Eighteenth -English Abstracts of Scientific Researches Provided Assistant Professor Upgrade -:

A-Scientific Researches -:

1 - Egyptian Education in The Sudan from 1943 to 1952

(Documentary Study)

Research Published in Aubda khouhela )editor(: - "Egypt and The Arab World ... Communicate or Break" , Annual Symposium of the Egyptian Society for Historical Studies for 2006, Publications The Center of Research Social Studies - Faculty of Arts - Cairo University, Cairo, 2008. 

The Sudan did not know - Trespassing - before the era of Muhammad Ali and His Family nothing about Modern Education

Systems. As a result, The Political Form of The Sudan, in the period, that The Egyptian Educational System prevailed to the beginning of Bilateral Governance, In that moment Education Resources seemed to be in The Sudan different for different

quality of Teachers who Reception is on their hands. As Britain - one of the parties Bilateral Governance - is The Dominant State,

Hence it took Vision and Educational Policy in the Form of Education. On the other hand Egyptian Educators emerged as one

of The Most Important Intellectual tools in The Formulation of Mental Sudan until they were rid of them after The Incidents in

1924. As The Egyptian Educational System - Through the Teachers - is The Most Important Artery for the flow of

science ,Arabic Language and Islam in The Sudan Flesh, It can not be excluded from the Circuit Sudanese knockout, So The

Process of Establishing The Egyptian Educational System in The Sudan in 1943 is the clearest evidence of excellence in The

Egyptian War with Education Britain, and The Process of Cultural Conflict imposed by the 1936 Treaty, And The Circumstances of

World War II, has produced a big Egyptian Force, Cultural and Educational, Has become scare Britain. So no choice than restore

An Atmosphere of Political Conflict within The Sudan as a natural consequence for failing in Cultural Conflict. The Study revolves

around Three Main Axes: The First Axis, The Conditions that led to The Founding of The Egyptian Educational System in Sudan. The

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Second Axis, The Education Policy in the Sudan, Egypt and The Attitude of Political Forces and Social it. The Third Axis, The

Structure of Egyptian Education in the Sudan. The Study concluded that the objectives of The Egyptian Educational System in Sudan has emerged in three main Features: The First Feature,

Tutorial, The increase in numbers of both types of Egyptian Schools, AL-Amiri and The Private, And increase the number of

Teachers and Sudanese Students, And contributed to The Process of Educational Reform and Development held in Sudan in

the period, The Second Feature, Social and Cultural; The Role of The Egyptian Education in events Social and Cultural Change

across the areas settled by. The Third Feature, A Political, Egyptian Education was an important role in increasing Political

Awareness through Sudan, Where The Union Issue infiltrated - as in an intellectual-Led Egyptian Schools to retain The Identity --

inside The Sudanese society, Which led to the Egyptian-Sudanese for Greater Convergence in The Period.

2 - Egypt and The Project of African Defense Pact, 1951-1958

(Documentary Study)

Search publication in Assem El-Dessouky )editor(: - Gamal Abdel Nasser and His Era ... Ninety-year Anniversary of The Birth of Abdel Nasser, The Egyptian Society for Historical Studies in cooperation with The Egyptian National Library, January 2008. Ibn Khaldun Foundation, Cairo, 2010, As well as A Committee of Historians Under the Supervision Adel Ghoneim: - Gamal Abdel Nasser and His Era,Dar El-Maref, Cairo 0.2013.

The Project of African Defense Pact is one of The Projects presented by The Colonial Powers to defend Africa after World War II. It was born in The Defense Project for The Middle East since 1947. Although it is formally presented to Egypt in July 12, 1951, i.e. Before Three Months The Draft to lead The Middle East Project, But it proceeded with The Defense of The Middle East (Baghdad Pact later) Up and Down. Even when The Baghdad Pact fell, There is no longer an excuse to be put forward again, It was The Liberalization Sweeps any possibility of The Pact again. And Research is divided into Four Main Axes: The First Axis explore The Idea of The Project of African Defense Pact since its inception

