Hello..This is vandana verma.I would like to dedicate my little work to all english learner.. I hope This will help you..Good luck!!!!

I AM READY TO LEARN

ENGLISH

THERE ARE 26 ALPHABET IN ENGLISH 5 ARE VOWEL AND 21 ARE CONSTITUENT.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

ENGLISH GRAMMAR IS THE ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT SECTION OF VARIOUS EXAMS

Use a capital letter for the first letter in a sentence:The dog is barking.Come here!Always use a capital letter for the word I : I am eight years old.Tom and I are good friends.Use a capital letter for the names of people:Alice, Tom, James, Kim, Snow WhiteUse a capital letter for the names of places:National Museum, Bronx Zoo, London, SacramentoUse a capital letter for festivals, holidays, days of the week, months of the year:New Year’s Day, Christmas, Labor Day, Mother’s Day,Sunday, Monday, Friday, January, May, July, October

The capital letter is also called a big letter or uppercase

letter, or sometimes just a capital.

The Capital Letter

exercise

Circle the letters that should be CAPITALS. Then writethe correct letter in the space above them.

1. peter and i are good friends.2 .we are going to chicago during our summervacation.3 .there is an interesting football game on sunday.4 .jason lives on thomson avenue.5.january is the first month of the year.

Ohh no !Homework!!

THE SENTENCE

A GROUP OF WORDS LIKE THIS, WHICH MAKES COMPLETE SENSE.

सं�दे�श के� आदेन प्रदेन के� लि ये� भाषा के उपये�ग किकेये जाता है�. हैर भाषा में� बो� न� अथवा लि खन� के� लि ए शब्दे$ के� संमें%है$ के प्रये�ग किकेये जाता है�. ऐसं� शब्दे$ के� संमें%है जिजानके� भावा प%र� है$ के� हैमें sentence (वाक्ये) केहैता� है).

Sentence द्वा�रा� कि�सी� व्यक्ति� या� वस्तु� �� उल्ले�ख �रातु� हैं� औरा उसी �� सीम्बन्ध में� �� छ

वर्ण न �रातु� है).

KIND OF SENTENCESA SENTENCE THAT MAKES A STATEMENT IS CALLED DECLARATIVE .

.

YOU ARE

SO KIN

D

MR. C

AT.

WE ARE GOOD FRIENDS

Declarative या� assertive sentences उन व�क्या# �$ �हैं� जा�तु� जा$ वर्ण न �रातु� या� स्व��& तु �रातु� हैं�.

A SENTENCE THAT ASK A QUESTION IS CALLED AN INTROGATIVE.

WHAT IS THIS HENRRY ?

A GIFT

FOR

YOU M

Y

LOVE.

वाहै वाक्ये जा� प्रश्न प%छता है�. के�ई भा- संवा प%छन� वा वाक्ये Interrogative

(इन्टै�र�ग�टिटैवा) वाक्ये है�ता है�.

A SENTENCE THAT EXPRESSES STRONG FEELING IS CALLED AN EXCLAMATORY.

OHH …. WAHH!!!WANNA EAT YOU…YUMMMYY!!!

SHUT UP!!YOU CAN’T CATCH ME IDIOT!!!!!!!!!

वहैं व�क्या जा$ बहुतु गहैंरा� या� अचा�न� उठीं, भा�वन�ओं �$ प्र�ट �रा� उसी� Exclamatory व�क्या �हैंतु�

हैं�.

A SENTENCE THAT EXPRESSES A COMMAND OR AN ENTREATYIS CALLED AN IMPERATIVE .

PLEASE,, , BHOOT JI LEAVE ME. I WILL BE THANKFUL TO YOU..

PLEASE,,, LET ME EAT YOU I AM DOG HUNGRY AND I LIKE KIDS…

येहै वाहै वाक्ये है� जा� किकेसं- और के� के�ई केये3 केरन� के� लि ये�

केहैता है� - केहैन�वा आग्रहै संकेता ये आज्ञा

दे� संकेता.

DO YOUR

HOME

WORK AT

A TIME

AND

BECOME

A HERO…..

H U R R R R Y Y Y !!!!!!!!!

YES SIR I

WILL DO..

EXERCISE 1.ALL ROAD LEADS TO KANPUR.HOW COLD THE NIGHT IS!BE QUIT.WE ARE IN A CAFÉ.WHAT A SHAME!HOW MUCH YOU LOVE?DO YOU GIVE ME A KIDDO?MY FATHER WAS A GREAT MAN.I LOVE MY MOTHER .DO YOU KNOW MY STYLE?OH! IT’S SO COOL!I AM A HARDWORKER.MAY I HAVE A CUP OF TEA WITH YOU.WHY SHOULD I GO WITH YOU?DO YOU HAVE CAAR?OH ! MY GOD THIS IS SCORPIO.

LET’S SEE HOW MUCH YOU HAVE LEARNED??.??

PHRASE: GROUP OF WORDS

WHICH MAKES

SENSE BUT NOT COMPLETE SENSE .

HIT HIM!

KICK KICK!!!

GO AWAYYY

LET ME S

EE…

SUBJECT

PREDICATE

CLAUSE

GROUP OF WORDS WHICH FORMS PARTS

OF A SENTENCE,AND CONTAINS A SUBJECT AND A PREDICADTE.

THE PART WHICH NAMES THE PERSON OR THING .

THE PART WHICH TELLS SOMETHING ABOUT THE SUBJECT.

THANKS SHAILENDRA.

YOU SIT DOWN.

EXERCISE 2.o SHOW ME HOW TO DO IT.o HE HIT ON THE HEAD.o I BLOW THE WHISTLE.o CHERRY WENT AWAY FORM HOME.o A RAT WILL BELL THE CAT.o YOU COME HERE.o YOU CAN GO.o YOU CAN KISS ME.o I WILL COME WITH YOU.o GIVE ME YOUR HEART.

