english grammar script

*English *Grammar . *Script

1.

Present simple tensePresent simple tense

Affirmative formAffirmative form

We make the affirmative form in P.S.T. by adding the suffix – S or – ES to the base of the main verb in third person singular.

PLAY WASH1. I play 1. We play 1. I wash

1. We wash2. You play 2. You play 2. You wash 2.

You wash3. He plays 3. They play 3. He washes 3.

They washShe plays She washesIt plays It washes

We add the suffix – ES to the base of the verbs ending in:

- sh : ex. wash – washes; crash – crashes; fish – fishes;- ch : ex. watch – watches; catch – catches;- o : ex. go – goes; do – does;- s, - ss : ex. pass – passes ; kiss - kisses; miss – misses.

*** consonant +y : y>i + - es =ies: try – tries; cry – cries; study – studies; fly - flies

We add the suffix – S to the base of all other verbs: ex. play – plays ; dance – dance ; sing – sings ; love – loves …

Negative formNegative form

We make the negative form with :

subject + auxiliary verb + negation + base form of the main subject + auxiliary verb + negation + base form of the main verbverb

dodo not not 33rd rd p. sgp. sg.. does does

speak1. 1 don’t speak English 1 . We don’t speak Chinese 2. You don’t speak French 2. You don’t speak Japanese

3. He doesn’t speak Spanish 3. They don’t speak Romanian She doesn’t speak German

It doesn’t speak at all.

ex. I don’t like milk. // He doesn’t eat eggs. // You don’t smoke.

full form : do not -- short form : don’tfull form : does not – short form : doesn’t

2.

Interrogative formInterrogative form

We make the interrogative form by inversion of the subject and the auxiliary verb.

auxiliary verb auxiliary verb DODO + subject + base form of the main verb + subject + base form of the main verb

33rdrd p. sg. p. sg. Does Does

Watch 1. Do I watch…? 1. Do we watch…?

2. Do you watch..? 2. Do you watch…? 3. Does he watch…? 3. Do they watch…? Does she watch…? Does it watch…? ex. Do you play basketball every day? // Does she like ice cream? Does he watch a lot of films?

Yes/No - answersYes, I; you; we; they do. // No, I; you; we; they don’t.Yes, he; she; it does. // No, he; she; it doesn’t.

USAGEUSAGEWe use Present Simple Tense to express:

***1. regular habits and routines: ex. They watch TV every day. /She plays basketball twice a week. / I always wake up at 6 o’clock.

***2. permanent states:ex. Cambridge is an ancient city. // My friends live in Scotland.

***3. emotions and feelings:ex. I like ice cream. // My mother hates spiders. // We love English.

***4.eternal truths: ex. The Earth goes round the sun. // Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.

ADVERBS*Every day; every week; every year; month; morning; afternoon; evening; weekend; etc. *Once a week; twice a week; three times a week; four times a month; five times a year… *On Mondays; on Tuesdays; on Wednesdays; on Thursdays; etc.***Adverbs of frequency: always; usually; often; sometimes; hardly ever; never ;

seldom; frequently; from time to time…

3.

Present continuous tensePresent continuous tense


We make the P.C.T. affirmative form with the auxiliary verb BE in . Present Simple Tense and the main verb + the suffix – ING.

Subject + TO BE in Present Simple Tense + (main verb + - ING )

PLAY1. I am playing 1. We are playing2. You are playing 2. You are playing

3. He is playing 3. They are playing She is playing It is playing

Spelling rules for the – ING form of verbs:

* Verbs ending on – E : ex. dance – dancing; live – living; come – coming * Some verbs containing one syllable with a short vowel ending on - m = swim – swimming; - n = run – running; - t = sit – sitting; - p = shop - shopping


It is made by adding the negation NOT to the auxiliary verb.

Subject + TO BE + negation + (main verb + - ING) in Present Simple Tense NOT

EAT1. I am not eating 1. We are not eating

2. You are not eating 2. You are not eating 3. He is not eating 3. They are not eating

She is not eating It is not eating Full forms: am not; are not; is not Short forms: ‘m not; aren’t; isn’t

Ex. I am not having lunch at the moment. He is not listening to me.

4.


It is made by inversion of the subject and the auxiliary verb .

TO BE + subject + ( main verb + - ING)TO BE + subject + ( main verb + - ING)in Present Simple Tensein Present Simple Tense

swim 1. Am I swimming…? 1. Are we swimming …? 2. Are you swimming…? 2. Are you swimming…? 3. Is he swimming…? 3. Are they swimming…? Is she swimming…?

