive ‗ Qerd2Eo--eorigh

-……………………….. -……………………….. -………………………..

Oluo - Oluo

-dilmlnist -………………………….. -…………………………. -………………………….

Oluo ‗ F`begtive2 - y (my)-rfio y -………………………..-……………………….. -…………………………

F`begtive ‗ F`verd2 -my -quigc my ..…………….. -……………………….. -……………………….. -……………………….

4. ^lr`s èrive` arlk lther wlr`s with preaixes sugh fs2 uo-3 io-3 ìs-3 pre-3 re-3 è3 eo... Aio` the wlr`s with these preaixes io the pfssfne. uoafir3 ioglrregt3 ìstridute3 reduim`. . .

- ..................................................................................................................................- .................................................................................................................................- .................................................................................................................................- .................................................................................................................................- ……………………………………………………………………………………….. - ……………………………………………………………………………………….. - ………………………………………………………………………………………..

III. TEF@ION F.6. Zre-refìon tfsc . Tef` the pfssfne fo` aio` the foswer tl the almmlwion.f. ^hft is gmikfte<

d. ^hft is the ìaaereoge detweeo gmikfte fo` wefther<g. Is gmikfte preìgtfdme< (gfo pelpme preìgt gmikfte<)



0:

7. Aimm io the nfps with niveo wlr`s.

gfuse 3 whigh 3 dmlwion 3 rfioafmm 3 sukker 3 sefslofm 3 klves 3 heft 3 dmlws

KLOWLLOKlosllo is the…(6)…wio` io Wluth la Fsif, espegifmmy io the Ioìfo Lgefo,…(4)…arlk

the Wluth-west arlk Fprim tl Lgtlder fo` arlk the Olrth-efst arlk Lgtlder tl Fprim.@urion…(7)…the iomfo` pfrts la the glotioeot…(0)…the fir fo` grefte fo fref la mlw

pressure…(5)…drions io sef fir fo` hefvy…(1)… . Phe glkdioftilo la this rfio withgygmloes gfo…(>)…nreft èstrugtilo. @urion the wioter, gllm fir…(8)…lut arlk io mfo`frefs fo` `ry wio`…(9)…tlwfr`s the glfst.

Ainure 6. Ainure 6 shlws hlw f minht-reamegtion surafge gfo de use` tl reìregt suominht tl drinhteo f `frc rllk.

Minhtglmlure` wfmm

@frc rllk

III. Wpefcion. (nrlup-wlrc la 0)6. Pfmcion fdlut the usion minht-reamegtion tegholmlny fdlve io klèro fnrigumturfm

prlùgtilo.- Zrlùgion kfoy cio`s la amlwer3 venetfdme io foy gmikftes.- Greftion oew spegies la pmfot.- Gloservion vfmufdme neoetig heritfnes la pmfot fo` foikfm.- Duimìon dltfoigfm nfrèos io ìaaereot gmikftes.- Tfision ìaaereot dree`s la foikfm io ìaaereot gluotries.



06

IQ. NTFKKFT. Zreseot lr Zfst pfrtigipme phrfses.- ^heo I wfce up fo` thioc fdlut the all` oeeè ̀alr the `fy ky kio` nles tl whft is

nrlwion io the nfrèo - olt tl whft is stfshe` io the rearinerftlr.- Fmm the fquftig lrnfoisks, iogmuìon wfter pmfots, aish, grustfgefos fo` wfter dir`s, fre

ioterèpeoèot lo efgh lther fo` their eovirlokeot thrlunh all` ghfios fo` all` weds.

6. Zrfgtige. Zut the rinht alrk la the wlr` io drfgcets iotl the dmfocs.f. Every grlp ..................... lr foikfm ..................... tl kfrcet glotfios outrieots thft were

loge io the slim. (hfr vest3 seo` ) d. Phe three klst ikplrtfot emekeots..................... tl the slim dy aertimizers fre oitrlneo,

phlsphlrus fo` pltfssiuk. (f`` )g. Phis hemps the pmfot tl withstfo` keghfoigfm `fkfne sugh fs..................... drfoghes fo`

tlro mefves. (drefc )`. Nlverokeot..................... see` is olt micemy tl gfrry ìsefses lr pests wheo it is dlunht.

(gertiay )e. Wee` thft is dlunht mlgfmmy lr see`..................... dy f afrker alr his lwo use kfy gfrry

fo ioaegtilo whigh wimm quigcmy spref` tl the oew grlp. (prlùge )

a. @ugcs eft klre fo` fre klre eaaigieot sgfveoners thfo heos3 hlwever they `lo't sgrftghthe nrluo` sl the..................... wlrc..................... dy heos is olt fvfimfdme. (gumtivfte 3 ̀ l )

n. Io sukker hlt fir..................... arlk èserts `rfws io gllmer, klist fir arlk the lgefos,..................... rfio fs it klves io. (ri se 3 dri on )

h. Ylu gfo èsino fo eglsystek whigh kfy iogrefse the..................... sefslo fo` dilìversity - alr exfkpme, arlsts gfo de fvliè` dy use la venetftilo fo` strugtures, lrwfrk dreezes ..................... fs ...................... . (nrlw 3 reìregt 3 ̀ esir e )

i. Phis wimm faaegt the type la pmfots thft gfo de nrlwo fo` the type la gumtivftiloteghoiques..................... . (use )

b. Dfre slim is afr klre reamegtive la heft fo` minht glkpfre` tl...................slim. (glver )c. Phe wlrm` `les olt hfve uoialrk eglsysteks degfuse la fmm the afgtlrs.....................

uplo thek. (fgt )m. Oitrlneo is loe la the kfblr emekeots..................alr pmfot fo` foikfm nrlwth. (require ) k. Oitrlneo, loe la the kfio nfses io fir, is trfosalrke` iotl f slmudme alrk dy dfgterif

..................... io slim lr wfter. (mive ) 4. ^rition . Tewrite the almmlwion seoteoges usion pfrtigipme glostrugtilo fs exfkpme demlw. Exfkpme2* ^lrm`wiè, ìaaereot gmikftes fre faaegte` dy pregipitftilo, rfìftilo fo` wio`, whigh

fre fgtion lo the hune glotioeotfm mfo`kfsses fo` lgefo gurreots. ;? ^lrm`wiè,ìaaereot gmikftes fre faaegte` dy pregipitftilo, rfìftilo fo` wio` fgtion lo the hune

glotioeotfm mfo`kfsses fo` lgefo gurreots.

* ^heo ylu uoèrstfo` fo` fppregifte the wlrcions la these wim` eoernies ylu gfo ̀ esinoeglsysteks, whigh reùge afimures la grlps fo` foikfms, whigh fre gfuse` dy gmikftigextrekes. ;? ^heo ylu uoèrstfo` fo` fppregifte the wlrcions la these wim` eoerniesylu gfo èsino eglsysteks, whigh reùge afimures la grlps fo` foikfms gfuse` dy gmikftig

extrekes.f. Phere fre kfoy foikfms mivion io the slim, whigh rfone arlk kigrlsglpig lrnfoisks tl

deetmes. ;? …………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………… .

d. Wlim with nll` fir-wfter dfmfoge fo` pmeoty la lrnfoig kfterifm wimm hfve kimmilos lakigrl-lrnfoisks, whigh fssist afster outrieot drefc`lwo fo` gygmion. ;? .……………

………………………………………………………………………………………….. .

g. Gmfy slims hfve kioute pfrtigmes, whigh nive the slim f skllth aeem fo` f simcy texture.



04

;? ……………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………. .

`. Phe kethl`s whigh fre use` tl repfir slim wimm vfry fgglrìon tl the gmikfte fo` siteghfrfgteristigs. ;? ……………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………..… .

e. Fmm menukes fre 'oitrlneo-aixion'. Phey prlviè the glrregt dfgteriuk whigh is preseot iothe slim. ;? ……………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………. . a. Lateo nfrèoers `l this io wioter. Phey use pmfot spegies sugh fs rye nrfss, mupioes lr

dfrmey. ;? ……………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………. . n. Phere fre pmfots whigh hfve f dfgteriuk, Thizldiuk spegies. Phey fre mivion io their

rllts. ;? …………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………. . h. Phe skfmm sudsisteoge afrk whigh is ruo dy f afrker prikfrimy tl keet perslofm oee`s

hfs virtufmmy ìsfppefre` arlk the Fkerigfo sgeoe. ;? ………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………... . i. Deea gfttme rfoc fs the klst vfmufdme prlùgt la the oftilo“s afrks, whigh fre fggluotion

alr fmklst loe qufrter la tltfm fooufm afrk regeipts. ;? ………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………… . b. Dimm Klmmislo reglkkeo`s thft pelpme whl wish tl nrlw lrnfoig all`s `l olt purghfse

mfo` whigh hfs deeo use` tl nrlw dfofofs, sunfr gfoe lr ègiùlus aruit. ;? ………..

……………………………………………………………………………… . c. Nfses io the fir fre exghfone` with thlse thft fre niveo laa dy pmfot rllts fo` dy slim

kigrl-lrnfoisks. ;? …………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………… .

m. Io slim ethymeoe gygmes with lxyneo, whigh iogrefse the duim`-up la kigrl-lrnfoisks.;? ………………………………………………………………………………………. . k. Hlt fir whigh is rision arlk the èserts `rfws io gllmer, klist fir arlk the lgefos, whigh

is drionion rfio fs it klves io.;? …………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………….. .

ZFTPD

I. TEF@ION D.6. Tef` the pfssfne fo` foswer the almmlwion questilos.

f. ^hft hemps tl retfio oitrfte io the slim<

d. ^heo is there the klst oitrfte io the slim<g. ^hy is the klèrfte rfioafmm ikplrtfot alr afrkers<`. Hlw `l afrkers pmfo their nrlwion gfmeo`fr<e. ^hft `l afrkers lateo `l tl reùge the ioamueoge la the gmikftig extreke lo their

hfrvests<a. ^hft is this segtilo fdlut<

- kigrldilmlnigfm fgtivity io the rfioy sefslo.- hlw wet fo` `ry sefslos fre ikplrtfot alr slim kfofnekeot- the eaaegt la exgessive rfioafmm.

PTLZIGFM GMIKFPE Phe trlpigfm gmikfte, espegifmmy the sequeoge la wet fo` `ry peril`s, is fmsl fo ikplrtfot

afgtlr fs it faaegts the fvfimfdimity la oitrlneo io the slim. Ia the slim deglkes tll `ry,kigrldilmlnigfm fgtivity `rlps tl f mlw mevem fo` therealre there is f mfgc la oitrfte. Fater `ry



07

wefther, hlwever, klèrfte rfioafmm iogrefses the mevem la kigrldilmlnigfm fgtivity. Phis ioturo iogrefses io the rfte la èglkplsitilo la lrnfoig kftter fo` there is io glosequeoge fsurpmus la oitrfte. Lo the lther hfo`, exgessive rfioafmm wfshes the oitrfte iotl the sudslim, tllèep alr rllts tl use uomess the slim strugture is remftivemy nll`. Io this gfse slke la the oitrfteretfios io the sudslim.

Phis nives, therealre, twl aurther ikplrtfot priogipmes io trlpigfm slim kfofnekeot. Pheairst la these is tl prepfre the mfo` fo` slw the grlps efrmy eolunh tl use the surpmus oitrlneofater the `ry sefslo. Phe seglo` is tl nrlw grlps with suaaigieotmy èep rllts tl use oitrlneo

dealre it is wfshe` iotl sudslim.

II. ^lr` stu`y.6. Kftgh the wlr` with its èaioitilo.

f. faaegt d. afgtlrg. sequeoge`. peril` íe. slw

a. klèrften. iogrefseh. mfgc lai. retfio

b. exgessivec. rlltsm. èglkplsitilo

- gfuse slkethion tl deglke mess vilmeot- put see` io lr lo the nrluo`- hfve fo ioamueoge lo st, sd.- afgt, girgukstfoge thft hemps tl prlùge f resumt.- meonth la tike

- slkethion is rltteo lr deion ègfye`- withlut (slkethion)- mlwest pfrt la f tree io the nrluo`- slkethion is tll kugh, klre thfo oeeè`- set la eveots hfppeos glotioulusmy.- èvemlp, deglke klre fo` klre- ceep lr stlre (slkethion)

4. Wfy whether these stftekeots fre true lr afmse. Glrregt the afmse stftekeots.

f. Pll mlw f tekperfture gfuses iosuaaigieot kigrldilmlnigfm fgtivity. d. Klèrfte rfioafmm is nll` alr pmfot nrlwth.

g. ^heo there is f mfgc la oitrfte, kigrldilmlnigfm fgtivity `rlps tl f mlw mevem.`. Exgessive rfioafmm prlviès tll kugh oitrfte alr pmfot nrlwth.e. Ia rllts fre tll shfmmlw, pmfots gfoolt use oitrfte fater hefvy rfio.a. Phere is iofèqufte oitrfte alr grlps slwo efrmy io the wet sefslo.n. Phe rfte la èglkplsitilo la lrnfoig kftter iogrefses io `ry peril`.h. Phere is lomy loe sefslo io trlpigfm gluotries.i. Ia the mevem la kigrldilmlnigfm fgtivity iogrefses it wimm kfce oitrfte iogrefse, tll.

b. Phe airst priogipme io trlpigfm slim kfofnekeot is klre ikplrtfot thfo the seglo` loe degfuse it kfces kugh klre prlait arlk the wlrc.

7. Aimm io the nfps with the niveo wlr`s2 thus3 hlwever3 therealre3 sl3 tll3 eolunh- thus (f`v)2 io this wfy3 mice this3 fs f resumt. Wlim with f glfrse texture glosists la

remftivemy mfrne pfrtigmes. Phus it retfios fir io the spfges detweeo the pfrtigmes.- Hlwever (f`v) 2 tl whftever exteot lr ènree. Ylu wlo“t klve thft stloe, hlwever

strlon ylu fre.

- Pherealre (f`v) 2 alr thft refslo. Klst èvemlpion gluotries fre olt fppmyion aertimizers

io prlper outrieot rftils fo` fre therealre ''kioion'' slim C.

- Wl (glob) 2 fo` thft is why. Fmm the shlps were gmlse` sl I ìò“t net foythion. f. Glfrse-texture` slims fre usufmmy wemm `rfioe`. ………………., kfoy ikplrtfot outrieots

fre mefghe` lut la the slim.

d. Phe kethl`s whigh fre use` tl repfir slim wimm vfry fgglrìon tl the gmikfte fo` siteghfrfgteristigs3 …………………., io fmm gfses lrnfoig kftter is the very dest slimikprlver.



00

g. Phere fre f oukder la refslos alr `fkfne` slims, ……………….. the auo`fkeotfm gfusela slim ègmioe is the reklvfm la surafge venetftilo.

`. Ia the slim deglkes…………….`ry, kigrldilmlnigfm fgtivity `rlps tl f mlw mevem fo`………………….there is f mfgc la oitrfte.

e. Fater `ry wefther,………………….., klèrfte rfioafmm iogrefses the mevem la

kigrldilmlnigfm fgtivity.a. Keìuk-texture` slims fre usufmmy ikperaegtmy `rfioe`. ……………….ikplrtfot pmfot

outrieots fre fvfimfdme alr pmfot nrlwth. n. Wlim sfkpme F hfs 6:% sfo`, 4:% simt fo` >:% gmfy. ……………it hfs f aioe texture. h. Ylu gfo either nrlw f nreeo kfoure grlp fo` ghlp it iotl the slim, lr eogmlse ylur

foikfms…………..their stlgcion rfte is hinher fo` kfoure lutput is iogrefse`.

i. Mfo` use kust de eglolkigfmmy vifdme, sl loe nlfm la èvemlpkeot pmfooion is tl kfceeaaigieot fo` prlùgtive use la the mfo`.

b. Phe trlpigfm gmikfte, espegifmmy the sequeoge la wet fo` `ry peril`s, is fmsl fo ikplrtfotafgtlr fs it faaegts the fvfimfdimity la oitrlneo io the slim. Lo the lther hfo`, exgessive

rfioafmm wfshes the oitrfte iotl the sudslim, ……..………..èep alr rllts tl use uomess theslim strugture is remftivemy nll`. Phis nives, ……..…………, twl aurther ikplrtfot priogipmes io trlpigfm slim kfofnekeot. Phe airst la these is tl prepfre the mfo` fo` slwthe grlps efrmy…………..……tl use the surpmus oitrlneo fater the `ry sefslo. Phe segloìs tl nrlw grlps with èep…..…….……. rllts tl use oitrlneo dealre it is wfshe` iotlsudslim.

\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\

Zreveotilo is detter thfo gure



05

§ UOIP > KIGTLGMIKFPEW


6. tekperfture4. ioamueoge7. lptikuk tekperfture0. nerkioftilo5. kioikuk tekperfture1. see`>. tekperfture rfone8. emikiofte9. ìversiay6:. hukiìty66. sukkftilo64. kigrlgmikfte

67. wio`spee`60. tlplnrfphy

65. klìay61. klosllo

- fgtilo la ofturfm alrge lo slkethion.- the mlwest tekperfture- ènree la heft lr glm`.- pfrt la f pmfot arlk whigh f oew pmfot gfo nrlw.- the dest tekperfture alr nrlwth la pmfots.- mikit arlk mlwest tl hinhest tekperfture.- stfrt nrlwion la pmfots.- the gmikfte io f gertfio fref.- gmlu`y withlut rfio lr suo.- sukkion up.- the afst lr smlw klvekeot la the wio`.- kfce slkethion ghfone.

- vfrilus types.- the sefslofm wio` io Wluth la Fsif- inolre- èsgridion the neoerfm aeftures la fo fref, pmfge.

D. Aimm io the nfps with wlr`s fdlve.

f. Pekperfture fo` rfioafmm fre twl klst ikplrtfot afgtlrs whigh……….. the nrlwth lagrlps.

d. Phe kioikuk tekperfture alr the……….……la wheft mies withio f r fone la aiveènrees.

g. It is plssidme alr nerkioftilo tl denio ft the…………..………, dut the ………………kfy ìe ia the tekperfture rises kugh fdlve lr afmms kugh demlw the lptikuk

……………… .`. Phe renilofm gmikfte fmwfys hfs vfriftilos io tekperfture, rfioafmm, ……………..fo`

ìregtilo, remftive………………..fo` minht mevems.e. Mlgfm afgtlrs sugh fs………….……., slim, venetftilo, strugtures fo` wfter dlìes

aurther………….…..the eovirlokeot. a. Kigrlgmikftes gfo de f righ slurge la ……………….., sl ylur èsino shlum` tfce

f`vfotfne la thek rfther thfo ……..………..thek. n. Phe pmfge where ylu mive is f…………….. la the mfrne neoerfm gmikfte. h. Io the…………….. frefs la Olrth-west Ioìf fo` êst Farigf, grlps kfy hfve tl de

repmfote` fs kfoy fs einht tikes io loe sefslo.G. Mllc fo` ref`

Pwl ikplrtfot afgtlrs whigh ioamueoge the nrlwth la grlps fre tekperfture fo` rfioafmm. F. Grlp nerkioftilo tekperftures

Grlps Kioikuk Lptikuk Kfxikuk

- ^heft- Tuooer defo- Gugukder

: - 5 G

9.0 G

65.5 - 68.7 G

45 - 76.6 G

74.> G

76.6 - 7>.4 G

76.6 - 07.7 G

01.6 G

07.7 - 08.8 G

Klst la grlps `l olt denio tl nrlw ia the tekperfture vfries nreftmy arlk the lptikuktekperfture alr nerkioftilo. It is plssidme alr nerkioftilo tl denio ft the kioikuktekperfture, dut the see` kfy ìe ia the tekperfture rises kugh fdlve lr afmms kugh demlwthe lptikuk tekperfture rfone. Io kfoy renilos this is f serilus prldmek. Alr iostfoge, io

seki-fri` frefs sugh fs the klosllo frefs la Olrth-west Ioìf fo` êst Farigf, grlps kfyhfve tl de repmfote` fs kfoy fs einht tikes io loe sefslo.



01

4. Zrfgtige.

f. Kfce seoteoges arlk the tfdme. Exfkpme2 Phe kioikuk tekperfture alr the nerkioftilo la wheft / is fpprlxikftemy threeènrees geotinrfè / lr mies withio f rfone la aive ènrees.* Olw write three seoteoges fdlut the nerkioftilo tekperftures alr ruooer defo3 gugukder3

rige3 tlkftl3 kemlo.... D. Grlp nrlw tekperfture

Grlps Kioikuk Lptikuk Kfxikuk

- ^heft- Tuooer defo- Kemlo

5 G

9.0 G

68.7 G

48.1 G

77.1 G

77 G

04.5 G

01.6 G

07.8 G

Exfkpme2 kioikukF2 - ̂ hft is the lptikuk nrlwth tekperfture alr wheft<

kfxikuk

`les olt nrlw demlw f kioikuk la 5 G.

D2 - ^heft nrlws dest ft f tekperfture la 48.1 G.`les olt nrlw fdlve f kfxikuk la 04.5 G

f. Olw fsc fo` foswer sikimfr questilos alr ruooer defo, kemlo, gugukder, rige...

d. ^hft is the kfxikuk fo` kioikuk tekperfture io ylur gluotry/fref<Fre kemlo, ruooer defo, tlkftl, fo` wheft nrlwo io ylur gluotry/fref< ^hy< Lr why

olt<

II. ^rition fo` spefcion. (nrlup-wlrc) 6. ^rition.

f. ^rite lut the gloìtilos alr the nerkioftilo la rige. d. ^rite lut the nrlwth tekperfture alr wfter rige.

4. Wpefcion . (nrlup-wlrc)

Fsc fo` sfy fdlut the gmikfte fo` venetftilo io the geotrfm renilo la Qietofk. Nrlup Ftfmcs fdlut the gmikfte, tekperfture, rfioafmm…. . Nrlup D tfmcs fdlut the venetftilo2 thealrest3 the grlps fo` hfrvest… , theo kfce glogmusilo io glkpfrislo with the Olrth fo`Wluth renilos la Qietofk fo` theo kfce glkkeot lo the fnrigumturfm prlùgtilo la lurgluotry. Exfkpme2

F2 ^here fre ylu arlk Ofk<D2 I“k arlk Vufon Pri prlvioge. F2 ^hft is the wefther mice io ylur prlvioge<D2 Lh, it“s very hlt io sukker dut it is rfther glm` io wioter. It rfremy rfios arlk Bfoufry tl

Funust, fo` io the peril` there is klosllo dmlwion arlk sluth-west lver the Prulon

Wlo rfone, whigh drions with its extrekemy hlt fo` `ry fir wheo it klves tl the fref.Dut arlk Weptekder tl Bfoufry it lateo rfios hefvimy iogrefsionmy `fy fater `fy, whighgfuses amll` io vfst fref fo` nreft èstrugtilo alr the mlgfm pelpme. Io sugh gmikfte thefnrigumturfm prlùgtilo io the fref is lateo mlst dy `rlunht, typhllo, amll`. Wlim isuohefmthy dy erlsilo fo` mefghion. Foikfms fre lateo ioaegte` dy vfrilus ìsefses.

F2 Hlw `l afrkers io ylur prlvioge `l tl ikprlve their slim< ^hft grlps fo` foikfms `lthey nrlw lo their afrks<

D2 Phey lateo use the trfìtilofm kethl`s sugh fs2 nreeo kfourion, pmfotion fo` pmlunhionmenukes uoèr, pmftion glver grlps, kumghion fo` foikfm kfoures. Phe grlps gfo nrlwwemm io the gmikfte sugh fs2 kfoilg, sweet pltftl3 pioefppme, pefouts, glaaee, rudder,lrfone, meklo, wfter-kemlo egt…

F2 Ofk, gfo ylu temm ke fdlut slke priogipmes io kfofnion the slim io ylur fref, whigh theafrkers lateo use eaaigieotmy<



0>

D2 êmm, the mlgfm afrkers lateo use slke priogipmes fgglrìon tl the mlgfm gmikfte, alriostfoge, the mlgfm afrkers lateo prepfre the mfo` fo` slw the grlps efrmy fater the `rysefslo. It hfs twl f`vfotfnes. Phe airst is the grlps gfo use the surpmus oitrlneo dealre itis wfshe` fwfy lr iotl the sudslim. Phe seglo` is tl preveot the grlps arlk `rlunh lramll`.

III. TEF@ION F6. Zre-refìon questilos.

f. Hlw kfoy types la gmikfte< d. ^hft is folther ofke la kigrlgmikfte<

KIGTLGMIKFPEWKigrlgmikfte is the sukkftilo la eovirlokeotfm gloìtilos ft f pfrtigumfr site fs faaegte`

dy mlgfm afgtlrs rfther thfo gmikftig loes.Phe renilofm gmikfte fmwfys hfs vfriftilos io tekperfture, rfioafmm, wio` spee` fo`

ìregtilo, remftive hukiìty fo` minht mevems. Mlgfm afgtlrs sugh fs tlplnrfphy, slim,venetftilo, strugtures fo` wfter dlìes aurther klìay the eovirlokeot. Phe pmfge where ylu

mive is f kigrlgmikfte la the mfrne neoerfm gmikfte.Lverfmm, kigrlgmikftes fre klre ikplrtfot thfo the renilofm lr neoerfm gmikfte io fghievionìverse fo` stfdme mfo`sgfpes. Hlwever, fmm tll lateo pelpme afim tl refmize the plteotifm lakigrlgmikftes fo` they hfve deeo reaerre` tl fs ”eovirlokeots uoldserve` ‛ fo`”eovirlokeots inolre` ‛.

Kigrlgmikftes gfo de f righ slurge la ìversity, sl ylur èsino shlum` tfce f`vfotfne lathek rfther thfo emikiofte thek. Ylu gfo grefte ìaaereot hfditfts fo` ìversiay the rfone la

pmfots fo` foikfms thft wimm nrlw io ylur nfrèo. Alr exfkpme, ylu kfy de fdme tl nrlw fofmklo` tree ia ylu mive io f gllm klist gmikfte sikpmy dy plsitiloion it fnfiost f suooyshemtere` wfmm.4. Glkpreheosilo ghegc .(pfir-wlrc)

Foswer the almmlwion questilos.f. ^hft is kigrlgmikfte<

d. ^hft afgtlrs faaegt kigrlgmikfte<g. ^hft is the ìaaereoge detweeo the renilofm gmikfte fo` the neoerfm gmikfte<`. ^high gmikfte is the klst ikplrtfot alr afrkers< ^hy<e. ^hy `l afrkers oee` tl uoèrstfo` their kigrlgmikfte<a. Gfo pelpme klìay the kigrlgmikfte< Hlw gfo they `l thft<

7. Wpefcion . (nrlup-wlrc)f. Pfmcion fdlut the f`vfotfnes fo` ìsf`vfotfnes la klosllo.

d. Hlw gfo pelpme tfce f`vfotfnes la kigrlgmikfte<g. ^hft `l afrkers `l tl reùge the ìsf`vfotfnes la kigrlgmikfte<

III. NTFKKFT. F`verdifm gmfuses la gloìtilo@l ylu rekekder the alrkftilo la gloìtilofm seoteoge type 6<

- Ia pests fre olt ghegce`, they wimm `fkfne the grlp.- Wee`s wimm nerkiofte ia the gloìtilos fre rinht.

Exergise 62 Glkdioe f pfrt io F with f pfrt io D tl kfce f seoteoge.F D

6. Ia ylu `lo“t uoèrstfo` the slim , 4. Ia f slim is df`my `rfioe` ,7. Grlps fre lateo mlst0. Ia fnrigumture afims,

5. Ia glws fre olt ae` prlpermy ,1. Ylu net detter grlps

f. ia the slim is aertime d. the wlrm` wimm stfrveg. ia they `lo“t eft prlper all` `. nmeyion wimm lggur

e. it gfo deglke wftermlnneà. Phey wimm ìe



08

>. Ia the afrker `les olt mllc fater the pmfots8. Zelpme net sigc9. F trfgtlr gfo de `fonerlus6:. Ia mfo` iso“t `rfioe`

n. ia ylu `lo“t colw hlw tl `rive it h. ylu“mm oever de f nll` afrkeri. ia ylu `lo“t net eolunh wfter

b. their kimc yiem` wimm afmm

Exergise 42 Glkdioe the almmlwion pfirs tl kfce glkpmex seoteoges.6. Phe slim is nritty. It `rfios fo` `ries lut quigcmy.4. Phe slim is simcy. It `rfios smlwmy fo` hlm`s wfter alr f mloner tike.7. F slim is fmklst pure gmfy lr pure sfo`. It is f 'ìaaigumt' slim io whigh tl nrlw pmfots.0. Zests fre olt glotrlmme`. Phey gfo efsimy èstrly f grlp.5. Phere is fèqufte lxyneo. Wlim teo`s tl de sweet skemmion.1. F slim hfs f pH la 8. Wlke outrieots fre klre slmudme thfo lthers fo` the slim is sfi` tl de

fmcfmioe.>. Phere is mittme lxyneo. Lther nfses sugh fs sumphur ìlxiè gfo duim` up fo` the slim skemms

rltteo.8. Ylu uoèrstfo` ylur kigrlgmikfte very wemm. Ylu èsino the dest pmfot alr ylur nfrèo.

9. Afrkers glver their slim with lrnfoig kftter. Phe slim is detter.6:. Phe wefther is nll`. Phe afrkers io the fref hfve f detter hfrvest.66. Kfoure arlk glws fo` hlrses is wefcer. Phe foikfms hfve deeo stfdme` fo` urioe is

kixe` with the ùon.

Exergise7. ^rite gloìtilofm seoteoges mice exfkpme demlw.

Kioerfm

èaigieogy

Wykptlk la èaigieogy ^rition gloìtilofm seoteoges

* oitrlneo * pmfots stuote` io nrlwth, mefves

yemmlwish io glmlur

Ia f slim is èaigieot io oitrlneo, pmfots wimm de stuote` io nrlwth fo`the mefves yemmlwish io glmlur.

- gfmgiuk f. pmfot rllts `yion ft tips, lrrekfio shlrt fo` studdy

f. .............................................................................................................................................................

- phlsphlrlus d. fmm pfrts la pmfot stuote` ionrlwth, with dmuish-nreeo mefves,

pllr aruit lr see` èvemlpkeot

d. ...........................................................................................................................................................

- pltfssiuk g. pmfot tissues wefc, prloe tlfttfgc dy iosegt fo` auonus

g. .............................................................................................................................................................

- kfnoesiuk `. mefves mlsion their nreeo glmlur, deglkion yemmlw ft tips,

detweeo veios

`. ........................................................................................................

......................................................- sumphur e. oew mefves turoion yemmlw,

rllts fo` steks deglkion mlonfo` wll`y

e. ..............................................................................................................................................................

- irlo a. yluon mefves èvemlpionghmlrlsis, veios rekfio nreeo

a. .............................................................................................................................................................

- zioe n. almifne la aiem` grlps, pfrtigumfrmy mlwer mefves, hfsiotrfveiofm ghmlrlsis

n. ..............................................................................................................................................................

ZFTP D.I. TEF@ION D.



09

6. Zre-refìon tfsc.

f. ^hy `les the wlrm` hfve ìaaereot gmikftes< d. @les rudder nrlw wemm io the Olrth la Qietofk< ^hy<g. ^hy `l the Eurlpefo gluotries ikplrt tef, glaaee, fo` rudder<`. ^hft is eglsystek<

e. ^hft kfce eglsysteks io the wlrm` ìaaereot arlk efgh lther<a. ^hft `l pelpme oee` tl `l tl reùge the mikition afgtlrs lo eglsystek<

MIKIPION AFGPLTWPhe wlrm` `les olt hfve uoialrk eglsysteks degfuse la fmm the afgtlrs fgtion uplo thek.

Wlke mikition afgtlrs lo eglsysteks fre gmikfte, slim, `fy meonth, fmtituè, aire, hukfofgtivities, fo` ìstfoge arlk lgefos. Gmikfte is the kfio èterkiofot la the venetftilo la foeglsystek3 slim is neoerfmmy the seglo` klst ikplrtfot afgtlr.

Io f perkfgumture systek ylur fik is tl èsino aeftures, whigh fre suite` tl fo` wimmreùge mikition afgtlrs. Alr exfkpme, ia ylu mive io very hlt, `ry gmikfte, the rfone la pmfotsylu gfo nrlw is ldvilusmy mikite` dy the hfrsh gloìtilos. Hlwever, ylu gfo iogrefse therfone la pmfotions dy airstmy semegtion mlgfmmy prlveo pmfots, i.e. pmfots thft fre colwo tl

survive io ylur fref, dy kumghion, fo` dy èsinoion fpprlprifte irrinftilo systeks. Fs theioitifm pmfotions nrlw, they wimm ghfone the slim, shfè fo` hukiìty. Ylu gfo theo f``

pmfots (lr foikfms) tl suit the oew gloìtilos.6. Fre the almmlwion stftekeots true lr afmse fgglrìon tl the pfssfne<

f. ^lrm` eglsysteks fre ̀ iaaereot arlk efgh lther. d. Gmikfte is the afgtlr thft faaegts the venetftilo klre strlonmy thfo foy lther loes.g. Zelpme gfo iogrefse the rfone la pmfots fo` foikfms lo their afrks dy èsinoion suitfdme

eglsystek.`. Ylu gfo iotrlùge pmfots lr foikfms iotl f oew gloìtilo dy reùgion mikition afgtlrs

lo the eglsystek.e. Zmfots gfo ghfone their mivion gloìtilos.a. Phe fik la perkfgumture is tl èsino oew mivion gloìtilos suitfdme tl the pmfots fo`

foikfms mivion io the fref.4. Prfosmftilo. Prfosmfte the pfssfne iotl Qietofkese.7. Aimm io the nfps with wlr`s io the dlx.

glkkeot 3 `fys 3 dmlwion 3 pfrts 3 vfrifdme 3 tekperfture 3 gmikfte 3 tlpig 3 klèrfte

Phe wefther io DritfioPhe wefther io Dritfio is very…(6)…, olt lomy arlk sefslo tl sefslo, dut arlk loe `fy

tl the oext. Phe afgt thft the wefther is sl uopreìgtfdme hfs kfè it f pereooifm…(4)…lagloversftilo, fo` wheo keetion lr nreetion slkeloe, it is usufm tl kfce f…(7)…lo the

wefther. Pypigfm ioalrkfm rekfrcs fdlut the wefther iogmuè sugh phrfses fs ''detter tl`fy,iso't it<'' lr ''Dit oippy this klroion'' lr ''^hft f terridme `fy!'' Peghoigfmmy spefcion, the…(0)…la the Dritish Ismes is…(5)…fo` klist, with neoerfmmy

kim` wioters fo` gllm sukkers. It lwes its 'tekperfte' ghfrfgter tl the ioamueoge la westermyfo` sluth-westermy wio`…(1)…laa the Ftmfotig fo` the wfrk wfters la the Numa Wtrefk. Phefverfne ki`wioter…(>)…is io the rfone la 7ºG tl >ºG whime thft alr ki`sukker is 66ºG tl6>ºG. Hlwever, slke wioter…(8)…gfo de fs glm` fs -5ºG fo` there hfve deeo sukker heftwfves with tekperftures fs hinh fs 74ºG, espegifmmy io the sluth fo` efst, fo` eveoio…(9)…la Wgltmfo`.

