english ii 2ndterritorio.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com/archivos/...adjective comparative...

8th Grade Mr. Alexander

ENGLISH II 2ND BIMESTER REVIEW

English II Exam Review:

I.

II. THE COMPARATIVE AND THE

SUPERLATIVE

COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES Comparative adjectives are used to compare differences between the two objects they modify (larger, smaller, faster, higher). They are used in sentences where two nouns are compared, in this

pattern:

Noun (subject) + verb + comparative adjective + than + noun (object).

The second item of comparison can be omitted if it is clear from the context (final example below).

EXAMPLES

My house is larger than hers. This box is smaller than the one I lost. Your dog runs faster than Jim's dog. The rock flew higher than the roof. Jim and Jack are both my friends, but I like Jack better. ("than Jim" is understood)

SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES Superlative adjectives are used to describe an object which is at the upper or lower limit of a quality (the tallest, the smallest, the fastest, the highest). They are used in sentences where a subject is compared to a group of objects.

Noun (subject) + verb + the + superlative adjective + noun (object).

The group that is being compared with can be omitted if it is clear from the context (final example below).



EXAMPLES

My house is the largest one in our neighborhood. This is the smallest box I've ever seen. Your dog ran the fastest of any dog in the race. We all threw our rocks at the same time. My rock flew the highest. ("of all the rocks" is

understood)

FORMING REGULAR COMPARATIVES AND

SUPERLATIVES Forming comparatives and superlatives is easy. The form depends on the number of syllables in the original adjective.

ONE SYLLABLE ADJECTIVES

Add -er for the comparative and -est for the superlative. If the adjective has a consonant + single

vowel + consonant spelling, the final consonant must be doubled before adding the ending.

Adjective Comparative Superlative

Tall Taller tallest

Fat Fatter fattest

Big Bigger biggest

Sad Sadder saddest

TWO SYLLABLES

Adjectives with two syllables can form the comparative either by adding -er or by preceeding the adjective with more. These adjectives form the superlative either by adding -est or by preceeding the adjective with most. In many cases, both forms are used, although one usage will be more common than the other. If you are not sure whether a two-syllable adjective can take a comparative or superlative ending, play it safe and use moreand most instead. For adjectives ending in y,

change the y to an i before adding the ending.




Happy Happier happiest

Simple Simpler simplest

Busy Busier busiest

Tilted more tilted most tilted

Tangled more tangled most tangled

THREE OR MORE SYLLABLES

Adjectives with three or more syllables form the comparative by putting more in front of the adjective, and the superlative by putting most in front.


Important more important most important

Expensive more expensive most expensive

IRREGULAR COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES These very common adjectives have completely irregular comparative and superlative forms.


Good Better best




Bad Worse worst

Little Less least

Much More most

Far further / farther furthest / farthest

EXAMPLES

Today is the worst day I've had in a long time. You play tennis better than I do. This is the least expensive sweater in the store. This sweater is less expensive than that one. I ran pretty far yesterday, but I ran even farther today.

II. Meaning of if and unless

If

If means on (the) condition that, provided (that), providing (that), presuming (that), supposing (that), assuming (that), as long as...

Example:

If I am free this evening, I will watch the match.

Unless

Unless means except if.

Example:

You will feel cold unless you wear a warm jacket.



If and unless in conditional sentences

Both if and unless are used to introduce conditional sentences:

Conditional Sentence Type 1:

If we don't hurry, we will be late for the show. Unless we hurry, we will be late for the show.

Conditional Sentence Type 2

If he had permission from his parents, he would travel alone. Unless he had permission from his parents, he wouldn't travel alone.

Conditional Sentence Type 3

If you hadn't suggested it, I wouldn't have phoned him. Unless you had suggested it, I wouldn't have phoned him.

III. yet, still, already

These words are often used with the present perfect tense

although yet, still and already can all be used with other tenses. Just

‘Just’ is usually used only with the present perfect tense and it means ‘a short time ago’.

I’ve just seen Susan coming out of the cinema.

Mike’s just called. Can you ring him back please?