Is it swimming…?

ex. Are you playing tennis now? Is he listening to me?// Is she watching me?

YES / NO – answers Yes, I am; you are; he is; she is; it is; we are; you are; they are// No, I’m not; you aren’t; he isn’t; she isn’t; it isn’t; we aren’t; you aren’t; they aren’t

ex. Are you watching TV at the moment ? Yes, I am. /// No, I am not.

USAGEUSAGE

Primary usage:

**** We use Present Continuous Tense to talk about actions that are **** We use Present Continuous Tense to talk about actions that are happening at the moment of speakinghappening at the moment of speaking . . Ex. I am watching TV at the moment. Nick is doing a test now. They aren’t listening to music.

Adverbs : NOW; AT THE MOMENT; AT THIS MOMENT

Secondary usage:*** Present Continuous Tense is also used for actions that refer to the future. Ex. A: What are you doing tomorrow morning? B: I’m cleaning my bike.*** We also use Present Continuous Tense after WHEN; IF; WHILE : Ex. I don’t anybody in my room WHEN I’m learning.*** After some adverbial phrases such as : this morning; this evening; today; . still; anymore; any longer; etc. Ex. Timmy is coming today; /// The children are still sleeping.

5.

N. B. State verbs can not be used in continuous tenses: love, like; hate; want; adore; etc

feel; hear; know; remember; understand; think; belong; consist; contain; possess; prefer, need…

Going toGoing to

affirmative formaffirmative form

subject + TO BE + GOING TO + base form of the main subject + TO BE + GOING TO + base form of the main verb . in Present Simple Tenseverb . in Present Simple Tense

ex. I am going to make a cake this evening. negative formnegative form

subject + TO BE + NOT + GOING TO + base of the main verbsubject + TO BE + NOT + GOING TO + base of the main verb in Present Simplein Present Simple

ex. It isn’t going to rain soon. interrogative forminterrogative form

TO BE + subject + GOING TO + base of the main verbTO BE + subject + GOING TO + base of the main verb in Present Simplein Present Simple

ex. Are you going to play football this afternoon?

UsageUsage

*** 1. Future plans and intentions:*** 1. Future plans and intentions:

ex. I’ m going to have a holiday in France. He’s going to fly to London next week.

***2. Predictions based on what you know or can see:***2. Predictions based on what you know or can see:

ex. Look at those clouds! It’s going to rain. Look out! We are going to crash. Did you hear the weather forecast? It’s going to snow.

6.

Past simple tense

Regular verbsRegular verbs

Affirmative formAffirmative form ***We make the affirmative form by adding the suffix – ED or – D to the base of the main verb.

Subject + (main verb + - ED / - D)Subject + (main verb + - ED / - D) ex. play – played; call – called; listen - listened

***We add the suffix - D to the base of the verbs that end on – E. ex. dance – danced; love – loved; like – liked;

verb endings verb endings - n : plan – planned;

- p : stop – stopped; kidnap – kidnapped;

- l : travel – travelled;- b : rob – robbed;- t : commit – committed; - r : occur – occurred;

*** Verbs ending on – Y when there is a consonant in front of - Y , Y > I + - ED = - IED: study > studied; try > tried; hurry > hurried

ex. I played football yesterday. /// She listened to music all day yesterday.


*** It’s made by the auxiliary verb DO in Past Simple Tense , the negation NOT and the ` base of the main verb.

Subject + DO > DID + NOT + base of the main verbSubject + DO > DID + NOT + base of the main verb

ex. I did not play tennis yesterday. She didn’t listen to music last Sunday.

Full form : DID NOT > Short form : DIDN’T


***It is made by inversion of the auxiliary verb and the subject.

. DID + subject + base form of the main verb . DID + subject + base form of the main verb

. .

ex. Did you go out last night? Did she watch that interesting film yesterday?

7.

Irregular verbs Irregular verbs

*** The irregular verbs have their own forms which are used only in the affirmative form, not in negative and interrogative ( questions ). Go – went; see – saw; leave – left; be – was;

ex. I went to my friend’s house last night. But : Did you go out last night ?

UsageUsage

***1. It is used to express an action that ended in a specific time in the past .

ex. I visited him y esterday .

***2. To express past actions that happen one after another .

ex. He rang the bell, opened the door and entered inside.