.

PARTS OF SPEECH

The type

of senten

ce depends on the

role of the

words used in it.

NOUN

ADJECTIVE

PRONOUN

VERB

ADVERB

PREPOSITION

CONJUNCTION

INTERJECTION

कि�सी� भा� व�क्या में� प्रया�� हैं$ राहैं� शब्दों# �4 भा5मिमें�� तुया �रातु� हैं7 कि� वहैं व�क्या उपरा दिदोंया� कि�सी श्रे�र्ण� �� हैं7.

NOUN.A NOUN IS A WORD USED AS THE NAME OF A PERSON ,

PLACE, OR A THING.

THING MEANS ALL OBJECTS THAT WE CAN SEE,HEAR,TASTE,TOUCH,SMELL,AND SOMETHING THAT WE CAN THINK OF

BUT CAN NOT PRECEIVE BY THE SENSES.

MY NAME IS ANTHENI

GONJALBISH.

सी;ज्ञा�

वहैं शब्दों जा$ कि�सी� व्यक्ति�, स्था�न या� वस्तु� �� न�में �� रूप में� प्रया$ग कि�या� जा�तु� हैं� उसी� Noun �हैंतु� हैं�.

TYPES OF NOUN.

Common Noun:

वाहै नमें जा� एके वाग3 ये एके प्रकेर के� किवाभिभान्न व्यलि9ये$ ये वास्ता;ओं के� संमेंन रूप सं� टिदेये जाता है� common noun (जाकितावाचके सं�ज्ञा) केहै ता है�

Common noun is a name given to every person, place, animal or thing of the same type

. येहै� Ramesh और boy दे�न� है- Noun है). Ramesh एके किवाश�षा ड़के� केA ओर सं�के� ता केरता है� और boy किकेसं- ड़के� केA ओर. येहै Boy के�ई भा- ड़के है� संकेता है�, जा� इसं बोर रमें�श है�

Let us see this example

Here Ramesh and boy, both are nouns. Ramesh is the name of a particular boy.

Ramesh is a boy

येहैC Ramesh proper noun है� और boy आता है� common noun केA श्रे�णी- में�.

Proper Noun

Proper noun (व्यक्ति�व�चा� सी;ज्ञा�) वहैं न�में हैं7 जा$ कि�सी� किवश�ष व्यक्ति�, वस्तु� या� स्था�न �$ दिदोंया� जा�तु� हैं7.

“लि खता� संमेंये, Proper Noun के पहै अक्षर हैमें�श capital letter में� लि ख जाता है� “

Special names have been assigned to some special group of things when they are refered to as one in a collective way, such nouns are called collective nouns.

के; छ व्यलि9ये$ अथवा वास्ता;ओं के जिजाकेर एके संथ केरन� के� लि ये� किवाश�षा नमें$ के प्रवाधान किकेये गये है�. संमें%है के� टिदेये� गये� इन किवाश�षा नमें$ के� Collective Noun केहैता� है).

(सीमें5हैंव�चा� सी;ज्ञा�)

Collective Noun

crowd collection of people आदेमिमेंये$ के संमें%है (भा-ड़)

army collection of soldiers सं�किनके$ के संमें%है

team

collection of people working together for a common goal - eg. cricket team.

ऐसं� व्यलि9ये$ के संमें%है जा� एके संजा मेंकेसंदे के� लि ये� एके संथ है$ - जा�सं� किA�� ट टBमें.

flockcollection of birds, sheep, or goats that travel, live, or feed together

पभिक्षये$, भा�ड़, बोकेर- जा�सं� जानवार$ के झुं;�ड जा� एके संथ रहैता�, चरता� और संफर केरता� है).

herdcollection of domestic animals like cattle

गये जा�सं� घर� % जानवार$ के संमें%है

fleetcollection of ships, vehicles of a single owner

जाहैजा$ ये एके है- मेंकिहैके के� वाहैन$ के संमें%है

familycollection of people related by birth, marriage or adoption

ऐसं� �ग$ के संमें%है जा� आपसं में� जान्में, किवावाहै ये ग�दे सं� संम्बोन्द्धिन्Pता है$

nationcollection of people under a single government

एके है- शसंन के� अ�ताग3ता �ग$ के संमें%है

Abstract Noun (भा�वव�चा� सी;ज्ञा�)

Abstract noun is the word used as the name of a quality, action or state when that quality, action or state is considered as an object.

उसं शब्दे के� केहैता� है) जिजासंके उपये�ग किकेसं- ग;णी ये न्द्धिQकिता के वाणी3नन एके वास्ता; केA तारहै केरता� है). 

EXAMPLE

He is a good person. (वाहै एके अच्छा व्यलि9 है�.)

if we want to describe a quality, then we need to refer to the quality as a noun, like... What is goodness?

अगर किकेसं- ग;णी के वाणी3नन केरन है� ताबो हैमें� उसं ग;णी के� सं�ज्ञा रूप वा � शब्दे$ केA जारूरता पड़ता- है�. जा�सं�...

अच्छाई क्ये है�?

Good is a word used to describe that quality of a person, and goodness is the noun form of the word good.

Quality (ग;णी )

goodness अच्छा�ईwhiteness सीफे� दोंBhonesty इमें�न्दों�रा�

bravery बहैं�दुरा�

     

Action (केमें3)

pleasure प्रसीन्नतु�

movement हैंरा�तुjudgement फे7 सीले�

     

State (अवाQ)

childhood बचापन

youth या�व�वस्था�poverty गरा�ब�

examples of the three types of abstract nouns.

Nouns can be categorized into 4 groups based on

their gender.

Masculine Gender प�ल्लिंल्ले;ग 

Feminine Gender स्त्री�लिंलेMग

Common Gender उभायालिंलेMग

Neuter Gender नप�;सी�लिंलेMग

Noun used for a male.