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and prior to submission to the Egyptian Government. While The Second Axis claimed discusses The Situation of The Egyptian Nairobi Conference in 1951. The Third Axis talks about The July Revolution and Awareness of The Project of African Defense Pact. In The Fourth Axis, And The Last, Shows of The Egyptian Position of The Project after it became his goal to Isolate and Marginalize and The Siege of The Egyptian Role in Africa. The Study Concluded A New Vision around The Entrance of Egypt to The African Continent in The Fifties of The Twentieth Century. It was the follow-up Egyptian Administration and good analysis of The African Defense Pact throughout the period 1951 -1958 has provided its Expertise and Experience that The Contradictions between International Forces and Regional driving Events, And therefore it was natural to take advantage of vulnerabilities that have emerged, which was of The West Concern in The Communism, And Competition between Local Forces and The West, And The Financial Difficulties of both France and Britain, And Disagreement about The Autonomy and Interests of Europeans. All The Papers that was in the hands of the Egyptian Administration exploited in Maintaining Regional Security, And in Identifying the true gateway to The Continent, And It found centered around The Need for However, African Liberation Movements, Which explains The Great Success Achieved in this port let Specifically since The Late Fifties.

3 - Egypt and Alliances Defensive Projects in North Africa From 1956 To 1958

Research published in Middle East Research Journal, Middle East Research Center, Ain Shams University, No. 24, March

2009.

  Westerns Attempts seemed to appear to enter The North African Region in the issue of Military Alliances haunting, Highly

dangerous to the Security of Egypt's Regional and Arab World. In this context, The Study focused on understanding and analysis of

Local, Regional and International stakeholders in the establishment of these Projects, And the role played by Egypt in

the Foil. Especially after it is confirmed that the goal of these projects is meant to stifle and siege from The West. In this context,

The projects of "North Africa Pact" and The "Coalition of The Western Mediterranean" are the model of the seriousness of those

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projects which have horrified The Egyptian Administration. If the data on Arab environment in the area helped Egypt in

implementing its plan for the failure of these Projects, The performance of Egypt and appreciation for the good things have

been created to move the actual rules, And it moves to neutralize The Western Move in the region during that period. The Study is

divided into Four Main Themes: First, Revolves around Egypt and Defense Projects in North Africa before the year 1956. Second, Egypt and The Draft of North Africa Pact. Third, Egypt and The

linkage between Africa Saharan Draft and North Africa Pact. And The Last, Is about Egypt and The Coalition of The Western

Mediterranean. The Study provided new additions in some of the issues: First, Changed the angle of Consideration to the issue of Egyptian support for The Algerian Revolution. Who wrote about

this issue, Some of them were between the amounts in the estimation of this support and its impact, And the other scrimped

because they would have studied it in the framework of Egypt's help to the Arab Liberation Movement. As presented by The New Study, As that this support came in the context of maintaining the

strategic interests of Egyptian From the west. Their efforts to frustrate The North Africa Project confirms that Egyptian Support

continued for the Algerian Revolution was carrying in a form attached to this Project. Second, The Study added a new

dimension in the relationship the United States of America in the region. It said that U.S.A stood behind The North Africa Project

was aimed at replacement of Britain and France in the region extending to the Independence Movement, When It realized that France could no longer keep it, This is on the side. On the other

side of its numerous commitments to mitigate against Europe. Third, The Study proved that The Projects of Alliances in the area

were not initially tied to Projects proposed for the Mediterranean Sea, But more associated with The Middle East (Baghdad Pact),

And the provision of Military Facilities only through the existing rules. Did not show special Defense Projects in the region only at the beginning of 1956. And that Egypt had proposed to enter the

Turkish part of the strategy of the Mediterranean Sea, As is the case in a bid incorporated in The Middle East Draft. The

Concentration of The Egyptian Administration not to be led Libya to Western Alliances, The important objectives that The

Administration has succeeded in achieving them, But have tried to replicate that experience with Tunisia and Morocco, But that Bourguiba's Political Ambitions and Vision to Morocco for its

relationship with the West have opposed these attempts. Fourth, It

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said that the lack of balance in the benefits and in power bills within the Two Pacts are indirect cause in Failing. There is

disagreement between The Ruling Regimes of Local and Non-Military balance and promise, Not to mention the possibility of

establishing a project between The Weak States in terms of military and other Western Countries is strong. Fifth, The Study

demonstrated that the portal was used by The Egyptian Administration to non-completion of these projects demonstrate

the proper assessment of the strengths and weaknesses within it. And can be summed up in The Four Entrances: The First Entry, A Formal Entrance, And The Role was played by Administration and The Egyptian Embassies in the region to attract The Leaders of its

own. For this, Reports of Documents reported on the growth of relations between Egypt and these Countries. Second Entrance,

Religious Entrance, When used The Islamic Conference to play a role in pushing The Tunisian relations with Egypt, And attract the region Students to study in Al-Azhar. Third Entrance, Entrance to

the people, At the invitation of representatives of sectors and people to attend the conference to be held in Cairo, Where they found in the North African public good supportive of the plans to the failure of The Alliance. The best proof of this Documents talk

on the growth of the degree of trust in Egyptian Policy by the public opinion. Fourth Entrance, Culture Entrance, The deployment of the Arabic Language, Send Teachers and Receive Students from that

region.