***3. To express a habitual past action: ex. She went to church every Sunday.

***4. With expressions such as: I wish; If only; It’s high time; As if; ex. I wish I had a new friend. If only you were kinder to her. He behaves as if he were my boss. It is high time they were nice with me.

Adverbs* yesterday; the day before yesterday; * last … week/year/Sunday/month… * long ago; a year ago; a month ago; a week ago… * in 1994…; in 1937…; in 1267… * the other day; previous ( week; month; year… )* in questions starting with WHEN: ex.When did you see that film?

Affirmative form

1. I played 2. You played 3. He played She played It played

1. We played 2.You played 3.They played

8.

Past continuous tense


The affirmative form of Past Continuous Tense is made by the The affirmative form of Past Continuous Tense is made by the auxiliary verb TO BE in Past Simple Tense + the main verb with the auxiliary verb TO BE in Past Simple Tense + the main verb with the suffix – ING.suffix – ING.

subject + TO BE + (main verb + -subject + TO BE + (main verb + - ING )ING ) in Past Simple Tense (WAS / WERE)in Past Simple Tense (WAS / WERE) ex. I was playing tennis. // They were listening to music. // She was dancing.

TALK

1. I was talking 1. We were talking 2. You were talking 2. You were talking 3. He was talking 3. They were talking She was talking It was talking

Interrogative form // Yes/ No – answers

1. Did I play…? Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t.2. Did you play? Yes, you did/ No, you didn’ t.3. Did he play..? Yes, he did. / No, he didn’ t.

Did she play? Yes, she did./ No, she didn’ t.Did it play…? Yes, it did. / No it didn’ t.

1. Did we play…? Yes, we did. / No, we didn’ t.

2. Did you play? Yes, you did/ No, you didn’ t.3. Did they play?Yes, they did/ No, they didn’ t

Negative form

1. I didn’ t play2. You didn’ t play3. He didn’ t play

She didn’ t playIt didn’ t play

1. We didn’ t play2. You didn’ t play3. The didn’ t play


It is made by adding the negation NOT to the auxiliary verb.It is made by adding the negation NOT to the auxiliary verb.

Subject + TO BE + NOT + ( main verb + - Subject + TO BE + NOT + ( main verb + - ING ) ING ) . in Past Simple ( WAS / WERE ). in Past Simple ( WAS / WERE ) full form : was not ; were not :: short form : wasn’t ; weren’t ex. I was not talking to you. // They were not walking in the park.

1. I was not talking 1. We were not talking 2. You were not talking 2. You were not talking 3. He was not talking 3. They were not talking She was not talking It was not talking

InterrogativeInterrogative form

It is made by inversion of the auxiliary verb and the subject.

WAS / WERE + subject + (main verb + - ING)WAS / WERE + subject + (main verb + - ING) ex. Were you listening to music when I called you?

Questions : Yes / No – answers 1. Was I talking… ? Yes, I was. // No, I wasn’ t 2. Were you talking… ? Yes, you were. // No, you weren’ t. 3. Was he talking…? Yes, he was. // No, he wasn’ t. Was she talking…? Yes, she was. // No, she wasn’ t. Was it talking… ? Yes, it was. // No, it wasn’ t

1. Were we talking… ? Yes, we were. // No, we weren’ t. 2. Were you talking...? Yes, you were. // No, you weren’ t. 3. Were they talking…? Yes, they were.// No, they weren’ t.

9.

Rules -e: dance – dancing -p: shop – shopping; -t: sit – sitting; -m: swim – swimming; -n: run - running

Usage

*** 1. To express a past action that lasted a longer period in the past:*** 1. To express a past action that lasted a longer period in the past: ex. It was raining all day yesterday. He was reading a book the whole night.

We use ALL and WHOLE with this usage.

*** 2. To express a past action that was going on or was interrupted by *** 2. To express a past action that was going on or was interrupted by another past action. another past action.

ex. I was having a bath when the phone rang. She was writing a letter when he arrived.

We use WHEN with this usage.

*** 3. To express two actions that were happening at the same time in the *** 3. To express two actions that were happening at the same time in the pastpast

ex. I was watching TV while she was making dinner. While he was speaking to you, we were waiting in front of the door. We link these sentences with WHILE.

Adverbs All, the whole… day/year/month…; while; when…

When : -------------------------------------------| *** an action interrupted by another action. While: ------------------------------------------- *** two actions happening at the same time. -----------------------------------------------------------------

10.

PresentPresent perfectperfect tensetense


We make the affirmative form of Present Perfect Tense with the auxiliary verb HAVE in Present Simple Tense and the PAST PARTICIPLE of the main verb.