\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\

Zrfgtige is the dest kfster



5:

§ UOIP 82 AETPIMIRETW

I. ^lr` stu`y.6. Aio` the wlr`s, whigh hfve sikimfr kefoion.

f. sudstitute d. righ io outrieots

g. tl nfther`. very thigce. kfce use la slkethion.a. grlwe` io nreft oukdern. nrlw afsth. exgept alri. tll kugh, klre thft oeeè`

b. prlvièc. kigrlsglpig lrnfoiskm. very skfmm wfter pmfot

- fppmy- suppmy

- aertimity- kfss- exgessive- repmfge- fpfrt arlk- dmllk- èose- hfrvest- fmnf (fmnfe)- dfgterif (dfgteriuk)

4. Aio` the wlr`s io dlm` kftghion with the almmlwion èaioitilos.

f. slkethion thft arequeotmy seeo. d. kixture la ègfye` lrnfoig kftter f`è` tl slim tl ikprlve

the nrlwth la pmfots.g. nreft fo` su`èo iogrefse.`. reùge nreftmy the qufotity, size, plwer la slkethion.e. gfuse slkethion tl stlp drefthion dy squeezion.

- ghlce- expmlsilo- ioevitfdme resumt- ègfy- glkplst

7. Aimm io the nfps with the wlr`s io the refìon pfssfne.

f. Hefvy rfios kfy ………………..fwfy outrieots iotl the sudslim. d. Afrkers lateo use aertimizers tl …………………their slim.g. Frtiaigifm aertimizers fre……………….la the ghekigfm ioùstry.

`. Oitrlneo, phlsphlrus fo` pltfssiuk fre klst ikplrtfot emekeots…………….. tl the slim dy aertimizers.e. Zmfots gfo fdslrd outrieots lomy io the alrk la slmudme……………….. . a. Exgessive fmnfm nrlwth gfo………………..f wfterwfy fo` resumt io èose

nreeo……………….. la fmnfe ft the surafge. n. Degfuse they………………..mfrne qufotities la pmfot outrieots, aertimizers wimm fmsl gfuse

……………….. fo` dfgterif io wfter tl nrlw exgessivemy.h. Fo iogrefse io outrieot mevems tl f hinh glogeotrftilo gfo mef` tl……………… lr

dmllks la fmnfe fo`……………….. .

II. NTFKKFT. TEMFPIQE GMFUWEW (F`begtive gmfuse)Temftive prloluo use` io remftive gmfuses2 whl3 whigh 3 thft3 whlse. . . .

f. Phe dly nfve ke the ìgtilofry. Phe dly mives io f amft lo the seglo` amllr.Phe dly whl nfve ke the ìgtilofry mives io f amft lo the seglo` amllr.

d. Phft is the shlp. It semms sluveoirs.

Phft is the shlp thft semms sluveoirs.g. He wlrcs ft f sghllm. Phe sghllm wfs duimt io the sixteeoth geotury.

He wlrcs ft f sghllm whigh wfs duimt io the sixteeoth geotury.`. Phft is the nirm. Her dlyarieo` is f afklus writer.

Phft is the nirm whlse dlyarieo` is f afklus writer.e. Mfst sukker I weot tl the gluotrysiè. I wfs dlro io the gluotrysiè.

Mfst sukker I weot tl the gluotrysiè where I wfs dlro.

a. I `lo“t rekekder the airst ̀ fy. I weot tl uoiversity lo thft `fy. I `lo“t rekekder the airst `fy wheo I weot tl uoiversity.



54

h. Ylu glum` try tl aio` f gumtivfr. Phe gumtivfr hfs f colwo resistfoge tl auonfm ìsefsesfo` pmfot it io f pmfge. Phe gumtivfr regeives `ryion dreezes io the pmfge.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

i. ^fter io slim deglkes f wefc fgi` lr fmcfmi slmutilo. Phe wfter gfrries the slmudme

outrieots. Zmfots fdslrd the outrieots thrlunh their rllts.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

b. Zregipitftilo is rfio, solw, aln, smeet, hfim fo` arlst. Phey uoèrnl twl kfio prlgesses2gloèosftilo fo` evfplrftilo.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

c. Aertimizers fre f`è` tl slim tl repmfge outrieots. Phe outrieots hfve deeo use` dy previlus grlps, dmlwo fwfy lr mefghe` iotl the sudslim dy rfio lr irrinftilo.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

.m. Lo the whlme, foikfms eft keft sugh fs ghigceos fo` pins. Phe foikfms hfve f strlon

kfoure. Phe kfoure shlum` de glkplste` dealre it is fppmie` tl nfrèos.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

k. Loe mfrne prldmek is aioìon lut the ofkes fo` nettion hlm` la vfrieties. Phey wimm nrlwio ylur mlgfm fref.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

o. It is f re`-drlwo slim. Phe slim deglkes very hfr` wheo it is `ry...............................................................................................................................................

III. TEF@ION F.6. Zre-refìon tfsc . Foswer the almmlwion questilos.f. Hlw kfoy types la kfoure fre use` io Qietofk<

d. ^high kfoure is the klst ikplrtfot alr the nrlwth rige<g. ^high is the klst ikplrtfot alr ioùstrifm grlps<

AETPIMIRETW Zmfots oee` outrieots arlk the slim fs wemm fs fir fo` wfter. Aertimizers fre f`è` tl slim tl

repmfge outrieots thft hfve deeo use` dy previlus grlps, dmlwo fwfy lr mefghe` (wfshe`fwfy) iotl the sudslim dy rfio lr irrinftilo. îthlut the use la slke alrk la aertimizer, fègmioe io slim aertimity is fo ioevitfdme resumt la fnrigumture. Fpfrt arlk mlsses dy mefghion,

every grlp hfrveste` lr foikfm seot tl kfrcet glotfios outrieots thft were loge io the slim.Aertimizers gfo glke arlk ofturfm slurges sugh fs glkplst fo` foikfm kfoures, lr

frtiaigifm slurges fs prlùgts la the ghekigfm ioùstry.Phe three klst ikplrtfot emekeots f`è` tl the slim dy aertimizers fre oitrlneo, phlsphlrus

fo` pltfssiuk. Zmfots oee` efgh la these emekeots io mfrne fkluots. Outrieots fre olt f`èìo the alrk la pure emekeots, hlwever, dut fs wfter-slmudme ghekigfm glkpluo`s. Alrexfkpme, phlsphlrus is lateo f`è` io the alrk la superphlsphfte. Frtiaigifm aertimizers oee`tl de slmudme glkpluo`s sl thft pmfots gfo fdslrd the outrieots.

Phe oext klst ikplrtfot emekeots alr pmfots fre gfmgiuk, kfnoesiuk fo` sumaur. Zmfotsfmsl oee` f oukder la lther emekeots, dut lomy io the skfmmest la qufotities. Phese fre gfmme`trfge emekeots fo` iogmuè irlo, kfonfoese, glpper, ziog, dlrlo, klmydèouk, gldfmt,slìuk fo` ghmlrioe. It is ikplrtfot thft trfge emekeots fre preseot, dut io very skfmmfkluots3 hinh glogeotrftilos gfo lateo de tlxig tl the pmfot.



57

Aertimizers fo` the eovirlokeot

Zrlviè` aertimizers fre glrregtmy fppmie`, they resumt io iogrefse` prlùgtivity foìkprlvekeot tl the slim. Hlwever, prldmeks gfo lggur ia aertimizers fre wfshe` iotlwfterwfys. Degfuse they suppmy mfrne qufotities la pmfot outrieots, aertimizers wimm fmsl gfusefmnfe fo` dfgterif io wfter tl nrlw exgessivemy. Fo iogrefse io outrieot mevems tl f hinh

glogeotrftilo (terke` eutrlphigftilo) gfo mef` tl expmlsilos lr dmllks la fmnfe fo` dfgterif.Exgessive fmnfm nrlwth gfo ghlce f wfterwfy fo` resumt io èose nreeo kfsses la fmnfe ft thesurafge. Fmnfm dmllks èpmete the lxyneo suppmy io the wfter fo` aish fo` lther lrnfoiskskfy ìe.4. Glkpreheosilo ghegc. (pfir-wlrc)

Foswer the almmlwion questilos.f. ^hft `l aertimizers f`` tl slims<

d. Hlw fre slim outrieots mlst<g. ^hft slurges `l aertimizers glke arlk<`. Hlw `l pmfots fdslrd slim outrieots<e. ^hft fre the klst ikplrtfot emekeots alr pmfots<

a. ^hft fre the f`vfotfnes fo` ìsf`vfotfnes la the ghekigfm aertimizers<n. Hlw `l the ghekigfm aertimizers faaegt pelpme's hefmth<h. Is it oegessfry tl use ghekigfm aertimizers< ^hy<i. Hlw gfo we reùge the hfrkaum eaaegts la ghekigfm aertimizers lo pelpme's hefmth<

b. ^hft kfoure `leso't faaegt the glosukers' hefmth <7. ^rition . Glkpmete the ghfrt demlw.

f. ^rite lut the types la aertimizer, whigh fre keotiloe` io the text. d. ^rite fdlut the f`vfotfnes fo` ìsf`vfotfnes la efgh type la aertimizer.

Pypes la aertimizer Phe f`vfotfnes fo` ìsf`vfotfnes

6. Aertimizers glke arlk ofturfm slurges

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.......................................................................4. Aertimizers glke arlk frtiaigifm slurges....................................................................

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- F`vfotfnes2

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.....................................................................- @isf`vfotfnes2.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................- F`vfotfnes2..................................................................

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....................................................................- @isf`vfotfnes.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

ZFTP D

TEF@ION D. ZLPFWWIUK IO ZMFOPW I. ^lr` stu`y.



50

6. Kftgh the wlr` with its èaioitilo.

f. trfosmlgftilo d. plreg. gftfmyst`. stress

e. shema miaea. virnio slimn. peft slimh. prloluogeì. ioteosiaigftilo

b. èpmetiloc. ioteosity

- glogeotrfte mfdlur fo` gfre io skfmm fref io lrèr tl prlùge mfrnequfotities la all`.

- klve slkethion arlk loe pmfge tl folther.- deion very oltigefdme

- f slim with peft fo` ku`.- sudstfoge thft spee`s up f ghekigfm refgtilo withlut itsema ghfonion.- tioy lpeoion io the surafge la f mefa, thrlunh whigh klisture gfo pfss.- pressure la ofture- mfo` where gumtivftilo hfs oever deeo fttekpte`.- the gumtivftilo deglkes klre ioteosive.- tike alr whigh f stlre` itek rekfios usfdme.- kfce reùgion

4. Tef` the pfssfne fo` foswer the almmlwion questilos.

f. ^hft fre the auogtilos la pltfssiuk io pmfots< d. ^hft wimm hfppeo tl f pmfot ia it is èaigieot io pltfssiuk<

ZLPFWWIUK IO ZMFOPW Fmthlunh C is olt f glostitueot la foy pmfot strugtures lr glkpluo`s, it is esseotifm io

oefrmy fmm prlgesses oeeè` tl sustfio pmfot miae. Phe auogtilo la C io the pmfot fre sloukerlus fo` glkpmex thft tl the preseot `fy kfoy la thek fre stimm olt aummy uoèrstll`.

Zltfssiuk is colwo tl pmfy f vitfm rlme io phltlsyothesis, trfosmlgftilo la phltlsyothftes,renumftilo la pmfot plres (stlkftf), fgtivftilo la pmfot gftfmysts (eozykes) fo` kfoy lther

prlgesses. Zmfots èaigieot io C gfoolt use wfter fo` lther outrieots arlk either slim lraertimizer eaaigieotmy fo` fre mess tlmerfot tl eovirlokeotfm stresses sugh fs `rlunht, exgesswfter, wio`, fo` hinh fo` mlw tekperftures. Fmsl, pmfots èaigieot io C fre mess resistfot tl

pest fo` ìsefse fttfgc. Vufmity la pltfsh èaigieot pmfots is fmsl pllr. Zltfsh is colwo fs thequfmity outrieot degfuse la its ikplrtfot eaaegts lo sugh afgtlrs fs size, shfpe, glmlur, tfstefo` shema miae.

Zltfssiuk io slims

Klst virnio slims ioitifmmy glotfio fèqufte C alr fverfne grlp yiem`s. Wfo`y slims fo` peftslims fre iohereotmy mlw io C.

Gmikfte hfs f prloluoge` eaaegt lo slim C. Io frefs la hinh tekperfture fo` hinh rfioafmmklst slims lther yluon slims la vlmgfoig lrinio fre mlw io oftive C reverses wherefs slims iomlw rfioafmm frefs fre lateo hinh io C.

Klst slims deglke èaigieot io C fs f resumt la grlp ioteosiaigftilo. Kfblr afgtlrsglotridution tl the èpmetilo la slims uoèr ioteosive grlppion fre2

Iogrefse` yiem`s fo` iogrefse` reklvfm la slim C fs f resumt la oenmegtion tl suppmy pltfsh

tlnether with hinh rftes la oitrlneo, phlsphlrus fo` lther outrieots.Iogrefse` yiem`s fo` iogrefse` reklvfm la slim C ùe tl the iotrlùgtilo la hinh yiemìonvfrieties.

Iogrefse` reklvfm la slim C thrlunh hinher grlppion ioteosity (severfm grlps per yefr).

Iogrefse` reklvfm la slim C ùe tl the utimizftilo la grlp resiùes alr auem, alr mivestlgcal`èr lr alr ioùstrifm purplses.Alr these refslos glotioue` ioteosiaigftilo la fnrigumture withlut the ''dfmfoge`'' use la

pltfsh is olt plssidme. Klst èvemlpion gluotries fre olt fppmyion aertimizers io prlperoutrieot rftils fo` fre therealre ''kioion'' slim C. Fs f resumt afr klre C is deion reklve` dygrlppion thfo is returoe` io aertimizer prlnrfks.

II. Glkpreheosilo ghegc.

Fre the almmlwion stftekeots true lr afmse< Glrregt the afmse stftekeots.6.\\C is olt f glostitueot la foy pmfot strugtures lr glkpluo`s.



55

4.\\Zltfssiuk pmfys f vitfm rlme io kfoy prlgesses oeeè` tl sustfio pmfot miae.7.\\îthlut C pmfots gfo use wfter fo` lther outrieots eaaigieotmy.0.\\C pmfys f vitfm rlme io phltlsyothesis, trfosmlgftilo la phltlsyothftes, renumftilo la

pmfot plres fo` fgtivftilo la pmfot gftfmysts.5.\\Zmfots èaigieot io C fre mess resistfot tl pest fo` ìsefse fttfgc.

1.\\Phe èaigieogy io C kfy faaegt the size, shfpe, glmlur, tfste fo` shema miae.>.\\Phere is f mlt la pltfsh io sfo`y fo` peft slims.8.\\Loe la the kfblr afgtlrs glotridution tl the èpmetilo la slims uoèr ioteosive grlppion is

the iotrlùgtilo la hinh yiemìon vfrieties.

III. ^rition. F. ^rition glogmusilo.

Wtu`y the almmlwion exfkpme.

Wykptlk

Phe pmfot is stuote` ionrlwth fo` the mefves fre

yemmlwish io glmlur.

Glooegtilo wlr`s

Phis shlws thft..........Glogmusilo

the slim is èaigieot iooitrlneo.

Exfkpme2 Phe pmfot is stuote` io nrlwth fo` the mefves fre yemmlwish io glmlur. Phis shlws

thft the slim is èaigieot io oitrlneo.

6. ^rite glogmusilos dfse` lo ldservftilos fs io the exfkpme fdlve. F`` globuogtilo iaoegessfry. Use glooegtilos2 Phis sunnests thft3 Phis ioìgftes thft3 Phis is f sino thft3 ê

kfy glogmuè thft3 Phis kefos thft3 Wl3 Pherealre... .

f. pmfot rllts `yion ft tips, lr rekfio shlrt fo`studdy

- sumphur èaigieogy io slim

f. ..............................................................................................................................................................

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d. fmm pfrts la pmfot stuote` io nrlwth, with dmuish-nreeo mefves, pllr aruit lr see` èvemlpkeot

- pmfot shlrt la emekeot kfnoesiuk

d. .............................................................................................................................................................

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g. pmfot tissues wefc, prloe tl fttfgc dy iosegtfo` auonus

- slim èaigieot io pltfssiuk

g. ..............................................................................................................................................................

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`. mefves mlsion their nreeo glmlur, deglkionyemmlw ft tips, detweeo veios

- èaigieogy la phlsphlrlus io slim

`. ..............................................................................................................................................................

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................................................................e. oew mefves turoion yemmlw, rllts fo` steks

deglkion mlon fo` wll`y- suppmy la gfmgiuk io slim is mlw

e. ..............................................................................................................................................................

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a. yluon mefves èvemlpion ghmlrlsis, veiosrekfio nreeo

- fkluot la ziog io slim iosuaaigieot

a. ..............................................................................................................................................................

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n. almifne la aiem` grlps, pfrtigumfrmy mlwermefves, hfs iotrfveiofm ghmlrlsis

- pmfot suaaerion arlk èaigieogy lairlo

n. ..............................................................................................................................................................

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51

D. ^rition reglkkeo`ftilo.

Wtu`y the almmlwion exfkpme fo` write reglkkeo`ftilo .

- oitrlneo pmfots fre stuote` io nrlwth fo` themefves fre yemmlwish io glmlur.

f`` f oitrlneolus

aertimizer sugh fs uref.

Exfkpme2 Ia the slim is èaigieot io oitrlneo, pmfots wimm de stuote` io nrlwth fo` the mefvesfre yemmlwish io glmlur . Phis èaigieogy gfo/glum` de glrregte`/rekeìe` dy

f`ìon f oitrlneolus aertimizer sugh fs uref.

6. ^rite reglkkeo`ftilo fs exfkpme fdlve.

Kioerfm èaigieogy Wykptlk la èaigieogy Teglkkeo`ftilo

- gfmgiuk f. pmfot rllts `yion ft tips, lr rekfioshlrt fo` studdy

- spref` mike lver mfo`

f. ................................................................................................................

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- phlsphlrlus d. fmm pfrts la pmfot stuote` ionrlwth, with dmuish-nreeo mefves,

pllr aruit lr see` èvemlpkeot

- fppmy phlsphftigaertimizer2 superphlsphfte

d. ..............................................................................................................

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- pltfssiuk g. pmfot tissues wefc, prloe tl fttfgc dy iosegt fo` auonus

- f`` pltfssig aertimizermice kurifte la pltfsh

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.........................................- kfnoesiuk `. mefves mlsion their nreeo glmlur, deglkion yemmlw ft tips, detweeoveios

- f`` kfnoesiuk mikelr sumphfte la pltfshtl slim

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- sumphur e. oew mefves turoion yemmlw, rlltsfo` steks deglkion mlon fo`wll`y

- f`` sumphfte lafkkloif tl slim

e. ..............................................................................................................

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- irlo a. yluon mefves èvemlpionghmlrlsis, veios rekfio nreeo

- f`` aerrig lxiè tlslim

a. ..............................................................................................................

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- zioe n. almifne la aiem` grlps, pfrtigumfrmymlwer mefves, hfs iotrfveiofmghmlrlsis

- sprfy zioe sumphfte loslim lr kix it withaertimizer

n. ................................................................................................................

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5>

III. Aimm io the nfps with niveo wlr`s io the dlx.

drefcfne 3 sudstitute 3 tl keet 3 fgtivftilo 3 nrlwth

sunfrs 3 sinoiaigfot 3 tl klve 3 vitfm rlme 3 whigh

Auogtilo la pltfssiuk io pmfotsZltfssiuk is colwo tl pmfy f…(6)…io phltlsyothesis, the prlgess dy whigh the suo'seoerny io glkdioftilo with wfter fo` gfrdlo ìlxiè is gloverte` iotl…(4)…fo` lrnfoigkftter. It hfs fmsl deeo shlwo thft C pmfys f cey rlme io the …(7)…la klre thfo sixtyeozyke systeks io pmfots. Glotrfste` tl lther emekeots …(0)…fre iovlmve` io the alrkftilola the gemm strugture, C auogtilos io the gemm sfp. Its hinh kldimityperkits it…(5)…quigcmyarlk gemm tl gemm lr arlk lmèr pmfot tissue tl oewmy èvemlpion tissue fo` stlrfne lrnfos.Iofèqufte C …(1)…the oee`s la fmm pmfot pfrts ìkioishes…(>)…fo` sudbegts grlps tluoèsirfdme trfits sugh fs iogrefse` ìsefse, stfmc fo` stek…(8)…, fo` susgeptidimity tl ltherstress gloìtilos. Oitrlneo (O) is usufmmy the klst uoiversfmmy èaigieot pmfot outrieot dut loeemekeot gfoolt…(9)…alr folther. It hfs deeo sfi` thft O is the klst ikplrtfot yiem`-

iogrefsion pmfot outrieot, dut C is the klst…(6:)…io stfdimizion yiem`s. IQ. PTFOWMFPILO. Prfosmfte the pfssfne iotl Qietofkese.

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Bu`ne f kfo dy his wlrc



58

§ UOIP 9 PHE AUOGPILOW LA ZMFOPW


f. lperfte lr wlrc d. ègrefse

g. eftfdme`. uoghfonefdme stfte, qufmitye. pmefsfot skemma. nreft ìsfstern. vfrietyh. strlon uopmefsfot minht

- eìdme- ìversity

- reùgtilo- gftfstrlphes- stfdimity- nmfre- frlkf- epièkigs

4. Kftgh the wlr`s lo the rinht with the èaioitilos lo the meat.

f. pmfgion pmfots iotl nrlups fgglrìon tl sikimfrities la strugture,lrinio lr amlwers fo` aruit.

d. rlw la trees thft nive prltegtilo arlk the wio`.g. wfrk suooy pmfge thft is shemtere` arlk the wio`.

`. wll` prepfre` alr use io duimìon lr gfrpeotry.e. ldtfio buige dy grushion lr pression.a. nrlup la foikfms lr pmfots withio f neous.n. prltegtive glverion spref` lo slim surafge tl retfio klisture.h. plwer tl rekfio uo`fkfne` lr uofaaegte`.i. ìsefse sprefìon quigcmy fklon kfoy pelpme, foikfms lr trees io

the sfke pmfge alr f tike.

- suotrfp- kumgh- epièkigs- resistfoge

- extrfgt- spegies- gmfssiaigftilo- tikder- wio`drefc

7. Aimm io the nfps with the rinht alrk la the niveo wlr`s.

f. Lmive lim is………………arlk dmfgc lmives. (extrfgtilo ) d. Wpegies ìversity is auo`fkeotfm tl…………………eovirlokeot. (stfdimity )g. Fmm pmfots nrlwion io rfioalrests glum` hfve deeo……………….io the sfke nrlup.

(gmfssiaigftilo )`. Fmm pmfots……………..dy dees glum` hfve deeo fmmlgfte` the sfke afkimy. (plmmioftilo )e. It is detter tl nrlw alur lr aive vfrieties la loilos degfuse i o f`ìtilo tl ………………

glotioulus yiem`s lver f mloner peril`, slke vfrieties fre klre micemy tl survive ìsefseepièkigs lr lther………………..gftfstrlphes. (prlviè 3 eovirlokeot )

a. Frlkftig lims gfo de extrfgte` arlk the amlwers fo` , la glurse, the tree itsema wimm nive……………… tl the eovirlokeot. (stfdme )

n. ^heo ylu fre pmfooion the lrghfr` ylu wimm oee` tl…………..…hlw the shfpe la thekfoure trees wimm……………… lther trees pmfote` oefrdy. (glosièrftilo / faaegtilo )

II. NTFKKFT . F`verdifm gmfuse la glogessilo

F`verdifm gmfuses la glogessilo fre iotrlùge` dy2 fmthlunh3 thlunh3 eveo thlunh3 eveo ia3ol kftter3 hlwever3 kugh fs3 whime3 wherefs. . . .

F. Exfkpme.

Hlwever righ pelpme fre, they fmwfys seek foxilus tl kfce klre kloey.

Eveo thlunh ylu `lo't mice hik ylu gfo stimm de plmite.

Ol kftter whft ylu `l, `lo't tlugh this switgh.

Kugh fs I '` mice tl hemp, there iso't f mlt I gfo `l.

ê wlrc 8 hlurs f `fy, wherefs the Dritish pelpme wlrc lomy 5 hlurs. D. Zrfgtige.

6. Aimm io the nfps with loe la the globuogtilos fdlve.

f. ………………slke vimmfnes fre stimm set lut io this wfy, nlverokeots fo` glkpfoies freghfonion the trfìtilofm mfo`sgfpe fo` wfy la miae alr these pelpme.



59

d. ………………the fooufm rfioafmm is 6 gk per yefr, they kfofne tl mive wemm fo` stfyhefmthy degfuse their slgiety kfiotfios strigt eglmlnigfm mfws.

g. ^lrm` gmikftes hfve afirmy preìgtfdme wio` pftteros………………these seek tl deghfonion with nmldfm wfrkion.

`. ………………fmklo`s preaer f kim` Keìterrfoefo gmikfte they gfo stimm de nrlwo io

gllm frefs dy pmfotion oefr f wfrk, efst-afgion wfmm with nll` `rfiofne fo` exgemmeotwio` prltegtilo.

e. ………………C is olt f glostitueot la foy pmfot strugtures lr glkpluo`s, it is esseotifmio oefrmy fmm prlgesses oeeè` tl sustfio pmfot miae.

a. Zerkfgumture gfo de fppmie` io foy eglsysteks, ………………it is ènrfè`. n. ……………… their aruition ghfrfgteristigs kfy olt de fs èsirfdme fs lther vfrieties,

they wimm hfve f nrefter ghfoge la estfdmishion io the oew eovirlokeot.h. ………………ylu were olt fdme tl ìfnolse the ìsefse, it wlum` fssist the veteriofry

surnelo ia ylu glum` èsgride the sykptlks.

III. TEF@ION F.

6. Zre-refìon tfsc . Tef` the pfssfne fo` aio` the foswer tl the almmlwion.f. ^rite lut the types la pmfot. d. ^rite lut the auogtilos la pmfots.g. ^rite lut f nll` pmfot spegies ìversity alr ylur nfrèo.

PHE AUOGPILOW LA ZMFOPWPhe systek la pmfot gmfssiaigftilo thft we olw use is dfse` lo sikimfrities la amlwers fo`

aruit. Hlwever, f ìaaereot gmfssiaigftilo systek glum` hfve deeo use`. Alr exfkpme, fmm pmfots plmmiofte` dy dees glum` hfve deeo fmmlgfte` the sfke afkimy, lr fmm pmfots nrlwion iorfioalrests glum` hfve deeo gmfssiaie` io the sfke nrlup. Phis wlum` ghfone hlw we see

pmfots auogtiloion io their eovirlokeot.Zerkfgumture is iotereste` io hlw pmfots auogtilo, fo` klre spegiaigfmmy, their yiem`s fo`

plteotifm uses. ê fmm colw, alr exfkpme, thft fo lrfone tree is evernreeo fo` defrs eìdmearuit fo` frlkftig mefves fo` amlwers. Wl hlw wlum` it auogtilo io f perkfgumture èsino< Fswemm fs prlviìon aruit, it glum` de use` fs f wio`drefc, fs pfrt la f suotrfp, lr fs f tikdertree. Phe aruit gfo de efteo aresh, lr gfo de use` tl kfce bfk, preserves lr buige. Frlkftiglims gfo de extrfgte` arlk the amlwers fo` , la glurse, the tree itsema wimm nive stfdimity tl theeovirlokeot.

Zmfot Wpegies @iversity

ê hfve seeo hlw spegies ìversity auo`fkeotfm tl stfdme eovirlokeots. Io perkfgumturesysteks f ìverse rfone la pmfot spegies wimm serve kfoy auogtilos io ylur nfrèo, iogmuìonthe almmlwion2

slim ikprlvekeot

aire resistfoge

shfè

kumgh

outrieot gygmion

vfriety la yiem`s

nmfre reùgtilo

wio`drefc

oitrlneo suppmy

tekperfture klìaigftiloIo the eveot la kfblr lr kiolr ìsfsters sugh fs amll`s fo` `rlunhts, lr f pfrtoer nlion

derserc with the smfsher, slke pmfots wimm survive ia ylu pmfot f mfrne eolunh ìversity laspegies fo` gumtivfrs (gumtivfte` vfrieties). Alr exfkpme, it is detter tl nrlw alur lr aive



1:

vfrieties la loilos degfuse io f`ìtilo tl prlviìon glotioulus yiem`s lver f mloner peril`,slke vfrieties fre klre micemy tl survive ìsefse epièkigs lr lther eovirlokeotfmgftfstrlphes.

Loe mfrne prldmek is aioìon lut the ofkes fo` nettion hlm` la vfrieties whigh wimm nrlwio ylur mlgfm fref. Phese fre olt usufmmy fvfimfdme arlk glkkergifm lutmets dut lmèr

nfrèoers gfo lateo temm ylu fdlut thek fo` kfy de fdme tl nive ylu see`s lr seeìons.4. Glkpreheosilo ghegc .(pfir-wlrc) Foswer the almmlwion questilos.

f. ^hft `l ylu dfse lo tl gmfssiay pmfots< d. Hlw kfoy dfsig auogtilos la pmfots fre there< ^hft fre they<g. ^hft is f din prldmek io pmfotion spegies ìversity<`. Hlw is spegies ìversity auo`fkeotfm tl stfdme eovirlokeots<e. ^hft is the deoeait arlk pmfotion spegies ìversity io the nfrèo<a. ^hft fre perkfgumturists iotereste` io wheo they èsino their nfrèo<n. ^hft shlum` ylu `l wheo ylu pmfot the kfoure trees<h. Hlw gfo ylu aio` lut the ofkes fo` nettion hlm` la vfrieties whigh fre nrlwo io ylur

mlgfm fref<i. ^hy `l pelpme wfot tl pmfot lomy loe type la aruit trees io their nfrèo< Is thft hfrkaum

lr hfrkmess< ^hy<7. ^rition fo` spefcion .(nrlup-wlrc)

^rite sukkfry lo the almmlwions2

f. ^hft fre the auogtilos la pmfots. d. ^hft fre the f`vfotfnes la pmfotion spegies ìversity.

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ZFTP D.

I. TEF@ION D.6. Zre-refìon tfsc.

f. ^hft `les Nufbume kefo< d. ^here `les it nrlw<

g. ^hft `l pelpme pmfot it alr<NUFYUME

Tudder is very ikplrtfot io the klèro wlrm`. ê use it alr tires alr futlkldimes, duses,trugcs, kltlrgygmes, fo` firpmfoes.

Ofturfm rudder glkes arlk trees. Klst la the wlrm`'s rudder glkes arlk Kfmfysif,Io`loesif, fo` Phfimfo` io Wluthefst Fsif. ê fmsl kfce rudder arlk petrlmeuk. Phis cio`la rudder deglkes hlt very afst. ê gfo use it lomy alr slke cio`s la tires.

Olw sgieotists gfo kfce rudder arlk nufyume. Phis wim` pmfot nrlws io olrthero Kexiglfo` the sluthwestero Uoite` Wtftes. It `leso't oee` very kugh rfio. It gfo nrlw io èsertslim. Nufyume rudder is oefrmy the sfke fs rudder arlk the rudder tree.

Ioìfos io Frizlof pmfo tl stfrt nufyume afrks. Phey colw f mlt fdlut afrkion io the

èsert. Phe afrks wimm use pllr èsert mfo` fo` nive pelpme blds. Phe Ioìfos thioc they gfokfce f mlt la kloey arlk nufyume rudder.



16

Zllr èsert gluotries io Farigf glum` nrlw nufyume tll. Zelpme glum` efro kloey lo theirlwo èsert mfo`. Ia they nrlw their lwo rudder, they wimm olt hfve tl duy it arlk lthergluotries.4. Ghegcion questilos. Fre the almmlwion stftekeots true lr afmse< Glrregt the afmse loes.

f. Phere fre three types la rudder.

d. Wgieotists gfo kfce frtiaigifm rudder arlk petrlmeuk.g. Frtiaigifm rudder is detter thfo ofturfm loe.`. Ofturfm rudder is use` io kfoy ìaaereot ioùstrifm segtlrs.e. Ofturfm rudder deglkes hlt very afst.a. Klst la ofturfm rudder is prlùge` io the Wluth-efst Fsifo gluotries.n. Ofturfm rudder is prlùge` lomy arlk rudder trees.h. Nufyume is f cio` la tree arlk whigh we gfo kfce rudder.i. Phe Ioìfos io Frizlof hfve pmfote` nufyume io the èsert.

b. Farigfo pelpme hfve pmfote` nufyume io Wfhfrf èsert fo` nlt f mlt la kloey arlk it.

II. ^rition.

6. @iregtilos fo` èsgriptilos2Wtftekeots whigh reaer tl the steps tl de almmlwe` ft vfrilus stfnes la nrlwion pfrtigumfrgrlps kfy tfce the alrk la ̀ iregtilos lr èsgriptilos. Wtu`y the almmlwion glmukos2

Nrlwion sfmf` pmfots@iregtilos @esgriptilos

6. Oursery de`s

- Wlw the see`s airst io oursery de`s.- @isioaegt the slim la the de`s with dlimion

wfter.- Kix the see`s with f mittme ìsioaegte` sfo`.- Zush the see`s iotl the slim, dut olt tll

èepmy.- Airk the slim wemm with the tfkper.- ^fter.

6. Oursery de`s

Phe see`s fre airst slwo io oursery de`s. Phe slim la these de`s isìsioaegte` with dlimion wfter. Phe see`sfre kixe` with f mittme ìsioaegte` sfo`.Phey fre pushe` io the slim, dut olt tll

èepmy. Phe slim is wemm airke` `lwowith the tfkper, fo` wftere`.

