english class 10 looking back on essentials

8/14/2019 English Class 10 Looking Back On Essentials

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CURSOS ON-LINE – INGLÊS – PROFESSOR CARLOS AUGUSTO

www.pontodosconcursos.com.br

-1-

AULA 10

LOOKING BACK ON ESSENTIALS

Text 1: The International Monetary Fund

Most of the world’s leading nations sent representatives to a conference atBretton Woods, on Dec 27, 1945. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) wasestablished then, and a system of “pegged” or fixed exchange rates was devised.

The IMF was established mainly to promote international cooperation onmonetary issues and to facilitate governments with financial resources to correct5payments’ imbalances.

The IMF is a specialized agency of the UN, with a board of governors drawnfrom every member country, 22 executive directors and a managing director. It had170 members (1993). Its headquarters is in Washington D.C.

The IMF extends short-term credit to nations unable to meet their balance-of-10payments debts by conventional means, usually increased exports and long-termloans. The IMF expects to be paid back and can enter into consultations with chronicdebtor-nations in order to advise them on how best to repay their debts. The IMF willoften ask these nations to take steps to decrease their imports or perhaps depreciatetheir currencies.15

The conference at Bretton Woods also provided for fixed exchange ratesbetween nations, but this part of the agreement has since been abandoned. In 1971,with the American trade deficit continuing to grow, the US proposed that Germany

and Japan, both with favorable balances of payment, appreciate their currencies.These nations were reluctant to act, and when they did, it was too little too late. The20fixed value of the dollar was abandoned and allowed to “float;” that is, to fluctuate incomparison to other currencies - with supply and demand determining the value. Inthe US, prices and wages were frozen for a time, and a 10% surcharge was imposedon imports. The purpose was to persuade Europe and Japan to reduce trade barriersagainst American products.25

A world conference was called at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington,D.C., to try and revive the old system. The dollar was officially devalued, and theJapanese yen and German mark were raised in value. When the U.S. trade positionstill did not improve enough in 1972, the fall of the dollar was made official, and the

world reverted to flexible exchange rates.30 Some economists argue that more potent methods must be used to correctlong-term and deep-seated trade imbalances. Two of the more popular ideas are theuse of flexible exchange rates and special drawing rights. Flexible exchange rateswould mark a compromise between the days of rigid (usually outdated) exchangerates and today’s free-floating situation where supply and demand can cause35extreme fluctuations in a currency’s value. Flexible exchange rates would allow acurrency to fluctuate up to a certain prescribed level, perhaps 1% or 2% a year.

Special drawing rights are what is known as “paper gold.” Limited supplies ofgold relative to the world money supply, along with the fall in value of the dollar, haveled to the need to find an alternative. The IMF has responded by agreeing to create40

paper gold and distribute it to member nations in proportion to the amount of theirsubscription. (From “An Outline of American Economy’ , ps.132/133, USIA)





CURSOS ON LINE Prof. Carlos Augusto -2-

Pre-testing Vocabulary

Faça o skimming do texto e correlacione os fragmentos do texto em A comsua tradução em B, impregnados de “economês” já que estamos falando doInternational Monetary Fund (IMF), that is, FMI. Como sempre astransparent words, os true cognates, vão ajudá-lo nessa tarefa:

A B1. “pegged” exchange rates a. ( ) saldar suas dívidas2. correct payments’ imbalances b. ( ) taxas de câmbio fixas3. repay their debts c. ( ) corrigir desequilíbrios nos pags. 4. decrease their imports d. ( ) desvalorizar suas moedas5. depreciate their currencies e. ( ) diminuir suas importações6. prices and wages were frozen f. ( ) direitos especiais de saque

7. deep-seated trade imbalances g. ( ) preços e salários foram congelados 8. special drawing rights h. ( ) desequilíbrios comerciais sérios

ANALYSIS OF TEXT 1

1. Em virtude de se tratar de um relato histórico o verb tense predominante éo past simple. Escreva pelo menos cinco exemplos dele nas linhas abaixo:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Escreva um exemplo retirado do text 1 nos verb tenses below:

Present simple _________________________________________________Present perfect _________________________________________________Future Simple __________________________________________________

3. Escreva cinco exemplos de construções na passive voice encontradas notext 1:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________






4. Atenção para o significado das palavras terminadas em ...ing. Indique comoestão sendo usadas as formas em negrito e traduza os fragmentos do texto.

a) the world’s leading nations (L-1) __________________________________________________________________________

b) and a managing director (L-9) __________________________________________________________________________

c) the American trade deficit continuing to grow (L-19) __________________________________________________________________________

d) supply and demand determining the value (L-23)

__________________________________________________________________________e) and special drawing rights (L-34) __________________________________________________________________________

f) today’s free-floating situation (L-36) __________________________________________________________________________

g) The IMF has responded by agreeing (L-42) __________________________________________________________________________