Have you just taken my pen? Where has it gone?

In the present perfect, ‘just’ comes between the auxiliary verb (‘have’) and the past participle.

Yet

‘Yet’ is used to talk about something which is expected to happen. It means ‘at any time up to now’. It is used in questions and negatives.

Have you finished your homework yet? The speaker expects that the homework will be finished.

http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-conditionals.php



I haven’t finished it yet. I’ll do it after dinner.

‘Yet’ usually comes at the end of the sentence.

Still

‘Still’ is used to talk about something that hasn’t finished – especially when we expected it to finish earlier.

I’ve been waiting for over an hour and the bus still hasn’t come.

You promised to give me that report yesterday and you still haven’t finished it.

‘Still’ usually comes in ‘mid-position’

Still is often used with other tenses as well as the present perfect.

I’ve still got all those letters you sent me.

Are you still working in the bookshop?

Already

‘Already’ is used to say that something has happened early – or earlier than it might have happened.

I’ve already spent my salary and it’s two weeks before pay day.

The train’s already left! What are we going to do?

‘Already’ usually comes in mid-position.

IV. Question Tags:

Question tags are used in conversation to get a (positive) reaction from the person

you are talking to. That’s not really difficult, is it? ;o)

Form

positive main clause → negative question tag

negative main clause → positive question tag

Examples

You are Tom, aren’t you?

He isn’t Joe, is he?



main clause with auxiliary verb → use auxiliary verb in question tag

You’ve got a car, haven’t you?

We use tags in spoken English but not in formal written English.

They are not really questions but are a way of asking the other person to make a comment

and so keep the conversation open.

Making a tag is very mechanical. To make a tag, use the first auxiliary. If there is no

auxiliary, use do, does or did. With a positive sentence, make a negative tag and with a

negative sentence, make a positive tag.

It's beautiful, isn't it?

He has been, hasn't he?

You can, can't you?

It must be, mustn't it?

You know him, don’t you?

He finished it, didn't he?

He will come, won't he?

It isn't very good, is it?

It hasn't rained, has it?

It can't be, can it?

Jenny doesn't know James, does she?

They didn't leave, did they?

He won’t do it, will he?

Notice these:

There isn't an ATM here, is there?

Let's have a cup of coffee, shall we?

To reply, use the same auxiliary:

It's beautiful, isn't it? ~ Yes, it is. I think it's fabulous.

It isn't very good, is it? ~ No, it isn't. In fact, it's terrible.

Although, the rules are very simple and mechanical, in order to use them easily in

conversation, they have to be automatic. So you need to hear and practice them very often.



The First Conditional

The first conditional has the present simple after 'if', then the future simplein

the other clause:

if + present simple, ... will + infinitive

It's used to talk about things which might happen in the future. Of course, we can't

know what will happen in the future, but this describes possible things, which

could easily come true.

If it rains, I won't go to the park. If I study today, I'll go to the party tonight. If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes. She'll be late if the train is delayed. She'll miss the bus if she doesn't leave soon. If I see her, I'll tell her.

First vs. Zero Conditional:

The first conditional describes a particular situation, whereas the zero

conditional describes what happens in general.

For example (zero conditional): if you sit in the sun, you get burned (here I'm

talking about every time a person sits in the sun - the burning is a natural

consequence of the sitting)

But (first conditional): if you sit in the sun, you'll get burned (here I'm talking

about what will happen today, another day might be different)

First vs. Second Conditional:

The first conditional describes things that I think are likely to happen in the future,

whereas the second conditional talks about things that I don't think will really

happen. It's subjective; it depends on my point of view.

For example (first conditional): If she studies harder, she'll pass the exam (I think

it's possible she will study harder and so she'll pass)

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/present-simple.html

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/simple-future.html

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/zero-conditional.html

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/zero-conditional.html



But (second conditional): If she studied harder, she would pass the exam (I think

that she won't study harder, or it's very unlikely, and so she won't pass)

The First Conditional: (if + present simple, ... will + infinitive) If it rains tomorrow, we'll go to the cinema.