4. Exergise.

^rite èsgriptilos dfse` lo the almmlwion sets la ìregtilos. Blio seoteoges tlnetherwhere plssidme with fo`, dut lr sl.

Nrlwion tlkftles

@iregtilos @esgriptilosf. Pimmion - Zrepfre f èep slim whigh is arifdme fo` wemm

`rfioe`.

- Kix kfoure fo` aertimizers iotl the slim.- Fppmy pltfssig fo` phlsphftig aertimizer.

f. ......................................................................................................................................................

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.............................................................. d. Oursery de`s - Wlw see`s io oursery de`s- @isioaegt the slim la the oursery de`s with dlimion wfter.

- Wlw the see`s io rlws mefvion 6:gks detweeo the rlws.

- @l olt push the see`s iotl the slim, keremyglver thek with f mittme efrth.

- ^fter twige f `fy.- ^heo the see`mions denio tl nrlw reklve

surpmus see`mions fo` wee`s.

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14

g. Prfospmfotion - Zrepfre the slim la the tlkftl de`s severfm

weecs dealre trfospmfotion.- ^lrc kfoure iotl the slim.- Zut stfces io the de`s.

- Zmfot the see`mions io rlws 5:gks fpfrt with0:gks detweeo see`mions.

- Prfospmfot tlkftl see`mions 5 tl 1 weecsfater slwion.

- ^fter the slim la the oursery de`s, reklvethe see`mions withlut `fkfnion the rllts.

- Prfospmfot the see`mions ft loge.- @in f hlme ft the dfse la efgh stfce, mefo the

see`mions f mittme sièwfys, glver the rlltswith efrth.

- Zfgc the efrth `lwo wemm frluo` efgh

see`mion, fo` wfter thek.

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.............................................................`. Gfre alr pmfots

- ^fter the pmfots very lateo.- Glver the slim detweeo the pmfots with gut

herdfne lr mefves.- ^heo gumtivftion reklve wee`s, sofims fo`

iosegts, tfce lut fo` duro pmfots thft freìsefse` lr hfve deeo splimt dy iosegts.

- Zruoe pmfots loge lr twige f kloth.- Ceep lomy loe lr twl kfio steks with their

mefves fo` amlwers.

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7. Aimm io the nfps with the wlr`s io the dlx.

eorigh 3 whigh 3 eolunh 3 fmmlws 3 suppmy

plumtry 3 iovfè` 3 pmfots 3 iogrefse` 3 glosièr

Aeeìon the Lrghfr`Fater the nrluo`glvers fo` the io-grlp menukiolus spegies hfve deeo estfdmishe`, met

ylur…(6)…iotl the lrghfr` (lr ylu kfy mice tl ceep f pin whigh wimm fmsl hemp tl kfiotfiothe lrghfr`). Phe pmfots fo` foikfms wimm…(4)…fmm the aertimizer ylur trees oee`.

Hlwever, ylu wimm stimm oee` tl kloitlr the hefmth la the lrghfr`. Ia the mfo` is …(7)…dy drfgceo aero, theo the oitrlneo mevems fre tll mlw. Ylu gfo either nrlw f nreeo kfoure grlpfo` ghlp it iotl the slim, lr eogmlse ylur foikfms sl their stlgcion rfte is hinher fo` kfoure

lutput is…(0)… . Ia ylu `lo't hfve…(5)…foikfms tl ceep the nrluo`glver wemm glotrlmme`, renumfr smfshion

la the nrluo` glver wimm prlviè lrnfoig kumgh tl…(1)…the slim. ^heo ylu fre pmfooion the lrghfr` ylu wimm oee` tl…(>)…hlw the shfpe la the kfoure

trees wimm faaegt lther trees pmfote` oefrdy. Alr exfkpme, pefr trees hfve f afirmy èose pyrfki`fm gfolpy…(8)…kfy gfst hefvy shf`lws lo skfmmer -nrlwion…(9)… . Ioglkpfrislo, pmuks hfve fo lpeo gfolpy whigh…(6:)… suominht tl aimter thrlunh the mefvesfo` drfoghes.

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Wtrice whime the irlo is hlt



17

§ UOIP 6: PTEE WEMEGPILO FO@ ZMFOPION

I. ^lr` stu`y.6. Kftgh the wlr`s whigh hfve sikimfr kefoion.

f. nrfat - èsirfdme d. rlltstlgc - ghfone slkethion sminhtmy

g. amfvlur - glooegt loe piege la f mivion pmfot tl folther`. stlrfne - hfrkaum iosegte. ghfrfgteristig - pmfot lotl whigh folther is nrfateà. hfr`y - seglo`fry spegiesn. peripherfm spegies - ceepion arlk deion `fkfne`h. klìay - hefmthyi. pest - frlkftig

b. preaerfdme - spegifm aefturec. thrive - prlùge oew types la foikfm lr pmfot.m. dree` - fdimity tl nrlw quigcmy

4. Aimm io the nfps with niveo wlr`s.

ègiùlus 3 stlrfne 3 io arlot 3 sefslo 3 evernreeo

amfvlur 3 lutsiè 3 `rlp 3 resistfoge 3 iosiè 3 shfpe

f. Ylu gfo try tl aio` f gumtivfr whigh hfs f colwo……………….tl auonfm ìsefses fo` pmfot it io f pmfge where it regeives `ryion dreezes.

d. Nll` nfrèoers lateo pmfot the airst ègiùlus trees………………(tlwfr`s the suo) lathlse thft ………………their mefves mfter io the ………………lr whigh fre evernreeo.

g. ^heo pmfotion trees the neoerfm rume is tl pmfot………………trees io wioterfo`…………….trees io sukker.

`. Prees with mfrne fùmt size fo` ………..…. fre pmfote` dehio` skfmmer trees sl thft they `l

olt dmlgc the minht arlk the suo.e. Prees with aruit ripeoion………….………the mefa gfolpy wimm oee` mess suo thfo trees witharuit ripeoion…………………the mefa gfolpy.

a. Mfter ylu gfo f`` vfrieties thft hfve spegifm qufmities sugh fs efrmy lr mfte aruit,spegifm………………… lr glmlur, fo` nll` ………………… lr prlgessionghfrfgteristigs.

II. NTFKKFT. Zfssive vlige F. Exfkpme. fgtive strugture pfssive strugture

- Ky nrfoàfther nrew this tree 4: yefrs fnl. - Phis tree wfs nrlwo 4: yefrs fnl (dy kynrfoàfther).

- Phey fre nlion tl duim` f oew sghllm here. - F oew sghllm is nlion tl de duimt here (dy

thek).

D. Zrfgtige. Tewrite the almmlwion seoteoges, usion fgtive lr pfssive strugture.6. Wlims gfo de repfire` fo` reduimt.4. Afrkers use ìaaereot kethl`s tl ikprlve uohefmthy slims.7. nfrèoers lateo pmfot rye nrfss, mupioes lr dfrmey io wioter fo` wheft, mugeroe fo`

dugcwheft io sukker.0. Phe nreeo kfoure grlp gfo de smfshe` twl lr three tikes whime it is nrlwion fo` theo

ghlppe` iotl the slim dealre it amlwers fo` see`s.5. Zmfots gfo fdslrd outrieots io the alrk la slmudme glkpluo`s.1. Phree klst ikplrtfot emekeots aertimizers f`` tl the slims fre oitrlneo, phlsphlrus fo`

pltfssiuk.>. Afrkers f`` aertimizers tl their slims tl repmfge outrieots whigh previlus grlps hfve use`.



10

8. Zelpme gfo extrfgt frlkftig lims arlk slke cio`s la amlwer.9. Aertimizers suppmy mfrne qufotities la pmfot outrieots.6:. @ry-mfo` sfmtion is f pfrtigumfr prldmek io frefs where pelpme hfve reklve` the

venetftilo arlk reghfrne frefs.G. Zut the rinht alrk la the verd io drfgcet io tl the dmfocs.

6. Ylu shlum` semegt gumtivfrs thft……………………. (colw) tl de espegifmmy resistfot tlìsefses fo` pests.

4. wheo the slim fo` kigrlgmikfte hfve……………………. (klìay) dy the trees ylu hfve pmfote`, ylu gfo f`` klre peripherfm spegies tl tfce f`vfotfne la sugh afgtlrs fs olo-fverfne sefslos lr ftklspherig wfrkion.

7. Wlke aruits, mice gitrus, pmuks fo` pefghes, hfve deeo…………………(dree` ) tl thrivelver f wiè rfone la slim fo` gmikftes.

0. Phe airst ègiùlus trees tl `rlp their mefves………………… ( pmfge) io arlot (tlwfr`sthe suo) la thlse thft `rlp their mefves mfter io the sefslo.

5. Lrfone trees glum`…………………. (use) fs f wio`drefc, fs pfrt la f suotrfp, lr fs ftikder tree.

1. Io Eurlpe fo` Fsif alrests ………………….( pmfot ) dy rumers, ghurgh mefèrs foàfrkers - alr the pelpme.

>. Fs wemm fs prlviìon aruit, lrfone glum`………………….(use) fs f wio`drefc, fs pfrt laf suotrfp, lr fs f tikder tree.

8. Lrfone aruit gfo ………………….(eft ) aresh, lr gfo………………….(use) tl kfce bfk, preserves lr buige.

9. Frlkftig lims gfo………………….(extrfgt ) arlk the amlwers.6:. Phe auogtilo la C io the pmfot fre sl oukerlus fo` glkpmex thft tl the preseot `fy

kfoy la thek fre stimm olt aummy…………………(uoèrstfo` ).

III. TEF@ION F.

6. Zre-refìon questilos.f. Hfve ylu ever pmfote` f tree<

d. ^heo ì` ylu `l thft<g. Is the tree fmive fo` nrlwion wemm<`. ^hft `l ylu thioc wheo ylu wfot tl pmfo fo lrghfr`<e. ^hft steps `l ylu almmlw wheo ylu pmfot f tree<

PTEE WEMEGPILO FO@ ZMFOPIONIt is dest stfrt laa with hfr`y mlgfmmy-prlveo spegies whigh fre colwo tl nrlw wemm io ylur

fref. Fmthlunh their aruition ghfrfgteristigs kfy olt de fs èsirfdme fs lther vfrieties, theywimm hfve f nrefter ghfoge la estfdmishion io the oew eovirlokeot. Mfter ylu gfo f`` vfrieties

thft hfve spegifm qufmities sugh fs efrmy lr mfte aruit, spegifm amfvlur lr glmlur, fo` nll`stlrfne lr prlgession ghfrfgteristigs. Aiofmmy, io mfter yefrs, wheo the slim fo` kigrlgmikftehfve deeo klìaie` dy the trees ylu hfve pmfote`, ylu gfo f`` klre peripherfm spegies tltfce f`vfotfne la sugh afgtlrs fs olo-fverfne sefslos lr ftklspherig wfrkion.

Ia plssidme, use nrfate` spegies fs they wimm defr klre hefvimy fo` the rlltstlgc wimm dehfrìer uoèr ylur gloìtilos.

Ia ylu colw the spegies, nelnrfphigfm lrinio ylu kfy de fdme tl klìay ylur kigrlgmikftetl suit. Alr exfkpme, fmthlunh fmklo`s preaer f kim` Keìterrfoefo gmikfte they gfo stimm denrlwo io gllm frefs dy pmfotion oefr f wfrk, efst-afgion wfmm with nll` `rfiofne foèxgemmeot wio` prltegtilo.

It is preaerfdme tl semegt gumtivfrs thft fre colwo tl de espegifmmy resistfot tl ìsefses fo`

tests - this wimm nreftmy reùge the oee` alr sprfys. Alr exfkpme, ia ylu nrlw nrfpes io fo frefwith hlt, wet sukkers ylu gfo expegt the pmfots tl suaaer arlk auonfm ìsefses every yefr.



15

Iostef`, ylu glum` try tl aio` f gumtivfr whigh hfs f colwo resistfoge tl auonfm ìsefses fo` pmfot it io f pmfge where it regeives `ryion dreezes.

Wlke aruits, mice gitrus, pmuks fo` pefghes, hfve deeo dre` tl thrive lver f wiè rfone laslim fo` gmikftes. Lther trees fre klre spegifmize` io their requirekeots, e.n. tef fo` glaaeenrlw dest ft hinh fmtituès3 glglouts wimm lomy aruit io wfrk glfstfm renilos.

Phe almmlwion tfdme shlws the gmikftig lrinios la f rfone la gumtivfte` aruit trees fo` theklst èsirfdme pmfgekeot la these trees fmlon f smlpe. Io kfoy gfses, the aruits io loe gmikftenrlup gfo de nrlwo io the gmikfte miste` io the f`bfgeot glmuko - io pfrtigumfr, kfoy èsert(hlt, `ry) spegies gfo de nrlwo io keìterrfoefo gmikftes. (Olte thft efgh spegies io the tfdmehfs severfm tl huo`re`s gumtivfrs fo` vfrieties.)

Fater ylu hfve ègiè` lo the dest plsitilo alr the trees fgglrìon tl the smlpeghfrfgteristigs, e.n. wfrker, gllmer, èeper slim, etg., ylu gfo theo ghegc the almmlwion mist2

- Mefa `rlp2 Phe airst ègiùlus trees tl `rlp their mefves fre pmfge` io arlot (tlwfr`s thesuo) la thlse thft `rlp their mefves mfter io the sefslo, lr whigh fre evernreeo.

- Fùmt size fo` shfpe2 Wkfmm trees fre pmfote` io arlot la mfrner trees sl they fre olt dmlgce` arlk the suo.

- Aruit ripeoion2 Prees with aruit ripeoion lutsiè the mefa gfolpy (sugh fs lrfones) wimmoee` klre suo thfo trees with aruit ripeoion iosiè the mefa gfolpy (nrfpes).4. Glkpreheosilo ghegc.

F. Fre the almmlwion seoteoges true lr afmse fgglrìon tl the pfssfne<

f.\\Fmm mlgfm spegies fre prlveo tl de nrlwo wemm io the mlgfm eovirlokeot. d.\\Phe nrfate` spegies lateo nrlw detter thfo lther vfrieties degfuse they defr klre

hefvimy fo` fre hfrìer uoèr mlgfm gloìtilos.g.\\Wlke aruits kfy nrlw wemm lver f wiè rfone la slims fo` gmikftes.`.\\Fmm ioùstrifm spegies la grlp kfy nrlw dest ft hinh fmtituès.e.\\Phe mlgfm spegies fre lateo resistfot tl ìsefses fo` pests detter thfo the lther oew

vfrieties.a.\\Phere fre three ikplrtfot afgtlrs alr ylu tl ègiè the pmfge where ylu wimm pmfot ylur

vfrilus trees.n.\\Ylu shlumò't pmfot the nrfate` spegies io ylur nfrèo degfuse it gfo't defr the mlgfm

gloìtilos where ylu mive.h.\\Afrkers lateo pmfot evernreeo trees io wioter fo` ègiùlus trees io sukker.i.\\Prees with aruit ripeoion lutsiè the mefa gfolpy wimm oee` klre suo thfo trees with aruit

ripeoion iosiè the mefa gfolpy. b.\\Nrfpe demlons tl the tree spiegies with aruit ripeoion lutsiè the mefa gfolpy.

D. Mllc ft the tfdme la aruit trees fo` r̂ite ylur foswer tl the almmlwion questilos.

Keìterrfoefo Hlt / @ry Hlt / êt Gllm / êt

- Lmives- Nrfpes- Kumderries- Fmklo`s- Gfpe nllsederry

- Kemlos- Fpriglts- Ains- @ftes- Zukpcios

- Tlse fppme- Dfofof- Zioefppme- Kfonlsteeo- Kfonl

- Fppmes- Gherries- Zefrs- Drfkdmes- Derries

Vuestilos2

6. ^hy gfo't fppmes nrlw io hlt-`ry renilo<4. ^hy freo't kfonles nrlwo io the Olrth la Qietofk<7. Gfo lmives nrlw io Qietofk< ^hy<0. ^here fre pefrs, pioe-fppmes fo` nrfpes nrlwo io Qietofk<5. ^hft aruit is ylur fref afklus alr<1. ^hft aruit trees wlum` ylu pmfot io ylur nfrèo ia ylu hfve loe<>. ^high fref io lur gluotry fre fpriglts fpprlprifte tl<



11

8. ^hft gmikfte is kfonl suitfdme tl<9. ^hft aruit io ylur fref is afklus alr<6:. Fre pioefppmes nrlwo io glfstfm frefs< ^hy<

G. Tef` the pfssfne, fo` put the verds io drfgcets iotl the preseot pfssive.

Lmive lim is loe la Wpfio“s klst ikplrtfot prlùgts. Lmives..............( nrlw) fmm fmlon the

Keìterrfoefo glfst, arlk Gftfmuoyf `lwo tl Fo`fmugif. Lmives............(use) kfiomy alrkfcion lmive lim, fmthlunh slke............( semm ) alr eftion. Ylu kfy hfve efteo dlth nreeo fo`

dmfgc lmives. Phe lomy ìaaereoge detweeo thek is thft the nreeo loes..........( pigc ) ioWeptekder wheo the lmive is uoripe3 the dmfgc loes ...........( pigc ) f glupme la kloths mfter,wheo the lmive is aummy ripe. Dmfgc lmives ............(use) tl kfce lim.

^heo lmives ............( pigc ), twl mfrne sheets la pmfstig ............( pmfge) uoèr the tree loefgh siè la the truoc sl thft fmm the lmives wimm afmm lo the pmfstig. Pheo the lmives..........( pumm ) laa the drfoghes with f slrt la wllèo hfo` lo the eo` la fmlon wllèo plme lrthe drfoghes ..........(colgc ) with f plme uotim the lmives afmm tl the nrluo`. Pheo the lmives............(tfce) tl the afgtlry where they ............(gmefo) . Fater thft, they ...........(grush) iotl f

pfste fo` aiofmmy the lim ...........(extrfgt ).

Phe prige afrkers net alr lmive lim ..........( aix) dy the nlverokeot, fo` it is very mlw. Alrloe la their lmive trees, they net fdlut 5 cimls la lim fo` they net 6:: tl 65: pesetfs f ciml,èpeoìon lo the qufmity. Wl they net fdlut >5: pesetfs arlk efgh tree.

ZFTP D

I. TEF@ION D6. Zre-refìon questilos.

f. Fsc ylur pfrtoer tl aio` lut whft mi ae gygme kefos.

d. ^hft fppefrs airst, pmfot lr see` <

Phe Miae Gygme la f Zmfot

Phe miae gygme la f typigfm fooufm pmfot gfo de ìviè` iotl severfm stfnes. Phe airst stfne isnerkioftilo. Wee`s rekfio `lrkfot, lr io f restion stfte, ia they fre cept gllm fo` `ry. ^heothe fkluot la klisture fo` the tekperfture mevem fre rinht, the see`s nerkiofte fo` stfrtnrlwion.

Gertfio gloìtilos fre oegessfry alr this tl hfppeo. Fo esseotifm gloìtilo is thft the see`skust de fmive. Wlketikes see`s fre `rie` ft f tekperfture whigh is tll hinh. Phis hfs twleaaegts 2 the wfter gloteot io the see`s is reùge` tll kugh, fo` gertfio esseotifm prlteios freèstrlye`. Fs f resumt, the see`s ìe.

Lther gloìtilos alr nerkioftilo glogero the fkluot la klisture io the slim. Ia `ry see`s

fre pmfote` io f `ry slim, they wimm olt nerkiofte uotim it rfios. Lo the lther hfo`, ia there is

tll kugh wfter io the slim, the see`s wimm olt nerkiofte either. Phis is degfuse wet slims

rekfio glm` alr f mloner peril` la tike thfo `rier, wemm-`rfioe` slims. Ia the slim is tll glm`, nerkioftilo wimm olt lggur. Fo f`ìtilofm refslo alr see`s olt nerkioftion is thft df`my`rfioe` slims kfy mfgc suaaigieot lxyneo. @lrkfot see`s require very mittme lxyneo io lrèr tlstfy fmive, dut wheo they stfrt tl nerkiofte they require klre.4. Fre the almmlwion stftekeots true lr afmse, fgglrìon tl the pfssfne<

f. Dealre f see` nerkioftes it is io f `lrkfot stfte. d. ^heo the tekperfture mevem is rinht f see` wimm nerkiofte.g. Ia see`s fre `rie` ft tll hinh f tekperfture they wimm ìe.`. Ia f slim is tll `ry see`s wimm olt nerkiofte.e. Phe tekperfture la wet slims is mlwer thfo thft la wemm-`rfioe` slims.a. @lrkfot see`s gfoolt stfy fmive io f df`my `rfioe` slim.n. @lrkfot see`s require klre lxyneo io lrèr tl stfy fmive.h. ^heo see`s stfrt tl nerkiofte they require very mittme lxyneo.



1>

i. ^heo the wfter gloteot io the see`s is reùge` tll kugh, fo` gertfio esseotifm prlteiosfre èstrlye` the see`s wimm ìe.

7. ^rite the stfnes la the miae gygme la f pmfot.

f. Phe airst stfne2 .........................................................................................................

d. Phe seglo` stfne2 ....................................................................................................

g. Phe thir` stfne2 .......................................................................................................`. Phe alurth stfne2 ....................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................


miat 3 hlme 3 glkplst 3 rfios 3 glkion

sefslofm 3 dfgcaimm 3 ègiùlus 3 gmikftes 3 hlme

Zmfotion Aruit Prees^heo pmfotion trees the neoerfm rume is tl pmfot…(6)…trees io wioter fo` evernreeo trees

io sukker. Zmfot with the lpeoion…(4)…rfios - io Keìterrfoefo gmikftes these fre the

lpeoion futuko…(7)… . Io wfrk, wet…(0)…pmfot trees io the gllmer sefslo. @in the pmfotion…(5)… twige fs wiè fo` èep fs the glotfioer fo` pmfge slke…(1)…lr rltte` kfoure io the hlme (ia ylu lomy put glkplst frluo` the surafge the tree'srllts wimm olt peoetrfte èepmy mllcion alr all` fo` wfter). Aimm the…(>)…with wfter fo` metit `rfio twige. …(8)…the pmfot lut la the plt, pmfge it io the hlme fo` theo…(9)…the hlmewith slim dut oever fdlve the nrfat. Pheo smlwmy aimm the hlme wfter uotim there fre ol klre

duddmes…(6:)…a rlk the wfter.

\\\\\ \\\\\

Wtuaa tl`fy fo` stfrve tlklrrlw



18

PEWP 4 (Uoit 1 ‗ Uoit6:) (sglre2 6:: kfrcs)


F. Qlgfdumfry. Ghllse the dest foswer fklon F,D,G,@. 6. It is suitfdme alr gumtivftilo io f .............................. slim.

F. aioe-texture` slim D. keìuk-texture` slim G. glfrse-texture` slim @. D & G

4. Loe la the teghoiques la ikprlvion slims is tl met ………….… iotl the slim. F. klre lxyneo D. klre lrnfoig kftter G. klre aertimizers @. F lr D

7. Lrnfoig kftter is foythion whigh wfs loge............, iogmuìon all` sgrfps, nrfss gmippions,hfy, strfw, mefves, sfwùst, fo` eveo aur glfts, bute dfns fo` lm` glttlo gurtfios.

F. mivion D. olomivion G. foikfm @. oloe is glrregt0. ^heo the slim pfrtigmes fre kfiomy sfo` fo` glfrse nrfvem, the slim wimm..........slim outrieots.

F. mefgh lut D. remefse lut G. wfsh fwfy @. F & G 5. ^heo wfter klves thrlunh the slim, it kfy drion………….…iotl wfter tfdme.

F. slim surafge D. pmfot outrieots G. hukus @. slim lrnfoisks

1. Lxyneo with ethymeoe kfy hemp tl iogrefse the duim`-up la………….… .

F. kigrl-lrnfoisks. D. lrnfoig kftter G. slim texture @. outrieots>. Nfses io the fir fre exghfone` with thlse niveo laa dy pmfot rllts fo` dy slim

kigrl-lrnfoisks.F. slims D. outrieots G. nfses @. oloe is glrregt

8. Io perkfgumture , foikfms fre very ikplrtfot pfrt la the systek.

F. perkfoeot gumtivftilo D. perkfoeot fnrigumture

G. sustfiofdme fnrigumture @. fmm fre glrregt

9. Io perkfgumture, slim repfir is auo`fkeotfm tl prlùgtivity fo` hefmth .

F. nll` prlùgtilo D. hinh yiem` fo` aertimity G. gumtivftilo @. oloe is

glrregt

6:. Io slim ethymeoe gygmes with lxyneo, iogrefsion the duim`-up la kigrl-lrnfoisks fo` ltherslim kfteri fms .

F. slim glkploeots D. kioerfm arfgtilos G. slim ikprlvers @. F & D

66. Io the trlpigs there is f mlw tekperfture rfone fo` f hinh fverfne tekperfture.F. tekperfture ìaaereoge D. tekperfture ghfoneG. tekperfture ìaaereoge detweeo `fy fo` oinht @. F lr D

64. It hfs regeotmy deeo aluo` thft ethymeoe nfs is pfrtigumfrmy deoeaigifm tl pmfot nrlwth.

F. extrekemy useaum D. extrekemy hfrkaum G. very plislolus @. very tlxig

67. Lrnfoig kumghes wimm nrfùfmmy f`` tl the slim lrnfoig kftter fo` outrieot dfoc fs they

drefc ̀ lwo .

F. gfrry `lwo D. deglke aertimity G. drefc iotl skfmm pieges @. D lr G 60. Zmfots fre uofdme tl nrlw thrlunh mfterite fo` wfter gfoolt peoetrfte it.

F. nl thrlunh D. erlè G. wfsh @. oloe is glrregt

65. Wlim gfo prlklte the fgtive nrlwth la trees.

F. supplrt D. reùge G. èmfy @. eoglurfne

61. Wlims prlviè f suitfdme eovirlokeot io whigh pmfots kfy ldtfio wfter, outrieots fo`

lxyneo.

F. retfio D. hlm` G. fdslrd @. remefse

6>. Wumphur gfo de f`è` tl fo fmcfmioe slim tl kfce it klre ................ .

F. aertime D. fmcfmioe G. fgiìg @. oeutrfm

68. ylu gfo èsino eglsysteks whigh..........afimures la grlps fo` foikfms gfuse` dy gmikftigextrekes.



19

F. regmioe D. klìay G. retfio @. ègrefse69. Phe dfgterif suppmy the pmfot with oitrlneo fo` regeive eoerny arlk i t .

F. the oitrlneo D. the dfgteriuk G. the pmfot @. the suo

4:. Phe almmlwion teghoiques èsgride wfys la iogrefsion the lrnfoig gloteot fo`

outri eot stftus la slims.

F. kfterifms D. aertimity G. strugture @. sudstfoge

46. Phe kfofnekeot la trlpigfm slims iovlmves ìaaereot priogipmes arlk thlse la tekperfteslims.

F. priogipmes D. priogipmes la kfofnekeot G. kfofnekeots @. pelpme44. Phe rfioafmm is usufmmy very hefvy io the rfioy sefslo dut iofèqufte io the `ry sefslo.

F. iosuaaigieot D. mfgc G. olt eolunh @. F, D lr G 47. Phe rllt systeks lpeo up the slim tl fir fo` wfter fo` prltegt the surafge arlk erlsilo fo`

èsiggftilo.

F. preveot D. ceep G. nufr` @. F lr D

40. Phe seglo` priogipme is tl use f kethl` whigh kfiotfios suaaigieot lrnfoig kftter io the

surafge slim.F. ldtfios D. supplrts G. retfios @. hlm`s

45. Phe wlrm` `les olt hfve uoialrk eglsysteks degfuse la fmm the afgtlrs.............uplo thek. F. fgte` D. fgtion G. fgtilo @. fgtive

41. Phey fre usufmmy righ slims fo` vfmufdme alr gumtivftilo .

F. nrfzion gfttme D. nrlwion aish G. afrkion @. F lr D

4>. Qfrilus realrks io fnrigumture hfve deeo ikpmekeote` io fo fttekpt tl reùge glsts fo`

sudsiìes.

F. io lrèr D. with the fik G. sl thft @. F lr D

48. ^fter io slim deglkes f wefc fgi` lr fmcfmi slmutilo, whigh gfrries the slmudme outrieots

thft pmfots fdslrd thrlunh their rllts.F. remefse D. evfplrfte G. tfce io @. peoetrfte49. ^heo ylu uoèrstfo` fo` fppregifte the wlrcions la these wim` eoernies ylu gfo èsino

eglsysteks whigh klìay gmikftig extrekes.F. iogrefse D. mikit G. reùge @. ceep

7:. ^lrm`wiè, ìaaereot gmikftes fre faaegte` dy pregipitftilo, rfìftilo fo` wio` fgtion lothe hune glotioeotfm mfo`kfsses fo` lgefo gurreots.

F. ioamueoge` D. gfuse` G. niveo @. F lr D D. Nrfkkfr. Ghllse the dest foswer fklon F,D,G,@.

76. Ia the slim is simcy, it wimm alrk f gmfypfo.................venetftilo is reklve` arlk the slimsurafge.

F. whigh D. wheo G. hlw @. thft74. It is ikplrtfot tl uoèrstfo` hlw wfter klves thrlunh the slim ....................... wheo ylu

f`` wfter ylu gfo hemp tl ceep it there fo` preveot mefghion la vfmufdme pmfot outrieots.

F. sl thft D. sl fs tl G. io lrèr tl @. io lrèr thft

77. ....................the slim is nritty, it wimm hfve aew slim auonfm ìsefses.F. Ia D. ^heo G. ^hime @. F lr D

70. Wlim with nll` fir-wfter dfmfoge fo` pmeoty la lrnfoig kfterifm wimm hfve kimmilos lakigrl-lrnfoisks...................afster outrieot drefc`lwo fo` gygmion.F. fssiste` D. fssistion G. fssist @. D lr G

75. Phe foikfms theksemves fre f pfrt la the slim outrieot dfoc fo` wimm eveotufmmy............... pfrt la the lrnfoig kftter.

F. de deglkion D. degfke G. deglkion @. deglke



>:

71. Phe kethl`s ................. tl repfir slim wimm vfry fgglrìon tl the gmikfte fo` siteghfrfgteristigs.F. use` D. usion G. use @. useaum

7>. Phe ofture la lrnfoig kftter hemps sfo`y slims tl hlm` wfter fo` outrieots fo` gloversemy,hemps ..................gmfy slim tl deglke klre lpeo.

F. glkpfgtion D. glkpfgte` G. glkpfgt @. tl glkpfgt78. Phe three klst ikplrtfot emekeots .................... tl the slim dy aertimizers fre oitrlneo,

phlsphlrus fo` pltfssiuk.F. f`ìon D. f`è` G. f`ìtilofm @. f``

79. Phe wlrm` `les olt hfve uoialrk eglsysteks degfuse la fmm the afgtlrs.............uplo thek. F. fgte` D. fgtion G. fgtilo @. fgtive

0:. Phere fre kfoy foikfms mivion io the slim,................ arlk kigrlsglpig lrnfoisks tl deetmes.F. rfonion D. rfone G. tl rfonion @. rfone`

06. Phere fre pmfots whigh hfve f dfgteriuk, Thizldiuk spegies, .................. io their rllts.F. mives D. mive` G. mive @. mivion

04. ^heo the slim hfs f rlunh aeem, its texture is sfi`..................... .F. deion D. tl de simcy G. deion nritty @. tl de nritty

07. ^lrm`wiè, ìaaereot gmikftes fre faaegte` dy pregipitftilo, rfìftilo fo` wio` ……….lo the hune glotioeotfm mfo`kfsses fo` lgefo gurreots.F. fgtion D. fgte` G. fgtilo @. fgtive

00. Ylu gfo èsino eglsysteks whigh klìay afimures la grlps fo` foikfms ….…. dy gmikftigextrekes.F. gfuse` D. gfuse G. gfuses @. gfusion

05. Kfoy dilgiès glotioue tl exist ................ io the slim degfuse they gfoolt klve iotl loela the gygmes la kftter.F. uoghfone D. ghfonion G. uoghfone` @. ghfone`

II. WEGPILO42 (Tefìon glkpreheosilo) (45 kfrcs) Tefìon 62 A im m io the nfps with niveo wlr`s io the dlx.

pmlunhe` 3 all` 3 spegifm 3 drions 3 tfces io 3 tl hlm`

fdlve 3 nrlwion 3 tl net 3 kfio 3 rllt 3 sionme

Phe dfsig pfrts la f pmfot fre the ...(6)... systek, whigh is demlw the nrluo`, fo` the shlltsystek ...(4)... . Phe rllt la f pmfot hfs twl ...(7)... auogtilos. it ...(0)... , lr fdslrds, wfterfo` kioerfms arlk the slim thrlunh arlk the rllt hfirs, whigh fre ...(5)... gemms oefr the tip laefgh rllt. Phe lther kfio auogtilo la the rllt is ...(1)... , lr foghlr, the pmfot airkmy io

plsitilo io the slim. Zmfots sugh fs sunfr deet fo` gfrrlts fre fdme tl stlre ...(>)... io their

rllts. Io this wfy they gfo ceep ...(8)... alr klre thfo loe sefslo. Io f`ìtilo, pmfots sugh fsgmlver fo` mugeroe, colwo fs ‟menukes“ , hfve ...(9)... dfgterif whigh mive lo the rllts. Phesesikpme alrks la miae tfce oitrlneo lut la the fir whigh is io the slim. Wugh menukiolus pmfotsfre usufmmy ...(6:)... uoèr the slim. Dy ̀ lion this the slim is kfè klre aertime.

Tefìon 42 Ghllse the glrr egt foswer.

Hfrvestion ige sluo`s mice f oew glogept, dut fgtufmmy it hfs deeo frluo` alr yefrs.

Wgieotists hfve deeo stu`yion this ièf fs f plssidme slmutilo tl the prldmek la the wlrm`“s

`wio`mion aresh wfter suppmy. Oioety pergeot la the efrth“s aresh wfter is io the igegfps la

Fotfrgtigf. Ia lomy teo pergeot la thft ige glum` de tlwe` tl givimizftilo, it glum` prlviè wfter

alr 5:: kimmilo pelpme. Dut the prldmek, la glurse, is loe la kemtion. Hlw gfo f nifot igedern

de tlwe` fgrlss the sef withlut kemtion< Phe foswer glum` mie io gmlsion the amlftion ige io fhune gymio`rigfm glotfioer kfè la f hinh-streonth syothetig afdrig. Ia the igedern is ou`ne`



>6

iotl the afdrig glotfioer, whigh is lpeo ft dlth eo`s, theo the eo`s gfo de sefme` fo` the sef

wfter pukpe` lut. Fater thft it gfo de tlwe` tl givimizftilo. Phe kemtion rfte wimm de smlwe`

`lwo, fo` the syothetig glgllo wimm fgt fs f hlmìon tfoc alr the wfter. Eonioeerion this

prlbegt, whigh kinht iogmuè f glotfioer up tl loe cimlketer io meonth fo` 6:: keters io

ìfketer, wlum` de f aeft, dut eonioeers sfy it is plssidme. Fater fmm, aisherkeo io olrth

Fustrfmif slketikes use oets 8 cimlketers mlon fo` 4: keters fgrlss.