5. Atenção para o significado das palavras terminadas em ...ed. Indique comoestão sendo usadas as formas em negrito e traduza os fragmentos do texto

a) a system of fixed exchange rates (L-3) __________________________________________________________________________

b) The IMF is a specialized agency (L-8) __________________________________________________________________________

c) usually increased exports (L-12)

__________________________________________________________________________d) at Bretton Woods also provided for (L-17) __________________________________________________________________________

e) this part of the agreement has since been abandoned (L-18) __________________________________________________________________________

f) Japanese yen and German mark were raised in value (L-29) __________________________________________________________________________

g) fluctuate up to a certain prescribed level (L-38) __________________________________________________________________________






Poderíamos, com certeza, pinçar vários outros exemplos do texto de formaçãoprefixal e sufixal igualmente elucidativos, mas, por enquanto, vamos ficar como quadro seguinte. Veja se consegue fazer este exercício sem o auxílio de umdictionary; se de todo não for possível, recorra a um.

Escreva nas quadriculas as palavras que estão faltando pertencentes àsrespectivas word families:

Verb Noun Adjective adverbadvise ____________ advisable advisablyfinance finance financial ________________

correct ______________ corrected correctly_____________ officialization officialized officiallyincrease increase increasing ________________impose _____________ imposed imposinglycompare comparison t ______________ comparablypersuade persuasion ______________ persuasivelyknow _____________ unknown knowingly_____________ specialization special specially

COLLOCATIONS / COMBINATIONS

Sugeri que você estudasse blocos de palavras e não só palavras soltas. É oestudo das collocations e combinations não valendo a pena, aqui, ficarpreso à distinção entre elas. Escolhi exemplos do texto do tipo: verb + noun /adj. + noun.

Coloque os verbos diante das expressões correspondentes, depoisconfira no texto como o autor as combinou.

extends - promote - take - depreciate - determine - reduce - freeze - correct

1. ____________ international cooperation2. ____________ steps3. ____________ short-term credit4. ____________ their currencies5. ____________ trade barriers6. ____________ trade imbalances

7. ____________ determining the value8. ____________ freeze wages and prices






From text 1:“Some economists argue that more potent methods must be used to correctlong-term and deep-seated trade imbalances. Two of the more popular ideas

are the use of flexible exchange rates and special drawing rights. (L-35)

COMPARATIVES

Anteriormente revisamos superlatives. Desta vez vamos relembrar ascomparative forms. As formas do comparativo e do superlativo dosadjetivos são importantes pois os examinadores podem perfeitamente jogar comas idéias de mais isso, menos aquilo, o mais alguma coisa, o menos alguma

coisa - de maneira explicita ou não tão explícita nas diversas opçõesapresentadas numa questão de múltipla-escolha. Veja se tem o domínio dasprincipais formações:

a. O sufixo ‘er’ é usado para formar o comparativo de superioridade deadjetivos ‘curtos’.

easy easier (than) mais fácil (que)clean cleaner (than) mais limpo/a (que)

hot hotter (than) mais quente (que)old older (than) mais velho/a (que)

b. Com adjetivos longos’ usa-se more+adj.+than para formar o comparativo desupeiroridade e less+adj.+than para formar o compartaivo de inferioridade.

more (less) difficult than mais (menos) difícil (que)more (less) complicated than mais (menos) complicado/a que)more (less) economical than mais (menos) econômico/a (que)

c. Algumas formas irregulares:

good better (than) melhor (que)bad worse (than) pior (que) little less( than ) menos (que)much(many) more (than) mais (que)






A FINAL LOOK AT FALSE FRIENDS

From text 1:“would mark a compromise” (L-35)

No exemplo extraído do text 1, ‘compromise’ não significa compormisso, esim, acordo. O que faz dele um falso amigo para Brazilian students.

Complete the sentences with one of the FALSE COGNATES fromthe box then translate the sentences.

extenuating luxury balance record repealed union

affluent fabric attend parties costume cargo

1. I’m sure that law has been _________ already. It’s no longer valid.__________________________________________________________________________2. There are some ______________ circumstances in his case that must be

taken into account by the judge.__________________________________________________________________________3. In many places, an automobile is not a __________, it’s a necessity.__________________________________________________________________________

4. Since you did not pay the invoice in full, how do you intend to pay the___________ outstanding.__________________________________________________________________________5. He began to keep a more accurate _________ of his expenses.__________________________________________________________________________6. Nobody had told me it was _________ party. So I wore a suit.__________________________________________________________________________7. The area was nicknamed Silicon Valley for the ________ of computer chips.__________________________________________________________________________8. _________ leaders, together with dissatisfied workers, went on strike.