4 - Cairo University in The Sudan 1955-1964

Research published in The work of The International Symposium of The Department of History about "Egyptian-Sudanese Relations Through The Ages, Institute of African

Research and Studies, Cairo University,18-19 May 2009.     While Egypt's Relations in Higher Education in The Sudan

remained before the year 1955 only to accept The Sudanese in The Egyptian Universities, And supply University College in

Khartoum, With some Egyptian Professors, And thus remained trip Sudanese University Students - In most cases - Unilateral, From Sudan to Egypt, But that The Conciliator Decision witch

taken by the Egyptian Administration in establishing A Branch of Cairo University in Khartoum in late that year, A Shift is the

opposite of the previous methods, And response with different political reality, And a new tool enabling them to communicate with

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the Sudan. The Study reveals dark corners in The History of Relations between Egypt and Sudan, And conclude that Egypt

Higher Education in Sudan has played a leading role in enriching the cultural life, Political, And social development there. The Study

is organized around Six Main Themes: First, Egypt and Higher Education in The Sudan before 1955. Second, Establishing the

Khartoum Branch of Cairo University. Third, Branch Administration and Educational System. Fourth, The Teaching Staff. Fifth, The

Branch Student. Sixth, Branch and Politics. The Study found that The Cairo University Branch in Sudan worked in Education than Policy, And detected by Six Things: First, Increase the turnout of Students in The Branch violated the expectations of the Egyptian

Administration itself in 1956, The more intensified Branch increase number of Students. Second, The high number of Graduates of the

Branch at the end of The Study, Including more than three times the number of The First Batch of Graduates. Third, The high number and percentage of Sudanese Students compared to

Egyptian Students and Students of other nationalities, Including nearly Four-Fifths of the students Branch. Fourth, Branch had

conducted a qualitative leap in the Education of Sudanese, So that was educated in Egypt, The most educated male-dominated,

Branch Opened have made a leap in the quality of Education of Sudanese Women. Fifth, The Branch was able to attract the

Middle Classes and lower, So it got on popular unrivaled. Sixthly, The Branch contributed to the scientific training of Sudanese

Graduates, Gave a distinct social status for its graduates, And the labor market in The Sudan become compete of them. The Study revealed that the political and cultural context, Which revealed A

Branch of Cairo University in the Sudan was conducive to the achievement of five benefits: First, Create a new tool and distinct

for the continuation The Egyptian of Cultural Influence and Civilization to preserve the Arab identity of Sudan. Second, It could

be toast Sudanese defend the issues of Egypt and Arabism, And the best example of this is what happened during The Tripartite

Aggression, And what happened in support of The Egyptian-Syrian Unity. Third, The Branch contributed to Approach distances and

relations between Egypt and Sudan, And helped achieve continuity of intellectual, political, and cultural cooperation between the two Countries. Fourth, The Branch has proved to Cairo University to

the leading role on a global role, No longer like The American and British Universities, Universities of States in other Countries, But was Branch is part of the Egyptian University in another Country. Fifth, The Egyptian Administration benefited from Branch in order

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to mobilize The Students themselves with the interaction of political events and national issues, which employed the two

countries, So that Branch did not show an instrument of policy or a tendency Egyptian fancy, But was the mouthpiece of what is

happening in Sudan interactions. This explains the unprecedented Popular embrace of The Branch and professors and Alumni,

Which will be mounting later.