Subject + Subject + HAVEHAVE + past participle of the main + past participle of the main verbverb 33rdrd p. sg. HAS p. sg. HAS ex.ex. I have lived in England for ten years. // She has visited her grandparents recently.

*** We make the PAST PARTICIPLE of the REGULAR VERBS by adding the suffix -ED or –D: play – played; arrive – arrived; dance – danced; stay – stayed; study – studied…

***The irregular verbs have their own PAST PARTICIPLE forms:ex. see – seen; be – been; leave – left; take – taken; have – had; break – broken …


It is made by putting the negation NOT after the auxiliary verb.

Subject + Subject + HAVEHAVE + negation + past participle of the main verb + negation + past participle of the main verb 33rd rd p.sg.p.sg. HAS NOT HAS NOTFull form : HAVE NOT/ HAS NOT :: Short form: HAVEN ‘ T/ HASN ‘ TFull form : HAVE NOT/ HAS NOT :: Short form: HAVEN ‘ T/ HASN ‘ T

ex. She hasn’t visited her grandmother since last month.


It is made by inversion of the auxiliary verb and the subject.

HAVEHAVE + subject + past participle of the main verb + subject + past participle of the main verb33rdrd p. sgp. sg. HAS. HAS ex. Have you ever been to France? No, I haven’t.ex. Have you ever been to France? No, I haven’t.


1. I have played2. You have played3. He has played She has played It has played

1. We have played2. You have played3. They have played


1. I haven’t played2. You haven’t played3. He hasn’t played She hasn’t played It hasn’t played

1. We haven’t played2. You haven’t played3. They haven’t played

Interrogative form : Yes / No – answersInterrogative form : Yes / No – answers

1. Have I played? Yes, I have ./ No, I haven’t.2. Have you played? Yes, you have./ No, you haven’t3. Has he played? Yes, he has. / No, he hasn’t. Has she played? Yes, she has./ No, she hasn’t Has it played? Yes, it has. / No, it hasn’t.

1. Have we played? Yes, we have./ No, we haven’t.2. Have you played? Yes, you have./ No you haven’t.3. Have they played? Yes, they have./No they haven’t.

11.

UsageUsage We use Present Perfect Tense:………………We use Present Perfect Tense:………………

***1. to talk about the things that happened very recently. Then we use the***1. to talk about the things that happened very recently. Then we use the word word JUSTJUST : :

ex. He has JUST arrived.ex. He has JUST arrived.

***2. You can use the P.P.T. with ***2. You can use the P.P.T. with ALREADY ALREADY to say that something to say that something happened sooner than expected:happened sooner than expected:

ex. A: Don’t forget to post the letter, will you?ex. A: Don’t forget to post the letter, will you? B: I’ve ALREADY posted it.B: I’ve ALREADY posted it.

JUSTJUST and and ALREADYALREADY are used only inare used only in AFFIRMATIVE AFFIRMATIVE sentences, right sentences, right after the auxiliary verb.after the auxiliary verb.

***3. With adverbs ***3. With adverbs EVEREVER and and NEVERNEVER, when they include the moment of , when they include the moment of speaking.speaking.

ex. They have ex. They have NEVERNEVER been here. been here. Sue has Sue has NEVERNEVER seen an aquarium. seen an aquarium. Have you Have you EVEREVER seen a shark seen a shark??

NEVERNEVER is used in affirmative sentences, but the meaning is negative. is used in affirmative sentences, but the meaning is negative. EVEREVER is used in QUESTIONS. is used in QUESTIONS.

***4. To talk about things that happened in ***4. To talk about things that happened in INDEFINITE TIME IN THE PAST, INDEFINITE TIME IN THE PAST, BUT THE RESULTS ARE STILL PRESENT:BUT THE RESULTS ARE STILL PRESENT:

Ex. I have lost my book. Now I can’t learn my lessons.Ex. I have lost my book. Now I can’t learn my lessons. Oh ! I’ ve burnt myselfOh ! I’ ve burnt myself..

***5. ***5. You use P.P.T. to say that you have never done something or that youYou use P.P.T. to say that you have never done something or that you haven’t done something during a period of time which continues up to haven’t done something during a period of time which continues up to present:present:

Ex. I’ve never smoked.Ex. I’ve never smoked. I haven’t smoked I haven’t smoked forfor three years. three years. I haven’t smoked I haven’t smoked sincesince September. September. Jill hasn’t written to me Jill hasn’t written to me forfor nearly a month. nearly a month.