Nou

n u

sed f

or

a fe

mal

e

Nou

ns th

at re

pres

ent

both

mal

es a

nd

fem

ales

.

Nouns that are use of items that do not have any gender.

Masculine FeminineCommon NEUTER

boy girl child car

man woman person room

lion lioness animal tree

EXAMPLE

Number Noun सी;ख्या� व�चा� सी;ज्ञा�

A noun that indicates a single object is a singular nounए� वस्तु� �4 जा�न��रा� दों�न� व�ले� noun �$ singular (ए� वचान) noun �हैंतु� हैं�.

Noun indicating more than one object is recognized as a plural noun. ए� सी� अक्तिP� वस्तु�ओं �4 जा�न��रा� दों�न� व�ले� noun �$ plural (बहू-वचान) noun �हैंतु� हैं�

For example...

BOYS BOYOX EN OX

singular plural

Nouns can be possessive and express ownership, usually following the use of “of.”The life of MariaNouns sometimes function differently in sentences. For example:Subject: Maria likes ice creamObject of Preposition: He gave the ice cream to MariaSubject complement: The best customer is MariaGrammar vocabulary: Nominal means any word, or group of words, used as a noun. The nominal word used in the original noun example is Maria.Most nouns ending in s, sh, o, or ch need an -es suffix to be plural.Nouns ending in a consonant followed by y become plural by changing the y to i and adding -esMass Nouns are nouns that cannot be counted and they usually do not have a plural formLike freedom,money,love.Collective nouns refer to groups of people and/or things. if the plural noun does not end with an “s,” the possessive is formed by adding apostrophe and “s.”

THINGS TO REMEMBER…….

Case ��रा�:-noun या� pronoun �� �� सी याहैं बतु�तु� हैं7 कि� वहैं व्य�4 या� वस्तु� व�क्या में� �तु� (subject) �4 भा5मिमें�� में� हैं7 या� �में (object) �4.

Case of a noun or

pronoun discusses

whether the person or

object in consideration

is the subject of the

sentence or its object.

TYPES OF CASES

Possessive CaseNominative Case Accusative Case

When a noun or a  pronoun  is used as a subject of a verb, it is in the Nominative Case.

The noun is said to be in the Accusative Case, if it is used as the object of a verb in the sentence

When the noun denotes ownership or possession it said to be in the Possessive Case.

जाबो किकेसं- सं�ज्ञा ये संवा3नमें के वाक्ये में� उपये�ग केता3 के� रूप में� किकेये जा�तु� हैं7 तु$ उसी� Nominative Case के देजा3 टिदेये जाता है�.

जिजासी सी;ज्ञा� �� उपया$ग किAया� �� �में �� रूप में� कि�या� गया� हैं$ उसी� Accusative Case �� हैं$न� �हैं� जा�तु� हैं7. 

जाब कि�सी� सी;ज्ञा� �� उपया$ग सी� में�क्तिले��न� सीम्बन्ध प्रतु�तु हैं$तु� हैं7 तुब उसीPossessive Case �� रूप में� हैं$न� बतु�या� जा�तु� हैं7.

EXAM

PLERam drove the car.इसी व�क्या में� Ram �तु� �4 भा5मिमें�� में� हैं7 औरा car �में �4. इसीक्तिलेया� Ram �� रूप nominative case हैं7, औरा car �� accusative case.

This is Ram's car.इसी व�क्या में� car परा Ram �� में�क्तिले��न� सीम्बन्ध प्रतु�तु हैं$तु� हैं7.इसीक्तिलेया� Ram's �� रूप possessive case हैं7

The car was driven by Ramइसी व�क्या में� Ram �में �4 भा5मिमें�� में� हैं$ गया� औरा car �तु� �4. इसीक्तिलेया� car �� रूप nominative case हैं7, औरा Ram �� accusative case.

ADJECTIVE.THE WORD USED TO ADD SOMETHING TO THE

NOUN.

HE IS SO HANDSOME.

SHE IS SO

BEAUTIFU

L वहैं शब्दों हैं7

जा$ Noun �� वर्ण न �रातु�हैं7या� उन�� ब�रा�

में� सी;�� तु दों�तु� हैं7, जा7सी� कि� रा;ग-रूप, ग�र्ण-दों$ष,

सी;ख्या�, आदिदों.

EXAMP

LE..He is a lazy boy.

याहैं�T lazy शब्दों �� प्रया$ग boy �� ब�रा� में� जा�न��रा� दों�तु� हैं7.याहैं बतु�तु� हैं7 कि� लेड़�� आलेसी� हैं7.

I like that painting.

इसं वाक्ये में� that के उपये�ग केSन सं- painting पसं�दे है� बोतान� के� लि ये� किकेये गये है�.

The basket has some brinjals.

येहैC पर some सं� noun brinjal किकेतान� है), इसं बोता के पता च ता है�.

lazy

some

that

व�क्या# में� adjective ��

उदों�हैंरार्ण lazy, that औ

रा

 some हैं�.

Adjective किकेसं- noun के के� सं किवावारणी केरता उसंके� आधार पर उसं� (adjective के�) अ ग-अ ग श्रे�भिणीओं में� वार्गिगUकेV ता किकेये जा संकेता है�.

Adjectives can be divided into the following categories, depending on their use...

Adjective of Quality -

ग;णी के किवाश �षाणी

Adjective of Quantity -

मेंत्रा के किवाश �षाणी

Adjective of Number - सं�ख्ये के किवाश �षाणी

Adjective of Comparison - ता; न के किवाश �षाणी

Demonstrative Adjective

Adjective of Qualityग�र्णव�चा� किवश�षर्ण

Noun के� ग;णी ये प्रकेर के� प्रकेटै केरन� वा � शब्दे के�  ग�र्णव�चा� किवश�षर्ण  केहैता� है). The word or words describing the quality of a noun are classified as Adjective of Quality.