6. ^high la the almmlwion is the dest titme alr this pfssfne<

F. Phe Efrth“s @wio`mion ^fter Wuppmy D. Igegfps la Fotfrgtigf

G. Phe slmutilo tl Aresh ^fter Oee`s @. F Wyothetig Glgllo

4. La fmm the efrth“s wfter , the igegfps la Fotfrgtigf glotfio .................... .

F. 6:% la the aresh wfter D. 6:% la the sfmt wfter

G. 9:% la the aresh wfter @. 9:% la the sfmt wfter

7. Hlw `les the futhlr purplse tl trfosplrt the ige<

F. Dy pummion it D. Dy ghlppion it G. Dy pipion it @. Dy kemtion it

0. Fgglrìon tl the pfssfne, the purplse la the afdrig glotfioer is tl ............... .

F. prltegt the ige D. ìkioish the spee` la kemtion

G. gfuse the ige tl amlft @. pukp lut the sef wfter

5. Phe wlr` ”ou`ne`‛ is gmlsest io kefoion tl ..................... .

F. ikfnioe` D. nmue` G. kemte` @. pushe`

1. F ”glgllo‛ reaers tl ...................... .

F. prltegtilo fnfiost iosegts D. f tfoc io the dlft

G. f very mfrne oet @. f prltegtive glverion

>. Phe purplse la the mfst seoteoge is tl ....................... .

F. reioalrge the aefsidimity la the prlbegt. D. glkpfre aisherkeo tl eonioeers.

G. glotrfst igedern glotfioers fo` aishion oets @. èaioe the size la the glotfioer.III. WEGPILO 72 (^rition) (7: kfrcs)

F. Tewrite the almmlwion pfirs la seoteoge, usion preseot lr pfst pfrtigipme glostrugtilo.

6. Every grlp wfs hfrveste` lr foikfm wfs seot tl kfrcet. Phey glotfioe` outrieots thftwere loge io the slim.

4. Io sukker hlt fir rises arlk èserts. Phe fir `rfws io gllmer, klist fir arlk the lgefos, drionion rfio fs it klves io.

7. Wee` is dlunht mlgfmmy lr see` prlùge` dy f afrker alr his lwo use. Phe see` kfy gfrryfo ioaegtilo thft wimm quigcmy spref` tl the oew grlp.

0. Phe kethl`s fre use` tl repfir slim. Phey wimm vfry fgglrìon tl the gmikfte fo` siteghfrfgteristigs la the slim.

5. Phe three klst ikplrtfot emekeots fre f`è` tl the slim dy aertimizers. Phese emekeots freoitrlneo, phlsphlrus fo` pltfssiuk.

D. Ghfone the almmlwion seoteoges iotl the pfssive alrk.

6. Phey fre nlion tl duim` slke tef pmfotftilos io the fref.4. Zmfots gfo fdslrd outrieots io the alrk la slmudme glkpluo`s.7. Zelpme gfo extrfgt frlkftig lims arlk slke cio`s la amlwer.0. Afrkers use ìaaereot kethl`s tl ikprlve uohefmthy slims.5. He wimm duim` f hinh wfmm surrluoìon his nfrèo.

G. ^rite gloìtilofm seoteoges.

6. Zests gfo efsimy èstrly f grlp. Phey fre olt glotrlmme`.4. Wee`s fre `rie` ft tll hinh f tekperfture. Phe see`s ìe.

7. Phe slim is detter. Afrkers glver their slim with lrnfoig kftter.



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0. Ylu uoèrstfo` ylur kigrlgmikfte very wemm. Ylu èsino fo fpprlprifte eglsysteks alrthe oew pmfots fo` foikfms.

5. Phe afrkers io the fref net detter hfrvests. Phe wefther is nll`. @. ^rite glkpmex seoteoges, usion remftive prloluos lr remftive f`verds.

6. ^fter io slims gfrries the slmudme outrieots. Zmfots fdslrd the outrieots thrlunh their rllts.

4. Foikfms gfrry lut kfoy auogtilos. Loe la their auogtilos is tl suppmy pmfot outrieots io thealrk la kfoures.

7. Ghigceos fo` pins hfve f strlon kfoure. Phe kfoure shlum` de glkplste` dealre fppmyiontl nfrèos.

0. Gmfy slims hfve kioute pfrtigmes. Phey nive the slim f skllth aeem fo` f simcy texture.5. @ry-mfo` sfmtion is f pfrtigumfr prldmek io frefs. Zelpme hfve reklve` the venetftilo io

reghfrne frefs.



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§ UOIP 66 PTEEW, ALTEWPW FO@ FOIKFMW

I. ^lr` stu`y26. Kftgh the wlr`s with sikimfr kefoion.

f. sustfiofdme - systek la wio`s turoion rluo` dy mlw pressure d. prlgess - fssert, ègmfre

g. glmmfpse - tikder trees`. reolwoe` - sefslofm wioè. eglmlnist - afklusa. gmfik - series la fgtilos lr lperftilosn. klosllo - stfdmeh. gygmloe - perslo whl duys nll`s lr uses servigesi. glosuker - ègfy, drefc `lwo

b. shemterdemt trees - perslo whl stuìes eglmlny4. Aimm io the nfps with wlr`s io the dlx.

klolgumture 3 truocs 3 gygmloes 3 klosllos 3 sustfiofdme

renilos 3 prevfimion 3 neoerftilos 3 auo`fkeotfm 3 systeks

f. Ylu shlum` estfdmish ylur wio`drefcs with their e`nes tl the……………. wio`. d. Alr huo`re`s la yefrs pelpme hfve pmfote` trees tl serve the oee`s la auture …………….

alr tikder fo` tree prlùgts.g. Prees fre……………. tl miae fo` the prlgesses thft kfiotfio hefmthy slim, fo` gmefo fir

fo` wfter.e. Phere is evièoge whigh shlws thft io ……………. where the trees fre gmefre` tl mess

thfo 7:% la their lriniofm surafge fref, lther ……………. miae prlgesses denio tlglmmfpse.

a. Phe drefc`lwos io ofturfm……………. wimm io turo faaegt lther wlrm` dil-frefs sugh fs

èserts fo` plmfr renilos3 alr exfkpme, the……………. glum` afim lo folther glotioeotlr ……………. kfy lggur klre arequeotmy. n. Gmlse pmfotion hemps the tree……………. tl nrlw strfinht. h. Kfoy vfmufdme tikder trees wimm olt nrlw io f……………. fs they require f 'glkpfoilo'

shrud lr tree.

II. NTFKKFT. Oluo gmfuses6. Hlw tl ièoti ay f oluo gmfuse. Glkpfre the almm lwion seoteoges.

F oluo gmfuse gfo de the sudbegt, ldbegt lr f glkpmekeot. Exfkpme2

I colw thft the kftgh wimm de gfogemme` .

Phft the kftgh wimm de gfogemme` is olw gertfio.

I fk farfi` thft we hfve slm` lut la tigcets. Oluo gmfuses fre èrive` arlk questilo wlr` .

Phey wimm demieve whft ylu temm thek.

Whe fsce` ke where I wlrce` .

@l ylu colw whft tike the trfio alr Hfoli mefves. F. Zrfgtige.

6. Glkdioe the almmlwion pfirs la gmfuses tl kfce f glkpmete seoteoge usion the globuogtilos

la oluo gmfuse2 whl3 whft, thft3 where3 wheo3 why3 hlw3 ia3 hlw kugh3 hlw ofoy..... .…………….. he is stfyion olw. ……………..rllks there fre io the hltem

……………..tl glkpmete the alrk. * I `lo't colw ……………..she meat the keetion sl efrmy.



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……………..they glke tl see ke. ……………..his gfr glst ……………..there is f ghefp hltem oefr here. ……………..they fre tfmcion fdlut.……………..ylu mive with io thft hluse.

4. Glkdioe the almmlwion afirs tl kfce glkpmex seoteoges.f. Ylu shlum` glosièr…………….. the kigrlgmikfte faaegts the tree spegies ylu wimm pmfot

io ylur nfrèo. d. Afrkers shlum` colw…………….tekperfture is lptikfm tl the nerkioftilo la the oew

see`s.g. Zerkfgumture èsinoers oee` tl aio` lut……………..auogtilos la the trees they wimm pmfot

lo their mfo` fre.

III. TEF@ION F.6. Zre-refìon tfsc.

f. whft pfrts `les f pmfot hfve<

d.

^high pfrt la f pmfot is the klst ikplrtfot<g. ^hft is the ìaaereoge detweeo pmfot, tree fo` grlp<

PTEEWAlr huo`re`s la yefrs pelpme hfve pmfote` trees tl serve the oee`s la auture neoerftilos

alr tikder fo` tree prlùgts. Io Eurlpe fo` Fsif alrests were pmfote` dy rumers, ghurghmefèrs fo` afrkers - alr the pelpme. Dy pmfotion trees they pfrtigumfrmy fo` sykdlmigfmmyshlwe` afith fo` hlpe alr the auture.

Prees fre auo`fkeotfm tl miae fo` the prlgesses thft kfiotfio hefmthy slim, fo` gmefo firfo` wfter. Phere is evièoge whigh shlws thft io renilos where the trees fre gmefre` tl messthfo 7:% la their lriniofm surafge fref, lther sustfiofdme miae prlgesses denio tl glmmfpse.Tivers simt up, slims wfsh fwfy, fo` fir qufmity ègmioes. Bfke Mlvemlgc, f reolwoe`

eglmlnist, gmfiks these drefc`lwos io ofturfm systeks wimm io turo faaegt lther wlrm` dil-frefssugh fs èserts fo` plmfr renilos3 alr exfkpme, the klosllos glum` afim lo folther glotioeotlr gygmloes kfy lggur klre arequeotmy. It wimm de sf` ia these thions hfppeo dealre we ghfonearlk glosukers tl prlùgers.

Io perkfgumture we fik tl pmfot trees lo 7:-75% la fmm mfo`. Fs ylu wlrc thrlunh ylurèsino ylu wimm hfve oltige` thft ylu fre nrfùfmmy aimmion ylur mfo` with trees - lrghfr` trees,out trees, wio`drefc trees, al`èr trees fo` shemterdemt trees.4. Glkpreheosilo ghegc.

f. ^hft `l pelpme pmfot trees alr< d. ^hft `l Eurlpefo fo` Fsifo pelpme wfot tl shlw dy pmfotion trees<g. ^hft fre auo`fkeotfm rlmes la trees<

`. ^hft wimm hfppeo tl the fref where trees fre gut `lwo<e. ^hft gfuses klosllo<a. Hlw `les f gygmloe lggur<n. ^hft spegies la trees `l perkfgumturists lateo pmfot io their nfrèo<h. ^hft `les the futhlr ikpmy io his stftekeot ” It wimm de sf` ia these thions hfppeo dealre

we ghfone arlk glosukers tl prlùgers.‛< 7. ^rite lut the ofkes la the pmfots whigh demlon tl the almmlwion hefìons.

lrghfr` trees out trees wio`drefc trees al`èr trees shemterdemt trees

- fppme- .......................- .......................- .......................

- gherry- .......................- .......................- .......................

- lrfone- .......................- .......................- .......................

- mupioes- .......................- .......................- .......................

- fgfgif- .......................- .......................- .......................



>5

ZFPT D

6. ^lr` stu`y. F. Kftgh the wlr`s whigh hfve sikimfr kefoion.

6. gfolpy4. piloeer

7. kumgh0. airewll`5. ioterpmfot1. al`èr>. ìverse

- prltegtive glverion spref` lver the mfo` tl retfio klisture.- wll` use` alr minhtion lr fs auem.

- ìaaereot cio`s- airst pmfots nrlwo tl hemp the efrmy èvemlpkeot la lther pmfots- ìstfoge detweeo the pmfots.- `rie` all` fs hfy alr hlrse fo` afrk foikfms.- foy lverhfonion glverion

D. Aimm io the nfps with wlr`s fdlve.

6. Phe efrmy pmfotions shlum` fmsl iogmuè…………….. trees alr nrfzion foikfms. 4. It is ikplrtfot tl nrlw f …………….. rfone la spegies. 7. Ylu wimm fmsl oee` tl tfce iotl fggluot the …………….. ìfketer la the kfoure tree s

wheo ylu pmfot the tree fo` rlw spfgion.0. Dy this stfne, the shlrt-mive`…………….. spegies wimm hfve deeo hfrveste` alr their

shlrt-terk yiem`s sugh fs …………….., plmes fo` ……………... 5. Phe ioitifm tree pmfotion wimm glosist la piloeer spegies …………….. with mlon-terk

vfmufdme trees.G. Aio` the wlr`s/phrfses io the refìon pfssfne whigh hfve sikimfr kefoion tl the

almmlwion wlr`s/phrfses.

6. tl gmefr the fref la wee` 2 - ..................................................4. trees whigh prltegt the lthers arlk wio` 2 - ..................................................7. menuke spegies 2 - ..................................................0. very yluon trees 2 - ..................................................5. nrfss alr foikfm all` 2 - ..................................................1. klosllo 2 - ..................................................>. kfio spegies 2 - ..................................................8. ioitifm pmfotions 2 - ..................................................9. vfrilus spegies 2 - ..................................................6:. glosièr gfreaummy 2 - ..................................................

II. TEF@ION D.

6. Zre-refìon questilos. Fsc efgh lther slke questilos fs almmlwions.f. Hfve ylu nlt f afrk lr f mfrne nfrèo<

d. ^hft cio`s la tree fre nrlwion there<g. Fre there foy foikfms nrfzion there<

PTEEW, ALTEWPW FO@ MFTNE NTFRION FOIKFMW

Frefs arlk twl tl sixteeo hegtfres fre suitfdme alr sema-kfiotfioion alrests. Wkfmmer frefsoee` klre wlrc tl ceep the fref wee` aree fo` wftere`.

Phe alrest wimm de klre suggessaum ia wfter systeks fo` swfmes fre èvemlpe` dealre pmfotion. Oext, ylu shlum` estfdmish ylur wio`drefcs with their e`nes tl the prevfimion wio`.

Phe airst trees tl de pmfote` wimm de oitrlneo-aixion fo` piloeer spegies, whigh fgt fs'ourses' alr mfter pmfotions. Phe efrmy pmfotions shlum` fmsl iogmuè al`èr trees alr nrfzionfoikfms.

Mfter pmfotion - the gmikfx tree spegies - fre ghlseo alr their yiem`s fo` suitfdimity alrylur eovirlokeot. It is ikplrtfot tl nrlw f ìverse rfone la spegies. Kfoy vfmufdme tikdertrees wimm olt nrlw io f klolgumture fs they require f 'glkpfoilo' shrud lr tree (lateo thesewimm de oitrlneo-aixion spegies). Ylu gfo ldtfio mists la tikder trees thft require f glkpfoilo

arlk ylur mlgfm Alrestry @epfrtkeot lr Oftilofm Zfrc laaige.



>1

Phe trees fre pmfote` gmlsemy tlnether io wièmy spfge` rlws. Gmlse pmfotion hemps the treetruocs tl nrlw strfinht. Ylu wimm fmsl oee` tl tfce iotl fggluot the gfolpy ìfketer la thekfoure trees wheo ylu pmfot the tree fo` rlw spfgion. Klst tree gftfmlnues fo` dllcs nivethese ainures.

Nrfzion foikfms fre drlunht iotl the alrest fater three tl six yefrs (èpeoìon lo nrlwth

rfte, gmikfte fo` spegies). Nrfzion is glotrlmme` thrlunh minht stlgcion rftes. Dy this stfne, theshlrt-mive` piloeer spegies wimm hfve either ìe` ofturfmmy, lr wimm hfve deeo hfrveste` alrtheir shlrt-terk yiem`s, e.n. kumgh, plmes fo` airewll`.

Ft kfturity ylur strugturfm alrest wimm glosist la 45: tl 5:: hinh vfmue trees per fgre fo`wimm supplrt nrfzion foikfms.4. Glkpreheosilo ghegc .(pfir-wlrc)

Foswer the almmlwion questilos.

f. ^hft is the airst step alr estfdmishion f oew alrest< d. ^hft trees shlum` de pmfote` airst<g. ^heo shlum` the nrfzion foikfms de drlunht iotl the alrest<`. Hlw gfo the foikfms de glotrlmme`<

e. ^hft shlum` ylu `l tl nrfze ylur foikfms io the alrest<a. Is it oegessfry tl nrlw f ìversity la trees< ^hy<n. Whlum` the trees de pmfote` gmlsemy< ^hy<h. ^hft shlum` ylu `l wheo ylu pmfot trees fo` rlw pmfgion<

7. ^rite lut the steps la duimìon f afrk lo whigh trees, alrests fo` foikfms fre nrlwo

tlnether io f glkdioftilo.

- Airst,..................................................................................................................................- Oext,.................................................................................................................................- Pheo, ................................................................................................................................- Fater thft,.........................................................................................................................- Aiofmmy,.............................................................................................................................

0. Prfosmftilo. Prfosmfte the refìon pfssfne iotl Qietofkese.5. @esino sustfiofdme eglsysteks. Pry the almmlwion thions.

- Glosièr ylur mlgfm fref. Ia ylu were f afrk-pmfooer2- ^here wlum` ylu wfot tl pmfot wio`drefc tl shlp io glkalrt, tl prltegt sghllmyfr`s,

etg< ^lum` ylu fik tl reùge the ikpfgt la hlt `ry wio`s, glm` hfrsh wio`s lr ìrtywio`s< ^hft fre the pmfot ghfrfgteristigs oeeè` tl `l this< ^hft spegies wlum` yluuse<

- ^hft foikfms wlum` ylu iotrlùge< ^hft grlps wlum` ylu pmfot fo` where ylu wlum` pmfot thek, etg<

tikder wio`drefc glglout pefr lrfone mlonfo

tlkftl nrfss ruooer defo gherr y oi trlneo-a ixi on pefout gfrrlt



>>

glw ai sh pin ùgc ghigceo

Zut the wlr`s shlwion the pmfots fo` foikfms ylu ioteo` tl nrlw lo ylur afrk fo` niveylur refslos tl supplrt ylur ièfs.

Ylur afrk

\\ -- \\ --- \--- \\ -- \\ --- \\-

\\ -- \\ \\ --

\\ --\\ --- \--- \\ -- \\ --- \\- \\ -- \\ -- \\ -- \\ -- \\ --- \---


fmmlwion 3 glosist 3 prltegte` 3 hfrvest 3 severfmèvemlp 3 iovlmves 3 fmmlwe` 3 eolunh 3 sl thft

Alrest fo` ioìneolus foikfmsFnfio, stfrt with wio`drefcs fo` wfter systeks. Ylu wimm pmfot …(6)… every twl

yefrs ylu wimm gut lr glppige loe rlw la trees. Glpyion …(4)… guttion f tree ft fdlut ghest

heinht, fo` is gfrrie` lut sl thft ylu gfo …(7)… airewll`, kumgh, etg. lo f reoewfdme dfsis,withlut hfvion tl aemm the eotire tree. Fater …(0)… yefrs glppige` trees nrlw kfoy oewmikds.

Phe ioitifm tree pmfotion wimm …(5)… la piloeer spegies ioterpmfote` with mlon-terkvfmufdme trees. Lver the yefrs the shlrter-mive` trees fre reklve`, …(1)… the aiofm gmikfxspegies tl …(>)… withlut trees arlk glkpetitilo alr minht lr outrieots.

Yluon trees kust de …(8)… arlk rfddits fo` nrfzion foikfms3 hlwever, loge they fremfrne …(9)…, the mlgfm ioìneolus foikfm spegies fre …(6:)… io tl kfiotfio alrestauogtilos.

\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\

Phe hinhest tree hfs the nreftest afmm



>8

§ UOIP 64 MFO@-UWE ZMFOOION<

I. ^lr` stu`y. F. Zut the rinht wlr` iotl the dmfocs.

- fmmlgftilo - lutset - equity - ioequfmities - eaaigieogy

- fghieve` - vifdme - èstrly - alraeite` - deoeait- yiem` - uoèrtllc - glkdioe` - iovlmve` - reìstridutilo

6. Nlfms shlum` de spegiaie` ft the . . . . . . . . . la the pfrtigumfr pmfooion prlbegt.4. ê hfve speot lut eotire. . . . . . . . alr the yefr.7. Phe . . . . . . . . la reaeree's ègisilo wfs fggepte` dy everyloe.0. He hfs . . . . . . . . the rinht tl represeot the pelpme.5. I hfve . . . . . . . . lomy hfma la whft I'` hlpe` tl `l.1. Iogrefsionmy, afrkmfo` is . . . . . . . . tl prlperty èvemlpkeot>. He . . . . . . . . . tl aioish he bld dy Ari`fy.8. . . . . . . . . . io wefmth gfuse slgifm uorest.9. Phe strice . . . . . . . . . kfoy pelpme io the fref.

6:. Wuggess wfs fghieve` dy the . . . . . . . . . eaalrts la the whlme tefk.

II. TEF@ION F.6. Zre-refìon tfsc,

f. Hfve ylu ever pmfooe` ylur wlrc lr tike< d. ^hft `les mfo`-use pmfooion kefo<g. ^hft fre the nlfms la f pmfooion prlbegt<

^HFP IW MFO@-UWE ZMFOOION<Mfo`-use pmfooion is the systekftig fssesskeot la mfo` fo` wfter plteotifm, fmteroftives

alr mfo` use fo` eglolkig fo` slgifm gloìtilos io lrèr tl semegt fo` f`lpt the dest mfo` uselptilos. Its purplse is tl semegt fo` put iotl prfgtige thlse mfo` uses thft wimm dest keet the

oee`s la the pelpme whime sfaenufrìon reslurges alr the auture.Nlfms la mfo`-use pmfooion shlum` de spegiaie` ft the lutset la f pfrtigumfr pmfooion

prlbegt. Nlfms kfy de nrlupe` uoèr the three hefìons la eaaigieogy, equity fo`fggeptfdimity fo` sustfiofdimity.

6. Eaaigieogy.

Mfo` use kust de eglolkigfmmy vifdme, sl loe nlfm la èvemlpkeot pmfooion is tl kfceeaaigieot fo` prlùgtive use la the mfo`. Alr foy pfrtigumfr mfo` use, gertfio frefs fre dettersuite` thfo lthers. Eaaigieogy is fghieve` dy kftghion ìaaereot mfo` uses with the frefs thftimm yiem` the nreftest deoeaits ft the mefst glst.

Eaaigieogy kefos ìaaereot thions tl ìaaereot pelpme, hlwever. Pl the ioìviùfm mfoùser, it kefos the nreftest returo lo gfpitfm fo` mfdlur ioveste` lr the nreftest deoeait arlkthe fref fvfimfdme. Nlverokeot ldbegtives fre klre glkpmex2 they kfy iogmuè ikprlvion thealreino exghfone situftilo dy prlùgion alr explrt lr alr ikplrt sudstitutilo.

4. Equity fo` fggeptfdimity

Mfo` use kust fmsl de slgifmmy fggeptfdme. Nlfms iogmuè all` segurity, ekpmlykeot fo`segurity la ioglke io rurfm frefs. Mfo` ikprlvekeots fo` reìstridutilo la mfo` kfy deuoèrtfceo tl reùge ioequfmity, tl fttfgc fdslmute plverty.

Loe wfy la `lion this is tl set f threshlm` stfo`fr` la mivion tl whigh thlse la tfrnetnrlups shlum` de rfise`. Mivion stfo`fr`s kfy iogmuè mevems la ioglke, outritilo, all`segurity fo` hlusion. Zmfooion tl fghieve these stfo`fr`s theo iovlmves the fmmlgftilo la mfoàlr spegiaig uses fs wemm fs the fmmlgftilo la aiofogifm folther reslurge.

7. Wustfiofdimity



>9

Wustfiofdme mfo` use is whft whigh keets the oee`s la the preseot whime, ft the sfke tike,gloservion reslurges alr auture neoerftilos. Phis requires f glkdioftilo la prlùgtilo fo`gloservftilo2 the prlùgtilo la the nll`s oeeè` dy pelpme olw is glkdioe` with thegloservftilo la the ofturfm reslurges lo whigh thft prlùgtilo èpeo`s sl fs tl eosureglotioue` prlùgtilo io the auture.

F glkkuoity thft èstrlys its mfo` alraeits its auture. Mfo` use hfs tl de pmfooe` alr theglkkuoity fs f whlme degfuse the gloservftilo la slim, wfter fo` lther mfo` reslurges islateo deylo` the kefos la ioìviùfm mfo` users.4. Glkpreheosilo ghegc.

Fre the seoteoges true lr afmse< Glrregt the afmse loes.

f.\\Mfo`-use pmfooion is the systekftig fssesskeot la mfo` fo` wfter plteotifm io lrèr tlsemegt fo` f`lpt the dest mfo` use lptilos.

d.\\Phe purplse la mfo`-use pmfooion is tl semegt fo` put iotl prfgtige thlse mfo` uses thftwimm dest keet the oee`s la the pelpme whime sfaenufrìon reslurges alr the auture.

g.\\Nlfms la f pmfooion prlbegt shlum` de spegiaie` ft the deniooion la the prlbegt.`.\\Nlfms kfy de nrlupe` uoèr the alur hefìons la eaaigieogy, equity, fggeptfdimity fo`

sustfiofdimity.e.\\Eaaigieogy is fghieve` dy nettion the nreftest deoeaits ft the klst glst.a.\\Nlfms oever iogmuè all` segurity, ekpmlykeot fo` segurity la ioglke io rurfm frefs.n.\\Eaaigieogy kefos the nreftest returo lo gfpitfm fo` mfdlur ioveste` lr nreftest deoeaits

arlk the fref fvfimfdme.h.\\Mivion stfo`fr`s iogmuè mevems la ioglke, outritilo, all` segurity fo` hlusion.i.\\Wustfiofdimity io mfo`-use pmfooion is keetion the oee`s la the preseot fs wemm fs

gloservion reslurges alr auture neoerftilos.7. Wpefcion . (nrlup-wlrc)

Efgh la the nrlups wimm tfmc fdlut the kfio nlfms la f pmfooion prlbegt.f. ^hft fre the kfio nlfms la f pmfooion prlbegt<

d. ^hft `les eaaigieogy/equity/fggeptfdimity/sustfiofdimity/ kefo<

0. ^rition Wukkfry.

f. ^hft purplse la mfo`-use pmfooion is. d. ^hft the nlfms la f pmfooion prlbegt fre.

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II. NTFKKFT. F`verdifm gmfuse la purplse- Zurplse gfo de expresse` dy gmfuses.- Zurplse gmfuses fre usufmmy expresse` dy2 sl thft 3 io lrèr thft 3 thft . . .

* Exfkpme2- Phey wrlte the oltiges io severfm mfonufnes sl thft alreino tlurists glum` uoèrstfo` thek.- Phe durnmfr gut the temephloe wires io lrèr thft I glumò't gfmm the plmige.

F. Zrfgtige.

6. Aimm io the nfps with loe la the almmlwion globuogtilos2 sl thft3 io lrèr thft3 sl fs (olt)tl3 io lrèr tl3 tl . . .

f. Whips fmwfys gfrry miaedlfts . . . . . . . . the grew gfo esgfpe ia the ships sioc.



8:

d. Phe prlùgtilo la the nll`s oeeè` olw kust glkdioe with the gloservftilo la theoftilofm reslurges lo whigh thft prlùgtilo èpeo`s . . . . . . . .eosure glotioue`

prlùgtilo io the auture.g. Mfo`-sue pmfooion is the systekftig fssesskeot la mfo` fo` wfter plteotifm, fmteroftive

alr mfo` use fo` eglolkig fo` slgifm gloìtilos. . . . . . . . . .semegt fo` f`lpt the dest

mfo`-use lptilos.`. Phey duimt f hinh wfmm rluo` the nfrèo . . . . . . . . .their aruit wlumò't de stlmeo.e. Zmefse, shut the nfte . . . . . . . . . . the glws wlo't net lut la the aiem`.a. Frtiaigifm aertimizers oee` tl de slmudme glkpluo`s…………….pmfots gfo fdslrd the

outrieots.n. pmfotion f ìverse rfone la spegies ……………ol loe pest gfo fttfgc fmm the trees.

4. Glkdioe the almmlwion pfir tl kfce f oew seoteoge, usion2 sl thft3 io lrèr thft3 sl fs(olt) tl3 io lrèr tl3 tl . . .

f. I'k puttion oets lver ky strfwderry pmfots. I `lo't wfot the dir`s tl eft fmm thestrfwderries.

d. He wlre f afmse defr`. He ìò't wfot foyloe tl reglnoize hik.

g. ê tllc laa lur shles. ê ìò't wfot tl kfce foy olise.`. Phe tlwo gluogim hfs alrdi`èo glfm aire. Phey fre tryion tl ceep the fir gmefo.e. He temephloe` arlk f pudmig gfmm-dlx. He ìò't wfot the gfmm tl de trfge` tl his lwo

f``ress.a. Phey nlt up very efrmy. Phey wfote` tl net tl the tlp la the himm dealre suorise.n. Fs Dimm weot thrlunh the alrest he kfrce` the trees. He wfote` the rest la the pfrty tl

colw whigh wfy he hf` nloe.h. Ioìneolus alrests iovlmve` lver kimmilos la yefrs with fmm the pressures la ofturfm

semegtilo lperftion. Aiofmmy whft we see is f hinhmy reaioe` glkpmex whigh is defutiaummy hloe` tl survive io the surrluoìon eovirlokeot.

i. Ylur nfrèo is dfmfoge`. It wimm de peraegtmy sema-sustfioion ia meat uoìsturde`.

ZFTP D


6. gftghkeot4. glogept7. ìsgero0. `wemmion5. eglsystek1. ekphfsis>. ekplwer

8. ethig la gfrion9. hfditft6:. hfrkloilus66. ioglrplrfte64. iotenrftilo67. ioterremftiloship60. kethl`lmlny65. pereooifm61. shemter6>. site68. stfo`pliot69. strive4:. sykdiltig

- frrfone` tlnether io f pmefsion, lrèrmy wfy.- kfce slkethion pfrt la f whlme.- pmfge la resièoge, hluse, amft.- set la kethl`s use` io `lion slkethion.- kfce slkethion mlnigfm lr bustiaifdme.- plsitilo arlk whigh thions fre seeo fo` lpioilos fre alrke`.- fref arlk whigh rfioafmm amlws iotl f river.

- neoerfm oltilo, ièf.- see slkethion gmefrmy.- eglmlnigfm uoit glosistion la f nrlup la pmfots fo` foikfms

ioterfgtion with efgh lther fo` with their surrluoìons.- spegifm kefoion, vfmue lr ikplrtfoge lo slkethion.- mfstion alr f mlon tike.- pmfge where f duimìon, tlwo is situfte` lr slkethion hfppeoe`- glkdioe eaalrt.- try very hfr` tl ldtfio lr fghieve slkethion.- systek la klrfm priogipmes, rumes.- vfrilus pfrts aittion wemm tlnether.- hfvion remftiloship detweeo twl spegies, lrnfoisk mivion gmlsemy.- nive mfwaum plwer lr futhlrity tl fgt.



84

èvemlpkeot la klre perkfoeot glkkuoities, sugh fs gl-hlusion prlbegts fo` egl-vimmfnes.Fs sugh, perkfgumture èsino glogepts fre fppmigfdme tl urdfo fs wemm fs rurfm settions, fo`fre fpprlprifte alr sionme hlusehlm`s fs wemm fs whlme afrks fo` vimmfnes.

''Iotenrfte` afrkion'' fo` ''eglmlnigfm eonioeerion'' fre terks slketikes use` tl èsgride perkf-gumture, with ''gumtivfte` eglmlny'' perhfps glkion the gmlsest. Phlunh hempaum, these

terks fmloe `l olt gfpture the hlmistig ofture la perkfgumture3 thus, the almmlwion èaioitilosfre iogmuè` here tl prlviè f`ìtilofm iosinht.

- Zerkfgumture2 the use la eglmlny fs the dfsis alr èsinoion iotenrfte` systek la all` prlùgtilo, hlusion, fpprlprifte tegholmlny, fo` glkkuoity èvemlpkeot. Zerkfgumture is duimt uplo fo ethig la gfrion alr the efrth fo` ioterfgtion with the eovirlokeot io kutufmmy deoeaigifm wfys.

- Zerkfgumture is f sustfiofdme èsino systek stression the hfrkloilus ioterremftiloship lahukfos, pmfots, foikfms fo` the efrth.

- Zerkfgumture is f prfgtigfm glogept, whigh gfo de fppmie` io the gity, lo the afrk, fo` iothe wimèroess. Its priogipmes ekplwer pelpme tl estfdmish hinhmy prlùgtive eovirlokeots

prlviìon alr all`, eoerny, shemter fo` lther kfterifm fo` olo-kfterifm oee`s, iogmuìon

eglolkig. Gfreaummy ldservion ofturfm pftteros ghfrfgteristig la f pfrtigumfr site, the perkfgumture èsinoer nrfùfmmy ìsgeros lptikfm kethl`s alr iotenrftion wfter gftghkeots,hukfo shemter, fo` eoerny systeks with tree grlps, eìdme fo` useaum pereooifm pmfots,`lkestig fo` wim` foikfms fo` fqufgumture.4. Glkpreheosilo ghegc. Fre the almmlwion stftekeots true lr afmse<

f.\\Zerkfgumture is loe la the klst hlmistig, iotenrfte` systeks fofmysis fo` èsinokethl`lmlnies aluo` io the wlrm`.

d.\\Zerkfgumture gfo de fppmie` tl grefte prlùgtive eglsysteks arlk the hukfo-usestfo`pliot lr tl hemp ènrfè` eglsysteks reglver hefmth fo` wimòess.

g.\\Zerkfgumture gfo de fppmie` io foy eglsysteks, ol kftter hlw ènrfè`.`.\\Zerkfgumture vfmues fo` vfmi`ftes trfìtilofm colwme`ne fo` experieoge.e.\\Zerkfgumture ioglrplrftes sustfiofdme fnrigumture prfgtiges fo` mfo` kfofnekeot

teghoiques fo` strftenies arlk frluo` the wlrm`.a.\\Zerkfgumture prlkltes lrnfoig fnrigumture whigh `les olt use pestigiès tl plmmute the

eovirlokeot.n.\\Zerkfgumture fiks tl kfxikize sykdiltig fo` syoernistig remftiloship detweeo site

glkploeots.h.\\Zerkfgumture is urdfo pmfooion fs wemm fs rurfm mfo` èsino.i.\\Zerkfgumture èsino is site spegiaig, gmieot spegiaig, fo` gumture spegiaig.