** FOR** FOR – shows a period of time up to present. – shows a period of time up to present. **SINCE**SINCE - a point in time when the action started. - a point in time when the action started.

12.12.

*** 6. *** 6. We often use the PPT with YET. It shows that the speaker I expectingWe often use the PPT with YET. It shows that the speaker I expecting . . something to happen. something to happen.

YET is used only in NEGATIVE and INTERROGATIVE YET is used only in NEGATIVE and INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES . ,. SENTENCES . ,.

and usually at the end of the sentence.and usually at the end of the sentence.

ex. Has it stopped raining YET?ex. Has it stopped raining YET? I haven’t told them about the accident YET.I haven’t told them about the accident YET.

***7. We often use the PPT with the expressions: ***7. We often use the PPT with the expressions: = THIS IS THE FIRST/ SECOND/ THIRD… TIME= THIS IS THE FIRST/ SECOND/ THIRD… TIME =IT’S THE FIRST TIME=IT’S THE FIRST TIME

ex. This is the first time he HAS DRVEN a car.ex. This is the first time he HAS DRVEN a car. It’s the second time you’ve lost your passport.It’s the second time you’ve lost your passport. Is this the first time YOU’VE BEEN in hospital?Is this the first time YOU’VE BEEN in hospital?

***8. We often use PPT after SUPERLATIVES.***8. We often use PPT after SUPERLATIVES.

ex. It’s the most boring film I’VE EVER SEEN.ex. It’s the most boring film I’VE EVER SEEN. She’s the most beautiful girl I ‘VE EVER MET.She’s the most beautiful girl I ‘VE EVER MET.

***9. With THIS MORNING/ EVENING/ WEEK/ TERM..***9. With THIS MORNING/ EVENING/ WEEK/ TERM.. ( When these periods are not finished at the time of speaking)( When these periods are not finished at the time of speaking)

ex. I’ve smoked ten cigarettes today.ex. I’ve smoked ten cigarettes today. Has Ann had a holiday this year?Has Ann had a holiday this year? I haven’t seen Tom this morning, have you?I haven’t seen Tom this morning, have you? Ron hasn’t studied very much this term.Ron hasn’t studied very much this term.

***10. To talk about a period of time that continues up to present. We are ***10. To talk about a period of time that continues up to present. We are . . talking about the period between a short time ago and now.. . talking about the period between a short time ago and now.

ex. Have you seen my dog? I can’t find him anywhere.ex. Have you seen my dog? I can’t find him anywhere.

OTHER ADVERBS: OTHER ADVERBS: several times; alwaysseveral times; alwaysAfter the conjunctions: After the conjunctions: after; as soon as; before; till; whenafter; as soon as; before; till; when

13.

Future with Future with willwill


We make the affirmative form with the modal verb WILL and the base of the main verb.

Subject + WILL + base form of the main verb ex. I will have a Coke, please. full form : short form

will : ‘ ll


We make the negative form by adding the negation NOT after the modal verb and the base form of the main verb.

Subject + WILL + NOT + base form of the main verb ex. I will not go to school tomorrow. full form : short form will not : won’t


We make the interrogative form by inversion of the subject and the modal verb.

WILL + subject + base form of the main verb ex.. Will you help me with my homework?


1. I will go 2. You will go 3. He will go She will go It will go

1. We will go 2. You will go 3. They will go


1. I won’ t go 2.You won’ t go 3. He won’ t go She won’ t go It won’ t go

1. We won’ t go 2. You won’ t go 3. They won’ t go

Interrogative formInterrogative form : : Yes / No - answersYes / No - answers

1. Will I go…? Yes, I will. // No, I won’ t. 2. Will you go…? Yes, you will .//No, you won’ t. 3. Will he go…? Yes, he will .// No, he won’ t. Will she go…? Yes, she will. // No, she won’ t. Will it go…? Yes, it will. // No, it won’ t.

1. Will we go…? Yes, we will. // No, we won’ t. 2. Will you go…? Yes, you will. // No, you won’ t. 3. Will they go…? Yes, they will.// No, they won’ t.

14.

usageusage

*** 1. We use it to express an instant decisionWe use it to express an instant decision.

ex. Q: What would you like to eat? A: I ’ ll haveI ’ ll have a hamburger, please.

*** 2. To make a prediction based on what we think or can imagine.To make a prediction based on what we think or can imagine.

ex. I want to play tennis tomorrow, but it willit will probablyprobably rainrain .. By the year 2030, everyone everyone will havewill have a computer.