He is an honest man.

के� सं व्यलि9 के उत्तर मिमें ता है� - honest.The answer of what type of person is honest.

Calcutta is a large city

large शब्दे बोताता है� किके शहैर के� सं है� - बोड़ है�.Large describes the size of the city

India is a great country.

किकेसं प्रकेर के दे�श है� India - great.What type of country is India - great.

Adjective of quality "कि�सी प्र��रा �4" या� "�7 सी�" प्रश्न �� उत्तरा में� आतु� हैं7. इसी श्रे�र्ण� �� Adjective सीम्ब;क्तिPतु Noun �� ग�र्ण �� ब�रा� में� किवशले�षर्ण �रातु� हैं7. When the adjective answers questions like what type or how, it is known as adjective of quality. An adjective in this category elaborates on the some quality of the noun.

Adjective of Quantityपरिरामें�र्णव�चा� किवश�षर्ण

noun द्वार उल् �खिखता व्यलि9, प्रणी-, Qन ये वास्ता; केA मेंत्रा के� बोर� में� जानकेर- दे�न� वा � adjective के�  परिरामें�र्णव�चा� किवश�षर्ण केहैता� है).The word or words describing the quantity of nouns that are not actually be counted fall under the category Adjective of Quantity …..

I ate  some  rice.

You have  no  shame.

We have had enough experience

some, no,enough, These do not express quantity in terms of actual countable

शब्दों  some कि�तुन� चा�वले �4 जा�न��रा� दों�तु� हैं�Some adjective used in the example tell about the quantity of rice

शब्दों no कि�तुन� शमें  �4 जा�न��रा� दों�तु� हैं� no adjective used in the example tell about the quantity of shame

  शब्दों enough कि�तुन� तुजा�ब� �4 जा�न��रा� दों�तु� हैं�

enough adjective used in the example tell about the quantity of experience

Adjective of quantity �� उपया$ग "कि�तुन�" प्रश्न �� उसी उत्तरा में� हैं$तु� हैं7 जाहैं�T किगनतु� नहैंY �4 जा� सी�तु�. Adjective of quantity is used in response to the question "how much".

Adjective of Number सी;ख्या�व�चा� किवश�षर्ण

Adjective of number के उपये�ग "किकेतान�" प्रश्न के� उसं उत्तर में� है�ता है� जाहैC किगनतु� �4 जा� सी�तु�Adjective of number is used to answer the question how much, wherever it can be counted

. येहै बोताता है� किके किकेतान� व्यलि9ये$ ये वास्ता;ओं सं� हैमेंर अभिभाप्रये है� ये व्यलि9 ये वास्ता; किकेसं क्रमें में� है�. सं�ख्ये केA जानकेर- दे�न� वा � इसं किवाश�षाणी के� सं�ख्येवाचके किवाश�षाणी भा- केहैता� है)

Definite Numeral Adjective किनश्चि[तु सी;ख्या�व�चा� किवश�षर्ण

cardinals और ये� किकेतान� (how many) सं%लिचता केरता�

है). These are cardinals,

they inform about the number.e,g One, two,

three

ordinals"क्रमें में� किकेतावा" सं%लिचता केरता� है).

these are ordinals and they describe the

position in a series.First, second,

third

वाहै adjective जा� के�इ किनभि^ता सं�ख्ये प्रकेटै नहै_ केरता indefinite numeral adjective केहै ता है).Adjectives that do not give a definite number are known as indefinite numeral adjective, like...all, no, many, few, some any, certain, several

Indefinite N

umeral

Adjective

अकिनश्चि[तु सी;ख्या�व�चा� किवश�षर्ण

यादिदों noun �$ किगन� जा� सी�तु� हैं7 तु$ याहैं Adjective of number �� अ;तुग तु वर्गिगM�& तु हैं$ग�, नहैंY तु$ इसी� Adjective of Quantity �� दोंजा� दिदोंया� जा�या�ग�.

Distributiv

e

numeral adjectiv

e

वहैं adjective हैं7 जा$ कि�सी�

वग �� प्रत्या�� व्यक्ति� या� वस्तु�

�� ब$P �रातु� हैं7.

Each boy

Every man

Adjectives for Comparisonतु�लेन�व�चा� किवश�षर्ण

Positive Degree - में% वाQ

Comparative Degree - उत्तरवाQ

Superlativ

-

e Degree

उत्तमेंवाQएके श्रे�णी- के� nouns में� ता; न केरन� में� Adjectives केA किवाश�षा भा%मिमेंके है�. English भाषा में� ता; न 3 स्तार पर केA जा संकेता- है�.

Adjectives used to compare nouns of the same category are Adjectives of Comparison There are three levels of comparison in the English language.

Positive Degree (में5ले�वस्था�)

पहै � स्तार पर adjective के प्रये�ग उसंके� संधारणी रूप में� है�ता है� इसंके उपये�ग के� वा किकेसं- ग;णी केA उपन्द्धिQता- के वाणी3न केरन� के� लि ये� किकेये जाता है�. The first level of comparison is the positive degree....

Raju is strong.

Comparative Degree (उत्तरा�वस्था�)

दूसीरा� स्तुरा परा adjective �� प्रया$ग दों$ व्यक्ति�या# या� वस्तु�ओं �� ब�चा तु�लेन� �रान� �� कि�या� जा�तु� हैं7 The second level of comparison is the comparative degree. This type of compares between two things or persons

Raju is stronger than Mahesh.