4. Wpefcion . (pfir-wlrc) Fsc fo` foswer the almmlwion questilos.f. ^hft wlr`s `les 'perkfgumture' èrive arlk<

d. ^hft `l èsinoers dfse lo tl èsino perkfgumture eglsystek<g. ^hft afgtlrs fre ikplrtfot alr perkfgumture èsinoers<`. ^hft shlum` they tfce iotl fggluot dealre pmfooion their mfo`<e. ^hft deoeaits `les perkfgumture drion tl thek<

7. ^rite lut the ghfrfgteristigs la perkfgumture.

f. ......................................................................................................................................... d. .........................................................................................................................................g. .........................................................................................................................................`. .........................................................................................................................................e. ........................................................................................................................................


prlùgtilo 3 ikpmies 3 prltegtion 3 erlsilo 3 fvfimfdme 3 fppmie`



87

degfuse 3 fggeptfdme 3 ioùgekeot 3 gloservftilo 3 detweeo 3 gloserve

GLOWETQFPILO ZTLNTFKKE

Fo fkditilus slim gloservftilo prlnrfk hfs glogeotrfte` lo…(6)…steep smlpes dy duoìon fo` faalrestftilo. Phis hfs kfè f sudstfotifm ikpfgt lo slim…(4)…,dut hfs oltglotridute` kugh tl iogrefse` fnrigumturfm…(7)… . Mfrne- sgfme faalrestftilo is fmsluoplpumfr with mlgfm pelpme…(0)…it reùges the fref…(5)…alr mivestlgc nrfzion whimealrest prltegtilo…(1)…èoyion fggess alr auem wll` glmmegtilo. F dfmfoge…(>)…theglkpetion requirekeots la…(8)…fo` prlùgtilo is gmefrmy oeeè` ia plpumfr supplrt alrslim gloservftilo wlrc is tl glotioue withlut…(9)…sugh fs the all`-alr-wlrc prlnrfkke.

F mfo`-use pmfo tl…(6:)…steeper smlpes dy restlrion nll` venetftive glver thrlunhgmlsure, almmlwe` dy glotrlmme` nrfzion, hfs deeo aluo` tl de klre…(66)…tl the mlgfm

pelpme thfo mfrne-sgfme faalrestftilo…(64)…io islmftilo.

5. Prfosmftilo. Prfosmfte the pfssfne iotl Qietofkese.

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Every ke`fm hfs its reverse



80

§ UOIP 67 IOWEGPW

I. ^lr` stu`y.6. Kftgh the wlr` with its èaioitilo.

f. mfrvf d. oykphg. sugc`. hftghe. glttlo dlmmsa. stfmc dlrern. piergionh. fphi`si. amui`

b. pupf

c.

stekm. eogmlsek. kfturityo. frthrlpl`sl. exlscemetlo

p. exgee`q. ketfklrphlsis

- iosegt io the airst stfne la its miae fater glkion lut la the enn.- iosegt io the stfne la ̀ evemlpkeot detweeo f mfrvf fo` fo fùmt- f yluon iosegt ekernes arlk fo enn.- very skfmm iosegt thft sugcs the buige arlk pmfots.- foy miqui` sudstfoge.- `rfw f miqui` lr fir iotl the kluth.- de nrefter lr klre oukerlus.- nlion iotl lr thrlunh with shfrp-pliote` iostrukeot.- ghfone la alrk dy ofturfm nrlwth.- fùmt stfne.

- kfio geotrfm pfrt la f pmfot.(olt f tree)- slmi` exterofm scemetlo.- put f wfmm, aeoge rluo` slkethion.- iosegt with hfr` luter dl`y fo` blioe` mens (mikds).- f yluon iosegt- iosegt kluth mice f dlre whigh kfces hlme io stek la f pmfot.- glttlo see`-gfse.

4. Aimm io the nfps with wlr`s fdlve.

f. Iosegts fre gmfssiaie` fs …………… whigh hfve……………… fo` senkeote` dlìeswhigh fre …………… dy f hfr` fo` rini` …………… lr exterofm scemetlo.

d. Iosegt uoèrnl ghfones io alrk fs they iogrefse io size fo`…………….

g. Io the gfse la fphi`s the fùmt aekfme…………… enns lo f mefa whigh deglkes the all`stlre alr the ……………, i.e. the yluon iosegts.

`. Phe oykphs aee` dy …………… the mefa with their kluthpfrts fo` …………… the amuiàrlk the mefa.

e. ^heo the oukder la …………… lo f pmfot exgee`s the oukder, slke la thek nrlwwions fo` amy tl oew pmfots.

a. Io f seglo` type la ketfklrphlsis, glkpmete ketfklrphlsis, the iosegt èvemlps thrlunhalur stfnes2 enn, ……………, …………… fo` fùmt.

n. Io iosegts shlwion glkpmete ketfklrphlsis the enns …………… iotl mfrvfe. h. Phe glttlo stfioer cimms glttlo…………… fo` the…………… kfces hlmes io

the…………… la kfize pmfots fo` efts the …………… fo` glds.

i. @urion the……..…stfne the iosegt ghfones io alrk arlk the mfrvf tl the fùmt iosegt.

II. TEF@ION F.6. pre-refìon tfsc . Foswer the almmlwion dealre refìon the pfssfne.

f. Fre there hfrkmess iosegt< Fre there useaum iosegt< ^hy fre they useaum< d. Hlw kfoy mens `les fo iosegt hfve<

4. ^rite the ofkes la iosegt ylu colw uoèr the twl hefìons.

Hfrkaum iosegt

- nrfss hlpper- ………………………… - ………………………… - ………………………… - …………………………

Hfrkmess iosegt

- mizfr`s- ……………………………. - ……………………………. - ……………………………. - …………………………….



85

- ………………………… - ……………………………..

HL^ IOWEGPW @EQEMLZIosegts fre gmfssiaie` fs frthrlpl`s, i.e. they hfve blioe` mens. Phey hfve senkeote` dlìes

whigh fre eogmlse` dy f hfr` fo` rini` exlscemetlo lr exterofm scemetlo.

Iosegt uoèrnl ghfones io alrk fs they iogrefse io size fo` kfturity. Phese ghfones freèsgride` fs ketfklrphlsis, lggurs io kfoy ikplrtfot trlpigfm pests, e.n. oykph fo` fùmt.Io the gfse la fphi`s the fùmt aekfme mfys enns lo f mefa whigh deglkes the all` stlre alr theoykphs, i.e. the yluon iosegts. Phe oykphs aee` dy piergion the mefa with their kluthpfrtsfo` sugcion the amui` arlk the mefa. ^heo the oukder la fphi`s lo f pmfot exgee`s theoukder thft gfo de supplrte` dy the pmfot, slke la thek nrlw wions fo` amy tl oew pmfots.Phus, ia they fre olt glotrlmme` they gfo efsimy èstrly f grlp. Phe oykph refghes kfturity iofdlut f weec.

Io f seglo` type la ketfklrphlsis, glkpmete ketfklrphlsis, the iosegt èvemlps thrlunhalur stfnes2 enn, mfrvf, pupf fo` fùmt. Mice iosegts shlwion ioglkpmete ketfklrphlsis, thefùmt aekfme mfys enns lo f suitfdme hlst. Hlwever, io iosegts shlwion glkpmete

ketfklrphlsis, e.n. amies fo` deetmes, the enns hftgh iotl mfrvfe. Phe mfrvfm stfne is f aeeìonstfne fo` is rekfrcfdmy ìaaereot arlk the fùmt io fppefrfoge, usufmmy io hfditft, fo` io all`glosuke`. Kfoy mfrvfe gfuse serilus `fkfne tl grlps. Alr exfkpme, the glttlo stfioer cimmsglttlo dlmms fo` the stfmc dlrer kfces hlmes io the steks la kfize pmfots fo` efts the mefghesfo` glds. ^heo the mfrvfe fre aummy ae` they alrk f glgllo fo` the pupfm stfne denios.@urion the pupfm stfne the iosegt ghfones io alrk arlk the mfrvf tl the fùmt iosegt.7. Glkpreheosilo ghegc.

F. Foswer the almmlwion questilos.f. Hlw fre iosegt gmfssiaie`<

d. Hlw `l iosegt ghfone io alrk<g. Hlw `l iosegt èvemlp<`. ^hy fre iosegt hfrkaum tl grlps<e. Hlw `l pelpme glotrlm iosegt<a. ^hft kethl`s `l afrkers lateo use tl prltegt their grlps arlk iosegt<

D. Mllc ft this ghfrt whigh nives the ioalrkftilo io the pfssfne io olte alrk. Phe meat-hfo`

siè la the ghfrt hfs deeo glkpmete`. Glkpmete the rinht-hfo` siè dy reaerrion tl the

pfssfne.

mlgusts

ghæu

ghæòu

fphi`s

rçóp

váíon

f. d.

Ioglkpmeteketfklrphls

is

IOWEGP g.

Enns `.

Oykphs Aee` lo

amui`s

Io pmfots

a. e.

fùmts Aee` loamui`s

n.



81

Io pmfots

h.

0. Phe almmlwion pfrts la the pfssfne fre lut la lrèr. Zut thek io the rinht lrèr.

MLGUWPW

F. ^hy `l kimmilos la mlgusts su`èomy fppefr lut la the èsert< ^hy `l they fppefrevery aew yefrs< ^hy olt every yefr< ^hy freo't there mlgusts amyion frluo` afrks fmmthe tike< Oldl`y colws the foswers tl these questilos. ê gfoolt slmve the prldmek lamlgusts uotim we aio` the foswers tl these questilos.

D. Every aew yefrs mlgusts glke amyion lut la the èsert. Phey trfvem lo the wio` arlk65tl 65: cimlketers f `fy. F mlgus is skfmm. It weinhts lomy fdlut 1: nrfks. Hlwever,mlgusts fre f terridme prldmek degfuse loe is oever fmloe. Phere gfo de 6:: kimmilo lathek io twl squfre cimlketers. Efgh loe efts twige its weinht io all` every `fy.Phlusfo`s la pelpme gfo ìe fater mlgusts pfss thrlunh fo fref. Phe mlgusts eft fmm the

pmfots, fo` there is ol all` alr the pelpme.G. ê fre sittion io f vimmfne io êst Farigf fo` there fre kimmilos la mlgusts io the fir, io

the trees, fo` lo the grlps. Phey fre eftion every pmfot io arlot la thek. Phey fre eftion dlth the wim` pmfots fo` fmm the grlps lo the afrks. Phey fre klvion fmlon smlwmy, bukpion lr amyion arlk loe pmfot tl the oext. Wlketikes the wio` gfrries thek fmlonquigcmy.

@. Nlverokeots use firpmfoes tl plislo mlgusts. Mlgusts lateo fppefr io Farigf. Phegluotries there `l olt hfve eolunh kloey tl duy pmfoes fo` plislo. Wlketikes there frewfrs, fo` the pmfoes gfoolt amy tl oefrdy gluotries tl cimm the mlgusts.

ZFTP D

I. ^lr` stu`y. F. Kftgh the wlr`s with its èaioitilo.

6. see`4. ùst7. iosegtigiè0. grlp rltftilo

f. reklve ùst tl gmefo slkethion. d. sudstfoge use` alr cimmion iosegts.g. vfryion the grlps nrlwo efgh yefr lo the sfke mfo`.`. pfrt la pmfot arlk whigh f oew pmfot la the sfke cio` gfo nrlw.

D. Aimm io the nfps with wlr`s io the dlx.

pestigiè 3 `fkfnion 3 rltftilo 3 treftkeot 3 glkpluo`s 3 preveotionspref` 3 ioaegtilo 3 pests 3 sefslo 3 plislolus 3 fgtive 3 mivestlgc 3 gfre

6. Wee` thft is dlunht mlgfmmy lr see` prlùge` dy f afrker alr his lwo use kfy gfrryfo…………….. whigh wimm quigcmy …………….. tl the oew grlp.

4. Wlke see`s fre niveo heft …………….. whigh prltegts thek fnfiost gertfio ……………..

fo` ìsefses.7. Grlp …………….. is loe kethl` la…………….. this degfuse ia the pests `l olt fttfgc the oew grlp they kfy ìe laa.

0. Klst kfio grlps fre nrlwo ùrion the rfioy…………….. fo` this is the tike wheo iosegt pests fre klst …………….. .

1. Phese pestigiès fre…………….. tl iosegts fo` lther pests fo` mfrne qufotities wimm plislo…………….. lr hukfos.

>. Ghekigfm pest glotrlms shlum` fmwfys de use` with…………….. fo` lomy the rinht fkluotla the glrregt…………….. shlum` de use`.

8. Kfoy ghekigfm…………….. fre kfè whigh gfo cimm the pest withlut…………….. thegrlp lr foikfm whigh is prltegte`.

II. NTFKKFT. Pike gmfusesPhe globuogtilos lateo use` io tike gmfuses fre2 wheo3 whime3 fs3 fs sllo fs3 dealre3 fater..



8>

Exfkpme2

- I wfs hfvion ìooer. Zeter gfke.;?^hime I wfs hfvion ìooer peter gfke.- Phe Vueeo nets laa the trfio. Phe Kfblr wimm nive her slke amlwers.;? Fs sllo fs the Vueeo nets laa the trfio the Kfblr wimm nive her slke amlwers.

- Phe tefgher glkes iotl gmfssrllk. Phe pupims stfo` up.;? ^heo the tefgher glkes iotl gmfssrllk the pupims stfo` up.

F. Zrfgtige.

6. Aimm io the nfps with loe la the tike globuogtilos fdlve.

f. Nlverokeot gertiaie` see` is olt micemy tl gfrry ìsefses lr pests……………it is dlunht. d. Wee`s gfo de ùste` with fo iosegtigiè sugh fs fm`rio tl prltegt thek ……………they

fre io stlrfne fo` io the slim.g. ia irrinftilo is use` it is plssidme tl nrlw grlps sugh fs gfddfnes fo` tlkftles ùrion the

`ry sefslo …………….there fre aewer pests fdlut. `. Iosegt uoèrnl ghfones io alrk …………….they iogrefse io size fo` kfturity. e. …………the mfrvfe fre aummy ae` they alrk f glgllo fo` the pupfm stfne denios.

a. …………the oukder la fphi`s lo f pmfot exgee`s the oukder thft gfo de supplrte` dythe pmfot, slke la thek nrlw wions fo` amy tl oew pmfots.

n. It is f re`- drlwo slim whigh deglkes very hfr`……………..it is `ry. h. …………the slim pfrtigmes fre kfiomy sfo` fo` glfrse nrfvem its texture is sfi` tl de

nritty.i. …………these rfw kfterifms fre drlceo `lwo they deglke hukus.

b. Phese lrnfoig kfterifms wimm nrfùfmmy f`` tl the slim lrnfoig kftter fo` outrieot dfoc…………they drefc `lwo.

4. Glkdioe the almmlwion pfirs tl kfce f glkpmex seoteoge. Use tike globuogtilos.

f. Ylu `l olt duy glkkergifm sefall` fo` areshwfter aish. Ylu fre hempion tl preserve thelgefo fo` river wimèroesses.

d. Phe wfter tfdme rises tlwfr`s the surafge. Ofturfmmy lggurrion sfmts fre ìsslmve` fo`glogeotrfte` io the upper slim mfyer.

g. Kumghes fre kfè arlk lrnfoig kfterifms, sugh fs hfy, nrfss gmippions, strfw, oewspfperfo` lm` wllmeo. Phey wimm nrfùfmmy f`` tl the slim lrnfoig kftter fo` outrieot dfoc. Phekumghes drefc `lwo.

`. Phe minht wfs fdslrde`. It is rfìfte` dfgc iotl the ftklsphere fs heft eoerny lr turoeìotl ghekigfm eoerny dy nreeo pmfots. Phey phltlsyothesis.

e. Phe nreeo kfoure grlp gfo de smfshe` twl lr three tikes. It is nrlwion fo` theo ghlppeìotl the slim. It amlwers fo` see`s.

a. Ylu kfy aeem it is olt ethigfm tl eft re` keft degfuse la the eovirlokeotfm glst la aeeìon

klst la the wlrm`'s nrfio tl deea fo` pins. Kfoy pelpme fre stfrvion3 lr ylu kfy deglogeroe` fdlut mfo` ènrf`ftilo lggurrion thrlunh reklvfm la alrests la nrfzion mfo`.n. Kfoy èsert renilos fo` fri` zloes hfve deeo seositivemy kfofne` dy pelpme whl

trfvemme` frluo` their mfo`s. Phey huote` lr teoè` their foikfms.

I. TEF@ION G. F. Tef` the almmlwion pfssfne fo` aio` the foswers tl these questilos.

f. ^hft is the klst glkklo kethl` use` tl ègrefse the `fkfne tl grlps gfuse` dyiosegt<

d. Hlw `les grlp rltftilo faaegt pmfot pests<g. ^heo fre iosegt plpumftilos klst oukerlus<`. ^heo fre see`s klst micemy tl de `fkfne` dy pests<e. Hlw gfo tikion pmfotion reùge the `fkfne tl grlps<a. @l ghekigfm sudstfoge use` alr pest glotrlm faaegt lo pelpme's hefmth <



88

n. Hlw shlum` pelpme use the iosegtigiès tl preveot arlk their hfrkaum eaaegts<h. @l pelpme oee` tl use dilgiès tl cimm iosegt sugh fs auonigiès, kitigiès fo`

iosegtigiès< ^hy<

Hlw `fkfne tl grlps gfo de reùge`6. Duyion nll` see`

Nlverokeot gertiaie` see` is olt micemy tl gfrry ìsefses lr pests wheo it is dlunht. Wee`thft is dlunht mlgfmmy lr see` prlùge` dy f afrker alr his lwo use kfy gfrry fo ioaegtilowhigh wimm quigcmy spref` tl the oew grlp. Wee`s, dut olt all` nrfios, gfo de ùste` with foiosegtigiè sugh fs fm`rio tl prltegt thek ùrion stlrfne fo` io the slim. Wlke see`s fre niveoheft treftkeot whigh prltegts thek fnfiost gertfio pests fo` ìsefses.4. Grlp rltftilo

Ia the sfke grlp is nrlwo lo f aiem` alr severfm yefrs pests fo` ìsefse lrnfoisks kfyglmmegt io the slim. Grlp rltftilo is loe kethl` la preveotion this degfuse ia the pests `l oltfttfgc the oew grlp they kfy ìe laa.7. Pikion pmfotion

Klst kfio grlps fre nrlwo ùrion the rfioy sefslo fo` this is the tike wheo iosegt pests

fre klst fgtive. Hlwever, ia irrinftilo is use` it is plssidme tl nrlw grlps sugh fs gfddfnesfo` tlkftles ùrion the `ry sefslo wheo there fre aewer pests fdlut.0. Ghekigfm pest glotrlm

Phis is the klst arequeotmy use` kethl` la glotrlmmion fnrigumturfm pests. Kfoy ghekigfmglkpluo`s fre kfè whigh gfo cimm the pest withlut `fkfnion the grlp lr foikfm whigh is

prltegte`. Phese pestigiès fre plislolus tl iosegts fo` lther pests fo` mfrne qufotities wimm plislo mivestlgc lr hukfos. Ghekigfm pest glotrlms shlum` fmwfys de use` with gfre fo` lomythe rinht fkluot la the glrregt pestigiè shlum` de use`.

D. Glkpreheosilo ghegc.

Wfy whether these stftekeots fre true lr afmse. Glrregt the afmse stftekeots.

f.\\ It is micemy thft f see` prlùge` mlgfmmy wimm de ioaegte`. d.\\ Fo ioaegte` see` wimm gertfiomy `fkfne the grlp.g.\\ Fm`rio gfoolt plislo hukfos.`.\\ Wee`s kust de niveo heft treftkeot tl prltegt thek fnfiost pests.e.\\ Iosegtigiès fre `fonerlus tl hukfos io skfmm qufotities.a.\\Grlp rltftilo kfy preveot pmfots arlk hfrkaum iosegt.n.\\Iosegt fre klst fgtive io suooy sefslo.

G. Aimm io the nfps with niveo wlr`s io the dlx.

pfmftfdme 3 fttfgc 3 pests 3 ìaaereot 3 reùge

ioaeste` 3 plmygumture 3 fghieve` 3 plumtry 3 dir`s

ZEWP KFOFNEKEOPHefmthy slim fo` ìverse hfditfts nreftmy…(6)…pest ioaestftilos. It hfs deeo aluo` thft io

fo fppme klolgumture up tl 6::% la the fppmes gfo de…(4)…with gl`mion klth3 iof…(7)…lomy 0% la the fppmes wimm de faaegte` dy gl`mion klth.

Zest kfofnekeot is…(0)…dy2

pmfotion f ìverse rfone la spegies sl thft ol loe pest gfo…(5)…fmm the trees3

pmfotion vfrieties with…(1)…hfrvest tikes. Wlke vfrieties wimm kiss the pefc pest peril`3

fmmlwion…(>)…fo` pins tl alrfne thrlunh the lrghfr`. Phey wimm eft iosegt …(8)…fo`ìsefse` lr ioaeste` aruit3

prlviìon hfditft alr iosegtivlrlus…(9)…fo` foikfms iogmuìon mizfr`s, arlns fo`

spièrs3



89

kfiotfioion f glostfot dut olt exgessive suppmy la outrieots. Lver-aertimize`, very mushnrlwth fttrfgts iosegt pests degfuse it is hinhmy…(6:)…tl thek.

\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\

Phe mlonest `fy kust hfve fo eo`

§ UOIP 60 @FITY AFTKIONI. ^lr` stu`y.6. Kftgh the wlr`s with sikimfr kefoion.

f. alrkumfte d. `firy gfttmeg. kfture`. mfgtftion glwe. prenofota. suppmekeotn. ioaertimityh. retfr`

i. glosumt b. lrfm `lsionc. iotrfkusgumfr iobegtilom. tissuesk. regtiayo. iotrfveolus iobegtilol. nestftilo

p. renfioq. treftkeot

6. glws prlùge kimc.4. thion f`è` tl slkethion emse tl ikprlve lr glkpmete it.7. grefte slkethion io f pregise alrk.0. uofdme tl hfve ghim`reo.5. fsc alr f`vige.1. smlw the èvemlpkeot.>. tfce keìgioe dy kluth8. glws hfvion f dfdy io the wlkd.

9. glws cept tl prlùge kimc.6:. aummy nrlwo lr èvemlpe`.66. peril` la tike la prenofot.64. reglver67. iobegt keìgioe withio f kusgme60. prlgess la treftion fo immoess.65. iobegt keìgioe withio f veio.61. put slkethion glrregt repefte`my.6>. kfss la gemms alrkion the dl`y la fo foikfm lr pmfot.


6. `firy / deea 4. suppmy / suppmekeot 5. treft / treftkeot

4. retfr`s / retfr`ftilo 0. tissues / issues 1. nesture / nestftilo

f. Phe kloey I net arlk tefghion the pifol is f useaum……………..tl ky lrìofry ioglke. d. ^heo the .…………….. hfve deeo èstrlye` f sgfr hfs alrke`. g. Emephfots hfve f.……………..peril` la fdlut 140 `fys. `. Phft is the.…………….. afrk thft prlùges kimc fo` dutter. e. Wgieotists hfve aluo` f oew.…………….. alr gfoger. a. mfgc la suo.……………..pmfot nrlwth.

II. TEF@ION F.6. Zre-refìon tfsc.

f. ^hft shlum` ylu `l wheo ylu mllc fater `firy gfttme< d. ^hft `l ylu pfy klre ylur ftteotilo tl<g. ^hy `l ylu thioc sl<

^HFP FTE PHE OUPTIPILOFM TEVUITEKEOPW LA @FITY GFPPME<Phe almmlwion outrieots fre esseotifm tl fmm `firy gfttme2

eoerny

kioerfms

prlteio

vitfkiosFoy ìet kust de alrkumfte` tl prlviè these outrieots, whigh fre esseotifm alr nrlwth,reprlùgtilo, kimc prlùgtilo, etg.

6. ^hft shlum` ylu colw fdlut the eoerny oee`s la `firy gfttme<



9:

Kfture `firy gfttme oee` f suaaigieot suppmy la eoerny tl prlùge kimc fo` tl kfiotfiotheir dl`y reserves. Whlrtfnes io eoerny èpress the reprlùgtilo auogtilo. Mfgtftion glwsoee` 6: tl 65% klre eoerny tl kfiotfio their dl`y reserves thfo foy glws fo` glws thft freolt prenofot.4. ^hft shlum` ylu colw fdlut kioerfm outritilo<

Pweoty-loe kioerfms fre esseotifm io the outritilo la `firy gfttme. Alrtuoftemy, klst la thekioerfms fre aluo` io suaaigieot qufotities io the aee`s efteo dy the foikfm. Dfmfoge`glkkergifm aee`s use` fs suppmekeots usufmmy glotfio suaaigieot kioerfms tl, uoèr olrkfmgloìtilos, keet the oee`s la the `firy glw. Klst la the kioerfms fre require` io very skfmmqufotities.

Kioerfm èaigieogies fo` ikdfmfoges gfo de the gfuse la ioaertimity, mlw kimc yiem`,retfrè` nrlwth, etg. Gertfio frefs io lur gluotry fre colwo tl mfgc kioerfms, sugh fs gfmgiukfo` phlsphlrus. Glosumt ylur veteriofry surnelo lr foikfm outritiloist whl wimm de fdme tlf`vise ylu renfrìon sugh prldmeks io ylur fref.

Phere fre vfrilus kethl`s thft glum` de use` tl suppmekeot kioerfm èaigieogies. Phekethl`s klst afvlure` fre iobegtilos lr lrfm `lsion.

^heo iobegte` iotrfkusgumfrmy, the kioerfms fre fdslrde` smlwmy iotl the tissue fo` prlviè prltegtilo fnfiost ìetfry èaigieogies alr f mlon peril` la tike.

Phe lomy ldvilus èaigieogy ylu wimm prldfdmy ever experieoge is thft la gfmgiuk io glwssuaaerion arlk ''kimc aever''. Phe `rlp io the mevem la gfmgiuk io the dmll` is, hlwever, oltoegessfrimy gfuse` dy f èaigieogy io the glw's ìet. Phe èaigieogy is regtiaie` dy foiotrfveolus iobegtilo la gfmgiuk.7. @l glws oee` vitfkio suppmekeots<

Qitfkio èaigieogies io gfttme fre rfre fo` suppmekeotftilo is lomy require` io gertfiogfses.

^heo ylur glws afim tl deglke prenofot, hfve f shlrter peril` la nestftilo, f hinh pergeotfne la retfioe` pmfgeotfs fo` fdlrtilos, it glum` prldfdmy de fs f resumt la f vitfkio Fèaigieogy. Phe eyes la the glws with f vitfkio F èaigieogy fre ùmm fo` wftery. Ia iobegte`with vitfkio F, the eyes wimm renfio their olrkfm drinhtoess withio f `fy lr twl. Ia oegessfry,treftkeot kfy de repefte` every three kloths.

4. Glkpreheosilo ghegc.

Fre the almmlwion stftekeots true lr afmse< Glrregt the afmse loes.

f. Kioerfms fre loe la the esseotifm outrieots tl fmm `firy gfttme. d. Foy ìet alr `firy gfttme kust glosist la eoerny, kioerfms, prlteio fo` vitfkios.g. Mfgtftion glws oee` klre eoerny thfo prenofot glws.`. @firy glws oee` f mfrne qufotity la kioerfms.e. Mfgc la gfmgiuk fo` phlsphlrus gfuses mlw kimc yiem` fo` retfrè` nrlwth.

a. Iobegtilo is the plpumfr kethl` tl suppmy kioerfm èaigieogies tl the gfttme.n. Glws oee` vitfkio suppmekeot every `fy.h. Phe eyes la glw èaigieot io vitfkio F fre lateo ùmm fo` wftery.i. It is oegessfry tl iobegt glws with vitfkio F every weec.

7. ̂ ri tion . (wlrc io nrlup la 7)f. Phe ìet la kimc glws.……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

d. Phe ìet la prenofot glws.…………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………..



94

fre dlunht io arlk lther frefs, this kinht de oegessfry. Hlwever, ia the gfttme were dlro loylur afrk, the ghfoges fre nll` thft they wimm hfve require` ofturfm ikkuoity. Phis, logefnfio, stresses the ikplrtfoge la eosurion thft gfmves fre ae` suaaigieot fkluots la glmlstruksllo fater dirth.

Ft mfw fmm `firy gfttme kust de iolgumfte` fnfiost Drugemmf fdlrts. Phis ìsefse gfuses

glws tl fdlrt their gfmves. ^heo hukfos `rioc the kimc la ioaegte` foikfms, they kinht fmsl de ioaegte`. Io hukfos, drugemmlsis, whigh is extrekemy `fonerlus, is glkklomy colwo fsKfmtf Aever.

Ylur her` wimm fmsl hfve tl de aree la tudergumlsis. F nlverokeot laaigifm, prldfdmy fveteriofry surnelo wimm `rfw dmll` sfkpmes arlk fmm ylur gfttme tl de teste` alr drugemmlsisfo` tudergumlsis. Loge it is èterkioe` thft the her` is aree la these ìsefses, ylu wimm deissue` with f gertiaigfte, gloairkion the aioìons la the test.4. Glkpreheosilo ghegc.

Foswer the almmlwion questilos.f. ^hft ìsefse fre glws lateo ioaegte`<

d. ^hft ìsefse gfo hukfos de ioaegte` arlk foikfms<

g. Hlw gfo hukfos de ioaegte` with the ìsefses`. ^hft ìsefse is the klst `fonerlus alr gfttme fo` hukfos< ^hy<

ZFTP G PHE PTEFPKEOP LA IMMOEWW

I. ^lr` stu`y.6. Kftgh the wlr` with the fpprlprifte èaioitilo.

f. grugifm d. ldserveg. ìslrèr`. reglverye. ìfnolse

a. sykptlkn. fdolrkfmh. dehfviluri. fmert

b. `rlpmetc. keìgftilo

6. wftgh lr almmlw slkethion.4. skfmm `rlp7. kfooer0. ftteotive fo` quigc tl thioc lr fgt.5. esseotifm

1. gloause` stfte lr mfgc la lrèr.>. keìgioe, keìgiofm sudstfoge.8. ìaaereot.9. ghfone io the dl`y thft ioìgftes fo immoess.6:. deglke hefmthy fnfio fater fo immoess.66. aio` lut the ofture la fo immoess dy ldservion its sykptlk.

D. Aimm io the nfps with wlr`s io the dlx.

6. ìfmlnue 3 ìfnolse` 3 inolre 4. ìslrèr 3 ìsefse 3 ìsfster7. fmert 3 grugifm 3 fdolrkfm 0. keìgiofm 3 keìgfm 3 keìgftilo5. sykptlks 3 systek 3 syothesis 1. ìsglvery 3 reglvery 3 glver

6. Phe `lgtlr……………kefsmes. 4. ^hft is the dest…………….alr this gloìtilo< 7. Fmthlunh he is lver einhty his kio` is stimm rekfrcfdmy.…………… . 0. Everyloe denfo shlution ft loge fo` the keetion drlce up io……………. . 5. Experieoge wimm tefgh ylu whigh ìsefses fre glkklo tl ylur fref fo` whft

……………tl mllc lut alr. 1. Phe slloer treftkeot gfo denio, the detter fre the ghfoges la ……………. .

HL^ @L YLU COL^ ^HEO F GL^ IW IMM<It is grugifm thft ylu shlum` de fdme tl ldserve the sinos la imm hefmth ft the lutset la foy

ìslrèr. Phe slloer treftkeot gfo denio, the detter fre the ghfoges la reglvery. Eveo ia ylu

were olt fdme tl ìfnolse the ìsefse, it wlum` fssist the veteriofry surnelo ia ylu glum`èsgride the sykptlks.



97

Phe `firy afrker shlum` colw his foikfms sl wemm thft foy fdolrkfm dehfvilur is olteìkkeìftemy. Glw shlwion foy la the almmlwion sinos, shlum` de exfkioe` gmlser2

ìaaigumty io nettion up

su`èo mlss io weinht

hefvy drefthion

ùmm glft la hfirolt eftion fo` rukioftion olrkfmmy

efrs shlum` de fmert

olse shlum` de klist with mittme `rlpmets

ìaaigumty io wfmcion

foy fdolrkfm wfy la stfoìon, sugh fs stfoìon with f deot dfgc.Ia f glw shlws foy la the fdlve sinos, she shlum` de exfkioe` klre gmlsemy.

Phe airst step shlum` de tl tfce her dl`y tekperfture. Olrkfm tekperfture is 78,8 tl 79ºG. Fglw shlwion f tekperfture la 79,5 ºG is èaioitemy imm. Ia the tekperfture refghes 0:ºG,ikkeìfte steps shlum` de tfceo. It is f nll` ièf tl fmwfys ceep keìgftilo ft hfo` whigh

wimm reùge aever. Ylur veteriofry surnelo wimm de fdme tl suppmy ylu with ofke la f suitfdme prlùgt.F oukder la ìsefses fttfgc the miver. Phese gfo de ìfnolse` dy exfkioion the white la

the eyes, whigh turos yemmlwish3 the nuks, whigh shlum` de piocish, turos white, fo` theurioe, whigh shlum` de gmefr fo` yemmlwish, turos `frc io glmlur.

Experieoge wimm tefgh ylu whigh ìsefses fre glkklo tl ylur fref fo` whft sykptlks tlmllc lut alr. Experieoge wimm fmsl tefgh ylu whigh keìgioes tl ceep io stlgc io ylurrearinerftlr.G. Glkpreheosilo ghegc.

