english enrichment
TRANSCRIPT
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Bespoken English Enrichment
Journalists BEE.
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1. Vocabulary Trees.
Vocabulary trees help provide context. Once
you've mapped out a few vocabulary trees,
you'll discover yourself thinking in vocabulary
groups. When you see a cup your mind will
quickly relate such words as knife, fork, late,
dishes, etc.
Here is an example of a vocabulary tree.
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2. Vocabulary Themes
Create a list of vocabulary themes, include the
vocabulary, a definition and an example
sentence for each new item.
Here is an example of a household appliance
vocabulary theme sheet .
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3. Use Technology to Help You
Watching DVDs is a great way to help you
understand native speakers of English.
DVD use into a vocabulary learning exercise .
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4. Specific Vocabulary Lists
Rather than studying a long list of unrelated
vocabulary, use specific vocabulary lists to
help you prepare for the type of vocabulary
you need for work.
These business vocabulary word lists are
great for industry specific vocabulary items.
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5. Word Formation Charts
Word formation is one of the keys to success
for advanced level ESL learners. Advanced
level English exams such as the TOEFL use
word formation as one of the key testing
elements.
These word formation charts provide the
concept noun, personal noun, adjective and
verb forms.
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6. Visual Dictionaries
A picture is worth a thousand words. It's also
very helpful for learning precise vocabulary.
Here is an online version of a visual dictionary
dedicated to jobs.
Try http://www.visualthesaurus.com/
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7. Learn Collocations
Collocations refer to words that often or
always go together.
A good example of a collocation is to do yourhomework.
These lists ofimportant verb + noun
collocations will help your learn some of the
most important.
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9.Use a Corpus
Corpora are huge collections of documents thatcan track the number of times a word is used. Byusing a corpora, you can find which words are
often used together with target vocabularywords.
Combining corpora use with vocabulary trees is agreat way to learn key vocabulary for specific
vocabulary target areas. You can get started by visiting the British NationalCorpus.
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Part II. English Feel.
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1. Stress.
English is a stressed language:
Primary/secondary stress Focus on specific stressed words
Glides over other words
Stress vis--vis meaning.
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2. Content words
Stressed words are content words
Nouns e.g.kitchen, Peter- (most) principalverbs e.g.visit, construct- Adjectives e.g.
beautiful, interesting - Adverbs e.g.often,
carefully.
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4. Read aloud* !!
The beautiful Mountain appeared transfixedin
the distance.
He can come on Sundays as long as he doesn't
have to do any homeworkin the evening.
*(Both have 5 str.words and take the same
time to read.)
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5.Practice.
1.Write down a few sentences, or take a few samplesentences from a book.
2. First underline the stressed words, then read aloud
focusing on stressing the underlined words and glidingover the non-stressed words.
3. By focusing on stressed words, non-stressed words andsyllables take on their more muted nature.
4. When listening to native speakers, focus on how those
speakers stress certain words and try to copy this.
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Part III.
20 Most Common Grammatical Errors
&
How to avoid them.
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1. Common comma.
The incorrect joining of two independent clauses with a comma is anextremely common error.
They believe in Peter, he is their manager.
There are three ways to solve this problem:
a. Use a period to separate the clauses into two sentences:
They believe in Peter.He is their manager.
b. Join the clauses with a coordinating or subordinating conjunction,depending on their relation to one another:
They believe in Peter, for he is their manager.
c. Join the clauses with a semicolon:
They believe in Peter; he is their manager.
[Arun-on sentencefuses two sentences together without any punctuation:
They believe in Peter he is their manager.
This problem can also be fixed in the same three ways.]
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2. Wordiness causes.
1. Overuse of relative pronouns
2. Overuse of meaningless qualifiers
3. Vague constructions
4. Tentative language
5. Redundancies
6. Passive voice.
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3. Parallelism.
The grammatical elements of parallel clauses must
match.
I acquired my considerable fortune by investing carefully, hardwork and marrying a rich woman.