Superlative Degree (उत्तमें�वस्था�) तु�सीरा� स्तुरा परा adjective �� प्रया$ग दों$ सी� अक्तिP� व्यक्ति�या# या� वस्तु�ओं �� ब�चा तु�लेन� �रान� �� कि�या� जा�तु� हैं7 The superlative degreee of comparison is used when comparing between more than two objects or persons

Raju is the strongest amongst his friends

Demonstrative Adjectiveसी;�� तुव�चा� किवश�षर्ण

This boy is strong.These mangoes are sour.I like such things.This is a boy.What is the name of this place?

Demonstrative adjective इसी ब�तु �� सी;�� तु �रातु� हैं7 कि� हैंमें�रा� अश्चिभाप्र�या कि�सी व्यक्ति� या� वस्तु� सी� हैं7.Demonstrative adjective �� उपया$ग "�_नसी�" प्रश्न �� उत्तरा में� हैं$तु� हैं7. Demonstrative adjecitves are used to point or indicate the noun Demonstrative adjectives are generally used to answer the "which" questions.

EXAMPLE

Articles :The articlec (a, an and the) are a special sub-category of the demonstrative adjective. आर्टिटM�ल्सी:सी;�� तुव�चा� किवश�षर्ण �� अ;तुग तु ए� किवश�ष श्रे�र्ण� में� आतु� हैं� 

Interrogative Adjectives : When words like what, which and whose placed before a

noun raise a query or form questions they are classified as interrogative adjectives.

प्रश्नवाचके किवाश�षाणी जाबो what, which और whose जा�सं� शब्दे$ के किवाश�षाणी के� ताSर पर उपये�ग एके प्रश्न बोनता है� ताबो उन्है� प्रश्नवाचके

किवाश�षाणी के देजा3 टिदेये जाता है�.

Emphasizing Adjectives: Adjectives like own and very are used to put greater

emphasis on the noun, and are hence referred to as Emphasizing Adjectives.

जा�र ड न�वा � किवाश�षाणी जा$ किवश�षर्ण अपन� सीम्ब;क्तिPतु सी;ज्ञा� परा अकितुरिरा� जा$रा

डा�लेतु� हैं� उन्हैं� जा$रा डा�लेन�व�ले� किवश�षर्ण �हैंतु� हैं�.

Exclamatory Adjectives Sometimes, what is used as an adjective to raise an exclamation, this type of

usage makes it an exlamatory adjective. किवासंमेंयेबो�धाके किवाश�षाणी किवाश�षाणी

�भा�-�भा� किवश�षर्ण �� रूप में� what जा7सी� शब्दों किवसीमेंया �� ब$P �रा�तु� हैं� - इन शब्दों# �� ऐसी� उपया$ग इन्हैं�

किवसीमेंयाब$P� किवश�षर्ण किवश�षर्ण �� दोंजा� दों�तु� हैं7.

Position of Adjectivesकिवश�षर्ण# �� स्था�न

व�क्या में� उपया$ग �रान� �� क्तिलेया� adjective स्था�न में�यान� राखतु� हैं7. आमें तु_रा परा इसी�� उपया$ग उसी noun �� सी�थ हैं� हैं$तु� हैं7. noun �� तु�रा;तु पहैंले� या� तु�रा;तु ब�दों.The location of the adjective in a sentence is important. Generally it is used just before or just after the noun.

Correct use of some adjectivesThe adjective can be correctly used with a verb when some quality of the

subject, rather the action of the verb, is to be expressed.These flowers smell sweet. (NOT These flowers smell sweetly.)The plural forms these and those are often used with the singular nounskind and sort.Examples are: these kind of thingsHowever, some grammarians insist that we should say: this kind of thingsThe words superior, inferior, senior, junior, prior, anterior, and posterior take to instead of than.He is senior to me.James is inferior to Peter is intelligence.In comparing two things or classes of things the comparative should be used.Take the shorter of the two routes. (NOT Take the shortest of the two routes.)Of the two suggestions, the former is better. (NOT Of the two suggestions, the former is the best.)When a comparison is made by means of a comparative, the thing that is compared must be excluded from the things with which it is compared.Hercules was stronger than any other man. (NOT Hercules was stronger than any man – this sentence would suggest that Hercules was stronger than Hercules himself, which, of course, is absurd.)

Attributive adjectives after nounsMost adjectives can go in two main places in a sentence: in attributive position and predicative position.In attributive position, an adjective comes before the noun it modifies.She is a nice girl.In predicative position, an adjective goes after the verb.She is nice.While attributive adjectives usually go before the nouns, a few can be used after nouns. example, Secretary GeneralPoet LaureateSome adjectives ending in -able/-ible can also be used after nouns.It is the only solution possible.After something, everything etc.Adjectives come after words like something, everything, anything, nothing, somebody, anywhere etc.I would like to go somewhere quiet. (NOT I would like to go quiet somewhere.)I heard something interesting today. (NOT I heard interesting something today.)In most expressions of measurement adjectives come after the measurement noun.ten years older (NOT Older ten years) (NOT ten older years)six feet deeptwo miles longVerb + object + adjectiveAdjectives can be placed after the object.You make me happy.Can you get the children ready for school?

DistributivesEach, every, either and neither are distributive adjectives. These are normally used with singular nouns.PositionDistributives are placed immediately before the nouns they qualify.Each boy wore a hat.Neither answer is correct.Every child needs love.NoteEach, either and neither can be used with plural nouns when they are followed by ‘of’Each of the boys wore a hat.Neither of the answers is correct.EachEach is used when we are talking about the members of a group as individuals.Each boy was given a watch.Each of the boys was given a watch.Each and everyEach is preferred when we are thinking of people or things separately, one at a time. Every is similar to all. Every is preferred when we are thinking of people or things together.Each patient went to see the doctor. (In turn)He gave every patient the same medicine.Either and NeitherEither and neither are used to talk about distribution between two things.Either is used in affirmative clauses. Neither is used in negative clauses.Which shirt do you want? Either shirt will do.I will take either shirt, they are both good.Neither answer is correct.Neither of them came.