*** 3. To make an offer or a promiseTo make an offer or a promise.

ex. A: I can’t do my homework. B: OK, I ‘ ll helpI ‘ ll help you. = offer

II will bewill be careful, I promise. = promise

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVESCOMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

There are three degrees of comparisonThere are three degrees of comparison ::

1. Positive -- small1. Positive -- small 2. Comparative – smaller2. Comparative – smaller 3. Superlative – the smallest3. Superlative – the smallest

There are three types of adjectives:There are three types of adjectives:

1.1. shortshort2.2. longlong3.3. irregularirregular

15.

Short adjectivesShort adjectives

*consist of only one syllable and the two syllable adjectives ending on –Y

We make the COMPARATIVE form by adding the suffix –ER to the base of the adjective: ex. big – bigger; tall – taller ; nice – nicer

We make the SUPERLATIVE form by adding the suffix – EST and we put THE in front of the adjective: ex. big – the biggest; tall – the tallest; nice the nicest

Phonetic rulesPhonetic rules :

1. Short adjectives that end on –Y and in front of which , there is a consonant : Y>I + the suffix:

ex. pretty > prettier > the prettiest; sunny > sunnier > the sunniest dry > drier > the driest

2. At the one syllable adjectives which end on a short consonant , we double the last consonant:

-g: big – bigger – the biggest; -t: hot – hotter – the hottest; fat – fatter – the fattest; - n: thin – thinner – the thinnest

3. If the adjective ends on – E then we use only – R for comparative and – ST for superlative:

ex. nice – nicer – the nicest fine – finer – the finest strange – stranger – the strangest

Long adjectivesLong adjectives

*The adjectives that have two or more syllables (*The adjectives that have two or more syllables (except the two syllable except the two syllable

adjectives ending on – Yadjectives ending on – Y) ) are called long adjectivesare called long adjectives..

We make the COMPARATIVE with MORE in front of the adjectiveWe make the COMPARATIVE with MORE in front of the adjective::

ex. ex. MORE + MORE + beautifulbeautiful; ; MORE + MORE + dangerousdangerous; ; MORE + MORE + expensiveexpensive

We make the SUPERLATIVE with THE MOST in front of the adjectives: Ex. THE MOST + beautiful THE MOST + dangerous THE MOST + expensive

16.16.

Irregular adjectivesIrregular adjectives

* There are some adjectives that have different forms for comparative and* There are some adjectives that have different forms for comparative and superlative than the short and long adjectives. There are no rules.superlative than the short and long adjectives. There are no rules.

Such adjectives areSuch adjectives are::

ex. 1. ex. 1. well – better – the best 5. bad- worse – the worstwell – better – the best 5. bad- worse – the worst

2. good – better – the best 6. little – less – the least2. good – better – the best 6. little – less – the least

3. far – further - the furthest 7. many – more – the most3. far – further - the furthest 7. many – more – the most - farther – the furthest 8. much - more - the most- farther – the furthest 8. much - more - the most

4. old – older – the oldest 9. ill – worse - the worst4. old – older – the oldest 9. ill – worse - the worst - elder – the eldest 10. evil – worse – the worst- elder – the eldest 10. evil – worse – the worst

*** To express the equality between two persons or two things we use the *** To express the equality between two persons or two things we use the so called so called as + adjective + asas + adjective + as comparisoncomparison . .

ex. Your sister is as old as mine.ex. Your sister is as old as mine. She is as pretty as me.She is as pretty as me.

*** With the COMPARATIVE we express the superiority of one person or *** With the COMPARATIVE we express the superiority of one person or object over some other. . . That’s why we always use the word “THAN”object over some other. . . That’s why we always use the word “THAN” with the comparative.with the comparative.

ex . ex . My son is older than my daughter.My son is older than my daughter. Our house is bigger than yours.Our house is bigger than yours.

*** We can express inferiority with the word *** We can express inferiority with the word “ “ LESSLESS “ or “ “ or “ NOT SO … ASNOT SO … AS “ .“ . LESS + ADJECTIVE + thanLESS + ADJECTIVE + than NOT SO + ADJECTIVE + AS NOT SO + ADJECTIVE + AS

ex. My coat is ex. My coat is less expensive thanless expensive than yours. yours. My coat is My coat is not so expensive asnot so expensive as yours. yours.