The Second Conditional: (if + past simple, ... would + infinitive) If I had a lot of money, I would travel around the world.

The Third Conditional (if + past perfect, ... would + have + past participle) If I had gone to bed early, I would have caught the train.

V. Past Simple vs Past Continuous:



Simple Past Past Progressive

irregular verbs: see 2nd column of irregular verbs

I spoke

regular verbs: verb + ed

I worked

past form of 'be' + ing form of verb

I was speaking

you were speaking

he / she / it was speaking

we were speaking

they were speaking



VI Present perfect:

USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now

We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.

Examples:

I have seen that movie twenty times. I think I have met him once before. There have been many earthquakes in California. People have traveled to the Moon. People have not traveled to Mars. Have you read the book yet? Nobody has ever climbed that mountain. A: Has there ever been a war in the United States?

B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.

How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?

The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics:

TOPIC 1 Experience

You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.

Examples:

I have been to France. This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe you have been there once, or several times.



I have been to France three times. You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.

I have never been to France. This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France.

I think I have seen that movie before. He has never traveled by train. Joan has studied two foreign languages. A: Have you ever met him?

B: No, I have not met him.

TOPIC 2 Change Over Time

We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.

Examples:

You have grown since the last time I saw you. The government has become more interested in arts education. Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the

Asian studies program was established. My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.

TOPIC 3 Accomplishments

We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.

Examples:

Man has walked on the Moon. Our son has learned how to read. Doctors have cured many deadly diseases. Scientists have split the atom.

TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting

We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen.

Examples:

James has not finished his homework yet. Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate. Bill has still not arrived. The rain hasn't stopped.



TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times

We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible.

Examples:

The army has attacked that city five times. I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester. We have had many major problems while working on this project. She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why

she is sick.

Time Expressions with Present Perfect

When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important.

Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.

Examples:

Have you been to Mexico in the last year? I have seen that movie six times in the last month. They have had three tests in the last week. She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for

three different companies so far. My car has broken down three times this week.

NOTICE

"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect.

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/simplepast.html

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/simplepast.html



Examples:

I went to Mexico last year. I went to Mexico in the calendar year before this one.

I have been to Mexico in the last year. I have been to Mexico at least once at some point between 365 days ago and now.

USE 2 Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect.

Examples:

I have had a cold for two weeks. She has been in England for six months. Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.

Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

You have only seen that movie one time. Have you only seen that movie one time?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

Many tourists have visited that castle. Active That castle has been visited by many tourists. Passive

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/types.html

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/types.html



VI. Opposite Adjectives:

An opposite adjective is an word that describes the exact opposite of something. For example: hot vs. cold

Big Small / Little

Cheap Expensive

Clean Dirty

Deep Shallow

Down Up

Early Late

Easy Difficult / Hard

Far Near / Close

Fast Slow

Fat Thin / Skinny

Full Empty

Good Bad

Happy Sad

Heavy Light

Here There

High Low

Hot Cold

In Out

Inside Outside

Interesting Boring



Light Dark

Long Short

Loud Soft

Many Few

New Old

Rich Poor

Right Left

Right Wrong

Safe Dangerous

Single Married

Smooth Rough

Soft Hard

Strong Weak

Tall Short

Thick Thin

Tight Loose

Warm Cool

Wet Dry

Wide Narrow

Young Old

adjective opposite adjective

asleep awake

alert drowsy

alive dead

awesome terrible

best worst

big small

bitter sweet



brave afraid

bright dull

calm nervous

certain unsure

close distant

cold hot

cool uncool

complete incomplete

cruel kind

dark light

dangerous safe

different same

dirty clean

dry wet

early late

easy difficult

far near

fast slow

fat thin

future past

happy sad

healthy sick

hungry full

interesting boring

left right

loose tight

loud soft

low high

narrow wide

normal strange

old young

on off

open closed

public private

raw cooked

regular irregular

right wrong



rough smooth

short tall

small large

smart stupid

soft hard

special ordinary

straight crooked

tender tough

top bottom

true false

white black

wise foolish

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