__________________________________________________________________________9. Mr. Penn introduced us to his __________ associate from Norway.__________________________________________________________________________10. If the ________ were not illegal, there would not be so many men carrying

shotguns on board that ship.__________________________________________________________________________11. Now that the two ____________ involved are in agreement the contract

may be finalized.__________________________________________________________________________12. Unfortunately not many people enrolled to _________ Prof. Haskin’s talk

on Economic Development. __________________________________________________________________________






Como ainda estamos treinando pro mock test final, vale um exercício de:

VOCABULARY PRE TEST

A B1. attract customers a. ( ) tem seguro contra perda2. carry money safely b. ( ) realizar muitos negócios3. foreign currencies c. ( ) esgotar o estoque de. cheques4. accept foreign checks d. ( ) portar dinheiro c/ segurança5. dealing with foreigners e. ( ) receber cheques do exterior6. insured against loss f. ( ) moedas estrangeiras

7. do much business g. ( ) atrair clientes 8. run out of checks h. ( ) negociar com estrangeiros9. service charge will vary i. ( ) pagar pela hospedagem10. pay for lodging j. ( ) tarifas de serviços variarão

Text 2: Handling your money

Most banks in the U.S. open at 9 and close between 3 and 5 but stay openlate on Fridays. Some banks have longer hours in order to attract customers.

What’s the best way to carry money safely while you’re traveling? Thereare three possibilities - personal checks from your country, travelers’ checks andcredit cards. Some American banks accept foreign checks such as Eurocheques.5The problem is that only those banks that are used to dealing with foreignerswill know what Eurocheques are.

It may be more convenient to carry travelers’ checks, which are insuredagainst loss. They should be in dollars, because only a few banks do muchbusiness in foreign currencies. If your checks aren’t in dollars, it may take you a10long time to find a bank that will exchange them. You can use travelers checks

almost anywhere - in restaurants, stores or ticket offices - without having to goto a bank. If you run out of them, you can buy more at most banks. Their servicecharge will vary, though, so ask what it is before you buy your checks.

Americans would say the best way to carry money is to have a major15credit card like Visa, Master Card or American Express. Credit Cards can becanceled if they are lost or stolen. And because they are widely accepted in theU.S., it is easy to use them to pay for lodging, transportation, meals and thingsyou want to buy from larger stores.

Of course you can’t get along without cash, but you don’t need to carry20much with you (From "How to Survive in the USA" by Nancy Church and AnneMoss, Unit 6, p 52)






READING COMPREHENSION PRATICE FOR THE MOCK TEXT

1. Banks most likely to know about Eurocheques are the banks ...a) whose service charges are lower.b) having longer hours to attract customers.c) which do much business in all foreign currencies.d) that ordinarily deal with foreigners.e) that can exchange them if you run out of them.

2. The phrase ‘such as’ (L-5) as a discourse marker is indicating …a) additionb) opposition.c) emphasis.d) concession.e) exemplification.

3. The authors defend the convenience of carrying travelers’ checks becausea) they are insured against loss.b) they should always be in dollars.c) very few banks accept them.d) you can eventually cancel them.e) banks invariably charge low service charges.

4. In ‘you can’t get along without cash’ the underlined expression inbold means that

a) you cannot live without notes and coins.b) people will never be able to substitute for cash.c) you have to carry a little pocket money with you.d) people should not carry cash with them.

e) you cannot use magnetic cards everywhere.

5. In the fragment “so ask what it is before you buy your checks” (L- 14) thepronoun ‘it’ refers to

a) a bank.b) the service charge.c) a traveler checkd) the mattere) a place






VOCABULARY BUILD UP: PHRASAL VERBS

From text 2:“Of course you can’t get along without cash” (L-20)

O verbo ‘get’ é o verbo dos 1001 significados. Se um aluno me perguntasse -Qual é o significado de ‘get’? Mais uma vez a minha resposta teria que ser -Em que contexto? Veja algumas possibilidades:

What time did you get home last night?A que horas você chegou em casa ontem à noite?

Harriet did not get what I meant with that phrase.A Harriet não entendeu o que eu quis dizer com aquela frase.

The phone rings and somebody says: I’ll get it!O telefone toca e alguém diz: Eu atendo!

Isso sem mencionar as inúmeras possibilidades da locução get + adjective:

It’s getting cold, it’s getting late. Time to get dressed.Está ficando frio, está ficando tarde. Hora de se vestir.

Além disso, como muitos outros verbos ingleses o verbo ‘get’ se une apartículas como no exemplo texto para formar phrasal verbs. O próprio getalong acima pode ser get along without ou get along with. Por exemplo:

Ross and Ben cannot work together. They don’t get along with each other.O Ross e o Ben não podem trabalhar juntos. Eles não se dão bem.

My mother-in-law just can’t get along without TV.Minha sogra não consegue passar sem a TV.

Depois que eu vi a seguinte questão no concurso de Fiscal da Receita, conformemenciono no meu livro Inglês para Concursos, a partir daí passei a aconselharmeus alunos a estudarem os phrasal verbs com mais carinho. Observe:

ESAF AFRF 2002.2 The expression to ‘stem the loss’ means to …a) stop it.b) bring it about.c) sum it up.

d) take it over.e) make it out.Answer: ‘a’, the other options are examples of phrasal verbs.