5 - Egypt and The African Belt Project, 1954-1958 )Documentary Study(

Research Published in The Journal of the Egyptian Historians "Studies and Researches In History and Civilization", No. 33, Department of History, Faculty of Arts, Cairo University, July 2008.  Africa Belt  Project is A Western   Project led by United States of America to extend Belt Defense cross stretches from Ethiopia in The East to The Atlantic Coast in The West to lay siege to Egypt and Soviet influence in The South. The Project has a close link between The Egyptian Rejection for Northern Belt, And The U.S.A Insistence on the use of the Belt as a pressure on it to change its position. And to identify features of the project requires an understanding of Local Power dynamics in two parts; East (Ethiopia and Sudan) and Western (West Africa), And then provide The Egyptian Position as a model example of Local Forces that reject the idea, And even induced it. The Study revolves around Five Axes: The First Axis deals with Egypt's Attitude towards the U.S.A defense arrangements with Ethiopia before 1955. And Axis II discusses the launch of the project and the Egyptian position of this approach. While The Third Axis being claimed for The Draft of African Regional Bloc and try to drag Egypt to enter into. The Fourth Axis is studying the issue of return of the Belt project and try to complete the link. In the latter dealing with The End of the Project and The Egyptian role in arranging this End. The Study proved that the Egyptian Security Interests and the strategic and economic was impose the Egyptian Trend since the mid-fifties to Africa, And that The African Belt Project dimensions of Ideological, Cultural and Military consistent with the vision of The Western Powers, was one of the main drivers of this Trend. And that interest which led Egypt to follow-up, When The Western Powers failed to persuade Egypt to give it the possibility of Sudan in

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exchange for agreeing to The Middle East Draft , Sudan began to employ himself against Egypt dragging of The Africa Belt, In this context, The Study provided us with a new understanding of the rising tide of independence in the Sudan. The Survey should be to reconsider the role of Ethiopia and Ghana in providing policy guidance in Africa with the blessing of Western Powers, And it should re-read The Common Projects with these two countries and their impact on the course of Egyptian-African relations since the end of the Fifties. Indeed, The Study did not see nothing wrong in saying that The Ethiopian role associated with the Western Strategic has not changed so far, represented in its ongoing quest to make trouble between Egypt and Sudan, And the success of its policy on the issue of southern Sudan and Somalia.

6 - Jews of The Sudan in The Forties and Fifties of The Twentieth Century

Search under publication in Aubda khouhela )editor(: - Jews in The Arab World ... Isolation or Affiliation, Annual

Symposium of The Egyptian Society for Historical Studies for 2009. 

 

The Theme of "Jews of The Sudan in The Forties and Fifties of The Twentieth Century" is a virgin of topics in Arabic Studies.

Indeed, Studies that tackled the issue of the relationship between Israel and the Sudan, did not discuss the role of the Jews of the

Sudan in this relationship, either because of ignorance of their presence at all, or the lack of such Studies to obtain documents

that recognize the existence. Have seen The Forties and Fifties of The Twentieth Century a rise in Political Power, Economic and

Religious, for Jews of the Sudan, And therefore it was natural that the study seeks to discover the reasons for this increase and its

relationship to multiple Problems raised by that period, As Problems Independence, And the relationship with The West and

Israel, and the specificity of The Egyptian-Sudanese relations. The study is based on Four Main Elements: First, The Modern

Presence of Jewish in The Sudan. Second, The Practice of Religion for The Jews of The Sudan. Third, The Economic Activity

of The Jews of Sudan. Fourth, The Jews of Sudan's Political Activity. The Study concluded that the majority of Jews of the

Sudan are Israeli Jewish Community, Most of them came from Egypt, So explained how the Egyptian origin to play to live in

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Sudan as part of the social structure of Egypt. The Rabbi Sudan was a follower of the Chief Rabbinate of Egypt, As well as the way of life and rituals and temple and the formation of their community,

It was all along the lines of what is going on in Egypt. Approval with two issues: First, They settled in the Sudan and lived with

there family and established relationships at various levels (Political, Economic and Social). Second, Their interaction with

British culture as a result ties to Power English and Foreign Education. The Particularity and then The Jews Sudan relations

wide circle even Egyptian Jews therefore have had the opportunity to have a distinct role in the service of the Zionist Project. The

Study revealed that their role in the escalation of The Independence Movement in The Sudan was not exculpatory of

political goals, It was been made clear to the process employed to help this trend to serve the interests of the West and Israel, And in spite of Egypt, Which refused to cooperate with Western Projects

in the region. The Study revealed the role played by the Jews of the Sudan on behalf of Israel as well Zionism, And revealed their

location in the project and the extent of The Israeli Association with it, And The Suez War was a watershed in the sense tighten their

controls, And the situation could lead to more extremism in the treatment, Making the most of them decide to leave The Sudan,

When they discharged from The Sudan was not because of political positions taken against them, But because they feel that

the Israeli aggression on the Arabs will make them A Class Undesirable.

