english morphology and lexicology
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English Morphology and Lexicology. [email protected] www.windofspring.weebly.com. Chapter 4. Word formation 2 4.5 Clipping 4.6 Acronymy Initialisms Acronyms 4.7 Back-formation 4.8 Words from proper names. 4.5 Clipping. omni bus - bus ; aero plane - plane ; exam ination- exam - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
English Morphology and Lexicology
Chapter 4 Word formation 2
4.5 Clipping 4.6 Acronymy
Initialisms Acronyms
4.7 Back-formation 4.8 Words from proper names
4.5 Clipping omnibus-bus; aeroplane-plane; examination-exam automobile; taximeter cabriolet economics; gymnastics; mathematics; trigonometry luncheon; hamburger; coca cola-coke
4.5 Clipping 1. front clipping
earthquake helicopter telescope telephone
4.5 Clipping 2. back clipping
dormitory memorandum stereophonic gentleman fanatic discotheque
4.5 Clipping 3. front and back clipping
influenza refrigerator (fridge)
4.5 Clipping 4. phrase clipping
public house zoological garden popular music permanent waves
4.5 Clipping Changes in spelling and (or) sound
refrigerator (fridge) bicycle (bike) Coca cola (coke) perambulator (pram) television (telly)
4.6 Acronymy 4.6.1 Initialisms
Initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter, such as VOA (Voice of America). 4.6.2 Acronyms
Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word, such as radar (radio detecting and ranging).
4.6.1 Initialisms 1. letters represent full words
A. D. (Anno Domini) =in the year after the birth of Jesus Christ B. C. (Before Christ) C. O. D. (cash on delivery) BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) c/o (care of) p.c. (post card) UFO (unidentified flying object)
4.6.1 Initialisms 2. letters represent parts of a word
TV (television) ID (identification; identity card) TB (tuberculosis) GHQ (General Headquarters)
4.6.2 Acronyms 1. formed from initial letters
WAVES (Women Appointed for Voluntary Emergency Service)
NATO (the North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)
BASIC (beginner’s all-purpose symbolic instruction code)
4.6.2 Acronyms 1. formed from initial letters
CORE (Congress of Racial Equality) laser (lightwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) TEFL (teaching English as a foreign language)
4.6.2 Acronyms 2. initial letter of the first word +
another word N-bomb (nuclear bomb) D Notice (Defense Notice) G-man (Government man) D Day (decimalization day) V-Day (Victory Day)
4.7 Back-formation Suffixation vs. Back-formation
Suffixation=base+ suffix (work+ er=worker) Back-formation=word– suffix (edit=editor- or)
4.7 Back-formation 1. Abstract nouns
diagnose=diagnosis– is donate=donation– ion enthuse=enthusiasm- iasm gloom=gloomy- y greed=greedy- y
4.7 Back-formation 2. Human nouns
loaf=loafer– er sculpt=sculptor– or burgle=burglar- ar beg=beggar- ar
4.7 Back-formation 3. Compound nouns and others
eavesdrop=eavesdropping– ing merrymake=merrymaking– ing babysit=babysitter- er
4.7 Back-formation 4. Adjectives
drowse=drowsy- y laze=lazy- y frivol=frivolous- ous
4.8 Words from proper names 1. names of people: scientists/inventors
ampere (French physicist Ampere) farad (British physicist Faraday) ohm (German physicist Ohm) volt (Italian physicist Volta) watt (Scottish inventor Watt) diesel (German inventor Diesel) mackintosh (Scottish inventor Mackintosh) bloomers (Mrs Bloomers in New York)
4.8 Words from proper names 1. names of people: characters in
mythology cherub (a charming pretty little male child)
Cherub, a winged little attendant of God protean (able to assume different forms or
characters; versatile) Proteus, a sea deity with the gift of prophecy
and the power to assume different forms
4.8 Words from proper names 1. names of people: historical figures
bobby (BrE. policeman) Sir Robert Peel, founder of London police in early 19th century
cynic (one always suspicious of people’s motives); quisling (traitor) Vidkun Quisling, a Norwegian army officer who betrayed his country to the Nazis
4.8 Words from proper names 1. names of people: characters in literary works
quixotic (extravagantly romantic, idealistic, chivalrous) Don Quixote in the novel Don Quixote de la Mancha by Cervantes
sadism (getting sexual pleasure from hurting other people) Count Donation (Marquis) de Sade
robot (a humanoid mechanical creature) The mechanical monsters in the play R.U.R. by Karel Capek
4.8 Words from proper names 2. names of places
china (porcelain) from the homeland China
afghan (a kind of knitted rug) first made in Afghanistan
jersey (sweater) from Jersey Island in the US
champagne (a kind of wine) From Champagne in France where the wine
champagne was first produced rugby (a sort of ball games)
From a British Rugby school, which used to be known for the game
4.8 Words from proper names 3. names of books
utopia (a imaginary perfect society) from Sir Thomas More’s book Utopia
odyssey (an extended journey) From Homer’s epic The Odyssey
Babbit (a person concerned mainly with business and position, caring little for art or culture) from the novel Babbit by Sinclair Lewis
4.8 Words from proper names 4. trade names
nylon, orlon, dacron, rayon (4 types of fabric) Originally trade names
frisbee (a plate-like toy) deep-freeze (a deep freezer) Omega (a kind of cigarette) xerox (photocopier)
4.8 Words from proper names 4. trade names
boycott (refusal or refuse to do business with, as a way of disapproval or opposition) From the 19th century Landlord Captain
Boycott cabal (a clique or make secret plans for
political action) From the initial letters of the five ministers
Clifford, Ashley, Buckingham, Arlington, and Lauderdale
4.8 Words from proper names Words that are commonized from proper nouns have rich cultural associations, and thus stylistically vivid, impressive and thought-provoking.
4.8 Words from proper names I want to be TV’s czar of script and
grammar. the Roman Emperor Caesar any one with great or unlimited power;
authority
4.8 Words from proper names Churchill, a bent Pickwick in blue
uniform, looked up at him with majestic good humor, much older, more dignified, more assured. A naïve, benevolent character in Charles
Dickens’s The Pickwick Papers The word Pickwick not only describes
the outward appearance of Churchill, but also depicts his inward personality, building up an amiable image…
4.8 Words from proper names It is with procrustean thoroughness that the Soviet government squelches all dissent.
From Procrustes, a giant of Attica who tortured travelers by stretching or cutting off their limbs to make them fit his bed, hence ‘ruthless in trying to force conformity’ The Soviet government treats the dissent with the same cruelty as Procrustes did with the travelers…