PHRASAL VERBS PRACTICE

Use the phrasal verbs from the box to complete the text below(using each verb once only. Equivalents are given in brackets. Youmay need to use other verb tenses.Use estes phrasal verbs para completar o texto abaixo. Use cada um delessomente uma vez. Equivalentes são fornecidos entre parênteses. Você podeprecisar alterar os tempos verbais.

act on adhere to branch out

build up cash in on draw up

fall through fight off get away with

look after look forward to make up

rely/count on take over take up

When we tried to (1) __________ [acquire] Mackenzie PLC we were all(2) ___________ [await with pleasure] an easy victory. We thought that mostof their shareholders would (3) __________ [profit from] the chance of a quickprofit. But the directors were determined to (4) ___________ [defeat] our bid.They (5) ___________ [invent] a lot of untrue stories about our company andcriticized our last Annual Report, claiming that we hadn’t (6) __________[respect] Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, and that our accountantshad (7) ____________ [succeeded in doing sth. wrong] a lot of windowdressing. They were able to convince their shareholders that they could (8) ___________ [trust] them (the current management) to (9) _____________[protect] their interests better than we could. Over the years, they had obviously(10) ____________ [accumulated] a lot of respect from their shareholders.who (11) ___________ [follow] the board of directors’ advice, and didn't (12) _____________ [accept] our offer. Thus the whole deal (13) ____________[collapse] But we are now (14) ____________ [prepare] alternative plans to(15) ______________ [diversify] in a new direction. (Adapted from Financial English by Ian Mackenzie, page 82, LTP)






VOCABULARY BUILD UP

Match the words in (A) with the words in (B) then the words in (C) withones in (D to check how much of transitional words (discourse markers you

have learned:Associe as palavras da coluna A com as palavras na coluna B depois as em C comaquelas em D para verificar o quanto você aprendeu sobre transitions (marcadores do discurso)

A B

1. In spite of a. ( ) Furthermore2. However b. ( ) Finally3. As a result c. ( ). Nevertheless

4. Moreover d. ( ) Despite5. Eventually e. ( ) Therefore

C D6. Besides f. ( ) As, since

7. Hence g. ( ) But8. Notwithstanding h. ( ). So, thus

9. Because i. ( ) In fact, really10. Actually j. ( ) In addition, also






LIGHTEN UP

Take 1

Take 2

1. O que você observa de diferente nos dois takes?________________________________________________________________________

2. Qual é o efeito desejado pelo criador do anúncio publicitário?________________________________________________________________________

3. Você consegue traduzir esse provérbio acima?________________________________________________________________________






SAME OR DIFFERENT?

Write (S) in parentheses if you think ‘a’ and ‘b’ mean the same;write (D) if you think they’re different.

1. ( )

a) Although Jennifer studied hard for the test, she did not pass.b) Jennifer failed to pass the test; she studied hard for it, though.

2. ( )

a) Harold studied until midnight last night.

b) Harold kept studying until midnight last night.

3. ( )

a) The quiz Prof. Lindsay gave us was very hard; very few studentssucceeded.

b) Even though Prof. Lindsay’s test was very hard; quite a few studentssucceeded.

4. ( )

a) No doubt Louis has many qualities; nevertheless, I think she’s tooinexperienced.

b) There’s no doubt Louis has many qualities; still, I think she needs muchmore experience.

5. ( )

a) My father let us choose shoes of our own liking.b) My father let us choose shoes by ourselves.

6. ( )

a) I give up! I’ll never learn calculus. It’s just over my head.b) I give up! I’ll never keep those calculations in mind.

7. ( )

a) Brenda was one of the worst dancers of the group. Actually, she mayhave been the worst.

b) Brenda was a very poor dancer. Nowadays, she is the worst of the group.






9. “I heard that Mr. Ramos is retiring.”

“We’ll miss having him around. Mr. Ramos ....................... (always/ tobe) so helpful.a) has always been b) was being always

10. “What was Sonia so worried about this morning?”“Her husband ......................... (to phone- neg.) her yet.”

a) wasn’t phoning b) hadn’t phoned

11. “How was it at the mall this morning?”“After we had been waiting for over an hour, my wife decided to buy thefirst dress she ....................... (to try on).

a) had tried on b) has tried on

12. “......................... (ever/ to visit) the museums in France?”“Not yet, but I plan to.”

a) Have you ever visited b) Were you ever visiting

13. “Hi, Peter. How long ........................... (to wait) for me?”“Not very long. I arrived about five minutes ago.”

a) were you waiting b) have you been waiting

14. “Would you consider trading in your old station wagon?”“I wouldn’t. I .................. (to have) it for 5 years and it looks brand new.”

a) am having b) have had

15. “When did your aunt Alice move to Bahia?”“She moved a year ago and she ....................... (to live) there ever since.”

a) lives b) has been living

16. “Did you do anything special last night?”“I .......................... (to watch) an interesting documentary on channel 51when the lights went out.”

a) watched b) was watching

17. “I guess we’ll not be able to go anywhere this year on our vacations?”“And to think that this time last year we ..................... (to have) the timeof our lives in Palma de Majorca.”

a) were having b) have had






18. “When was it exactly that Derek decided to step on the gas?”