*** If want to emphasize the comparative, we use MUCH, A GREAT DEAL,MUCH, A GREAT DEAL, FAR, EVENFAR, EVEN: ex. Your house is much bigger than ours. It is even bigger hotel than Sheraton.

*** The person or the object that is better than the rest is expressed with expressions : . of all; of the whole; and with the preposition IN

ex. She is the most beautiful of all. Your is the biggest in our neighbourhood.

17.

imperativeimperative

The verb BEThe verb BE

Positive imperative: Be careful! Be wise ! Be quiet ! Be yourself !

Negative imperative : Don’ t be silly ! Don’ t be stupid ! Don’ t be late !

Other verbsOther verbs

Positive imperative : Look ! Stop ! Listen (to me when I’ m talking to

you. ) . Get out ! Come in ! Talk to me !

Negative imperative: Don’t stop ! Don’ t look at me ! Don’ t go out late at night !

If we want to emphasize the command or the request we use DO. ex. Do take another cake ! // Do stop here !

In first and third person singular and plural we use the verb LET: ex. positive : Let him do as he pleases ! Let me go ! Let us go ! ( Let’s go!) Let them go! negative : Don’t let him go ! Don’t let me go ! Don’t let them ruin this for us!

USAGEUSAGE We use the IMPERATIVE to express:

1. Command : Ex. Come here ! Speak out ! Open the book ! Shut the door ! 2. Request : Ex. Help me, please ! Show them the city, please ! 3. Permission : Ex. Take it if you like it !

4. Invitation : Ex. Come with me !

We can also use a double imperative : ex. Go and see what’s going on!

18.

TOO & ENOUGH

We use TOO and ENOUGH to express amount, size and degree.

TOO goes before an adjectives: These shirts are TOO small.

ENOUGH goes after an adjective : They aren’t big ENOUGH.

Ex. I don’t want to go out. It’ s TOO cold. // It’s not warm ENOUGH. My hair is TOO short. // My hair isn’t long ENOUGH.

19.

PERSONAL PRONOUNSPERSONAL PRONOUNS

SubjectSubject ObjectObject

1. I 1. Me. I 1. Me 2. You 2. You2. You 2. You 3. He 3. Him3. He 3. Him She HerShe Her It ItIt It

1. We 1. Us1. We 1. Us 2. You 2. You2. You 2. You 3. They 3. Them3. They 3. Them

POSSESIVE ADJECTIVES ----- Possessive pronouns

1. My 1. Mine 2. Your 2. Yours 3. His 3. His Her Hers Its Its

1. Our 1.Ours 2. Your 2. Yours 3. Their 3. Theirs

We use the possessive pronouns ( mine, yours …) instead of… … a possessive adjective + noun

Ex. This is MY TICKET. This TICKET is MINE

possessive adjective possessive + noun pronoun

20.

QUESTION TAGSQUESTION TAGS

We use the question tags to check information that we think is correct.

***When the MAIN VERB is AFFIRMATIVE, the question tag is NEGATIVE .

***When the MAIN VERB is NEGATIVE, the question tag is AFIRMATIVE .

We repeat the auxiliary / modal verb in the question tag. If there is no auxiliary verb use: / don’ t / / doesn’ t / / didn’ t

MAIN VERB QUESTION TAG

You are Spanish , aren’t you ? You can speak French , can’t you ?

He isn’t English , is he ? We must take the dog out , mustn’t we ? You don’t speak Italian , do you ?

She eats meat , doesn’t she ? Your parents have been to York , haven’t they ?

He didn’t arrive yesterday , did he ? He arrived yesterday , didn’t he ?

# Careful with question tags with I’m : ex. I’m late, aren’t I ?

** If the tag falls, the speaker expects people to agree with him / her :

Ex. Beautiful day, isn’t it ?

**If the tag rises, the speaker is asking for confirmation. The speaker thinks, he / she knows the answer, but isn’ t absolutely sure :

ex. Your name is Abigail, isn’t it ?

You work in the city, don’t you ?

21.

QuantifiersQuantifiers

SOME *** ANYSOME *** ANY

ex. There is some bread and there are some cakes. There isn’ t any bread and there aren’t any cakes

SOMESOME and ANYANY go before a plural countable nounplural countable noun or an uncountable noununcountable noun.We use SOMESOME in affirmative sentencesaffirmative sentences, and ANYANY in negative andnegative and

interrogativeinterrogative ..

HOW MANY ………………? – HOW MANY ………………? – with countable nounswith countable nounsHOW MUCH…………… .? – HOW MUCH…………… .? – with uncountable nounswith uncountable nouns

Ex How many apples are there on the plate? How much sugar do you want in your coffee?