Foswer the almmlwion questilos<6. Hlw `l ylu colw wheo f glw is imm<

4. ^hft sykptlks la f glw shlw thft it is imm<7. ^hft tekperfture la fo imm glw is<0. ^hft shlum` ylu `l wheo ylur glw is imm<5. ^high is the dest kethl` la hefmth gfre<

@. ^rition.

f. ^rite lut the kethl`s la hefmth gfre, the sykptlks la immoess fo` the treftkeot la theimmoess.

kethl`s la hefmth gfre the sykptlks la immoess the treftkeot la the immoess

f. ……………………….. …………………………… ……………………………

…………………………… …………………………… …………………………… d. ……………………….. …………………………… …………………………… …………………………… …………………………… ……………………………

- ……………………….. …………………………… ……………………………

…………………………… …………………………… …………………………… - ……………………….. …………………………… …………………………… …………………………… …………………………… ……………………………

- ……………………….. …………………………… ……………………………

…………………………… …………………………… …………………………… - ……………………….. …………………………… …………………………… …………………………… …………………………… ……………………………

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Phe rltteo fppme iobures its oeinhdlurs



90

§ UOIP 65 OFPUTFM ALTEWPW

I. ^lr` stu`y. F. Aio` the wlr`s whigh hfve sikimfr kefoion.

6. dfgcdloe4. pressure7. hloe0. arfnkeots5. gloiaerlus1. exteo`>. reaioe8. uoglotfkiofte`9. f`fpte`

6:. verne

f. f skfmm pfrt lr f piege drlceo laa. d. stloe use` alr shfrpeoion the guttion e`nes la tllms.g. kfce slkethion mloner lr mfrner.`. demlon tl gypress-tree fo` pioe-tree.e. deion use` tl slkethiona. uoplmmute`, uoioaegte`n. stress la ofturfm alrgeh. kfrnio pmfgei. reklve ikpurities arlk purity. (reaioe sunfr3 lim)

b. the klst ikplrtfot pfrt la hukfo dl`y lr slkethion D. Kftgh the wlr` with its èaioitilo.

6. preserve4. ioìneolus alrest7. gloservftilo alrest0. dluo`fry5. sfogtufry1. kfkkfms>. greec8. nummy9. smlpe6:. reptime

- mioes ìstionuish ìaaereot frefs.- fref with rision lr afmmion nrluo`.(steep smlpe)- ofrrlw ghfooem gut lr alrke` dy rfio wfter.- gloìtilo la deion prltegte`3 cept sfae.- foikfms thft aee` their yluon lo kimc arlk drefst.- f ofturfm alrest with ioìneolus pmfots fo` foikfms.- gmfss la glm`-dmll`, enn-mfyion foikfms with very shlrt lr ol mens.- alrest prltegte` dy the nlverokeot mfw.- ofrrlw stretgh la wfter amlwion iomfo` arlk f glfst strefk lr drllc.

- fref where dir`s fo` wim` foikfms fre prltegte` arlk huoters.G. Aimm io the nfps with wlr`s io the dlx.

dluo`fry 3 smlpes 3 vernes 3 sfogtufry 3 shemter 3 ioìneolus

pressures 3 surrluoìon 3 reptimes 3 uoglotfkiofte` 3 dfgcdloe

6. …………… alrests iovlmve` lver kimmilos la yefrs with fmm the …………… la ofturfmsemegtilo lperftion, sl thft aiofmmy whft we see is f hinhmy reaioe` glkpmex whigh is

defutiaummy hloe` tl survive io the…………… eovirlokeot.4. Ia the alrest is mfrne eolunh it wimm laaer…………… tl ioìneolus kfkkfms, dir`s

fo`…………… .

7. Alrests kfy de estfdmishe` io the frefs sugh fs2 greecs, nummies, afrk …………, ri`nesfo` pmfges with ……………nrefter thfo 65², fo` rlf`siè………….. .

0. Ylur nfrèo is the ofturfm alrests thft fre the……………fo` segurity alr the whlmemfo`sgfpe.

5. Mice ylur all` alrest fo` strugturfm alrest, this fssekdmy (sáó mêõp nheìp) la trees

fo` their lrnfoisks prlviès…………… fo` prltegtilo, fo` kfiotfios fir, wfter fo`slim io…………… stftes.

II. NTFKKFT. f`verdifm gmfuses la gfuse fo` eaaegtsF`verdifm gmfuses la gfuse fo` eaaegt fre lateo expresse` dy2 degfuse3 fs3 whime3 sl .

F. Aimm io the nfps with loe la the globuogtilos fdlve.



95

6. pelpme wishion tl nrlw lrnfoig all`s `l olt purghfse mfo` whigh hfs deeo use` tl nrlw dfofofs, sunfr gfoe lr ègiùlus aruit,……………these grlps wimm hfve deeo hefvimy`lses with dilgiès.

4. Phis kefos they glotioue tl exist uoghfone` io the slim……………they gfoolt klve iotlloe la the gygmes la kftter.

7. Zmfots fo` grlps ìe……………they fre uofdme tl tlmerfte the hinh sfmt mevems.0. Kigrlgmikftes gfo de f righ slurge la ìversity, ……………ylur èsino shlum` tfce

f`vfotfne la thek rfther thfo emikiofte thek.5. Fqufgumture is fmsl loe la the klst eaaigieot kethl`s la ldtfioion hinh qufmity foikfm

prlteio……………aish fre glm`-dmllè` fo` `l olt use eoerny alr dl`y wfrkth,therealre they require mess all` per dl`y weinht.

1. Io tekperfte fo` trlpigfm systeks klre fqufgumture systeks fre oeeè` tl fkemilrfteeovirlokeotfm stress……………they wimm fdslrd exgess outrieots, aimter slke tlxios, fo`suppmy f wièr rfone la gumtivfte` prlùgts.

D. Glkdioe the almmlwion pfirs tl kfce glkpmex seoteoges

f. Phe glkkuoity wfs fmmlwe` tl hfve f kumtipme lggupfogy titme tl their mfo`. Phe mlgfm

nlverokeot laaige ègmfre` thft the mfo` wfs usemess alr gloveotilofm fnrigumture. d. Fater klre thfo teo yefrs the renrlwth is extrflrìofrimy defutiaum, fo` ioìneolus

foikfms aefrmessmy klve frluo` the resièots. Phey hfve glke tl reglnoize the mfo` fs fsfogtufry.

g. Phe pelpme mive io sikpme hluses, duimt with ku`drigcs lr regygme` tikders fo` use slmfrfo` wio`-plwere` emegtrigity. Phe alrests here fre deion gloserve` very wemm.

`. Phe glkkuoity is mfrnemy sema-supplrtion io terk la wfter, plwer fo` all`. Phe pelpme`l olt oee` mfrne ioglkes fo` gfo eaalrt olt tl turo the mfo` iotl f aumm-sgfme afrk.

e. Zmfots fo` grlps ìe. Phey fre uofdme tl tlmerfte the hinh sfmt mevems.

III. TEF@ION F

6. Zre-refìon questilos.f. ^hft oftilofm alrests io lur gluotry `l ylu colw< Gfmm thek lut<

d. Fre there foy oftilofm alrests io ylur fref<

OFPUTFM ALTEWPWPhe ioìneolus alrests fre the gloservftilo alrests. Ia ylur nfrèo is ylur segurity io all`,

theo it is the ofturfm alrests thft fre the dfgcdloe fo` segurity alr the whlme mfo`sgfpe.Ioìneolus alrests iovlmve` lver kimmilos la yefrs with fmm the pressures la ofturfm

semegtilo lperftion, sl thft aiofmmy whft we see is f hinhmy reaioe` glkpmex whigh is defutiaummy hloe` tl survive io the surrluoìon eovirlokeot. It is dfmfoge` sl thft it wimm de peraegtmy sema-sustfioion ia meat uoìsturde`. Ia the eovirlokeot ghfones, theo, niveo tike, thealrest wimm ghfone. It is kirfgme.

Mice ylur all` alrest fo` strugturfm alrest, this fssekdmy la trees fo` their lrnfoisks prlviès shemter fo` prltegtilo, fo` kfiotfios fir, wfter fo` slim io uoglotfkiofte` stftes. Iof`ìtilo it preserves the peraegtmy f`fpte` neoetig kfterifm la kfoy pmfots fo` foikfms.

Ia the alrest is mfrne eolunh it wimm laaer sfogtufry tl ioìneolus kfkkfms, dir`s fo`reptimes. Io the eveot la aire lr `rlunht, foikfms gfo klve frluo` this zloe tl esgfpe thewlrst la the ìsfster, espegifmmy ia the ofturfm alrest is mioce` tl wim`miae glrri`lrs.

Ioìneolus alrests hfve folther spegifm deoeait, whigh is thft la gloveyion f seose la pmfge lr efgh renilo. ^heo ylu thioc la Olrthero Hekisphere alrests ylur thlunhts nl tlègiùlus deegh wll`mfo`s lr gloiaerlus alrests.

Phe priogipmes alr ofturfm alrests fre2

tl preserve fmm arfnkeots la ioìneolus alrest3

tl exteo` fmm ofturfm alrests.



91

tl estfdmish alrests io the almmlwion frefs3- greecs, rivers fo` nummies- afrk dluo`fries- ri`nes fo` pmfges with smlpes nrefter thfo 65²- rlf`siè vernes

Phe size la ofturfm alrests usufmmy èterkioe` dy the prlùgtivity la the mfo`. Ldvilusmyofturfm alrests wimm de skfmmer lo hinhmy prlùgtive mfo` fo` io the gities.4. Glkpreheosilo ghegc.(wlrc io nrlup la 0) Fsc fo` foswer the almmlwion questilos.

f. ^hft is the ioìneolus alrest< d. Hlw is the ioìneolus estfdmishe`<g. @l the ioìneolus alrest ghfone <`. ^hft deoeaits `l the ioìneolus alrests hfve<e. ^hft fre the f`vfotfnes la the ioìneolus alrest<a. ^hft fre the kfio priogipmes alr the ofturfm alrest<n. ^hy `l pelpme hfve tl restlre fo` prltegt ioìneolus alrests<h. ^hft `les the futhlr kefo dy ofturfm alrest<

7. ^rition. (nrlup-wlrc)f. Phe deoeaits nettion arlk ofturfm alrests.

d. ^hy `l pelpme oee` tl prltegt ofturfm alrest<g. Phe èalrestftilo io Qietofk.`. Phe prlbegt alr faalrestftilo io Qietofk.

ZFTP D.


f. mevee d. hydri` strfio

g. pf``y`. friè. huota. teo`n. glosukeriskh. drefc`lwoi. tridfm

b. eglafrkc. fmmeym. afdrigsk. sgheke

o. lggupfogyl. titme

p. gloveotilofmq. reneoerfter. slmfr eoerny

- suo's eoerny

- restlre

- almmlwion whft is trfìtilo lr gustlkfry- rinht lr gmikfte the lwoership la prlperty.

- lggupyion f hluse, mfo`

- prlbegt, pmfo

- type la gmlths

- pfth dlrère` dy trees lr he`nes io f nfrèo lr pfrc.

- eglmlnigfm afrk.

- rfgifm nrlup la pelpme, nrlup la remfte` foikfms lr pmfots.

- glmmfpse lr afimure.

- prltegtilo la glosukers' ioterests.

- mllc fater lr tfce gfre la .

- ghfse fo` try tl cimm lr gfpture wim` foikfms.- `ry mfo` hfvion f mittme lr ol rfio.

- aiem` where rige is nrlwo.

- foikfm lr pmfot thft hfs pfreots la ìaaereot spegies.

- ekdfockeot duimt tl preveot f amllè` river arlk lveramlwion.

II. TEF@ION D6. Zre-refìon tfsc.

f. ^hft `les renilo kefo< d. Nive slke ofkes ioìgftion ìaaereot renilos. Alr exfkpme, glfstfm renilo

Wustfiofdme Nrlwion fo` Mivion io @iaaereot Tenilos F. Gllm, wet dilzloes



9>

Io the pfst, pelpme io gllm tekperfte dilzloes typigfmmy grefte` fttrfgtive mfo`sgfpes laskfmm hluses nrlupe` io vimmfnes. Wlke la these gfo stimm de seeo io Iremfo`, Olrwfy,Eonmfo`, olrthero Arfoge fo` Nerkfoy.

Phe vimmfners hf` their lwo all` nfrèos fo` shfre` pudmigmy lwoe` glkklos lanrfssmfo`s, alrests fo` wfterwfys. (ainure 5 shlws f prlaime la f mfo`sgfpe klèmme` lo this

systek - the èsino glum` de f`fpte` fo` use` dy ioìviùfm afrkers mivion io this dilzloe). D. Hlt, wet dilzloes

Hlt, wet dilzloes hfve histlrigfmmy supplrte` kimmilos la pelpme io the èmtf systeks lathe Nfones, Irrfwf``y, Te`, Keclon, fo` Ioùs rivers. Prfìtilofmmy, the afrkion systekswere hinhmy prlùgtive, sema-sustfioion fo` olo-plmmution.

Mice the rurfm vimmfnes io tekperfte gmikftes, hluses were nrlupe` tlnether, fo` efghhluse hf` f all` nfrèo shemtere` dy aruit fo` tikder trees. Menukes were pmfote` lo themevee dfocs la the terrfge` rige pf`ìes tl suppmy oitrlneo alr the rige. @ugcs, neese fo` aishsuppmekeote` the stfpme rige grlp, fo` glotrlmme` iosegt pests.

Fmthlunh slke vimmfnes fre stimm set lut io this wfy, nlverokeots fo` glkpfoies freghfonion the trfìtilofm mfo`sgfpe fo` wfy la miae alr these pelpme. Phe meveedfocs fo` the

aruit fo` alrest trees fre deion reklve` tl grefte klre spfge alr nrlwion rige, whigh is use`fs f gfsh grlp fo` alr explrt. Phese oew hydri` strfios la rige require ghekigfms whigh frecimmion the aish io the rivers fo` gfofms. Fs f glosequeoge, the afrkers fre deion alrge` tlnive up their fogestrfm mfo`s, lr they fre nlion iotl èdt tl duy gfpitfm ioteosive kfghioery(eveo thlunh the grlp priges fre olt rision tl glver these oew glsts).G. Hlt `ry dilzloes

Kfoy èsert renilos fo` fri` zloes hfve deeo seositivemy kfofne` dy pelpme, whltrfvemme` frluo` their mfo`s fs they huote` lr teoè` their foikfms.

Frfds, Pidetfos, Farigfo Dushkeo fo` Fdlrinioes fmm hf` exteosive fo` pregiseeovirlokeotfm colwme`ne thft eofdme` thek tl mive io frefs whigh tl`fy wlum` de glosièreìkplssidme withlut kfoy ioputs. Loe very nll` exfkpme la f sustfiofdme èsert gumtures isthft la the Disholi pelpme la the Tfbfsthfo èsert io Ioìf. Fmthlunh the fooufm rfioafmm is 6gk per yefr, they kfofne tl mive wemm fo` stfy hefmthy degfuse their slgiety kfiotfios strigteglmlnigfm mfws.

Io slke `ry mfo` gumtures, wfter gloservion strftenies hfve eofdme` afrkers tlsuggessaummy nrlw grlps.4. Glkpreheosilo ghegc . Foswer the almmlwion questilos.

f. Hlw kfoy dilzloes fre there io ylur gluotry< d. Is there foy ìaaereoge detweeo the dilzloes<g. ^hft f`vfotfnes fo` ìsf`vfotfnes fre there io the dilzloes<`. ^hft `l pelpme gumtivfte io efgh dilzloe<

e. ^hft dilzloe is the klst gloveoieot alr the fnrigumturfm èvemlpkeot<a. ^hft dilzloe is klre gloveoieot alr rfision gfttme, fo` whft is alr afrkion<n. Hlw `l pelpme io hlt `ry dilzloes kfofne tl mive wemm<h. ^hy fre slke vimmfnes deion alrge` tl nive up their fogestrfm mfo`s<

\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\

Phe wfy tl f kfo's hefrt is thrlunh his stlkfgh



98

PEWP 7 (Uoit 66 ‗ Uoit65) (sglre2 6:: kfrcs)


F. Qlgfdumfry. Ghllse the dest foswer fklon F,D,G,@. 6. Fmthlunh their aruition ghfrfgteristigs kfy olt de fs èsirfdme fs lther vfrieties , they wimm

hfve f nrefter ghfoge la estfdmishion io the oew eovirlokeot.F. sudìvisilo la f spegies D. ìaaereot cio`s la tree, foikfmG. f gmfss la ìaaereot thions @. F lr D

4. Mfter ylu gfo f`` vfrieties thft hfve spegifm qufmities sugh fs efrmy lr mfte aruit, spegifmamfvlur lr glmlur, fo` nll` stlrfne lr prlgession ghfrfgteristigs .F. ìstionwishion aeftures D. nll` kfooers G. typigfm sinos @. D lr G

7. Ia plssidme, use nrfate` spegies fs they wimm defr klre hefvimy fo` the rlltstlgc wimm dehfrìer uoèr ylur gloìtilos.F. kixe` spegies D. loe pmfot aixe` tl folther

G. mlvfm spegies @. twl ìaaereot pfrts la f pmfot0. Prees with aruit ripeoion .............. the mefa gfolpy wimm oee` klre suo thfo trees with aruit

ripeoion ................ the mefa gfolpy.F. lut/io D. sièlut/sièio G. iosiè/lutsiè @. lutsiè/iosiè

5. It is ikplrtfot tl uoèrstfo` hlw wfter klves thrlunh the slim ....................... wheo yluf`` wfter ylu gfo hemp tl ceep it there fo` preveot mefghion la vfmufdme pmfot outrieots.F. sl thft D. sl fs tl G. io lrèr tl @. io lrèr thft

1. It is olt refmmy plssidme..................tll kugh lrnfoig kftter io f all` nfrèo.F. hfve D. tl hfve G. hfvion @. F lr G

>. It is suitfdme alr gumtivftilo io f .............................. slim.

F. aioe-texture` slim D. keìuk-texture` slim G. glfrse-texture` slim @. D & G

8. Klisture klves upwfr`s ùe tl the evfplrfti ve eaaegtsla suominht fo` wio`.F. evfplrfte` dy eaaegts D. glogeotrfte` dy eaaegts G. gloèogfte` dy eaaegts @. F & D

9. Kumghion lr ìnnion lrnfoig kftter iotl the slim gfo..............evfplrftilo arlk the slimsurafge.F. reùge D. iogrefse G. ceep @. F lr D

6:. Oitrlneo is loe la the kfblr emekeots ................ alr pmfot fo` foikfm nrlwth.F. requirekeot D. requirion G. require @. require`

66. Oitrlneo is trfosalrke` iotl f slmudme alrk dy dfgterif mivion io slim lr wfter.F. glke D. gloverte` G. exghfone` @. klve` quigcmy

64. Lrnfoig kftter hemps sfo`y slims tl hlm` .......................... .

F. wfter D. outrieot G. fir @. F & D 67. Lverfmm,..................... is the klst ikplrtfot io fghievion ìverse fo` stfdme mfo`sgfpes.

F. kigrlgmikfte D. renilofm gmikfte G. neoerfm gmikfte @. oloe is glrregt60. Lver`lsion with aertimizer kfy mef` tl the...................... la surafge fo` nrluo` wfter.

F. `ryion up D. glotfkioftilo G. plmmutilo @. D lr G

65. Lxyneo with ethymeoe kfy hemp tl iogrefse the duim`-up la………….… .F. kigrl-lrnfoisks. D. lrnfoig kftter G. slim texture @. outrieots

61. Wlim gfo de quite rfpi`my repfire` fo` reduim t .

F. ikprlve` D. iogrefse` G. erlè` @. èrnfè`

6>. Wlke dilgiès glotioue tl exist uoghfone` io the slim..................... .

F. degfuse they fre olt slmudme glkpluo`s. D. degfuse they fre kfè arlk ghekigfms.

G. degfuse they gfoolt klve iotl the gygmes la kftter. @. F & D

68. Wumphur gfo de f`è` tl fo fmcfmioe slim tl kfce it klre ................ .



99

F. aertime D. fmcfmioe G. fgiìg @. oeutrfm

69. Phe dfgterif suppmy the pmfot with oitrlneo fo` regeive eoerny arlk i t .

F. the oitrlneo D.the dfgteriuk G. the pmfot @. the suo

4:. Phe almmlwion teghoiques èsgride wfys la iogrefsion the lrnfoig gloteot fo` outrieot

stftus la slims.

F. kfterifms D. aertimity G. strugture @. sudstfoge

46. Phe auo`fkeotfm gfuse la slim ègmioe is ..................... .F. the reklvfm la surafge venetftilo. D. the exgessive use la frtiaigifm aertimizer.G. the use la ghekigfms @. the mfo` sfmioity

44. Phe nreeo kfoure grlp gfo de smfshe` twl lr three tikes whime it is nrlwion.

F. glmmegte` D. gut G. ghlppe` @. strugc

47. Phe ZH reaers tl fgiìty lr fmcfmioity whigh, io slims, is f kefsure la slmudimity la outrieots.F. size D. fdimity G. exteot @. stfo`fr`

40. Phe rllt systeks lpeo up the slim tl fir fo` wfter fo` prltegt the surafge arlk erlsilo fo`

èsiggftilo.

F. preveot D. ceep G. nufr` @. F lr D 45. ^heo wfter klves thrlunh the slim, it kfy drion………….…iotl wfter tfdme.

F. slim surafge D. pmfot outrieots G. hukus @. slim lrnfoisks

41. Wlke aruits, mice gitrus, pmuks fo` pefghes, hfve deeo dre` tl thrive lver f wiè rfone laslim fo` gmikftes.

F. èvemlp wemm D. nrlw wemm G. spef` quigcmy @. F lr D 4>. Lther trees fre klre spegifmize` io their requirekeots, e.n. tef fo` glaaee nrlw dest ft

hinh fmtituès3 glglouts wimm lomy aruit io wfrk glfstfm renilos.F. f`fpte` tl D. wemm-colwo io G. iostiogtive io @. typigfm io

48. Io dlth gfses the slim texture fo` strugture is ikprlve` dy f`ìon ...........la lrnfoig

kftter.F. mfrne qufmities D. mfrne fkluots G. mfrne qufotities @. D lr G 49. Phe kfofnekeot la trlpigfm slims iovlmves ìaaereot priogipmes arlk thlse la tekperfte

slims.F. rumes D. mfws G. wfys @. alrkumfs

7:. Prlpigfm slims glotfio f mfrne fkluot la cflmioite gmfy fo` ia they fre mlw io irlo fo`fmukioiuk, their strugture kfy de exgessivemy pllr fo` uostfdme.F. mlt D. din qufotity G. nll` qufmity @. F lr D


76. Dimm Klmmislo reglkkeo`s thft pelpme .................... tl nrlw lrnfoig all`s `l olt purghfse mfo` whigh hfs deeo use` tl nrlw dfofofs, sunfr gfoe lr ègiùlus aruit.

F. wish D. wishe` G. wishion @. F lr D 74. Klst la grlps `l olt denio tl nrlw ................ the tekperfture vfries nreftmy arlk the

lptikuk tekperfture alr nerkioftilo.F. ia D. uomess G. where @. thlunh

77. It is plssidme alr nerkioftilo ..............ft the kioikuk tekperfture, dut the see` kfy ìeia the tekperfture rises kugh fdlve lr afmms kugh demlw the lptikuk tekperfture rfone.F. tl deniooion D. tl denio G. deniooion @. denuo

70. Io seki-fri` frefs sugh fs the klosllo frefs la Olrth-west Ioìf fo` êst Farigf, grlpskfy hfve.............. fs kfoy fs einht tikes io loe sefslo.F. tl de repmfote` D. repmfote` G. tl repmfot @. deeo repmfote`

75. Hlwever fdlut 9: % la the aertimizer wfs ioslmudme fo` mfy io the slims ............... fo` is

olw resumtion io extrekemy fgi` slims fo` `yion pfstures.F. uouse D. uousion G. uouses @. uouse`



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Olt fmm wfter, hlwever, stfys lo the surafge la the efrth io the hy`rlmlnig gygme. Wlke la it

seeps iotl the nrluo` thrlunh ioaimtrftilo fo` glmmegts uoèr the efrth“s surafge fs

nrluo`wfter. Phis nrluo`wfter is extrekemy ikplrtfot tl miae lo efrth sioge 95% la the

efrth“s wfter is io the lgefos3 fo` is tll sfmty alr hukfos lr pmfots. La the 5% lo mfo`, lomy

.:5% is fdlve nrluo` io rivers lr mfces. Phe rest is uoèr-nrluo` wfter. Phis nrluo`wfter is

pmeotiaum fo` èpeo`fdme, fs it `leso“t èpeo` lo sefslofm rfio lr solw. It is the kfblr slurge

la wfter alr kfoy gities. Dut fs the plpumftilo iogrefses fo` the oee` alr wfter fmsl iogrefses,

the nrluo`wfter io slke frefs is nettion `fonerlusmy mlw. F`è` tl this prldmek is fo

iogrefsion fkluot la plmmutilo thft seeps iotl the nrluo`wfter. Io the auture, with fo

iogrefsion plpumftilo fo` klre tlxig wfste, the hy`rlmlnig gygme we èpeo` lo glum` deglke

`fonerlusmy ikdfmfoge`.

6. Gmlu`s fre alrke` arlk ...........................

F. wfter vfplr. D. evfplrftilo G. the hy`rlmlnig gygme @. nrluo`wfter

4. ^fter returos tl the efrth dy .................... .

F. ioaimtrftilo D. plmmutilo G. pregipitftilo @. evfplrftilo

7. Nrluo`wfter ...................... .

F. èpeo`s lo sefslofm rfios D. glkes arlk tlxig wfste

G. is .:5% la fmm wfter @. glmmegts uoèr the efrth

0. Phe fkluot la nrluo`wfter is ...................... .

F. fdlut 95% la fmm wfter D. mess thfo 5% la fmm wfter

G. .:5% la fdlve nrluo`wfter @. 95% la fdlve nrluo` wfter

5. Phe suppmy la nrluo`wfter is nettion mlw degfuse la ....................... .

F. gloservftilo D. tlxig wfste G. plmmutilo @. plpumftilo iogrefse

1. Phe dest titme alr this pfssfne is ..................... .

F. ^fter gloservftilo D. Phe Hy`rlmlnig GygmeG. Uoèrnrluo` ^fter @. Zlmmute` Nrluo`wfter

III. WEGPILO 72 (^rition) (45 kfrcs) F. ^rite gloìtilofm seoteoges.

6. F slim is èaigieot io gfmgiuk. Zmfot rllts ìe ft tips, lr rekfio shlrt fo` studdy.

4. F slim is èaigieot io phlsphlrlus. Fmm pfrts la pmfot stuote` io nrlwth, with dmuish-nreeomefves, pllr aruit lr see` èvemlpkeot

7. F slim is èaigieot io pltfssiuk. Zmfot tissues fre wefc, prloe tl fttfgc dy iosegt foàuonus.

0. F slim is èaigieot io irlo. yluon mefves èvemlp ghmlrlsis, veios rekfio nreeo

5. F slim is èaigieot io sumphur. Oew mefves turoion yemmlw, rllts fo` steks deglkion mlon

fo` wll`y D. ^rite glkpmex seoteoges, usion remftive prloluos lr remftive f`verds.

6. Aertimizers fre f`è` tl slim tl repmfge outrieots. Phe outrieots hfve deeo use` dy previlus grlps.

4. Irrinftilo wfter gfuses the wfter tfdme tl rise. Phe wfter is surpmus tl the grlps' oee`s.7. Ylu glum` try tl aio` f gumtivfr. It hfs f colwo resistfoge tl auonfm ìsefses fo` pmfot it

io f pmfge. Phere it regeives `ryion dreezes.0. Ylu gfo grefte ìaaereot hfditfts fo` ìversiay the rfone la pmfots fo` foikfms. Phey wimm

nrlw io ylur nfrèo.5. Phere fre severfm nll` refslos. Ylu shlum` fvli` duyion aish dy the refslo. Phe aish

hfve deeo gfunht lr rfise` usion these kethl`s.G. Glkdioe the almmlwion pfirs tl kfce f seoteoge expression glogessilo.



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6. C is olt f glostitueot la foy pmfot strugtures lr glkpluo`s. Dut it is esseotifm io oefrmyfmm prlgesses oeeè` tl sustfio pmfot miae.

4. Ylu were olt fdme tl ìfnolse the ìsefse. Dut it wlum` fssist the veteriofry surnelo iaylu glum` èsgride the sykptlks.

7. Phe fooufm rfioafmm is 6 gk per yefr. Phey kfofne tl mive wemm fo` stfy hefmthy degfuse

their slgiety kfiotfios strigt eglmlnigfm mfws.0. ^lrm` gmikftes hfve afirmy preìgtfdme wio` pftteros. Phese seek tl de ghfonion with

nmldfm wfrkion.5. Lmives preaer f kim` Keìterrfoefo gmikfte. Dut they gfo stimm de nrlwo io gllm frefs dy

pmfotion oefr f wfrk, efst-afgion wfmm with nll` `rfiofne fo` exgemmeot wio` prltegtilo. @. Glkdioe the almmlwion pfirs tl kfce glkpmex seoteoges.

6. Phe pelpme mive io sikpme hluses, duimt with ku`drigcs lr regygme` tikders fo` use slmfrfo` wio`-plwere` emegtrigity. Phe alrests here fre deion gloserve` very wemm.

4. Phe glkkuoity is mfrnemy sema-supplrtion io terk la wfter, plwer fo` all`. Phe pelpme`l olt oee` mfrne ioglkes fo` gfo eaalrt olt tl turo the mfo` iotl f aumm-sgfme afrk.

7. Zmfots fo` grlps ìe. Phey fre uofdme tl tlmerfte the hinh sfmt mevems.

0. Phe glkkuoity wfs fmmlwe` tl hfve f kumtipme lggupfogy titme tl their mfo`. Phe mlgfmfuthlrity ègmfre` thft the mfo` wfs usemess alr gloveotilofm fnrigumture.

5. Fater klre thfo teo yefrs the renrlwth is extrflrìofrimy defutiaum, fo` ioìneolusfoikfms aefrmessmy klve frluo` the resièots. Phey hfve glke tl reglnoize the mfo` fs fsfogtufry.



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§ UOIP61 TEQIWILO

I. ^lr` stu`y.6. Aio` the wlr` whigh hfve the sfke kefoion.

f. iotenrfm d. estufryg. sefde`.`. kllosgfpee. èslmftea. kussemsn. grfyaishh. ethigfm

- wiè river kluth- grfwaish- eìdme shemmaish- klrfm- èserte` fo` kiserfdme- oegessfry alr glkpmeteoess- amllr la the sef- mfo`sgfpe lo the kllo

4. Kftgh the wlr` with its èaioitilo.

f. fqufgumture d. plmygumture

g. plo``. klème. ìvera. wimèroessn. klolgumture

- fref la wim` uogumtivfte` mfo`.- systek la nrlwion f sionme fnrigumturfm grlp.

- gumtivftion kfoy ìaaereot spegies la pmfots fo` foikfms.- perslo whl ìves fo` wlrcs uoèr wfter.- f skfmm fref la stimm wfter use` fs `riocion pmfge alr gfttme lr rfision aish.- gumtivftion wfter lrnfoisks alr all`.- systek use` fs f dfsis alr f glpy.

7. Aimm io the nfps with wlr`s io the dlx.

6. iotenrfm3 ioteroftilofm3 ioterofm 4. klèro3 klèm3 klìsh7. wim`3 wio`3 wimèroess 0. fqufgumture3 plmygumture3 klolgumture

f. Phe frks fo` mens fre……………pfrts la the hukfo dl`y. d. Phe nlverokeot prlviè` f nll`.…..………afrk thft lther mlgfm futhlrities almmlwe`.

g. Phe nfrèo wfs turoion iotl f.………………fater the lwoer hf` deeo imm. `. It hfs deeo aluo` thft io fo fppme……………up tl 6::% la the fppmes gfo de ioaeste`

with gl`mion klth, dut io f………….…lomy 0% la the fppmes wimm de faaegte` dy gl`mionklth.

II. TEF@ION F6. Zre-refìon tfsc.

f. ^hft is the text fdlut< d. Hlw `l ylu uoèrstfo` the titme la the text<

FVUFGUMPUTE - PHE ^FPET ZLMYGUMPUTEIo perkfgumture, fqufgumture systeks fre renfrè` fs wfter plmygumtures, thft is, they fre

gumtivfte` wfter eglsysteks. Fmm the fquftig lrnfoisks, iogmuìon wfter pmfots, aish,

grustfgefos fo` wfter dir`s, fre ioterèpeoèot lo efgh lther fo` their eovirlokeot thrlunhall` ghfios fo` all` weds. Fo` mice fmm stfdme eglsysteks, these gumtivfte` fqufgumtures fresustfiofdme fo` hinhmy prlùgtive.

Wlke la the dest gumtivfte` fqufgumture systeks hfve deeo èvemlpe` io sluthefst Fsif. IoQietofk there fre spegifmize` fqufgumtures alr glfstfm wfters, fmlon estufries, io èmtf gfofms,io areshwfter kluotfio mfces, fo` io the hlke aish plo`s whigh fre iotenrfm pfrt la theirsustfiofdme nfrèos/afrks. Phese hinhmy glkpmex wfter systeks hfve deeo èvemlpe` lverthlusfo`s la yefrs fo` fre exgemmeot klèms alr èvemlpion sikimfr systeks io lther pfrts lathe wlrm`.

Io lther slgieties, hlwever, klst pelpme duy aish whigh hfve deeo hfrveste` arlk the seflr rfise` io glkkergifm aish afrks. Phere fre severfm nll` refslos why ylu shlum` fvli`

duyion aish whigh hfve deeo gfunht lr rfise` usion these kethl`s. Airstmy, there is fo ever-iogrefsion oukder la uosfae ghekigfms aluo` io sefall` fo` areshwfter aish. Weglo`my,



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glotioufm hfrvestion arlk mfces fo` lgefos is gfusion serilus eovirlokeotfm `fkfne. Io slkefrefs, ìvers hfve èsgride` the sefde`s fs èslmfte kllosgfpes! Ylu fre hempion tl preservethe lgefo fo` river wimèroesses wheo ylu `l olt duy glkkergifm sefall` fo` areshwfteraish.

Glkkergifm aish afrks, where loe spegies la fquftig foikfm (aish, kussems, grfyaish, etg.)

is rfise` io f klolgumture systek, fre olt f sftisafgtlry fmteroftive tl hfrvestion arlk ofturfmsysteks. Aish afrks hfve fmm the sfke prldmeks fs lther klolgumture systeks2 they requirehinh eoerny ioputs fo` kfioteofoge, fo` fre supplrte` dy f vfriety la ghekigfms.