“The moment he looked out of the window and saw that another car....................... (to follow) us.”a) was following b) has followed

19. “Hey, Albert. Did you miss your bus?”“When I got to the terminal, my bus .................... (to leave) already.”

a) was left b) had left

20. “Do you know when Denise started studying English?”“She started studying it when she was a child and she ............................ (to practice) it ever since.

a) has been practicing b) had practiced

21. “How can you be so optimistic about the future?”“I guarantee that things will be different a year from now. To begin with,I ..................... (to finish) paying the mortgage on my apartment by then.”

a) will have finished b) will finish

22. “Did you manage to talk to Sally today?”

“No. Sally .................... (to be) pretty busy lately.”a) was b) has been

23. “What is one thing that you remember about Jean?”“She ......................... (to play) chess very well when she was in college.”

a) played b) was playing

24. “Agatha asked me for another twenty bucks.”“She is a helpless case. She ................................. (always/to borrow)

money from her friends.”a) is always borrowing b) had always borrowed

25. “Do you know where Dennis ............................. (always/ to get off)?” “As far as I can remember, at this very station.”

a) will always get off b) always gets off

26. “Was it clear to you what Debbie commented on at the meeting?”“I don’t know what Debbie ............................. (to mean) by that”

a) meant b) was meaning






27. “Why did Oswald decide to quit?”“He says he is not used to .................... (to be treated) so rudely.”

a) be treated b) being treated

28. “I’m going over to see Carl.”“By going there at such a late hour you .................... (to ask) for trouble.”

a) are asking b) were asking

29. “Why are you asking me not to call you up tomorrow morning?”“I ........................... (to sleep) the whole morning.”

a) was sleeping b) will be sleeping

30. “How long have you been teaching English?”“By next July I ....................... (to teach) for more than 37 years.”

a) will teach b) will have being teaching

31. “What did your father use to do?”“My Dad ........................... (to work) for Banco do Brasil for 35 years.before he ............................. (to retire) in 1976.”

a) worked / retired b) has been working has retired

32. “Does anybody else in your family work for Banco do Brasil?”“My youngest brother ............ (to work) for Banco do Brasil since 1983.”

a) has been working b) is working

33. “I wanted to see Mr. Dobson. Could you please see if he is in?”“He ............................. (just/to leave).”

a) has just left b) is just left

34. “I’m telling you that I have an appointment with Mr. Dobson.”“I’m afraid he ......................... (to leave) a minute ago.”

a) left b) has left

35. “Are you sure you ........................... (to be) here before?”“Quite sure, why?”

a) were b) have been






MOCK TESTTESTE SIMULADO

Read the text below then choose the best option to answer questions 1 to 3.

Betting on Ben

On February 1st, barring any unforeseen hiccups in his Senateconfirmation, Ben Bernanke will become the most powerful central banker inthe world, replacing Alan Greenspan as chairman of the Federal Reserve Board.

Nominating Mr Bernanke on Monday October 24th, George Bush said hewas the “right man” to replace a “legend”. Wall Street seems to agree. Financial

pundits have heaped praise on Mr Bush’s choice. Stock prices rose on the news,the dollar held steady and although bond prices fell - yields on ten-yearTreasuries hit a six-month high of 4.5% on Tuesday and rose thereafter. WhenMr Greenspan was named as Paul Volcker’s successor in 1987, stocks fell andbonds had their worst day in five years.

What explains the Bernanke bullishness? Relief, for one thing. Many onWall Street fretted that Mr Bush might opt for a financial version of HarrietMiers, his recent Supreme Court nomination, to succeed Mr Greenspan,favouring ideological fealty more than independence and ability. (Tellingly, Ms

Miers withdrew on Thursday.) Instead, he chose a man with dazzling academiccredentials, a short but successful stint as a Washington policymaker and littlepartisan baggage.

Mr Bernanke is one of America’s foremost monetary economists. He wasa Fed governor between 2002 and 2005, moving from that job to becomechairman of Mr Bush’s Council of Economic Advisers. Whereas Mr Greenspanwas regarded as a partisan figure before he became chairman of the Fed, few of Mr Bernanke’s academic peers even knew he was a Republican until he movedto the White House. (From Economist.com) access: 26/10/05

Visit: www.economist.com/agenda/displaystory

1. Mr. Bernanke’s nomination by president Busha) was welcomed by financial experts.d) confirmed the worries by many on Wall Street.b) might be the financial version of Ms. Harriet Miers.c) was frowned upon by the Senate.d) confirmed the worries by many on Wall Street.e) caused considerable controversy.