I acquired my considerable fortune by investing carefully,working hardand marrying a rich woman.
"Justin is not an ordinary person, and neither are his stories,"
You are implying that the stories are not ordinary people. Amore accurate assessment of Justin would be,
"Justin is not ordinary, and neither are his stories."
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5. S/V agreement 1.
Your subject should agree with the verb, even when
there are intervening components in the sentence.
The group of bizarrely dressed youths are taking overthe cafeteria.
The writer has used a plural verb because of the proximity of
youths, but the subject of the sentence is group.
The sentence should read:
The group of bizarrely dressed youths is taking over thecafeteria.
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6. S/V agreement 2.
If there are two subjects joined by and, use a
plural verb:
My mother and father are coming to visit.
If the subjects are joined by or, the verb must
agree with the nearest subject:
EitherR
amu or Sudha is doing it.
Either Sherlock Holmes or the Hardy Boys are
capable of solving this crime.
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7. S/V agreement 3.
Collective nouns such as familytake singular
verbs when the sentence deals with the
group as a whole:
The Nair family is going on vacation this year.
If the sentence deals with the family as
individuals, then a plural form is used:
The Nair family are going to fight all the way
through against the court order.
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8. S/V agreement - 4
Linking verbs in subjective completions agree
with the subject, not the completion:
My favourite thing to buy is compact discs.
But compare:
Compact discs are my favourite thing to buy.
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9. Pronoun agreement
Pronouns agree in gender and number.Collectivepronouns present more of a problem. Indefinite
words such as anyone, anything, someone,everybodyand no one take singular pronouns.
Pronouns are an issue when using gender-specificlanguage.
The antecedent is the noun to which the pronounrefers. Make sure what the antecedent of apronoun is. Also, make sure that you are referringto the correct noun.
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10. V/P/R
There are two kinds ofvague pronoun
reference.
The first occurs when there is more than one
word that the pronoun might refer to.
The second when the reference is to a wordthat is implied (but not explicitly stated).
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11. Example 1
Transmitting radio signalsby satellite is a way
of overcoming the problem of scarce airwaves
and limiting how they are used.
What is being limitedthe signals or the
airwaves?
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12. Example - 2
BeforeBefore MaryMary attackedattacked SitaSita, she was seen by, she was seen by
many as murmuring all 4many as murmuring all 4--letter words.letter words.
Whom doesshe
refer toMary or Sita?
Company policy prevented smoking whichCompany policy prevented smoking which
many employees resented.
many employees resented.
What does which refer tothe policy or
smoking?
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14. I/me.
It is also incorrect to write:
The rain soaked Sheela and I
or They sent the invitation to Sheela and I.
Use Iin the subjective case and mein
the objective case, no matter whatother pronouns are found in the
sentence.
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15.Misplaced Modifiers
A modifying word or phrase should be placed nextto the word it describes. In the followingsentence, the modifying phrase has beenmisplaced:
Growing at the bottom of the glass, Susan foundsome fungi.
Since it is the mold that is growing at the bottom ofthe glass, rather than Susan, the sentence should
read: Susan found some fungi growing at the bottom of
the glass.
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16. Dangling Modifier
A dangling modifier modifies a word which has beenleft out of the sentence:
"After writing all that material, the computer didn't
save it." The computer did not do the writing; what is actually
meant is "After writing that material, I discoveredthat the computer didn't save it, The subject I was
omitted from the original sentence.
The positioning of limiting modifiers such as only, nearly and almostis especially important. "Only Frank dropped the bomb," "Frankonly dropped the bomb" and "Frank dropped the only bomb" allhave different meanings.
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17. Mixed Metaphors
A mixed metaphor attempts to create an extendedcomparison but fails because it is not consistent withitself. For example, in an essay on the language used indescribing pain relief medicine, a student wrote:
"The topic of pain relievers seems clouded in a sea of
medical terminology."
The metaphor is mixed because the images of cloudand sea do not match. The student should have said
either "drowned in a sea of medical terminology" or"clouded in a fog of medical terminology.
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