7 - Egypt and Islam in The Sudan )Documentary Study for the period from 1936 to 1956(

Research published in The International Conference "Islam in Africa", The Anniversary of the passage of Fourteen Centuries of Islam in Africa, Held in cooperation between The International University of Africa, The World Islamic Call Society and Sudan Ministry of Guidance and Awqaf, The Seventh Book , 26-27 November 2006.

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The Study of Islam in Egypt and Sudan in the period from 1936 to 1956 is a great importance, Especially after the emergence of

many studies and researches focused on political issues, As if everything made by Egypt to Sudan came from the interest of

maintaining The Sudan under Egyptian Rule and the interests of Egypt in The Nile Water. It does not address the religious

dimension and the contributions of Egypt in the service of Islam and Muslims in Sudan, with the ties of religion is one of the most important and closer ties between the two peoples, And to have

the agreement and care for all. The links serve up the mess of religious politics, Deepen rapprochement and renewed

connections and protect individuals from falling into the trap of foreign schemes. The Study is divided into Three Main Points: The First Point talking about Egypt and Islam in The Sudan before the

year 1936. The Second Point about the development of the Egyptian Government Policies towards Islam in The Sudan and the reasons underlying this interest; Attempts to break with the

religious, The fight and expose the methods of Missionaries, And to use religion to support The Federal Idea, And the Sudanese

desire in Egyptian sponsorship of Sudan Religious Affairs, And to preserve The Arabic Language. The Third Point talked about the

Egyptian efforts to serve Islam and Muslims in Sudan, Represented by the efforts of The Ministry of Awqaf and Al-Azhar in the care of Islamic Education, Establishment of Mosques, Send Preachers, Expansion to increase the number of Sudanese in the

Al-Azhar and the efforts of the Muslim Brotherhood Movement and Charities in service of Islam in Sudan, Finally, Egypt's efforts to spread Islam in Southern Sudan. The Study concluded that the

Egyptian Religious Institutions have played an important role in the recruitment policy for service of religion, Especially in the period

following the Treaty of 1936 directly. Whatever can be said since the late forties the exploitation of religion to serve politics, But The

Study noted that The Government response to the religious projects were not carried out only after studying the religious

situation in the Sudan by the envoys of Al-Azhar and Awqaf. Or by some Egyptian Teaching Staff and Irrigation Employees with

Islamic interests. And that Egypt has played a significant role and important role in the establishment of rules and castles for the

teaching of Islamic sciences in Sudan in three ways: First, The reform of Sudanese Educational Institutions by providing them with

the Islamic Books, Islamist Sources and Azharites Teachers. Second, Construction of several institutes of Religious Education

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and send highly educated to educate The Islam. Third, The Expansion in bringing Sudanese Students to study Islamic

Sciences at Al-Azhar. Where Preachers and Egypt Envoys do effort evidenced by telling everyone in matters of religion and the

dissemination of science through public lectures, Tutorials Mosques and Quranic Memorization, They have been selected from among the finest Egyptian Preachers, Some of them were working Assignment system and Loan, and some of them was

working through Ramadan Month only, With some of them chosen for his popularity in mobilizing The Sudanese to adopt Union Idea. And The Study terminated saying that Egypt participated - through

the efforts of its organizations and members - a major effort to keep the torch of Islam to the present are in The Southern Sudan, despite Britain efforts through a policy of The South to evangelize Muslims. These efforts can be produce a significant change in The

South, But correlation The Creature of Missionary Schools With External Forces, And their success in finally achieving what Britain

failed, By got the right to Self-Determination, However, A Problem will remain with the list of Muslims in The South if the separation,

and the scenario of Wau Shift applicability return from Islamic City to Christian City to all Islamic areas of the South.

8 - Arab Presence in The African Great Lakes Region In The Second Half of The Nineteenth Century

Research published in the Journal of Faculty of Arts, Helwan University, No. 21, Year 11, January 2007 .