Ylu wimm aio` there fre kfoy lther deoeaits tl de nfioe` arlk èvemlpion sustfiofdmefqufgumture systeks. Ylu kfy aeem it is olt ethigfm tl eft re` keft degfuse la theeovirlokeotfm glst la aeeìon klst la the wlrm`'s nrfio tl deea fo` pins whime kfoy pelpmefre stfrvion3 lr ylu kfy de glogeroe` fdlut mfo` ènrf`ftilo lggurrion thrlunh reklvfm laalrests la nrfzion mfo`. Fqufgumture is fmsl loe la the klst eaaigieot kethl`s la ldtfioionhinh qufmity foikfm prlteio degfuse aish2

fre glm`-dmllè` fo` `l olt use eoerny alr dl`y wfrkth, therealre they require messall` per dl`y weinht3

fre supplrte` dy wfter fo` gfo èvlte klre eoerny tl nrlwth3gfo aee` lo lrnfoig wfste sugh fs pmfot fo` foikfm resiùes3

fre gmlse tl the stfrt la the all` ghfio.^fter arlk aish plo`s gfo de use` alr irrinftilo, fs f outrieot-righ miqui` aertimizer, fo` alr

aire ainhtion. ^fter systeks io nfrèos fo` lo afrks gfo fmsl f`` tl kigrlgmikfte vfriftilo.Io tekperfte fo` trlpigfm systeks klre fqufgumture systeks fre oeeè` tl fkemilrfte

eovirlokeotfm stress degfuse they wimm fdslrd exgess outrieots, aimter slke tlxios, fo` suppmyf wièr rfone la gumtivfte` prlùgts.4. Glkpreheosilo ghegc.

f. ^hy fre fqufgumture systeks renfrè` fs wfter plmygumtures<

d. ^hft is the remftiloship detweeo fquftig lrnfoisks<g. ^here hfve the fqufgumture systeks de èvemlpe` dest io Qietofk<`. ^hft wfter spegies fre gumtivfte` klst io Qietofk<e. ^hy `l pelpme fvli` duyion aish whigh hfve deeo hfrveste` arlk the sef lr rfise` io

glkkergifm aish afrks<a. ^hft deoeaits `l pelpme nfio arlk èvemlpion sustfiofdme fqufgumture systeks<

III. NTFKKFT F. Uoèrmioe the sudlrìofte gmfuses io the almmlwion seoteoges.

6. Fater deion fdslrde` it is rfìfte` dfgc iotl the ftklsphere fs heft eoerny lr turoeìotl ghekigfm eoerny dy nreeo pmfots wheo they phltlsyothesize.

4. Foikfms gfrry lut kfoy auogtilos, loe la whigh is tl suppmy pmfot outrieots io the alrk

la kfoures.7. Ia f slim is fmklst pure gmfy lr pure sfo` theo it wimm de f 'ìaaigumt' slim io whigh tl nrlw

pmfots.0. Frtiaigifm aertimizers oee` tl de slmudme glkpluo`s sl thft pmfots gfo fdslrd the

outrieots.5. Fs the wfter tfdme rises tlwfr`s the surafge, ofturfmmy lggurrion sfmts fre ìsslmve` fo`

glogeotrfte` io the upper slim mfyer.1. Dimm Klmmislo reglkkeo`s thft pelpme wishion tl nrlw lrnfoig all`s `l olt purghfse

mfo` whigh hfs deeo use` tl nrlw dfofofs, sunfr gfoe lr ègiùlus aruit, fs these grlpswimm hfve deeo hefvimy `lses with dilgiès.

>. @ry-mfo` sfmtion is f pfrtigumfr prldmek io frefs where venetftilo hfs deeo reklve`

arlk reghfrne frefs.



6:5

8. Aertimizers fre f`è` tl slim tl repmfge outrieots thft hfve deeo use` dy previlus grlps, dmlwo fwfy lr mefghe` (wfshe` fwfy) iotl the sudslim dy rfio lr irrinftilo.

9. Ia f slim hfs f pH la 8 theo slke outrieots wimm de klre slmudme thfo lthers fo` the slimis sfi` tl de fmcfmioe.

6:. Fs these rfw kfterifms fre drlceo `lwo they deglke hukus.

D. Uoèrmioe the sudbegt fo` preìgfte, theo ègiè whigh type la seoteoge.6. Ia the alrest is mfrne eolunh it wimm laaer sfogtufry tl ioìneolus kfkkfms, dir`s fo`

reptimes.4. fo` the slim wimm skemm rltteo.7. Io lther slgieties, hlwever, klst pelpme duy aish whigh hfve deeo hfrveste` arlk the

sef lr rfise` io glkkergifm aish afrks.0. Io the gfse la fphi`s the fùmt aekfme mfys enns lo f mefa whigh deglkes the all` stlre

alr the oykphs.5. Io Qietofk there fre spegifmize` fqufgumtures alr glfstfm wfters, fmlon estufries, io

èmtf gfofms, io areshwfter kluotfio mfces, fo` io the hlke aish plo`s whigh freiotenrfm pfrt la their sustfiofdme nfrèos/afrks.

1. Ioìneolus alrests iovlmve` lver kimmilos la yefrs with fmm the pressures la ofturfmsemegtilo lperftion, sl thft aiofmmy whft we see is f hinhmy reaioe` glkpmex whigh is

defutiaummy hloe` tl survive io the surrluoìon eovirlokeot.>. Irrinftilo wfter whigh is surpmus tl the grlps' oee`s gfuses the wfter tfdme tl rise.8. It is f re`-drlwo slim whigh deglkes very hfr` wheo it is `ry.9. It is dfmfoge` sl thft it wimm de peraegtmy sema-sustfioion ia meat uoìsturde`.6:. Minht-glmlure` ldbegts fo` lrnfoisks teo` tl reamegt minht, whigh gfo theo de use` lr

fdslrde` dy lther pmfots, wfter fo` kfterifms, lr seot dfgc iotl the ftklsphere.G. glkdioe the almmlwion pfir tl kfce f glkpmex loe with foy globuogtilo.

6. Kfoure arlk glws fo` hlrses is wefcer. Phe foikfms hfve deeo stfdme` fo` urioe iskixe` with the ùon.

4. Kigrlgmikftes gfo de f righ slurge la ìversity. Ylur èsino shlum` tfce f`vfotfne lathek rfther thfo emikiofte thek.

7. Zests fre olt glotrlmme`. Phey gfo efsimy èstrly f grlp.0. Lo the whlme, foikfms eft keft sugh s ghigceos fo` pins. Phe foikfms hfve f strlon

kfoure. It shlum` de glkplste` dealre it is fppmie` tl nfrèos.5. Loe mfrne prldmek is aioìon lut the ofkes fo` nettion hlm` la vfrieties. Phey wimm

nrlw io ylur mlgfm fref.1. pelpme wishion tl nrlw lrnfoig all`s `l olt purghfse mfo`. Phe mfo` hfs deeo use` tl

nrlw dfofofs, sunfr gfoe lr ègiùlus aruit. Phese grlps wimm hfve deeo hefvimy `lseswith dilgiès.

>.

Phe slim is simcy. It wimm `rfio smlwmy fo` hlm` wfter alr f mloner tike.8. Zmfots fo` grlps ìe. Phey fre uofdme tl tlmerfte the hinh sfmt mevems.9. Zregipitftilo is rfio, solw, aln, smeet, hfim fo` arlst. Phey uoèrnl twl kfio prlgesses2

gloèosftilo fo` evfplrftilo.6:. Phere fre kfoy foikfms mivion io the slim. Phey rfone arlk kigrlsglpig lrnfoisks tl

deetmes.66. Kumghes fre kfè arlk lrnfoig kfterifms, sugh fs hfy, nrfss gmippions, strfw,

oewspfper fo` lm` wllmeo. Phey wimm nrfùfmmy f`` tl the slim lrnfoig kftter foòutrieot dfoc. Phey drefc `lwo.

64. Zmfot the tree io f pmfge. It regeives `ryion dreezes.67. Ia plssidme, use nrfate` spegies. Phey wimm defr klre hefvimy fo` the rlltstlgc wimm de

hfrìer uoèr ylur gloìtilos.



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60. Ylu fre hempion tl preserve the lgefo fo` river wimèroesses. Ylu `l olt duyglkkergifm sefall` fo` areshwfter aish.

65. Ylu gfo grefte ìaaereot hfditfts fo` ìversiay the rfone la pmfots fo` foikfms. Pheywimm nrlw io ylur nfrèo.

61. Ylu were olt fdme tl ìfnolse the ìsefse. It wlum` fssist the veteriofry surnelo ia ylu

glum` èsgride the sykptlks.6>. Phe nreeo kfoure grlp gfo de smfshe` twl lr three tikes. It is nrlwion fo` theo

ghlppe` iotl the slim dealre it amlwers fo` see`s.68. Kfoy èsert renilos fo` fri` zloes hfve deeo seositivemy kfofne` dy pelpme. Phey

trfvemme` frluo` their mfo`s. Phey huote` lr teoè` their foikfms. @. Aimm io the nfps with loe la the globuogtilos ylu hfve mefrot.

6. Lrnfoig kftter is foythion…………….wfs loge mivion, iogmuìon all` sgrfps, nrfssgmippions, hfy, strfw, mefves, sfwùst. . .

4. Ia irrinftilo is use` it is plssidme tl nrlw grlps sugh fs gfddfnes fo` tlkftles ùrionthe `ry sefslo……………. there fre aewer pests fdlut.

7. Phe pH reaers tl fgiìty lr fmcfmioity ……………., io slims, is f kefsure la slmudimity la

outrieots.0. Phe pmfge……………. ylu mive is f kigrlgmikfte la the mfrne neoerfm gmikfte.5. Phere fre kfoy foikfms mivion io the slim, ……………. ferfte the slim, grefte wfter

ghfooems, drefc `lwo mfrne klmegumes tl skfmmer loes whigh gfo de fdslrde` dy pmfotrllts .

1. Wlmudme aertimizers, …………….fre lateo f`è` renumfrmy tl the irrinftilo wfter, aurtherglotridute tl the glogeotrftilo la sfmts io the upper slim mfyer.

>. Phere fre pmfots………hfve f dfgteriuk, Thizldiuk spegies, mivion io their rllts.8. ………….there is fèqufte lxyneo theo slim teo`s tl de sweet skemmion.9. Phere fre severfm nll` refslos why ylu shlum` fvli` duyion aish……………. hfve

deeo gfunht lr rfise` usion these kethl`s.6:. Phey ferfte the slim, grefte wfter ghfooems, drefc `lwo mfrne klmegumes tl skfmmer loes

…………….gfo de fdslrde` dy pmfot rllts.66. Phis kefos they glotioue tl exist uoghfone` io the slim…………….they gfoolt klve

iotl loe la the gygmes la kftter.64. Qfrilus realrks hfve deeo ikpmekeote` io fo fttekpt tl reùge glsts, sudsiìes, fo`

the hune mevems la lverprlùgtilo……………. neoerfte` ‟“dutter kluotfio““ fo`'‟“wioe mfces““ ùrion the 69>:s fo` 698:s

67. ̂ fter io slim deglkes f wefc fgi` lr fmcfmi slmutilo, ……………. gfrries the slmudmeoutrieots thft pmfots fdslrd thrlunh their rllts.

60. …………the slim pfrtigmes fre kfiomy sfo` fo` glfrse nrfvem its texture is sfi` tl de

nritty.65. Ylu glum` try tl aio` f gumtivfr……………. hfs f colwo resistfoge tl auonfm ìsefsesfo` pmfot it io f pmfge where it regeives `ryion dreezes.

61. Ylu kfy de fdme tl nrlw fo fmklo` tree……………. ylu mive io f gllm klist gmikftesikpmy dy plsitiloion it fnfiost f suooy shemtere` wfmm.

6>. ̂ heo …………….ylu fre pmfooion the lrghfr` ylu wimm oee` tl glosièr…………….the shfpe la the kfoure trees wimm faaegt lther trees pmfote` oefrdy.

68. ……………the slim is nritty it wimm `rfio fo` `ry lut quigcmy. 69. ……… there is mittme lxyneo theo lther nfses sugh fs sumphur ìlxiè gfo duim` up.4:. Frtiaigifm aertimizers oee` tl de slmudme glkpluo`s…………….pmfots gfo fdslrd the

outrieots.



6:>

ZFTP D

I. TEF@ION D. OE^ WUWPFIOFDME GUMPUTEW

Oew sustfiofdme gumtures fre èvemlpion uoèr the pressures la extreke glosukerisk foèglmlnigfm drefc`lwo. Wlke la these oew gumtures fre gmlsemy klèmme` lo trfìtilofm tridfmgumtures. Loe exfkpme is the P'dlmi pelpme whl mive lo Kio`fofl Ismfo` io the Zhimippioes.

Phey hfve deeo fssiste` dy the Gfthlmig Ghurgh tl duy dfgc their fogestrfm mfo`s foèstfdmish hlke all` nfrèos fo` skfmm eglafrks.

Phe eglafrks fre èsinoe` airstmy tl keet the dfsig oee`s la the P'dlmi alr all` fo` shemter,fo` seglo`my tl prlviè gfsh dy semmion exgess prlùgts tl the mlgfm kfrcets. Phe eglafrksfre very sikimfr tl the perkfgumture zloes2 they iogmuè all` nfrèos, trlpigfm lrghfr`s fo`fmmey grlppion3 they remy lo foikfms alr kfoure fo` wlrc3 fo` the pelpme kfouafgture theirlwo tllms fo` afdrigs usion mlgfm kfterifms.

Phere fre kfoy lther exfkpmes la slgifm fo` eglmlnigfm experikeots where pelpme fretryion tl ghfone èstrugtive pftteros la dehfvilur fo` mfo` use. F cey tl the suggess la fmmthese sghekes is the fpprlprifteoess la the èsino tl the mfo`. Fo ioterestion exfkpme isshlwo dy the Zeorlse Zerkfgumture Glkkuoity, io the Wluthero Hinhmfo`s la OW^,

Fustrfmif. Phe glkkuoity wfs fmmlwe` tl hfve f kumtipme lggupfogy titme tl their mfo` degfuse the mlgfm nlverokeot laaige ègmfre` thft the mfo` wfs usemess alr gloveotilofmfnrigumture. Phe pelpme whl mive` there ègiè` tl hfve lomy all` nfrèos fo` tl met thelriniofm venetftilo reneoerfte. Fater klre thfo teo yefrs the renrlwth is extrflrìofrimy

defutiaum, fo` ioìneolus foikfms aefrmessmy klve frluo` the resièots degfuse they hfveglke tl reglnoize the mfo` fs f sfogtufry. Phe pelpme mive io sikpme hluses, duimt withku`drigcs lr regygme` tikders fo` use slmfr fo` wio`-plwere` emegtrigity. Degfuse theglkkuoity is mfrnemy sema-supplrtion io terk la wfter, plwer fo` all`, the pelpme `l oltoee` mfrne ioglkes fo` gfo eaalrt olt tl turo the mfo` iotl f aumm-sgfme afrk.6. Exergise 62 ^rite lut the theke la the text.

f. ^hft fre the kfio ièfs la the text< d. ^rite lut the refslos alr duimìon eglafrks lo Kio`fofl Ismfo` io the Zhimippioes fo`

io lther pmfges.g. ^hft is f cey tl the suggess la fmm these sghekes< Nive fo exfkpme la it.

II. TEF@ION G.6. Zre-refìon tfsc.

f. ^here is Gfof`f< d. ^hft is the gmikfte io Gfof`f<g. ^hft `l ylu colw fdlut the fnrigumture la Gfof`f<`. ^hft fnrigumturfm prlùgts fre plpumfr tl ylu<

ALTEWPTY FO@ AIWHION LA GFOF@F

Alrestry is f kfblr slurge la Gfof`f“s wefmth, fo` alrest prlùgts fooufmmy fggluot alrklre thfo 66 per geot la the vfmue la Gfofìfo explrts. Alrests glver slke 0.4 kimmilo sq ckla the gluotry, fo` the prlviogifm fo` aeèrfm nlverokeots lwo fdlut 9: per geot la this mfo`.Gfof`f hfs klre thfo 65: vfrieties la oftive trees3 fdlut 8: per geot la thek fre slatwll`s.Gfof`f“s fooufm tikder hfrvest io 6990 wfs fdlut 684 kimmilo gu k. Alrestry sustfios fglkpmex fo` ìversiaie` explrt fo` `lkestig ioùstry, ekpmlyion klre thfo 65:,::: pelpme.Gfof`f mef`s the wlrm` io oewspriot prlùgtilo, with fdlut 48 per geot, fo` fggluots alrklre thfo hfma la wlrm` explrts3 klst la the Gfof`f explrt is seot tl the Uoite` Wtftes. Phesfwkimm fo` pmfoion-kimm ioùstry is geotre` io Dritish Glmukdif. Vuedeg fo` Lotfril mef`the oftilo io pump fo` pfper prlùgtilo.

Phe aishion reslurges la the gluotry fre hfrveste` arlk the olrth-westero Ftmfotig fo`

olrth-efstero Zfgiaig lgefos fo` arlk the klst exteosive dlìes la aresh wfter io the wlrm`.Io the efrmy 699:s the oukder la pelpme ekpmlye` io aishion lr aish-prlgession lperftilos



6:8

wfs fpprlxikftemy 660,1::. Klst la the yefrmy lutput la the aishion ioùstry, whigh hfs fkfrcet vfmue la fdlut UW$4 dimmilo per yefr, is explrte`, kfcion Gfof`f loe la the wlrm`“s

pre-ekioeot aish explrters. Phe gftgh, whigh tltfme` slke 6.6 kimmilo tloes fooufmmy io theefrmy 699:s, iogmuès gl`, herrion, sfmklo, amluoèr, mldster, sgfmmlps, grfd, fo` reàish.4. ^rition exergise2

f. ^rite fdlut the alrest eglolky la Gfof`f. d. ^rite fdlut the aishion ioùstry la Gfof`f.

III. TEF@ION @.6. Zre-refìon tfsc.

f. ^hft `firy gfttme afrks `l ylu colw io Qietofk< d. ^here is `firy gfttme rision èvemlpion klst io Qietofk<

^HFP WHLUM@ I AEE@ KY @FITY GFPPMEPhe qufmity fo` qufotity la aee` fre io ìregt remftilo tl their kimc yiem`. It is kugh klre

prlaitfdme tl ceep aewer glws thft fre wemm ae`, thfo tl ceep f din her` fo` olt deion fdme tlaee` thek prlpermy. F glw with the neoetig fdimity tl prlùge f hinh yiem` la kimc wimm olt

peralrk fs expegte` ia olt ae` suaaigieotmy. Lo the lther hfo`, fo fverfne glw thft hfs fggesstl fo fduo`foge la hinh-qufmity aee` wimm prlùge klre kimc. Ia f glw is uoèrolurishe`, shewimm hfve f mlw kimc prlùgtilo, renfr`mess la her dreeìon.

Phere is loe ikplrtfot ìaaereoge detweeo deea gfttme fo` `firy gfttme whigh is wlrthceepion io kio`. Ia deea gfttme mlse weinht ùe tl f aee` shlrtfne, weinht gfo de renfioe`remftivemy efsimy. Hlwever, loge kimc prlùgtilo hfs ègrefse` degfuse la pllr outritilo,

prlùgtilo wimm olt reglver ia aeeìon ikprlves. Zrlvisilo alr fèqufte outritilo shlum`therealre de kfè io f`vfoge.

Aresh, mush mugeroe pfsture is the dest aee` alr `firy glws sioge it is outritilus, fduo`fot,ghefp fo` klre pfmftfdme thfo lther aee`. Vufmity pfstures glotfio fmm the outritilofmglkploeots oegessfry alr kimc prlùgtilo. Io the laa-sefslo, wheo pfstures fre olt fvfimfdme,

fèqufte lr pfrfdme, the glws gfo de ae` rlunhfne io the alrk la simfne lr hfy. Degfuse lathe uoique ìnestive systek la the glw, `firy gfttme shlum` fmwfys hfve fggess tl strfw,espegifmmy wheo ae` lo very suggumeot (wftery) alrfne. Phe qufotity la kimc prlùge` glum`

de iogrefse` sinoiaigfotmy dy suppmekeotfry aeeìon tl mfgtftion glws.4.Wpefcion. (nrlup-wlrc) Foswer the almmlwion questilo.

f. ^hft is the klst ikplrtfot la aeeìon `firy gfttme< ^hy< d. ^hft priogipme is the klst ikplrtfot tl the `firy gfttme dreeèrs<g. ^hft ìet is use` tl aee` `firy gfttme< Is thft spegifm ìet<

\\\\\\ \\\\\\

Phe use` cey is fmwfys drimmifot



6:9

PEWP 0. (Tevisilo) (sglre2 6:: kfrcs)


F. Qlgfdumfry. Ghllse the dest foswer fklon F,D,G,@.6. Phe seglo` is tl use f kethl` whigh kfiotfios suaaigieot lrnfoig kftter io the surafge slim.

F. eolunh D. mfrne G. mlts la @. D lr G

4. Phis hemps tl ceep dfses fo` phlsphftes fvfimfdme io the slim fo` ...................nll` strugtureio the surafge slim.F. ceeps D. kfiotfios G. ikprlves @. F lr D

7. Phere fre f oukder la refslos alr `fkfne` slims, hlwever the auo`fkeotfm gfuse la slimègmioe is the reklvfm la surafge venetftilo.F. ènrf`ftilo D. mlss G. erlsilo @. ègfy

0. îth the exgeptilo la ofturfm èserts, slim is fmwfys prltegte` dy venetftilo.F. eggeptilo D. exgmuìon G. expegtftilo @. iogmuìon

5. Io fo eaalrt tl hfrvest nrefter yiem`s, klre fo` klre kfrniofm mfo` hfs deeo pmlunhe` up.F. olt aertime mfo` D. e`ne lr dlrèr mfo` G. righ mfo` @. F lr D

1. Phis hfs deeo ìsfstrlus alr the slim whigh is theo meat ...................arlk foikfm hllas, wio`,rfio, glm` fo` heft.F. explse fo` uoprltegt D. explse` fo` uoprltegte`G. explsion fo` uoprltegtion @. F lr G

>. Exgessive use la frtiaigifm aertimizers hfs fmsl gfuse` slim prldmeks.F. usion tll kugh D. usion olt eolunh G. prlper use @. usufm use

8. F spegifm gfse hfs tfceo pmfge io Fustrfmif where hune fkluots la phlsphftes were f`è`tl slims tl nrlw Eurlpefo nrfsses fo` gmlvers.

F. lggurre` D. lggupie` G. hfppeoe` @. F lr G 9. Lver`lsion with aertimizer hfs fmsl me` tl the glotfkioftilo la surafge fo` nrluo` wfter.F. plmmutilo D. ikprlvekeot G. gmefosion @. areshion

6:. Exgess aertimizers whigh fre olt use` dy grlps fre ............... iotl rivers, mfces fo` strefksio ruo-laa.F. amlwe` D. tfceo G. wfshe` @. F lr G

66. Exgess aertimizer gfo fmsl de ..................... thrlunh the slim iotl the wfter tfdme.F. amlwe` D. mefghe` G. tfceo @. wfshe`

64. Fs the wfter tfdme rises tlwfr`s the surafge, ofturfmmy lggurrion sfmts fre ̀ isslmve` fo`glogeotrfte` io the upper slim mfyer.F. deglke miqui` D. deglke slmi` G. fre nfthere` @. oloe is glrregt

67. Irrinftilo wfter whigh is surpmus tl the grlps' oee`s gfuses the wfter tfdme ...................... .F. rision D. rlseo G. rise @. tl rise

60. Ofturfm sfmts fre theo ................... io the upper mfyers la the slim fs the wfter evfplrftes.F. èplsite` D. rlseo G. ìsslmve` @. glotfkiofte`

65. Wlmudme aertimizers, whigh fre lateo f`è` renumfrmy tl the irrinftilo wfter, aurtherglotridute tl the glogeotrftilo la sfmts io the upper slim mfyer.F. glmmegtilo D. gl`fosftilo G. glotridutilo @. D lr G

61. Fo fggukumftilo la dilgiès (ghekigfms use` tl cimm lrnfoisks) fmsl gfuses slim ègmioe.F. nftherion mfrne qufotity D. glogeotrftilo G. iogrese io oukder @. Fmm freglrregt

6>. Kigrlgmikfte is the sukkftilo la eovirlokeotfm gloìtilos ft f pfrtigumfr site fs faaegte`

dy mlgfm afgtlrs rfther thfo gmikftig loes.F. skfmm gmikfte D. renilofm gmikfte G. mlgfm gmikfte @. neoerfm gmikfte



66:

68. Phe renilofm gmikfte fmwfys hfs vfriftilos io tekperfture, rfioafmm, wio` spee` fo`ìregtilo, remftive hukiìty fo` minht mevems.F. ghfones D. ìaaereoges G. ìversities @. petteros

69. Mlgfm afgtlrs …………… tlplnrfphy, slim, venetftilo, strugtures fo` wfter dlìesaurther klìay the eovirlokeot.

F. sugh fs D. sl thft G. whigh @. sugh thft4:. Phe pmfge where ylu mive is f kigrlgmikfte la the mfrne neoerfm gmikfte.

F. renilofm D. mlgfm G. wlrm`-wiè @. fmm fre glrregt46. Lverfmm, kigrlgmikftes fre klre ikplrtfot thfo the renilofm lr neoerfm gmikfte io

fghievion ìverse fo` stfdme mfo`sgfpes.F. slmi` D. sustfiofdme G. defutiaum @. airk

44. Kigrlgmikftes gfo de f righ slurge la ìversity, sl ylur èsino shlum` tfce f`vfotfne la

thek rfther thfo emikiofte thek.

F. expmlit D. kfce use G. glosièr @. uoèrstfo`47. Ylu gfo grefte ìaaereot hfditfts fo` ìversiay the rfone la pmfots fo` foikfms thft wimm

nrlw io ylur nfrèo.

F. pmfges tl mive D. ofturfm eovirlokeot G. hluses @. F lr D 40. Alr exfkpme, ylu kfy de fdme tl nrlw fo fmklo` tree ia ylu mive io f gllm klist gmikfte

sikpmy dy plsitiloion it fnfiost f suooy shemtere` wfmm.

F. pmfotion D. ceepion G. puttion @. stlrion45. Zltfssiuk is colwo tl pmfy f vitfm rlme io phltlsyothesis, renumftilo la pmfot plres,

fgtivftilo la pmfot gftfmysts (eozykes) fo` kfoy lther prlgesses.F. esseotifm tl existeoge D. mivemy G. `yofkig @. eoernetig

41. Zmfots èaigieot io C gfoolt use wfter fo` lther outrieots arlk either slim lr aertimizereaaigieotmy.F. mfgcion D. ioglkpmete G. ioeèqufte @. F lr G

4>. Zmfots èaigieot io C fre ...............tl eovirlokeotfm stresses sugh fs `rlunht, exgess wfter,wio`, fo` hinh fo` mlw tekperftures.F. mess tlmerfot D. kugh tlmerfot G. klre tlmerfot @. detterresistfot

48. Fmsl, pmfots èaigieot io C fre mess resistfot tl pest fo` ìsefse fttfgc.F. uofaaegte` D. uoprltegte` G. `fkfne` @. oloe is glrregt

49. Zltfsh is colwo fs the qufmity outrieot degfuse la its ikplrtfot eaaegts lo sugh afgtlrs fssize, shfpe, glmlur, tfste fo` shema miae.F. ioamueoges D. faaegts G. auogtilos @. vfmues

7:. Klst virnio slims ioitifmmy glotfio fèqufte C alr fverfne grlp yiem`s.F. ofturfm D. kfrniofm G. lriniofm @. F lr G

76. Klst slims deglke èaigieot io Cfs f resum t

la grlp ioteosiaigftilo.F. thus D. degfuse G. sioge @. D lr G 74. Phe kfblr afgtlr ................. tl the èpmetilo la slims is ioteosive grlppion.

F. glotridution D. glotridute` G. glotridutes @. glotridutilo77. Alr these refslos glotioue` ioteosiaigftilo la fnrigumture withlut the ''dfmfoge`'' use la

pltfsh is olt plssidme.F. f afrkion kethl` D. f spegies la grlp G. f cio` la prlùgt @. f type la kfoure

70. Klst èvemlpion gluotries fre olt fppmyion aertimizers io prlper outrieot rftils(prlplrtilo) fo` fre therealre ''kioion '' slim C.F. fverfne D. hinh G. mlw @. rinht

75. Fdlut twl-thir`s la Ioìf“s plpumftilo èpeo`s lo the mfo` .............. f mivion.

F. tl `l D. `lion G. tl kfce @. kfcion71. Fnrigumture neoerftes fo estikfte` 48 per geot la nrlss `lkestig prlùgt (N@Z).



666

F. gumtivftes D. nrlws G. prlùges @. glotridutes7>. Phe rfision la mivestlgc, pfrtigumfrmy hlroe` gfttme , is f geotrfm aefture la the fnrigumturfm

eglolky.F. ghigceos, ùghes D. pins, nlfms G. duaafml, hlrses @. F & D

78. Phese foikfms, mice duaafmles, hlrses fo` kumes, fre utimize` prikfrimy fs defsts la durèo.

F. use` D. useaum G. usemess @. usfne79. Phe gluotry“s >8 kimmilo duaafml fre mfrnemy rfise` io the èmtf renilos.

F. iogrefse` D. friseo G. èvemlpe` @. dre`0:. Io the `ry renilos la Zuobfd fo` Tfbfsthfo gfkems fre the pri ogipfm defsts la durèo .

F. mfrne foikfms D. use` alr gfrryion hefvy mlf`sG. use` alr all` @. use` fs trfosplrt kefos


06. It is dest stfrt laa with hfr`y mlgfmmy-prlveo spegies ............. fre colwo tl nrlw wemm ioylur fref.F. they D. whigh G. where @. hlw

04. Aiofmmy, io mfter yefrs, ............. the slim fo` kigrlgmikfte hfve deeo klìaie` dy the trees

ylu hfve pmfote`, ylu gfo f`` klre peripherfm spegies tl tfce f`vfotfne la sugh afgtlrs.F. whigh D. whlse G. whime @. wheo

07. Ia ylu colw the spegies, nelnrfphigfm lrinio ylu kfy de fdme tl klìay ylurkigrlgmikfte.........F. tl suit. D. suitfdme G. suitfdimity @. suite`

00. Fmthlunh fmklo`s preaer f kim` Keìterrfoefo gmikfte................. gfo stimm de nrlwo iogllm frefs dy pmfotion oefr f wfrk, efst-afgion wfmm with nll` `rfiofne fo` exgemmeotwio` prltegtilo.F. whigh D. it G. thft @. they

05. Ylu glum` try tl aio` f gumtivfr ................. hfs f colwo resistfoge tl auonfm ìsefses fo` pmfot it io f pmfge ............ it regeives `ryion dreezes.F. where/whigh D. whigh/thft G. where/thft @. whigh/where

01. Phe almmlwion tfdme shlws the gmikftig lrinios la f rfone la .................. aruit trees fo` theklst èsirfdme pmfgekeot la these trees fmlon f smlpe.F. gumtivfte D. gumtivftilo G. gumtivftion @. gumtivfte`

0>. Io kfoy gfses, the aruits io loe gmikfte nrlup gfo de nrlwo io the gmikfte .........io the oextglmuko.F. miste` D. mistion G. mist @. mists

08. .................., kfoy èsert (hlt, `ry) spegies gfo de nrlwo io keìterrfoefo gmikftes.F. Zfrtigumfrmy D. Io pfrtigumfr G. Zfrtigumfr @. F lr D

09. Fater ylu .................lo the dest plsitilo alr the trees fgglrìon tl the smlpe

ghfrfgteristigs, ylu gfo theo ghegc the almmlwion mist.F. ègiè` D. ègiè G. hfve ègiè` @. F lr G 5:. Phe airst ègiùlus trees tl `rlp their mefves fre pmfge` io arlot (tlwfr`s the suo) la

.............`rlp their mefves mfter io the sefslo, lr whigh fre evernreeo.F. thlse thft D. thlse G. thft @. whigh

56. Wkfmm trees fre pmfote` io arlot la mfrner trees .................. they fre olt dmlgce` arlk thesuo.F. degfuse D. wheo G. sl @. thlunh

54. ..............C is olt f glostitueot la foy pmfot strugtures lr glkpluo`s, it is esseotifm iooefrmy fmm prlgesses oeeè` tl sustfio pmfot miae.F. Hlwever D. Degfuse G. Fmthlunh @. Ia

57. Phe auogtilos la C io the pmfot fre sl oukerlus fo` glkpmex ............... tl the preseot `fykfoy la thek fre stimm olt aummy uoèrstll`.



664

F. whigh D. thft G. thlse @. F lr D 50. Vufmity la pltfsh èaigieot pmfots ............... fmsl pllr.

F. fre D. were G. is @. F lr D 55. Io frefs la hinh tekperfture fo` hinh rfioafmm klst slims fre mlw io oftive C, ..................

slims io mlw rfioafmm frefs fre lateo hinh io C.

F. dut D. whime G. wherefs @. fmm fre glrregt

II. WEGPILO 4. (Tefìon glkpreheosilo) (7: kfrcs)

Tefìon 6. A im m io the nfps with niveo phrfses demlw.

f. tl `ry alr f aew hlurs

d. ikplssidme tl pfiot thek prlpermy

g. prlùge` espegifmmy alr this purplse

`. pruoion kfy de `loe tl kfce sure

e. whigh hfs deeo pruoe` skllth fo` gmefo

a. withlut ioteraereoge arlk the mefves

n. wheo the tree is ft risc

h. thft fre dmlgcion up the geotre

i. pruoion iovlmves the guttion fwfy la lvernrlwo fo` uowfote` drfoghes

b. ylu kfy gut lut ìsefse` lr èf` wll`, lr drfoghes

Prees shlum` lomy de pruoe` wheo there is f nll` fo` gmefr refslo alr `lion sl fo`,

alrtuoftemy, the oukder la sugh refslos is skfmm. …..(6)….., fo` the ioexperieoge` nfrèoer

gfo de eoglurfne` dy the thlunht thft klre `fkfne resumts arlk `lion it uooegessfrimy thfo

arlk mefvion the tree tl nrlw io its lwo wfy.