Adjective PhrasesSometimes a group of words does the work of an adjective.Study the following examples.The mayor was a wealthy man.The mayor was a man of great wealth.In sentence 1, the adjective wealthy says what sort of man the mayor was. In sentence 2, the group of words ‘of great wealth’ also says the same thing. It qualifies the noun man as an adjective does. It therefore does the work of an adjective and is called an adjective phrase.DefinitionAn adjective phrase is a group of words that does the work of an adjective.The magistrate was a kind man. (Here the adjective kind modifies the noun man.)The magistrate was a man with a kind heart. (Here the adjective phrase ‘with a kind heart’ modifies the noun man.)They lived in a stone house.They lived in a house built of stone.Study the following adjectives and the adjective phrases that are equivalent to them.A golden necklace – a necklace made of goldA white coat – a coat of white colorA jungle track – a track through the jungleA deserted city – a city with no inhabitantsThe French flag – the flag of FranceA wooden hut – a hut built of woodA blank page – a page with no writing on it

1. a busy street.2. a dark corner.3. a deep sea.4. a large bed.5. It is windy.6. John’s handwriting is very neat.7. The sea is rough.8. All the players are very tall.9. The baby’s hands are very small.10. Sue’s drawing is beautiful.11. That problem is too difficult.12. Peter is very quiet today.

exerciseFIND THE ADJECTIVES.

ANSWERES:

OH YEAH!!

1.Busy.2.Dark.3.Deep.4.Large.5.Windy.6.Neat.7.Rough.8.Tall.9. Small.10. Beautiful.11. Difficult.12. Quiet.

PRONOUN.

THE WORD USED INSTEAD OF NOUN.

Pronoun वहैं शब्दों हैं7 जा$ Noun �� स्था�न परा प्रया$ग कि�या� जा�तु�

हैं7.

PRONOUNS ARE: I. SHE. HE. YOU. MY. THEY. WE.

किनम्न दों$ sentences परा ग_रा �4जिजाए...

Raju is absent because Raju is ill. Raju is absent because he is ill

बोर-बोर Raju बो� न� केA एवाजा दूसंर- बोर Raju के� Qन पर he बो� न ज्येदे अच्छा गता है�.

Nominative Cases: I, you, he, she, it, we, they, whoThe nominative, or subjective, case pronoun is the subject of the sentence.Examples: She went to the store.Who has the book?I am he.

Objective Cases: Me, you, him, her, it, us, them, whomThese function as direct or indirect objects.Examples:We gave IT to HER.I don’t know to WHOM I speak.The bag is with HER.

Possessive Cases: My, mine, his, her, hers, its, our, ours, their, theirs, your, yours, whoseThe possessive case pronoun shows possessionExample:That is MY bag.That bag is MINE.HER bus was late.The bags are all HERS.

PRONOUN CASES

A pronoun takes the place of an unknown noun. The unknown noun is called the “antecedent.”Example: Maria wondered if she was late for work.Maria is the antecedent of “she.” Instead of saying: Maria wondered if Maria was late for work, “she” appears to take the place of “Maria.”The pronoun must always agree with antecedent, so if the antecedent is male, the pronoun must be male, if the antecedent is plural, the pronoun must be plural, etc. Example:Correct: When Maria bought the detergent, she used her credit card.Incorrect: When Maria bought the detergent, they used his credit card.

Personal Pronouns can refer to the person/people speaking (First person,) spoken to (second person,) or spoken ABOUT (third person.)

First person subject singular: IFirst person subject plural: WeFirst person object singular: meFirst person object plural: usSecond person subject singular: youSecond person subject plural: youSecond person object singular: youSecond person object plural: youThird person subject singular: he, she, itThird person subject plural: theyThird person object singular: him, her, itThird person object plural: them

I — first person singularThem — third person pluralHer — third person singularHe — third person singularMe — first person singular

Example: I wanted to give them to her, but he wouldn’t let me

Possessive Pronouns

Like regular nouns, personal pronouns can also be possessive. Possessive Determiners are possessive forms of personal pronouns. Possessive Determiners must have a following noun.

First person determiner singular: MY (book)First person determiner plural: OUR (book)First person pronoun singular: MineFirst person pronoun plural OursSecond person determiner singular: YOUR (book)Second person determiner plural YOUR (book)Second person pronoun singular: YoursSecond person pronoun plural: YoursThird person determiner singular: IS, HER, ITS (book)Third person determiner plural: THEIR (book)Third person pronoun singular: His, hers, itsThird person pronoun plural: Theirs

Example: They have MY bags but they know they’re MINE.My — Determiner, dependent on “Bags”Mine– stands in place of “My bags

Indefinite PronounsThese have no specific antecedents. These

are usually identified with general words like: all, any, some, or none.

Examples:Singular: another, both, nobody, everything, nothing, somebody, everyone, no one, something, etc.Plural: all, many, most, much, somesingular: Somebody has her bags.Plural: Everyone knows about Maria’s bags.

Indefinite pronouns are only pronouns if they are used ALONE. If they are used with a noun, they become indefinite adjectives.Pronoun: Both knew they were Maria’s bags.Adjective: Both baggers knew they were Maria’s bags.First person singular: MyselfFirst person plural: OurselvesSecond person singular: YourselfSecond person plural: YourselvesThird person singular: Himself/Herself/ItselfThird person plural: Themselves

Example: We asked OURSELVES where her bags were.“We” is the doer and receiver of the action “ask.”