   Study is based mainly on Western Sources as noted on The Arab Presence and there effects in those areas, And this

contradiction that occurred between those Sources, European Travelers and Explorers need to The Arabs decoding African Great

Lakes Region and its environs, And The Fear of Missionaries, Businessmen and Political Leaders of The European from Rise of

The Arab influence in The Region. The Study concluded that if The Arabs had preferred in the developments that have been

introduced in the region, The Europeans preferred to prove this Exist and recognize that The Arabs were The Engines of the

events there. The Study is divided into Three Main Themes: First, The Motives of The Arab Presence in The African Great Lakes

Region. Second, Forms of The Arab Presence. Third, The Impact

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of The Arab Presence. The Study concluded that The Arab Presence in The African Great Lakes Region is The one who put

The First Seed of the advancement that has taken place in the region, With evidence that The Three Colonial Regimes have been Colonized at the end of The Nineteenth Century did not usher in a break with The Past, But which embraces The Arab Administrative

Systems as Belgium, Including What used to that Class - Wayngwana - Created by The Arabs in the Administrative organs

Such as The Germans and The British, Not to mention the fact that these systems did not enter a new Economic Order but what is even enter the railroad. The Study proved that The Arabs have

contributed greatly to the economic field, they are The First discovered the potential of the region and entered there in

international trade. They are The First opened African markets and participated in the profits. Reflected in their economic competition between the policies they have created areas to each other. And thus The Arabs who is The First made a real sense an economic revolution across The Great Lakes Region. The Study confirmed the sincerity of statements frequently cited in European Sources for a link African Great Lakes Region in Zanzibar. At The same time, The Study corrected some information provided by some

Europeans like Amin Pasha, 1877, that he found Christianity on rise and Islam in the concession, which means good reception of

Christianity in Uganda. The Study proved that this is a mere fabrication and lies echoed by missions, And that Christianity could

not find a forward in Uganda, But with the beginning of the twentieth century. And also corrected the statement by Kitchener in the last decade of the 19 th century about the danger of Islam,

And The Need to keep him Away to Central Africa. The Study confirms that Islam is the oldest of Christianity in Central Africa in five decades. Therefore, concluded, The Study found a legitimate question to her: Is it possible for The Arabs to resume their role in

the African Great Lakes Region - now - depending on which Historic Credit?

9 - Eritrean Asaker in Confrontation of Resistance Omar Mukhtar in Libya )1923-1931(

Research published in Hussein Murad )Editor(: -Al- Sheikh Al-Mujahid Omar Al-Mukhtar, The work of The International

Symposium of The Department of History, Institute of African

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Research and Studies,Cairo University, Cooperation with the Omar Al-Mukhtar University, 16-17 December 2008 .

Varied Perspectives of The Libyan Resistance Movement led by Sheikh-Al-Mujahideen, Arabs and Muslims, Omar Mukhtar. The

Arab Library, therefore, Have received many of Studies focused on this Resistance. However, The Role played by Asaker Eritreans in ending this Resistance did not turn to anyone, Even though With certificate Italians themselves representing Three-Quarters of The

Troops encountered Omar al-Mukhtar, And that they signed the biggest burden of this confrontation. Therefore, The Study focused

on Five Main Themes: First, Asaker Eritreans in Libya before the Resistance Movement led by Omar Al-Mukhtar. Second, Asaker

Eritreans in The Confrontation of Resistance Omar Al-Mukhtar (1923 to 1927). Third, Asaker Eritreans and encircle the

Resistance Omar Mukhtar in operations latitude 29 North. Fourth,Asaker Eritreans and The Final Phase in the Confrontation

of Resistance Omar Al-Mukhtar. Fifth,The Extent of The Resistance awareness of the Asaker Eritreans identity. The Study

concluded that in 1922 was the year of real-life emergence of Asaker Eritreans in Libya, And observed that the 9 Eritrean

Battalions were operating in that year, And arrived at the Final Stage to 16 Battalions. This indicates that the process of

continuing to bring Battalions from Eritrea remained open according to the requirements of The War. The Study reviewed the

assignments and tasks that were thrown on the shoulders of Asaker Eritreans, And monitored the process of deployment and

combat their efforts, Concluding that they were the main reason for the decisive battles with the Movement of the Libyan Resistance,

Either through their tactics and their ability to withstand The hardships of nature, Or through practices ugly and sordid and

violent, Which they exerted against The Libyan Society. Or through the work and other works they have made; Road-Building and Guarding The Camps and carry the food and water in various

fronts with The Libyan Resistance. If The Resistance had settled its order on the identity of Asaker religious, National and

Mercenary on the issue, But The Study violated the awareness of the Resistance on the issue of national identity for those Asaker,

And said they were Eritreans, But not Ethiopians. And violated by the question they were not all of the mercenaries. However, As

suggested Likely Resistance on their Christian Identity.