A LITTLE*** A FEW *** A LOT OFA LITTLE*** A FEW *** A LOT OF

****** A LITTLEA LITTLE – with – with uncountableuncountable nouns nouns ex. a little sugar, a little water, a little salt, a little ex. a little sugar, a little water, a little salt, a little flour…..flour…..

****** A FEWA FEW – – with with plural countableplural countable nouns nouns ex. a few apples, a few boys, a few girls, a few bananas…..ex. a few apples, a few boys, a few girls, a few bananas…..

****** A LOT OFA LOT OF – – with with uncountable and plural countableuncountable and plural countable nouns nouns ex. a lot of sugar, a lot of bread, a lot of potatoes, a lot of oranges, aex. a lot of sugar, a lot of bread, a lot of potatoes, a lot of oranges, a

lot of people…..lot of people…..

Ex. 1. There’s a little sugar. 2.There are a few apples. 3 a) There’s a lot of bread b) There are a lot of oranges.

22.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCESCONDITIONAL SENTENCES

The conditional sentences are consisted of two clauses ( parts of the sentence ) 1. MAIN or INDEPENDENT CLAUSE

2. DEPENDENT or SUBORDINATE CLAUSE

ZERO CONDITIONALZERO CONDITIONAL

The sentences which express facts that are always true are called ZERO CONDITIONAL SENTENCES and we use PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE in both clauses.

IF – CLAUSE IF – CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSEMAIN CLAUSE PRESENT SIMPLEPRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLEPRESENT SIMPLE

ex. If you boil water, it turns into steam. If you freeze water, it turns into ice. If you throw a stone into water it sinks.

FIRST CONDITIONAL – OPEN CONDITIONAL SENTENCESFIRST CONDITIONAL – OPEN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

These sentences refer to the present or future and the combination of tenses is: PRESENT SIMPLE or FUTURE SIMPLE

IF – CLAUSE IF – CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSEMAIN CLAUSE PRESENT SIMPLEPRESENT SIMPLE FUTURE SIMPLEFUTURE SIMPLE

***Every condition is expressed with clauses that start with “ IF “. If the sentence is negative we use “ UNLESS ” ( not IF NOT ).

ex. If you invite me to your party, I’ll come. If she becomes a vet, she will look after animals.

1a. If you don’t study hard, you won’t pass the exam. or

1b. Unless you study hard, you won’t pass the exam. 2a. I won ’ t forgive him if he doesn’t apologize. or

2b. I won ’ t forgive him unless he apologizes. *** These sentences express prediction about the future.

23.

Conditional sentences – supplement (DODATOK)

When the condition expressed in the If – clause ( dependent or

subordinate clause ) is possible ( can be fulfilled ) - except FUTURE SIMPLE and PRESENT SIMPLE in the main clause, we can also use : IF – CLAUSE IF – CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSEMAIN CLAUSE PRESENT SIMPLE + IMPERATIVE

ex. If he invites you, go and see him. – positive command

If he insists, don’ t go. – negative command

PRESENT SIMPLE + MODAL VERB

Ex. If it stops raining, we can go out.

If it stops raining, we shall go out.

**The meaning doesn’t change if we put the main clause before the If - clause.

ex. We can go out if it stops raining. ( If stops raining, we can go out.)

Go and see him if he invites you. ( If he invites you, go and see him )

24.

SECOND CONDITIONAL – UNREAL CONDITIONAL SENTENCESSECOND CONDITIONAL – UNREAL CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

***We use these sentences when we talk about present or future unreal ***We use these sentences when we talk about present or future unreal situations.situations. The condition expressed in these sentences is not very likely to beThe condition expressed in these sentences is not very likely to be fulfilled fulfilled

- that’s why we call these sentences potential ( improbable conditional- that’s why we call these sentences potential ( improbable conditional sentences). We do not believe that the condition will be fulfilled or there issentences). We do not believe that the condition will be fulfilled or there is a very small possibility that the condition will be fulfilled. a very small possibility that the condition will be fulfilled.

The combination of tenses is : The combination of tenses is :

If – clause Main clauseIf – clause Main clauseCondition results( consequences)Condition results( consequences)

PAST SIMPLE FUTURE - IN - THE - PAST- CONDITIONALPAST SIMPLE FUTURE - IN - THE - PAST- CONDITIONAL ( minato opredeleno ( minato idno vreme) svrseno vreme)

english grammar script

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