2. All of these can be said about Mr. Greenspan, except that he a) has been Chairman of the Fed for 18 years now.b) is considered a legend by President Bush.c) must have been indirectly responsible for Mr. Bernanke’s nomination.d) had been an active republican before being the Fed’s Chairman.e) succeeded Paul Volker as Chairman of the Fed.

3. Many on Wall Streeta) were relieved that President Bush favoured ideological fealty.b) feared President Bush might choose a long time policymaker.c) were skeptical of President Bush’s capacity to replace a legend.d) knew that President Bush’s choice would cause stock prices to fall.e) were worried about President Bush’s choice for the Fed.


You’re hired

Meet your airline’s latest employee: you. You may not have noticed, butyou are also now working for your phone company and your bank. Why?

Because of the growth of the self-service economy, in which companies areoffloading work on to their own customers. It is, you could say, the ultimate inoutsourcing. Self-service can have benefits both for companies and customers5alike. It is already changing business practices in many industries, and seemslikely to become even more widespread in future. (…)

Self-service appeals to companies for an obvious reason: it saves money.The hallmark of all of these self-service transactions is that they take place withlittle or no human contact. The customer does the work once done by an10employee, and does not expect to be paid. So to work well, self-service requiresthe marriage of customers with machines and software. That union, saysEsteban Kolsky of Gartner, a consultancy, is now doing for the service sectorwhat mass production once did for manufacturing: automating processes andsignificantly cutting costs.15

“From the corporate side you hear, we want to make sure the customergets what he wants,” or whatever, but, bottom line, it does reduce costs:' saysMr. Kolsky. Francie Mendelsohn of Summit Research, a consultancy based inRockville, Maryland, agrees. “People don’t like to admit it, but self-service isused to reduce head count and therefore improve the bottom line,” she says. It's20not politically correct, but it's the truth.” (From The Economist Technology quarterly,

Sept. 18th, p. 16-Reports)






4. According to the authora)

self-service brings more harm than benefits to the consumer.b) the most common business practice in the future tends to be self-service.c) self-service has become a more and more disseminated business practice.d) companies offloading work on their customers are growing.e) the ultimate way to reduce unemployment is self-service.

5. From the corporate point of view self-servicea) saves money in the process.b) is politically incorrect.c) grants consumers satisfaction.d) reduces unemployment.e) improves the company’s products.

6. When the author says “The hallmark of all of these self-service transactions…” (L-9) he is referring to

a) what they represent to the companies.b) how time-saving they are.

c) how fashionable they are.d) what they have in common.e) the existing disparities.

7. What mass production once did for manufacturing, nowadays self service isdoing for the

a) modern consumers’ comfort.b) manufacturing sector.c) new job offers.d) big corporations.e) service sector.







Amazon: Good, Just Not Good Enough

Solid third-quarter results didn't match the second quarter - and for investors

anticipating another pleasant surprise, that was the problem

Harry Potter’s magic may have dazzled book buyers over the summer,but it failed to sway Amazon investors Oct. 25. Despite selling 1.6 millioncopies of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince in the third quarter, the onlineretailer reported that a $40 million legal settlement whacked net income, whichfell 44%, to $30 million. And a holiday season forecast that merely matchedanalysts' expectations sent investors fleeing, knocking down shares by almost8% in extended trading.

Pottermania did keep Amazon’s sales growth humming, at 27%, to $1.86billion. And as earnings disappointments go, this one was relatively minor.Absent the legal settlement, Amazon would have reported a 12-cent-a-shareprofit, 2 cents above analysts’ estimates. (by Robert Hof)http://www.businesswek.com/print/technology/content/

8. You can affirm thata) Harry Potter’s magic may have enchanted Amazon investors.b) heavy legal expenses hit Amazon’s net income.

c) Amazon may report a 12-cent-a-share profit.d) growth derived from Harry Potter’s book sales caused minor damage.e) the second quarter results were no match for the ones in the 3rd quarter.

9. The author’s use of despite (L-4), 1st pr indicatesa) opposition and it may be replaced by however. b) concession and it may be replaced by though c) result and it may be replaced by thus. d) addition and it may be replaced by also

e) emphasis and it may be replaced by indeed.

10. When the author says, “…sent investors fleeing” (L-8) the underlined wordmeans that investors

a) were suspicious of quarter results.b) were confused about prospects.c) were attracted by profits.d) failed to invest as expected.e) could be helpless.