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10 - Institute of Sudanese Studies in Egypt, 1947-1956(Historical Experience or Ambition to build A

Scientific Institution sponsored Partnership)

Research published in The International Conference" Egyptian--Libyan-Sudanese Partnership for Development and Investment", Center for Sudanese Studies, Institute of African

Research and Studies )Cairo University(, Collaboration with The Libyan Universities of Sabha and The Seventh of April,

14-15 December 2009.

    The Establishment of The Egyptian Administration of The Institute of Sudan within The Fouad1 University (Cairo later) complement the building remained underrepresented in the

Egyptian system concerns. Despite that The Sudan was officially affiliated to Egypt since the end of The Nineteenth Century, And

Although The European Administrations in Africa - at least - It had at the same time, Scientific institutes gives them a lot of effort in

The Management of Dependencies, But The Egyptian Administration has delayed so much to catch up with The West in The Establishment of Scientific Institutions assisted in The Study

The Sudan under its, And provide solutions to the problems facing inside. The Study is divided into Eight Main Themes: First, The

Idea of An Institute for The Sudan before the year 1947. Second, The Establishment of The Institute for Sudanese Studies. Third,

The Relationship of The Institute for Sudanese Studies with Faculty of Arts - Fouad I University (Cairo later). Fourth,

Administration of The Institute. Fifth, The Educational System. Sixth, The Teaching Staff. Seventh, Students. Eighth, The

Emergence of The Trend of Africa and The Controversial of transferred to African Studies. A Review of Documents, Reports

and Decrees of The Institute, Study revealed that The Institute of Sudan, The Egyptian Administration sought for its construction in 1947, Was soon to various problems: Administrative, Financing,

Finding A Separate Building, The Provision of Teaching Staff of its own, Not being able to open many of the Departments which was

announced, That it seemed clear that the lack of proper preparation for the opening has caused the inability of the Institute

hopes to achieve pregnancy, And inability to implement The Egyptian Objectives in The Sudan. And then it should be noted

such things when we are establishing A Scientific Institution

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sponsored Partnership between Egypt, Libya and Sudan. The Study suggested that if the experience of The Institute of Sudan is

a purely Egyptian experiment, It is possible to share The Three Countries (Egypt, Sudan and Libya) in The Establishment of An Independent Institute for Egyptian, Sudan and Libya Studies. Or

turn The Center for Sudanese Studies in Institute of African Research and Studies (Cairo University), To become A Center of

The Egyptian -Libyan- Sudan Research and Studies, To be his care of this Partnership, And to provide Studies and Research

aimed at achieving Economic Integration among The Three Countries and to achieve Permanent development and ongoing. It's a confirm that The Research and Cultural Institutions is very

important in building of a rapprochement between the peoples of The Three Countries, For their ability to create channels of

communication away from the political and ideological differences. And Egypt, As the heart of Arabs and destination for science and

research and gain experience, It is The First to establish this scientific Edifice, To be Libya is The Owner of the largest share of

funding, Followed by Egypt and Sudan, And to adopt Scientific Cadres in the Egyptian Cadres in the first place, Followed by the Libyan then the Sudan, And is heading in the research applied to The Sudan, With its great potential, Followed by Libya and Egypt.

11 -African Women Confrontation The Problem of Food in The Modern Era

Research published in the Second Book of the Assembly of the African Forum, Institute of African Research and Studies,

2009.

