english phonetics and phonology 1. plosives (stops) phonetics and phonology lecture 5-2: english...

English Phonetics and Phonology

Lecture 5-2: English consonants in detail II(release of word-final consonants)

KAMIYAMA, [email protected]

1. Plosives (stops)

15/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 53

Reminder: release of a plosivethe case of the bilabial plosives

• 3. Release phase: as the articulators (theupper and lower lips) come apart, the airstreamis released in a small burst (called plosion).

articulators

t

Upper lipUpper lip

Lower lipLower lip


Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-final position

• Observe the consonant at the endend of thefollowing words:

• /kæpp/• /kæbb/• Then compare them with the consonant at the

beginning of the following words in French:• /kapp/ (« cap »)• /kabb/ (« Cabe »)


/kæpp/ /kæpp/

no audible releaseno audible releaseupper lip

lower lip

vocal foldvibration

release release with with no no voicingvoicing

initiation(airstream)


The release phase of voiceless plosivesThe release phase of voiceless plosives• /kæp/• [kʰæ ̆pp] [kʰæ ̆pp ̚̚ ] (no audible release)

The release phase of voiced plosivesThe release phase of voiced plosives• /kæb/• [kʰæbb ̥̥] but rarely [kʰæbbəə]




• In English, word-final voicelessvoiceless plosives canbe pronounced with no audible releaseno audible release :/kæp/ [kʰæ ̆pp] or [kʰæ ̆pp ̚̚ ].

• Word-final voicedvoiced plosives are partiallydevoiced, and the voicing almost never lastsafter release: /kæb/ [kʰæbb ̥̥] but rarely [kʰæbbəə].


Voiceless alveolar plosive /t/:Word-final position

• Observe the voiceless alveolar plosive /t/ atthe endend of the following words:

• /pett/• /miːtt/

London speaker

London speaker


Voiceless alveolar plosives /t/:Word-final position

• In English, word-final /t//t/ can be pronouncedwith a glottal stopglottal stop (glottis closes suddenly),with no closure in the oral cavity: /pet/ [pʰe ̆tt],[pʰe ̆tt ̚̚ ], or [pʰe ̆ʔʔ].

• In some accents (e.g. London), [ʔ] is observedalso between vowels: /ˈbʌtəflaɪ/ [ˈb ̥a ̆ʔʔəflɒɪ].

2. Fricatives




• /seɪff/• /seɪvv/• Then compare them with the consonant at the

beginning of the following words in French:• /kaff/ (« CAF »)• /kavv/ (« cave »)


/seɪff/ /seɪvv/

devoicing devoicing (absence of (absence of voicingvoicing))


Voiced and voiceless fricatives:Word-final position

• In English, word-final voicelessvoiceless fricatives arenot accompanied by voicing after release :/seɪf/ [seɪ̆ff], but never [seɪ̆ffəə].

• Word-final voicedvoiced fricatives are partiallydevoiced, and the voicing almost never lastsafter release: /seɪv/ [seɪvv ̥̥] but rarely [seɪvvəə].

3. Affricates


Voiced and voiceless affricates:Word-final position


• /eɪttʃʃ/• /eɪddʒʒ/


/eɪttʃʃ/ /eɪddʒʒ/



Voiced and voiceless affricates:Word-final position

• In English, word-final voicelessvoiceless affricates arenot accompanied by voicing at the end of thehissing noise : /eɪtʃ/ [eɪ̆ttʃʃ], but never [eɪ̆ttʃəʃə].

• Word-final voicedvoiced fricatives are partiallydevoiced, and the voicing almost never lastsafter the end of the hissing noise: /eɪdʒ/ [eɪdd ̥ʒ̥ʒ̊̊]but rarely [eɪddʒəʒə].