Intensive Pronouns are used to point back to the noun or pronoun for emphasis.Example: I myself knew they were Maria’s bags.The intensive pronoun does not always need to directly follow the noun.Example: I prefer walking myself.Reciprocal pronouns express mutual action.Examples: each other/ each other’sOne another/one another’sMaria and Heather greeted each other.Interrogative PronounsThese are used to ask questions and can be personal or non-personalPersonal subject: Who/WhoeverPersonal object: Whom/WhomeverPersonal possessive: WhoseNon-personal subject: WhichNon-personal subject: WhatExample:Who has the bags?Which bagger has them?Whose bags are these?

Demonstrative

PronounsThese substitute

specific nouns, usually

when someone is

gesturing toward

something.

Singular: This/That

Plural: These/Those

Example: These are for

her.

My name is David. I am the youngest in the family.This is my father. He is a teacher.This is my mother. She is a lawyer.I have a brother and two sisters.They are Peter, Sharon and Jenny.I have a dog. It is called Lucky.Lucky, you are a good dog.Good morning, children! You may sit down now.My family and I live in a big city. We have an apartment.

exercise

VERBVERB: is the word or group of words that says something

about the noun or expresses some action by the noun.

वाहै शब्दे ये शब्दे$ के संमें%है है� जा�

Noun के� किवाषाये में� के; छ केहै� अथवा

उनके� के�ई केये3 के केरन प्रकेटै केर�.

YUUUHUUU!!!

CAT IS SCATING.

TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE

VERB

ACTIVE PASSIVE VOICE

MOODS TENSES

PERSON AND NUMBER AUXILIARY VERBS

TYPES OF VERB

verb के� रूप सं� चच3 किकेये� जा रहै� केये3 के संमेंये के� संथ संम्बो�धा पता च ता है�.घटैन ये केये3 के किवावारणी स्पष्ट और प%र केरन� के� लि ये� verb के रूप बोदे ता है�. येहै पता च ता है� किके वाहै केये3 अभा- च रहै है� ये प%र है� च;के है�.येहै पता च ता है� किके वाहै केये3 ये घटैन बो-ता च;के� संमेंये केA है� ये आन� वा � संमेंये में� है�ग-.

I walk आई वाeके में) च ता हूँC

I walked आई वाeक्ड में) च ता थ

I will walk आई किवा वाeके में) च %�ग

ऊपर के� उदेहैरणी में� ता-न वाक्ये है).ये� ता-न$ वाक्ये प्र�नउन (I) के� केये3 to walk (च न) के� देश3ता� है) . �किकेन ता-न$ के� रूप अ ग-अ ग है) - walk, walked और will walk.

walk च % संमेंये (present - वाता3मेंन) में�

च न� केA जानकेर- दे�ता है�,

walked बो-ता� संमेंये (past - भा%ता) में� च न� के� बोर� में� जानकेर- दे�ता है�,

will walk बोताता है� किके में� आन� वा � संमेंये (future - भाकिवाष्ये) में� च %�ग. केA जानकेर- दे�ता है�,

Transitive Verb

A verb that denotes an action occurs, occured or will occur between the subject and the object in a sentence is called a transitive verb.

Transitive Verb वहैं verb हैं7 जिजासीसी� कि�सी� हैंरा�तु �� ब्या$रा� मिमेंलेतु� हैं7. इसी श्रे�र्ण� में� वहैं किAया� आतु� हैं� जा$ ए� सी;ज्ञा� �� द्वा�रा� दूसीरा� परा कि�या� गया� ��या �$ दोंश� तु� हैं7

He kicked the ball.

These take objects. Transitive verbs carry the action of subject and apply it to the object.

Intransitive Verb

A verb that denotes a state of the noun it describes in the sentence is called an intransitive verb

Intransitive Verb वाहै verb है� जिजासंसं� सं�ज्ञा केA अवाQ ये अस्तिस्तातावा केA जानकेर- मिमें ता- है�. 

She is a girl.These do not take an object, but express actions that do not require

the agent doing something to something else.

Linking verbsThese link the agent with the rest of the sentence and explain the link between the subject and the rest of the sentence.Examples: appear, grow, seem, smell, tasteExample: Maria seems tired from shopping.

The Lay/Lie and Raise/Rise ConfusionThese two pairs of verbs are constantly misused. In each, there is a transitive verb (TRV) and an intransitive verb (INV).Lie — Intransitive, means recline or be situatedLay — Transitive, means to place or put somethingRise — Intransitive, means to get up.Raise — Transitive, means to lift something up.Infinitive — INV: LieTRV: LayINV: RiseTRV: RaisePast Tense — Lie (Lay)Raise (Raised)

Active and Passive VoiceLet us compare the two sentences shown below...

Hari is helped by Raju.Passive voice

Active voice Raju helps Hari

The content of both the sentences is same. But, the first statement the form of the verb shows that Raju - the subject of the sentence - is doing something, is active, whereas the second sentence is showing that Hari - the subject of the sentence is inactive (passive).

दे�न� वाक्ये$ के भावा एके है- है�. किकेन्ता; पहै � वाक्ये में�, verb के स्वारूप येहै टिदेखता है� किके केता3 Raju स्वाये� केये3 केरता है� और दूसंर� वाक्ये सं� ज्ञाता है�ता है� किके केता3 Hari के� लि ए केये3 किकेये गये है�. पहै � वाक्ये में� चच3 Raju पर के� जिन्jता है� जा� केये3 में� संक्रAये (active) है� और दूसंर� में� चच3 Hari पर के� जिन्jता जा� केये3 के� सं�देभा3 में� किनश्क्रAये (passive) है�.

The most common use of the verb is to describe an event or ask a question. Besides this the verb is used to issue an order or express the possibility. These different situations

that a verb describes are known as moods

किक्रये के संबोसं� संधारणी प्रये�ग किकेसं- घटैन के वाणी3न केरन ये प्रश्न प%छन है�. इसंके� अ वा verb के प्रये�ग आज्ञा व्य9 केरन� के� लि ए भा- किकेये जा संकेता है� ये verb के प्रये�ग के� वा सं�भावान प्रकेटै केरन� के� लि ए किकेये जा संकेता है�. इन भिभान्न-भिभान्न अवाQओं ये देशओं के� जिजानमें� किक्रये केमें के� केरन� ये है�न� के� प्रकेटै केरन� के� लि ए प्रये;9 है� संकेता- है� moods केहैता� है).