Varied Views on the presence or absence of A Problem of Food in Africa in The Pre-Colonial. However, All views, Agreed that

African Women were an original party to all Views; Charmingly played a significant role in solving The Problem of Food, And at other times contributed to the lack of visibility problem from the

ground up. The Study dealing with the merits of such a confrontation, And how the role of women active in the Counter of the challenges of Nature on the one hand, Or restrictions imposed

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by The European Colonizer on the other. Therefore, The Study will divide into Three Major Themes: First, Food and Its Problem in The Pre-Colonial Times. Second, African Women Confrontation

the Problem of food in The Pre-Colonial Times. Third, African Women Confrontation the Problem of Food in The Colonial Era. The Study concluded that the Nature of the Food Problem in the

Pre-Colonial Times had been imposed on African women's challenges mostly linked to the African environment, Natural and Cultural rights. The Women have been able during that period to

provide all their energy and effort to produce food and provide for her family and worked in the best of its ability to maintain the structures compatriots. The Study found that African Women

played a big role in the cultivation and the establishment of national identity associated with the culture of Food. Encounter

and direct and indirect to the problem of Food has been produced on the metal associated with the African Women's National Identity

and Environment of Food. Apportioned The majority of Women accepted including The Nature of Foodstuffs, Which were able to

establish what may be called "A Local School in The Culinary Arts." The Study concluded that the burden of the lives of Africans and life in the Colonial era has signed on Women. And were able to actually afford a period of War and Economic Depression, And they have borne so ably worthy of consideration by the Colonists

to compel Men, Either on recruitment in the Colonial Armies or work in their projects. So the life of African Women, Both in the period before Colonialism or Colonial era, Was in a continuous

series of Toil, Misery and The Ongoing Struggle.

12 -Bilateral Governance Issue of The Sudan 1899-1924                                  Between Yunan Labib Rizk and Fabunmi

                                        (Compared in Methodology)Search under publication in The Yearbook of the Ottoman

History Seminar, The Egyptian Society for Historical Studies, 2007.

   The Study was an attempt to read The Bilateral Governance nature (Egyptian - British) for Sudan in the period from 1899 to

1924 through a critical reading of systematic approach Two Studies of Dr. Younan Labib Rizk and Dr. Fabunmi. The difficulty

in comparing The Two Studies that the comparison does not revolutions reveal methodological development that happened in

the visions and idea's Authors of The Studies. And hence the

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launch of this subject is not easy, Especially since the two sides of the comparison (Yunan Labib Rizk and Fabunmi) they offer The First of scientific Study output, And The Both became noted in

specialization later. The Study Axes spin about The Definition of Two Studies being compared, And then exposed the problematic

methodology to The Authors of Studies, And addressing the content of the Two Studies and their Sources, And then subjected to The Two Studies position of some issues, And conclude with

some observations on The Two Studies.

13 - Land Policies towards Africans in South Africa (Documentary Study for The Period from 1894 to 1910)

Research published in Egyptian Historical Journal, Issued by The Egyptian Society for Historical Studies, Volume 44, No. II,

May 2006.

   The Study discusses the problem of land at the level of The Four Colonies of South Africa!, And their findings formed against

pressure and The Africans in their respective areas on the one hand, And add them in The White areas on the other hand, Through the spread of Farming Systems and Squatters and

Leasing. The Study Containing The Land Policies before the year 1894,To the law of Glenn Gray in the Cape, And attempt to impose

Individual Property, And talk about The Motives for The Development of Land Question after the law of Glenn Gray, And finally The Formation of Committee dealing with national affairs,

And The Most Important Recommendations, And How Land Policy developed until The Union of South Africa.

14 - The Historical Roots of The Land Problem in South Africa Republic

Search under publication in The Annual Symposium of Department of Geography, On "Regional Integration in

Africa ... Development Community for Southern African Countries - SADC Model, May 10, 2006, Institute of African

Research and Studies -Cairo University.

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  The Land Law of 1913 Has Continued to apply in South Africa until the beginning of a peaceful transition period, So the problem

of land has been linked to this law until the present moment (1906). The Small Areas of Land proposed by White Governments,

and Black Governments - after 1994 - For the benefit of Africans, Did not led to real progress in solving the problem during that

period. The Study is divided into two main Axes: First, The problem of Land development since the end of World War I until the stage of Peaceful Transition. Second, The problem of Land

since The Peaceful Transition until March 2006.

B-The Scientific Books-:

1 - Institute of Sudanese Studies in Egypt, 1947-1956 (reading documentary), Center Arabisc for Printing, Cairo,

2009 .2 - Egypt and Alliances Defensive Projects in Africa (1951

to 1958), Center Arabisc for Printing, Cairo, 2009 .3 - The Historical Roots of The Land Problem in South

Africa (1835-2006), Center Arabisc for Printing, Cairo, 2009 .

4 - Cairo University in The Sudan 1955-1964, Center Arabisc for Printing, Cairo, 2009 .

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