4. Nasals


Nasals:Word-final position


• /læmm/ /ænn/ /ˈpɑːkɪŋŋ/

• Then compare them with the consonant at thebeginning of the following words in French:

• /lamm/ (« lame, l’âme ») /ann/ (« Anne »)/paʁkiŋŋ/ (« parking »)


/læmm/ /kɪŋŋ/


/ænn/


Nasals:Word-final position

• In English, word-final nasalsnasals are notaccompanied by voicing after the oral release(after the closure in the oral cavity is opened) :/læm/ [læmm], but rarely [læmməə].

• The velar nasal /ŋ/ is NOT pronounced [ŋg] or[ŋgə]: /kɪŋ/ [kɪŋŋ], but never [kɪŋəŋə] or [kɪŋŋggəə].


Syllabic nasal


• /ˈbɒtmm ̩̩/• /ˈsteɪʃnn ̩̩/


/ˈbɒtmm ̩̩/ /ˈsteɪʃnn ̩̩/

5. Lateral approximant /l/


‘clear l’ and ‘dark l’• ‘clear l’• Palatalized [l] [lʲ]• /l/V … ou C/l/V ...• “lot”, “clear”, etc.

• ‘dark l’• Velarized [ɫ]• ...V/l/, …V/l/C, ou …VC/l/• “feel”, “salt”, “apple”, etc.

‘clear l’ ‘dark l’

palatalizationvelarization

pharyngealization

Takebayashi (1996)15/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 5

26

Lateral approximant /l/:Word-final position


• /seɪll/• /pɔːll/• Then compare them with the consonant at the

beginning of the following words in French:• /sall/ (« salle »)• /pɔll/ (« Paul »)


/seɪll/ /pɔːll/

English Phonetics and Phonology

Lecture 5-3: English consonants in detail III(coarticulation, assimilation, elision, liking

and intrusive /r/)

KAMIYAMA, [email protected]

1. Coarticulation


1. Coarticulation

• Speech sounds tend to be influenced bythe speech sound that surround them.

•• CoarticulationCoarticulation is the retentionretention of aphonetic feature that was present in apreceding sound, or the anticipationanticipation of afeature that will be needed for a followingsound.

Based on Wells (1990, 2000)


1.1. Coarticulation: nasalization

• A vowel or liquid that is adjacent to a nasaltends to be somewhat nasalized.

• Observe the vowel in the following words:/læm//æn//kɪŋ/

Based on Wells (1990, 2000)15/4/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 5

32

/lææm/ /kɪɪŋ//ææn/

nasalizationnasalization


Nasals:the case of the bilabial nasal

articulators

t

Upper lipUpper lip

Lower lipLower lip

Pharyngeal wallPharyngeal wall

VelumVelum

/V/ /m/ /V/

NasalizedNasalizedvowelvowel


Nasals:the case of the bilabial nasal

articulators

t

Upper lipUpper lip

Lower lipLower lip

Pharyngeal wallPharyngeal wall

VelumVelum

/V/ /m/ /V/

NasalizedNasalizedvowelvowel


1.1. Coarticulation: nasalization

• This phenomenon is especially remarkablein American English.

• Observe the following words pronouncedby an American speaker:/kæt//kæn/


1.2. Coarticulation: C to V

• Many consonants vary somewhat, dependingon which vowel comes after them.

• Observe the vowel in the following words:/sɑːz//siː//suː/


/sɑɑːːz/ /suuːː//siiːː/


1.2. Coarticulation: C to V

• Now, observe similar words in French:/sa/ (ça)/si/ (si)/su/ (sous)


1.2. Coarticulation: C to V• The effect of C to V (consonant to vowel)

coarticulation is stronger in French: consonantsare more strongly affected by the following vowelin anticipation.

• This tendency is related to the stable character ofFrench vowels (compared to more or lessdiphthongized English vowels).

• French speakers sometimes prepare lip-roundingwell before a rounded vowel. Compare the /s/ in/stʁyktyʁ/ and /stʁiktyʁ/.

english phonetics and phonology 1. plosives (stops) phonetics and phonology lecture 5-2: english...

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