Airst, …..(4)….. thft trees hfve f èsire` shfpe lr size. Phe ldbegt kfy de tl net f tree la

the rinht heinht, fo` ft the sfke tike tl hemp the nrlwth la skfmm siè drfoghes, whigh wimm

thigceo its fppefrfoge lr nive it f spegifm shfpe. Weglo`my, pruoion kfy de `loe tl kfce thetree hefmthier. …..(7)…... thft fre ruddion fnfiost efgh lther fo` thus gfusion wluo`s. Phe

hefmth la f tree kfy de eoglurfne` dy reklvion drfoghes …..(0)….. fo` sl preveotion the

aree klvekeot la fir.

Loe resumt la pruoion is thft fo lpeo wluo` is meat lo the tree fo` this prlviès fo efsy

eotry alr ìsefse, dut it is f wluo` thft wimm hefm. Lateo there is f rfge detweeo the hefmion fo`

the ìsefse fs tl whether the tree wimm mive lr ìe, sl thft there is f peril` …..(5)….. . It shlum`

de the fik la every nfrèoer tl reùge thft risc la èfth fs afr fs plssidme. It is esseotifm tl

kfce the fref …..(1)….., alr hefmion wimm de smlwe` `lwo dy rlunhoess. Ylu shlum` fmmlw

the gut surafge …..(>)….. fo` theo pfiot it with loe la the sudstfoges fvfimfdme arlk nfrèo

shlps …..(8)….. . Zruoion is usufmmy `loe io wioter, alr theo ylu gfo see the shfpe la the treegmefrmy …..(9)….. fo` it is, tll very uomicemy thft the guts ylu kfce wimm dmee`. Ia this `les

hfppeo, it is, la glurse, …..(6:)…...

Tefìon 4. A im m io the nfps with niveo wlr`s io the dlx.

prevfimion 3 reglrè` 3 whigh 3 fooufm 3 gfuses 3 thft

glke 3 glkpution 3 glkdioe` 3 hlwever 3 thfo 3 rfioafmm

Zregipitftilo, glkklomy reaerre` tl fs …(6)…, is f kefsure la the qufotity la wfter io the

alrk la either rfio, hfim, lr solw …(4)… refghes the nrluo`. Phe fverfne fooufm

pregipitftilo lver the whlme la the Uoite` Wtftes is thirty-six ioghes. It shlum` de uoèrstll`…(7)…, thft f allt la solw is olt equfm tl f allt la pregipitftilo. F neoerfm alrkumf alr



667

…(0)… the pregipitftilo la solwafmm is …(5)… teo ioghes la solw is equfm tl loe iogh la

pregipitftilo. Io Oew Ylrc Wtfte, alr exfkpme, tweoty ioghes la solw io loe yefr wlum` de

…(1)… fs lomy twl ioghes la pregipitftilo. Alrty ioghes la rfio wlum` de reglrè` alrty

ioghes la pregipitftilo. Phe tltfm …(>)… pregipitftilo wlum` de reglrè` fs alrty-twl ioghes.

Phe fkluot la pregipitftilois f …(8)… resumt la severfm afgtlrs, iogmuìon mlgftilo,

fmtituè, prlxikity tl the sef, fo` the ìregtilo la …(9)… wio`s arlk the Zfgiaig Lgefo, the

Numa la Kexigl, the Ftmfotig Lgefo, fo` the nreft mfces. Degfuse these prevfimion wio`s

neoerfmmy …(6:)… arlk the êst, the Zfgiaig Glfst regeives klre fooufm pregipitftilo

…(66)… the Ftmfotig Glfst. Fmlon the Zfgiaig Glfst itsema, hlwever, fmtituè …(64)… slke

ìversity io rfioafmm.

Tefìon 7. Ghllse the dest foswer fklon F,D,G,@.

Phe dl`y la oefrmy amlwerion pmfots gfo de èviè` iotl twl systeks, the rllt systek

whigh nrlws demlw nrluo` fo` the shllt systek whigh nrlws fdlve it. Phe typigfm rllt

systek foghlrs the pmfot airkmy io the slim, fo` fdslrds wfter fo` vfrilus ìsslmve` rfw

kfterifms arlk it. Phe typigfm shllt systek glosists la f kfio stek uplo whigh fre dlroemefves, drfogh shllts, fo` slketikes amlwers. It shlum` de ekphfsize` thft the wlr` stek

fo` shllt fre olt syoloyklus, the wlr` ”shllt“ deion f glmmegtive terk alr dlth stek fo`

mefves. Phe mefves fre the ghiea all`-prlùgion lrnfos la the pmfot, kfcion glkpmex all`s io

the preseoge la minht dy f prlgess gfmme` phltlsyothesis. Phe stek supplrts the mefves,

ìspmfyion thek io the minht oeeè` alr phltlsyothesis, fo` fmsl fgts fs the kfio ghfooem la

glkkuoigftilo detweeo the vfrilus lrnfos la the pmfot. ^fter fo` ìsslmve` kioerfms

fdslrde` dy the rllts fre gfrrie` io the stek tl the mefves fo` amlwers, fo` all`s syothesize`

io the mefves fre gloùgte` fwfy thrlunh the stek tl lther renilos la the pmfot, dlth fdlve

fo` demlw nrluo`, where they fre either use` alr nrlwth lr emse stlre` alr auture use. Amlwers

fre lrnfos thft fre glogeroe` with the reprlùgtilo la the spegies dy see`s.6. îth whft tlpig is the pfssfne prikfrimy glogeroe`<

F. Hlw pmfot prlùge see`s D. @iaaereot types la amlwers

G. Phe strugture la pmfots @. Hlw mefves nrlw

4. Fgglrìon tl the pfssfne, whft is loe kfio auogtilo la the rllt systek<

F. Pl fdslrd minht alr nrlwth D. Pl grefte kioerfm alr outritilo

G. Pl spee` the reprlùgtilo prlgess @. Pl segure the pmfot io the nrluo`

7. îth whigh la the almmlwion wlum` the futhlr de klst micemy tl fnree<

F. Phe shllt is pfrt la the stek D. Phe stek is pfrt la the shllt

G. Phe stek fo` the shllt fre ièotigfm @. Phe stek is olt pfrt la f amlwerion pmfot

0. Phe kfblr all`-prlùgion pfrt la f pmfot is the .................. .

F. mefa D. rllt G. amlwer @. shllt

5. Phe futhlr ikpmies thft pmfots with amlwers ............................ .

F. fre micemy tl hfve mlon rllt D. fre olt reprlùgion lrnfoisks

G. gfo de nrlwo arlk see`s @. fre the klst defutiaum la fmm pmfots

1. ^hft ̀ i` the pfrfnrfph pregeìon the pfssfne klst prldfdmy ìsguss<

F. Phe foftlky la aruit-defrion trees D. Kethl`s la iogrefsion pmfot prlùgtilo

G. Phe èaioitilo la f pmfot dl`y @. Phe ìaaereoges detweeo amlwers fo` mefves

III. WEGPILO 72 (^rition) (45 kfrcs)

F. Ghfone the almmlwion seoteoges iotl the pfssive alrk.6. Phey hfve pmfooe` tl duim` slke rudder pmfotftilos io himm frefs.



660

4. ê hfve ègiè` tl pmfot the amlwers io plts.7. Phey ioteo` tl ghfone the pmfo alr the afrk.0. Phe afrker rekekders deion tfunht the teghoique tl ikprlve uohefmthy slims.5. Phey shlum` tfce f`vfotfnes la wim` eoerny tl kfce emegtrigity.

D. Glkdioe the almmlwion pfirs tl kfce f seoteoge expression purplse.

6. Zmefse, shut the nfte. I `lo“t wfot the hlrses net lut la the aiem`. 4. Frtiaigifm aertimizers oee` tl de slmudme glkpluo`s. Zmfots gfo fdslrd the outrieots.7. Ylu shlum` pmfot f ìverse rfone la spegies. Ol loe pest gfo fttfgc fmm the trees.0. He tries tl èsino f nll` eglsystek alr his nfeèo. He wfots the oew spegies la pmfots tl

nrlw wemm there.5. Phe nlverokeot hfs alrdi`èo purghfsion lr usion prlùgts arlk wim` foikfms. Phey

wfote` the wim` foikfms tl de aummy prltegte`.G. Glkdioe the almmlwion pfirs tl kfce f oew glkpmex seoteoge, usion the globuogtilos ylu

hfve mefrot dealre. 6. Phe wfter tfdme rises tlwfr`s the surafge. Ofturfmmy lggurrion sfmts fre ìsslmve` fo`

glogeotrfte` io the upper slim mfyer.

4. Kumghes fre kfè arlk lrnfoig kfterifms, sugh fs hfy, nrfss gmippions, strfw… . Pheywimm nrfùfmmy f`` tl the slim lrnfoig kftter fo` outrieot dfoc. Phe kumghes drefc `lwo.

7. Phe minht wfs fdslrde`. It is rfìfte` dfgc iotl the ftklsphere fs heft eoerny lr turoeìotl ghekigfm eoerny dy nreeo pmfots. Phey phltlsyothesis.

0. Phe nreeo kfoure grlp gfo de smfshe` twl lr three tikes. It is nrlwion fo` theo ghlppeìotl the slim. It amlwers fo` see`s.

5. Ylu kfy aeem it is olt ethigfm tl eft re` keft degfuse la the eovirlokeotfm glst la aeeìonklst la the wlrm`'s nrfio tl deea fo` pins. Kfoy pelpme fre stfrvion3 lr ylu kfy deglogeroe` fdlut mfo` ènrf`ftilo lggurrion thrlunh reklvfm la alrests la nrfzion mfo`.

1. Phe pelpme mive io sikpme hluses, duimt with ku`drigcs lr regygme` tikders fo` use slmfrfo` wio`-plwere` emegtrigity. Phe alrests here fre deion gloserve` very wemm.

>. Phe glkkuoity is mfrnemy sema-supplrtion io terk la wfter, plwer fo` all`. Phe pelpme`l olt oee` mfrne ioglkes fo` gfo eaalrt olt tl turo the mfo` iotl f aumm-sgfme afrk.

8. Zmfots fo` grlps ìe. Phey fre uofdme tl tlmerfte the hinh sfmt mevems.9. Kfoy èsert renilos fo` fri` zloes hfve deeo seositivemy kfofne` dy pelpme whl

trfvemme` frluo` their mfo`s. Phey huote` lr teoè` their foikfms.6:. Phe glkkuoity wfs fmmlwe` tl hfve f kumtipme lggupfogy titme tl their mfo`. Phe mlgfm

nlverokeot laaige ègmfre` thft the mfo` wfs usemess alr gloveotilofm fnrigumture.



665

I. Oew vlgfdumfry2fdlrt (v) 2 sæø

thfi

fdlrtilo (o) 2 sásæøy thfi

fdslrd (v) 2 hæò

thu

fggeptfdimity (o) 2 chfë oêo

ghæòp ohæóo

fggluot alr (v) 2 ghiçòk t

mçó, nifëi trâ

fghieve (v) 2 äfó

äáåýg thfíoh qufë

fgiìty (o) 2 f-xât

f`fpt (v) 2 thâg

onhi

ferfte (v) 2 mfí

thàon châ

faaegt (v) 2 fëoh háåëon

fmcfmi (f`b.) 2 ciçñk

fmmey (o) 2 onlï heïk,

màòi äi glì tràñon gæy

fmmlgftilo (o) 2 sáó gh

äãoh

fkeofdme (f`b.) 2 ghãu äáåýg

foghlrfne (o) 2 dfìk ghêót,

niáï ghêótfooufm (f`b.) 2 hfíon oêk,

dîoh quæo oêk

fphi`s (o) 2 rçóp váíon

fqufgumture (o) 2 ouài tràño

thuyë sfëo

fri` (f`b.) 2 ch

gêôo, và vã

frthrlpl`s (o) 2 äàýon væó

ghæo äàòt

fspegt (o) 2 kêót, dîo

ìçóofttekpt (o) 2 `á

äãoh, yì äàñ

funer (o) 2 gfì

chlfo

dfgcdloe (o) 2 xáåon sàòon

dfmfoge (o) (v) 2 sáó gæ

dêôon, gæo äàòi

deetme (o) 2 dl

gfìoh gáìon

deoeait (o) 2 måý

ohuæóodeylo` (pre.) 2 váåý

mfo`sgfpe (o) 2 gfëoh qufo,

phlon gfëoh

mfrvf (o) 2æòu truíon

mfterite (o) 2

äfì lon

mfyer (o) 2

tæñon, måìp

mefgh (v) (o) 2 mlý

quf

mevee (o) 2

glo äç

mike (o) 2

vàimikestloe (o) 2 äf

vài

mivestlgc (o) 2 ghê

ouài

mivion lrnfoisk (o) 2 sioh væó

sàòon

mllse (o) 2 äæòt xàòp,

kçñk, chàon ghêót

kfiotfio (v) 2

ùy trî

kfkkfm (o) 2 äàýo

væót glì vuì

kfrniofm mfo` (o) 2 äæòt ve

dåí

kfture (f`b.) 2

tráåëon thfíoh

kfturity (o) 2

tráåëon thfíoh

kefsure (o) (v) 2 niåìi hfóo,

tiçu ghuæøo 3 äl

keghfoizftilo (o) 2 gå niåì

hlfì

kerner (o) 2 sáó håýohæòt

ketfklrphlsis (o) 2 sáó diçòo

hîoh

kethl`lmlny (o) 2 hçó pháåo

phfìp

kigrlsglpig (f`b.) 2 ræòt ohlë

kirfgme (o) 2 äiçñ

thfíoh ìçóu

klèm (o) 2 kæùu,

kà hîoh

klèrfte (v) 2äiçñu hlfí



661

qufì, phâf dço cif

dilgiè (o) 2 thuàò

tráí sæu

dmll` sfkpme (o) 2 kæùu kfìu

dluo`fry (o) 2 rfoh niåìi

drefc`lwo (o) 2 ráó tfo rfï,

thæòt dfói

drugemmlsis(o) 2dçóoh sæøy thf

truyçño ohiçùk

gfmves (o) 2 dç glo

gfrry lut (v) 2 tiçòo hfíoh,

äfon tháóg hiçóo

gfsh grlp (o) 2 oàon sfë

hfíon hlfì

gftfmyst (o) 2 ghæòt xuì

tfìg

gftghkeo (o) 2 máu váóg sàon,

sáó `æùo oáåìg

gefse (v) 2 `áíon,

onáíon (hlfót äàýon)

ghfrfgteristig (o) 2 tâoh ghæò

äêóg tráon

gmfik (v) 2 gào

dàò, ghl rêôon

gmefos (v) 2 mfí

sfógh

gmefose (v) 2 mfí

trlon sfógh

gmippion (o) 2 gêõt rfglfrse (f`b.) 2 thà,

måìo

glmfpse (v) 2 suóp äà

glmlstruk (o) 2 sáïf olo

glkdioe (v) 2 cçòt håýp,

oàòi mfói våìi ohfu

glkpfgt (f`b.) 2 äêóg, `fíy,

rêõo ghêõg

glkploeots (o) 2 håýp ghæòt,

thfíoh phæñoglkpluo` (o) 2 håýp ghæòt,

phæo táë

glogeotrftilo (o) 2 sáó tæó

truon

glogept (o) 2 chfì

oiçók

gloairk (v) 2 chê÷o

äãoh mfói

glonmlkerftes (o) 2 chàòi miç

cçòt

gloiaerlus (f`b.) 2 mlfí

tuíon dfìgh

klìay (v) 2 mfík thf

äàøi, diçòo äàøi

klisture (o) 2 hå

oáåìg, håi æøk

klolgumture (o) 2 äàý

gfoh

klosllo (o) 2 nil

kuíf

kllosgfpe (o) 2 gfëo

guon trêon

kumgh (o) 2 äà

ghe phuë

kumgh (v) 2 phu

dàøi, ghe äæóy

kusgme (kusgume) (o) 2gå dêõp

kussems (o) 2 gl

veók, slí

oitrfte (o) 2

oitårft

oitrlneo suppmy (o) 2 sáó guo

gæòp äfók

outrieot (o) 2

ghæòt ìoh `áåïon

oykph (o) 2 gl

ohàýon

lggupfogy (o) 2 sáó g

onuó, ghiçòk háïu

lrfm `lsion (o) 2 gh

uàòon thuàòglrnfoig kftter (o) 2 ghæò

háëu gå

lrnfoisk (o) 2 sio

væót, gå thçø

lutset (o) 2

onfy táí äæñu

lverprlùgtilo (o) 2 sfëo xuæò

tháíf

pf``y (o) 2 ruàýo

muìf

pfmftfdme (f`b.) 2 onlo, mfí`çù ghãu

pfrtigme (o) 2 hfó

ohlë, kæùu

peft slim (o) 2 äæò

thfo duío

peoetrfte (v) 2 thæò

quf, xuyço quf

perglmftilo (o) 2 sáó thæò

quf (oáåìg)

pereooifm (o)(f`b) 2 gæy mæ

oêk, véoh viçùo

peril` (o) 2 chlfëon thåí



66>

gloservftilo alrest(o) 2 ráío

dfël tàño

gloservemy (f`v.) 2 onáåýg mfó

glosumt (v) 2 xi

måíi chuyço guëf fi

glosuker (o) 2 onáåí

tiçu ùíon

glosukerisk (o) 2 dfël vç

quyçño måýi o.t.ùíon

glotfkioftilo (o) 2 sáó ohiçù

dçóoh

glotrfgt (v) 2 gæòp niæò

pheìp, gháìon ohæóo

gloveotilofm (f`b.) 2 tæóp tuóg,

mçó thlìi

glttlo dlmm (o) 2 quf

dàon, qufë ofon

grfyaish (o) 2 gl

tàk

grefte (v) 2 tfó

rf, sion rf

greec (o) 2 mfóg

oáåìg, sàon glo

gritigisk (o) 2 sá

phç dîoh, ghè trâgh

grlp rltftilo (o) 2 muæo gfo

gæy tràñon

grust (o) 2guóg, tfëon

gumtivfte (v) 2 gfí

gæòy, ouài tràñon

gure (v) 2

gháïf trã dçóoh

gygme (o) 2 qufy vlíon, mfí

ghuyçøo diçòo

gygmloe(o) 2 vuon nilì xlfìy,

vuíon fìp thæòp

`firy gfttme (o) 2 dl

sáïfègfy (o) (v) 2 sáó suy tfío,

phæo huyë, kuóg

ègiùlus deegh 2 gæy sàñ

ruóon mfì såìk

èglkplsitilo (o)2 sáó phæo huyë,

thàòi ráïf

ègrefse (v) 2 nifë

xuàòon

èpmetilo (o) 2 hfó

ghçò vçñ sàò máåýon

èplsite (v) 2 mêõo

äàýon

nifo, th íi cyí

peripherfm spegies (o)2 niàòo

onlfíi vuíon

pest (o) 2 sæ

hfói

pestigiès (o) 2 thuàò

tráí sæu

pierge (v) 2 ghlý

thuëon, chleìt màù

pmfgeotf (pmfgeotfe) 2 ohf

thfi

pmfio (f`b.) 2

thuæño

pmfio (o) 2 äàñon dêôo

pmlunh (v) 2 gfíy,

xåìi

plmigy (o) 2 ghâoh sfìgh

plmygumture (o) 2 äf gfo

plo` (o) 2 fl,

hàñ

plre (o) 2 mà

châ åë mfì gæy

pre`lkiofot (f`b.) 2 ghiçòk á

thçò

preaerfdme (f`b.) 2 thâg

ohæòt

prenofot (o) 2 äfon kfo

thfi

preseoge (o) 2 sáó hiçóìçóo, glì kêót

preserve (v) 2 ùy trî, äç

`fíoh, äêót tráåìg

pressure (o) 2 fì

suæòt, fìp máóg

preveot (v) 2 phlío

trfìoh, onêo gfëo

prige (o) 2 nifì gfë

prlgess (o) 2 quf

trîoh

prlùge (v) 2 sfëxuæòt

prlùgt (o) 2 sfë

phæøk

prloluoge` (f`b.) 2 ræòt hiçø

ohiço, rlï rfíon

prltegt (v) 2 dfë

vçó

prlviè (v) 2 guo

gæòp

pupf (o) 2 gl

ohàýon

purview (o) 2 ohfëo qufo,



668

èserts (o) 2 hlfo

kfóg

èsirfdme(f`b) 2fl áåìg,

triçøo vlýon

èslmfte (f`b.) 2 hlfon v

mfóoh meïl

èstrly (v) 2 tfí

phfì

èterkioe (v) 2 xfìg äãoh

ìn (v) 2

äfíl, xåìi

ìsgero (v) 2 ohæó

tháìg rlï, phæo diçót

ìver (o) 2 thå

mêóo

`lkestig(f`b.) 2thuàýg oàý

äãf, trlon oáåìg

`rfiofne (o) 2 sáó ruì

oáåìg, sáó tiçu oáåìg

ùe tl (f`v) 2 `l, vî

ùst (v) 2

mfík sfógh duói

`wemmion (o) 2 sá

åë, ghàù åë, ohfí åë

eglafrk (o) 2 oào

tfon sioh thfìi

eglmlnist (o) 2 ohf

sioh thfìi hlýg

eglsystek (o) 2 hçó siothfìi

eaaigieogy (o) 2 hiçó

qufë

ekphfsis (o) 2 tæñk quf

trlýon, ohæòo nilýon

ekpmly (v) 2 mfl äàýon,

mfík viçóg

ekplwer (v) 2 trf

quyçño, ghl pheìp

eogmlse (v) 2 rfí

qufoh, náïi ceíkeoèkig (o) 2 dçóo

truyçño ohiçùk

equity (o) 2 tâo

gàon dêôon

erlè (v) 2 xlì

klío

estufry (o) 2 gáë

sàon

ethig (f`b.) 2 thuàý

tàýg onáåíi, và thæño

gfrion (f`b.) 2 ghu äfìl

ethigfm (f`b.) 2 thuàýg vç

tæñk hiçøu diçòt

qultfs (o) 2 ghè tiçu

rfise (v) 2 mfík têon mço,

ouài tràñon

refslofdme (f`b.) 2 håýp myì

regtiay (v) 2 sáëf mfó

ghl äuìon

regygme (v) 2 tfìi ghçò,

mfík muæo ghuyçøo

reìstridutilo (o) 2 phæ

phàòi

reaioe (v) 2 nfó

mlýg

renfio (v) 2 hàñ

phuóg, thu mfói äáåýg

reneoerfte (v) 2 tfì

sioh, phuóg hàñi

renumfr (f`b.) 2

tháåíon xuyço

remefse (v) 2 thfë

rf, thlfìt rf

reklvfm (o) 2 thfo

tlfìo hçòt, `lýo sfógh

reolwoe` (f`b.) 2 oàøi tiçòo

reptime (o) 2 mlfí

dlí sfìt

respirftilo (o) 2 hà hæòp,

thåëretfio (v) 2 gháìf, niáï

retfr` (v) 2 mfí

ghæók mfói

rllts (o) 2 nàòg, rçù

rlltstlgc (o) 2 dàý rçù

rltteo (f`b.) 2 thàòi ráïf,

kuóg ofìt, heìl tfío

sfogtufry (o) 2 oåi truì æøo,

chu dfël tàño

sfwùst (o) 2 kuío gáfsgheke (o) 2 pháåon sfìgh, y

äàñ, äçñ fìo

sgrfps (o) 2 mlfó

thfëi

sefde` (o) 2 äfì

diçøo

see` (o) 2 hfó

niàòon

sequeoge (o) 2 sá

miço tuóg, miço tiçòp

shfè (o) 2 hîoh,

hîoh `fóon



669

äfól äáìg, tæk mioh

evfplrftilo (o) 2 sáó dàò

håi

evlmutilo (o) 2 sá

tiçòo hlfì

exgee` (v) 2 váåý

qufì niåìi hfóo

exgessive (f`b.) 2 `á,

tháíf

exlscemetlo (o) 2 dà

xáåon onlfíi (dlý)

explse (v) 2 phå

rf, màý rf

exteo` (v) 2 kå

ràýon

afdrig (o) 2 gàon trîo

x`,gå gæòu, vfëi vlìg

afgtlr (o) 2 yçòu tàò

amft fref (o) 2

vuíon äæòt dêôon phê÷on

amfvlur (f`b.) 2 háåo

vã

amui` (o) 2

mlëon, `çù ghfëy

alrge la nrfvity (o) 2 trlýo

máóg, sáìg huìt

alraeit (v) 2

trfë nifì

alrkumfte (v) 2 gàotháìg hlfì

arfgtilo (o) 2 phæ

sàò, thfíoh phæño

arfnkeots (o) 2 kfëoh,

chuìg, älfóo

aree la (f`b.) 2 chàon d

mæy ohiçùk dçóoh

arifdme (f`b) 2 `ç

våï

auonfm (f`b.) 2 oæò

(næy dçóoh)auture neoerftilo (o) 2 thçò hç

táåon mfi

nestftilo (o) 2

thåíi cyí thfi onheìo

nmfre (f`b.) 2

fìoh oêõon ghlìi ghfon

nrfat (o) 2

nheìp gæy

nrfot (o)(v) 2 trå

gæòp, dfo, ghl

nrfvem (o) 2 hfó

slëi

shema miae (o) 2 th í

hfóo sáë ùóon

shemter (o) 2 ghà

æøo ofìu, oáåon táóf

shemterdemt tree (o) 2 gæy mfí

oåi truì onuó

shrioc (v) 2 gl mfói

site (o) 2 ghàù,

vã trâ, äãf äiçùk

smlpe (o) 2 äæò

triçño `àòg

slmfr eoerny (o) 2 oêon máåýon

kêót tråíi

slmudme (f`b.) 2 hlfí tfo

slmudme outrieot 2 ghæòt ìo

`áåïon hlfí tfo

slmutilo (o) 2 ùon `ãgh,

sáó hlfí tfo

slw (v) 2 niel hfót

stfdme (f`b.) 2 váïo

ghêõg

stfmc dlrer(o) 2 äuóg thæ

(sæu)

stfo`fr` (o) 2 ghuæø

káóg, tiçu ghuæøo

stfo`pliot (o) 2 qufo äiçùk

stek (o) 2 thæo gæy

stewfr`ship (o) 2 gáåon v

qufëo myìstlrfne (o) 2 sáó dfë

qufëo, sáó gæòt niáï

stlre (v) 2 má

niáï, gæòt niáï

strfw (o) 2 råk rfó

stress (o) 2 sáì

eìp3 sáó gêon thê÷on

strive (v) 2 gà

nêõon, phæòo äæòu

strugture (o) 2 gæò

truìgsudsiìes (o) 2 tiçño trå

nifì, phuó gæòp

sudsisteoge (o) 2 sáó tàñ

tfói, sioh cçò

sudslim (o) 2 tæñon äæò

gfìi (`áåìi äæòt kêót)

sudstitutilo (o) 2 sáó thf

thçò

sugc (v) 2 huìt

sumphur (o) 2 máu huyíoh

suppmekeot (o) 2 sáó guo

gæòp, dàø suon



64:

nritty (f`b.) 2 gl

sfóo

nummy (o) 2 rfëoh oáåìg,

káåon, kfìon

hfditft (o) 2 kài tráåío

slìon, ghàø åë, ohfí

hfr`y 2 gl

sáìg sàòon tàòt

hfrkloilus (f`b.) 2 hfíi hlfí,

hlfí thuæóo

hfrvest (o)(v) 2 kuíf vuó,

thu hlfógh

hftgh (o)(v) 2 sáó æò

tráìon, tráìon oåë

hfy (o) 2 gl

chà

her` (o) 2 dæñ

äfío (nif suìg)

hloe (o)(v) 2 guóg äf

kfíi, kfíi ùóon guó

hloe (v) 2 kfí

dêôon äfì kfíi

hlla (o) 2 klìon,

vlì

hukus (o) 2 äæò

kuío

huot (v) 2 sê

dêõo

hydri` strfio (o) 2 niàñon mfiikkuoity (o) 2 sáó kiçù

ohiçùk

ikpmekeot (v) 2 tháóg thi

ikplse (o) 2 äfìoh thuçò

ikprlvekeot (o) 2 gfëi thiçóo,

mfík tàòt håo

ioglrplrfte (v) 2 sfì

ohæóp, håýp thfíoh

iogrefse (o) (v) 2 sáó têon mço,

phfìt triçøo

ioìneolus alrest(o) 2 ráíon dfëäãf

ioequfmity (o) 2 chào

dêôon ohfu

ioaegt (v) 2

tiçk thuàòg

ioaertimity (o) 2 gêô

gàøi,

iobegtilo (o) 2 sá

tiçk thuàòg

iolgumfte (v) 2 tiç

ghuëon

iosegtigiè (o) 2 thuàò

suppmy (v) 2 guon gæòp

sustfiofdimity (o) 2 tâoh dçñ

váïon

sustfiofdme (f`b.) 2 dçño váïon

swfme (o) 2 ghà

truïon mæòp äæñy duío

swemm (v) 2 phîoh rf

sykdiltig (o) 2 sáó gàýo

sioh

syoernistig (o) 2 sáó hiçó

máóg, äiçñu phàòi

syoerny (o) 2 tâoh hiçó

máóg, äiçñu phàòi

tfriaa (o) 2 diçøu thuç

qufo

teo` (v) 2 tràon olk, ghê

slìg, niáï nîo

texture (o) 2 cçò

gæòu, gæòu truìg

threshlm` (f`b.) 2 ghuæùo káóg

tissues (o) 2 tçò dfíl

titme (o) 2 t

gfìgh, `foh onhéf

tlxig (f`b.) 2 äàý

hfói

trfosmlgftilo (o) 2 ì ghuyçø

äeìo oåi chfìg

treftkeot (o) 2 viçógháïf trã dçóoh

tremmis (o)(v) 2 máåìi kêõ

gfìl, mel nifío k/g.

tridfm (f`b.) 2

thuàýg dàý mfóg

trlpigfm (f`b) 2 thuàý

ohiçót äåìi

tudergumlsis (o) 2 dçóoh mfl

uoglotfkiofte` 2chàon d

ohiçùk dçóoh

uoèroefth (f`v.) 2 dç`áåìi, kêót `áåìi

uoèrolurishe`2 chàon äáåýg gh

êo äæñy äuë

uoèrtfce (v) 2 gfk cçò

tháóg hiçóo

uoìsturde` 2 yço téoh, chàon d

xfìl tràýo

vfmi`fte (v) 2 phç

ghuæøo, thàon quf

vfmmey (o) 2 thuo

muïon

vfriety (o) 2 diçò



646

tráí gào truíon

iotenrfm (f`b.) 2 phàò

håýp, miço cçòt

iotenrftilo (o) 2 sá

phàòi håýp

ioteosiaigftilo (o) 2 thæ

gfoh

ioteosity (o) 2 cyï

thuæót thæk gfoh

ioterfgt (v) 2

táåon tfìg, phfëo áìon

ioterremftiloship (o) 2 kàò

táåon qufo

iotrfkusgumfr (f`b.) 2 dço trlo

gå dêõp

iotrfveolus (f`b.) 2 dço trlo

veo (tiçk)

iovlmve (v) 2 glì miç

qufo, mài guàòo vfíl

irrinftilo (o) 2 thuy

måýi

bute dfn (o) 2 df

nfi

mfgc la (o) 2

thiçòu

mfgtftion glw (o) 2 dlí sáïf

thçø, sáó äf `fóon

verne (o) 2

dåí,veo (äáåíon, ráíon)

veteriofry surnelo (o)2 dfìg s

thuì y

vifdme (f`b.) 2 gl

thçø sàon äáåýg

virnio slim (o) 2 äæò

hlfon

wfste (o) 2 äà

phçò thfëi

wftermlnne(v) 2 uìon oáåìg

wefther (o) 2 sá

phlon hlìf

wimèroess (o) 2 sáó hlfo

hlfì

wio`drefc (o) 2 sáó ghêõ

nilì

yiem`(v)(o) 2 äek mfói måýi

âgh, oêon suæòt

TEAETEOGE DLLCW

6. M. Wue Dfunh. 6995- ''Esseotifms la Eonmish Nrfkkfr'' - Zfssplrt Dllcs.4. Tlsekfry Klrrlw. 6997- ''Efrth User's Nuiè tl Zerkfgumture'' - Cfonfrll Zress.7. Wtepheo @fooy - Mewis Cerr. - Kfrtio Zhimmips - Gmfreoge Whettmeswlrth ‗ 6985.

''Fnrigumture'' - Mlonkfo.0. îmmiek Wteeocfkp. 6999 - ''@firy afrkion. F Zrfgtigfm Kfoufm '' - B.M vfo Wghfic

Zudmishers.



644

GLOPEOP

UOIP Pext ZfneUoit 6 Pext F

Pext D- Wlim- Fnrigumture Zlmigy

4

Uoit 4 Pext FPext D

- Prlpigfm Wlim- Fnrigumture la Io`if

8

Uoit 7 Pext FPext D - Wlims - F mivion lrnfoisk- Fnrigumture la Fustrfmif 60

Uoit 0 Pext FPext D

- Uohefmthy Wlim- Fnrigumture la Phe Uoite` Wtftes

4:

Uoit 5 Pext FPext D

- Tepfirion fo` ikprlvion `fkfne` slim- Wlim Glkploeots

4>

Pest 6 Arlk uoit 6 tl uoit 5 77Uoit 1 Pext F

Pext D- Gmikfte- Prlpigfm Gmikfte

7>

Uoit > Pext FPext D

- Kigrlgmikfte- Klosllo

05

Uoit 8 Pext FPext D

- Aertimizers- Zltfssiuk io pmfots

5:



647

Uoit 9 Pext FPext D

- Phe auogtilos la pmfots- Aee`ion the lrghfr`

58

Uoit 6: Pext FPext D

- Pree semegtilo fo` pmfotion- Zmfotion aruit trees

17

Pest 4 Arlk uoit 1 tl uoit 6: 18

Uoit 66 Pext FPext D

- Prees- Prees, Alrests fo` Foikfms

>7


- ^hft is mfo`-use pmfooion- Zerkfgumture

>8


- Iosegts- Zest kfofnekeot

80


- @firy afrkion- Hefmth Gfre

89


- Ofturfm alrests- Wustfiofdme nrlwion fo` mivion io `iaaereot Tenilos

90

Pest 7 Arlk uoit 66 tl uoit 65 98


- Fqufgumture - Phe wfter plmygumture- Oew sustfiofdme gumtures

6:7

Pest 0 Aiofm Pest 6:9 Oew Qlgfdumfry 665Teaereoge Dllcs 669Pfdme la gloteots 64:

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