ANSWERS

VOCABULARY PRE-TESTa. 3 // b. 1 // c. 2 // d. 5 // e. 4 // f. 8 // g. 6 // h. 7

PAST SIMPLEthe world’s leading nations sent representatives (L-1) // It had 170 members(L-9/10) // The conference at Bretton Woods also provided for ( L- ) // theUS proposed that Germany and Japan (L-18/19) // These nations were reluctant to act, and when they did (L- 21) // The purpose was to persuadeEurope and Japan (L-25) // the U.S. trade position still did not improve enough

… (L- 29/30) // the world reverted to flexible exchange rates. (L-29/30) PRESENT SIMPLE The IMF extends short-term credit to nations (L-11) // The IMF expects to bepaid back (L-13) // Some economists argue that (L-32)

PRESENT PERFECT the agreement has since been abandoned (L-18) // Limited supplies of gold …have led to the need (L-39 / 40) // The IMF has responded by agreeing (L- 41)

FUTURE SIMPLE The IMF will often ask these nations (L-14)

PASSIVE VOICEThe IMF was established then (L- 3) // fixed exchange rates was devised. (L-4) // The fixed value of the dollar was abandoned (L-22) // prices and wages were

frozen for a time (L-24) // and a 10% surcharge was imposed on imports (L –

24/25) // A world conference was called (L-27) // The dollar was officiallydevalued (L-28) // the fall of the dollar was made official (L-30) // more potentmethods must be used (L-32)

...ING FORMS a) leading (adjetivo) em ‘the world’s leading nations (= as nações maisimportantes do mundo ) // b) managing (adjetivo) em ‘a managing director ‘ (=

um diretor gerente) // c) continuing (gerúncio) em’the American trade deficit

continuing to grow (= o déficit de comércio norte-americando continuando acrescer) // d) determining (gerúndio) em ‘supply and demand determining the

value (=oferta e procura determinando o valor // e) drawing (adjetivo) emspecial drawing rights (= direitos especiais de saque // f) floating ( adjetivo em

today’s free-floating situation ( a situação do câmbio flutuante de hoje // g) agreeing (forma ...ing forçada pelo uso da preposição by) em ‘The IMF hasresponded by agreeing (= O FMI reagiu ao concordar...)






...ED FORMS a) forced (adjetivo) em ‘a system of fixed exchange rates’ (=um sistema de taxas

de câmbio fixas) // b) specialized (adjetivo) em ‘The IMF is a specialized agency’ (=O FMI é uma agência especializada.// c) increased (adjetivo) em‘usually increased exports’ (= as exportações geralmente incrementadas ) // d) provided (past tense) em ‘at Bretton Woods also provided for’ ( Bretton Woods

também forneceu // e) abandoned (past participle) em ‘this part of the

agreement has since been abandoned (= esta parte do acordo foi desde entãoabandonada) // f) raised (particípio passado) em ‘Japanese yen and German

mark were raised in value (=o iene japonês e o marco alemão foram valorizados)

// g) prescribed (adjetivo) em ‘fluctuate up to a certain prescribed level’(=flutuar até um certo nivel pre-erstabelecido)

MODAL VERBS can (L-13) – em can enter into consultations (pode iniciar consultas com) temessa prerrogativa, essa capacidade - portanto: capacity must (L-32) em more potent must be used (=tem que ser usado, há essanecessidade - portanto necessity. would (L-35) em would mark a compromise (= marcaria, indicaria um acordo)espresso a hiótese futura do nosso futuro do pretérito - portanto hipótese futura.can (L-36) em can cause pode causar, tem essa possibilidade portantopossibility.

REFERENCE it (L- 9) the IMF ( o FMI) // its (L- 10) the IMF ( o FMI) // their (L- 20) Germany’s andJapan’s currencies // their (L- 42) member nations

WORDS IN FAMILIES

Verb Noun Adjective adverbadvise ADVICE advisable advisablyfinance finance financial FINANCIALLYcorrect CORRECTION corrected correctly OFFICIALIZE officialization officialized officiallyincrease increase increasing INCREASINGLYimpose IMPOSITION imposed imposinglycompare comparison COMPARABLE comparablypersuade persuasion PERSUASIVE persuasivelyknow KNOWLEDGE unknown knowinglySPECIALIZE specialization special specially






HANDLING YOUR MONEYPre test: a. 6 // b. 7 // c. 8 // d. 2 // e. 4 // f. 3 // g. 1 // h. 5 // i. 10 // j. 9

MC questions: 1. D // 2. E // 3. A // 4. C // 5. BPHRASAL VERBS 1. take over [acquire] // 2. looking forward to [await with pleasure] 3. cash in

on [profit from] // 4. fight off [defeat] // 5. made up [invented] // 6. adhere to

[respected] // 7. gotten away with [succeeded in doing sth. wrong] // 8. Rely/count on [trust] // 9. look after [protect] // 10. built up [accumulated] //

11. acted on advice [follow] // 12. take up [accept] // 13. Fell through

[collapse] // 14. drawing up [preparing] // 15. branch out [diversify]

MATCH : A & Ba. (4) // b. (5)// c. (2) // d. (1) // e. (3)

MATCH : C & Df. (9) // g. (8) // h. (7) // i. (10) // j. (6)

FALSE FRIENDS

1. [REPEALED] Tenho certeza de que a lei foi revogada. Não é mais válida.2. [EXTENUATING]

Há algumas circunstâncias atenuantes no caso dele quedevem ser levadas em consideração pelo juiz.3. [LUXURY] Em muitos lugares o automóvel não é um luxo e sim uma

necessidade.4. [BALANCE] Já que você não pagou o total da fatura terá que pagar o saldo

remanescente com juros.5. [RECORD] Ele passou a manter um registro mais preciso de suas despesa.6. [COSTUME] Ninguém me havia dito que se tratava de uma festa à fantasia.

Portanto, eu vestia um terno.7. [FABRIC] A área foi apelidado de ‘Vale do Silício’ por causa do material

básico usado nos componentes dos computadores.8. [UNION] Líderes sindicais em conjunto com trabalhadores insatisfeitos,

entraram em greve.9. [AFFLUENT] Mr. Penn apresentou-nos aos seu sócio rico da Noruega.10. [CARGO] Se a carga não fosse ilegal não haveria tantos homens

carregando rifles a bordo do navio.11. {PARTIES] Agora que as duas partes envolvidas estão de acordo o contrato

poderá ser assinado.12. {ATTEND] Infelizmente não muitas pessoas se inscreveram para assistir à

palestra do Prof. Haskin sobre Desenvolvimento Econômico.






LIGHTEN UP

Os personagens são o ex-presidente dos EUA Ronald Reagan e o ex-premiersoviético Gorbachev no momento da assinatura de um tratado de nãoproliferação de armas. No primeiro take só aparece o provérbio, e no segundovê-se que é um anúncio da caneta Parker. Veja se conseguiu entender oprovérbio assim: ‘ A pena é mais poderosa que a espada.’ O criador do anúnciopublicitário faz um jogo inteligente com as palavras onde a sugestão de que osdois mandatários estariam usando a caneta Parker é muito forte.

SAME OR DIFFERENT?1. (S) // 2. (S) // 3. (D) very few students (= muito poucos alunos)/ quite afew students (= bastantes alunos) // 4. (S) // 5. (S) // 6. (D) Uma coisa é nãoconseguir aprender cálculo porque é difícil demais para você; a outra, é nãoconseguir memorizar cálculos // 7. (D) em a, está dito que Brenda era uma daspiores dançarinas do grupo, na verdade, a pior // no segundo, diz que Brenda erauma dançarina muito ruim, Hoje em dia ela é a pior do grupo.

PARAPHRASINGModel: Representatives of the world's leading nations were sent to Bretton

Woods in 1945.

[Comment: foi necessário usar uma estrutura de passive voice com a novaordenação dos termos da frase]

1. The promotion of international cooperation on monetary issues was one of the IMF’s main goals (or: aims, objectives)

2. Chronic debtor nations must pay the IMF back.3. These nations will often be asked to take steps to decrease their imports.4. IMF directors ordered that prices and wages be frozen fro a time.5. Aiming at persuading Europe and Japan to reduce trade barriers against

American products a 10% surcharge was imposed.6. There was an official devaluation of the dollar.7. The value of the Japanese yen and the German mark was raised.8. As no noticeable improvement of the U.S. trade position still did not occur

in 1972, the fall of the dollar was made official.9. Some economists stated that more potent methods had to be used to correct

long-term and deep-seated trade imbalances.10. It was necessary to find an alternative to limited supplies of gold relative to

the world money supply.






AULA 10

Avalie se os seguintes objetivos desta aula foram alcançados.

TÓPICOS & OBJETIVOS

Raise your awareness of:Despertar sua conscientização para:

I – Reading Text: The IMFTexto para leitura 1: O FMI

II – Analysis of text 1 - Review of: verb tenses, passive voice,…ing forms, -ed forms, modal verbs, reference, word familiesAnálise do texto1 – revisão de tempoos verbais, voz passiva, ...ing formas, -ed formas, verbos modais, referência, famílias de palavras...

III – Comparative Forms of adjectivesGrau comparativo dos adjetivos

IV - A final look at false friendsUma última olhada nos falsos amigos

V - Study of text 2: Vocabulary pre--test, reading questionsEstudo do texto 2: pré-teste de vocabulário, questões de compreensão

VI - Vocabulary Build Up – Phrasal verbs, discourse markersConstrução de vocabulário – phrasal verbs, marcadores do discurso

VII– Lighten up! An adRelaxe! Um anúncio

VIII – Same or different? // ParaphrasingIgual ou diferente? // Paráfrases

IX– Review of verb tenses - practiceRevisão dos tempos verbais - exercício

X– Last but not least: MOCK TESTPor fim, mas não menos importante: TESTE SIMULADO

english class 10 looking back on essentials

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