Mood (भा�व)

English languages has three moods...

Indicative,

Imperative

Subjunctive.

वास्ता;-न्द्धिQकिता के� वाणी3न के� लि ए, जा�सं�...Indicative mood is used to...

INDICATIVE MOOD

1.Rama goes to a school daily.

2.He writes neatly.

3.The child is alive.

प्रश्न प5छन� �� क्तिलेए...1.Will you play with me?2.Are you going home?

Imperative Mood Imperative mood is exhibited when we ask somebody to do something. This mood is of three types

Imperative mood प्र�ट हैं$तु� हैं7 जाब हैंमें कि�सी� �$ �� छ �रान� �� क्तिलेया� �हैंतु� हैं�. याहैं में5डा (भा�व) तु�न प्र��रा �� हैं$ सी�तु� हैं�

आज्ञा - Order or commandलिशक्ष ये उपदे�श - Training or Adviceअन;र�धा ये प्रथ3न - Request or prayer

Command (आज्ञा�)This mood is exhibit when a command is issued - somebody is ordered to do something.येहै में%ड टिदेखता है� जाबो के�ई आदे�श टिदेये जाता है� - किकेसं- के� के; छ केरन� केA आज्ञा देl जाता- है�.

1. Wait there.

2. Come here.

3. Open your book at page 10.

Training and Advice (श्चिशक्षा� औरा उपदों�श)This mood is displayed when you advice somebody or give instructions to train or educate.जाबो हैमें किकेसं- के� के�ई सं है ये लिशक्ष दे�ता� है) ताबो येहै में%ड टिदेखई दे�ता है�.

1. Be steady.

2. Take care of your health.

3. Try to do better.

Prayer or request (प्रथ न�)When you request somebody do something, imperative mood in play, that too in the prayer or request mode.जाबो किकेसं- सं� के�ई अन;र�धा ये प्रथ3न केरता� है) ता� इसं श्रे�णी- के में%ड किनर्मिमेंUता है�ता है�.

Have mercy on us.

Subjunctive MoodThe third mood is known as subjunctive mood. Verbs used to express a wish, purpose or contrary to truth, to express a condition are said to express the subjunctive mood.

तु�सीरा� mood �हैंले�तु� हैं7 subjunctive mood. इच्छा�, उद्दे�श्या, सीत्या �� किवपरा�तु, �$ई शतु या� �ल्पन� �4 भा�वन� �$ प्र�ट �रान� व�ले� verbs �$ subjunctive mood �� हैं$न� �हैं� जा�तु� हैं7.

Wish or Desire (इच्छा�)

God save my friend.

Purpose (उद्दे�श्या)

Take care that no mistakes are made

Contrary to fact (सीत्या सी� किवपरा�तु), Condition (शतु ), Supposition (�ल्पन�)

If I were sick, I would go to the doctor.

Auxiliary Verbs

Often to complete the mood,tense or other information in a sentence a supporting verb is (or verbs are) used along with the main verb of sentence. These supporting or assiting verbs are known as Auxiliary verbs.

कि�सी� व�क्या� �� भा�व (mood), ��ले (Tense), व्यक्ति� (Person) औरा सी;ख्या� (Number) �$ सीहैं� औरा प5र्ण रूप सी� प्रस्तु�तु �रान� �� क्तिलेए �ई ब�रा उसी में� verb �� सी�थ ए� या� ए� सी� अक्तिP� auxiliary (सीहैं�या�) verbs �� उपया$ग �रान� आवश्या� हैं$ जा�तु� हैं7.

had walked

will run

was calling

has been talking

याहैं�; had, will, was औरा is परा ग_रा �रा�. या� सीभा� शब्दों auxiliary (सीहैं�या�) verbs �4 भा5मिमें�� किनभा� राहैं� हैं�. इन�� उपया$ग कि�सी� दूसीरा� main verb �� सी�थ कि�या� गया� हैं7. इन�4 सीहैं�यातु� सी� main verb �$ अलेग-अलेग tense में� प�श कि�या� गया� हैं7.

Some verbs that are generaly used as auxiliary verbs are given below

Its formsam, is, are, was, were, been, beinghave, has, hadshall, shouldwill, woulddo, does, done, didcan, couldmay, might

The Verbbehaveshallwilldocanmay

ADVERB.A WORD THAT MODIFIES THE MEANING OF A VERB ,AN ADJECTIVE , OR

ANOTHER ADVERB IS CALLED AN ADVERB

•HE READS QUITE CLEARLY.•QUITE SHOWS HOW FAR OR TO WHAT EXTENT HE READS CLEARLY.i.e. QUITE MODIFIES ADVERB(CLEARLY).

CARROT IS VERY SWEET.VERY SHOWS HOW MUCH OR IN WHAT DEGREE THE CARROT IS SWEET i.e. VERY MODIFIES ADJECTIVE (SWEET).

POPAAY RUNS QUICKLY .QUICKLY SHOWS HOW OR IN WHAT MANNER POPAAY RUNS. i.e. QUICKLY MODIFIES THE VERB (RUNS).  वहैं शब्दों

हैं7 जा$ Verb,

Adjective या� अन्या Adverb �� अथ

�$ सी�P�रा� या� उसी�4 किवश�षतु�

प्र�ट �रा�.

किAया� किवश�षर्ण

Cont…व�क्या# �� आराम्भ में� प्रया�� adverb �भा�-�भा� कि�सी� ए� शब्दों �$ modify न �रा�� सीम्पू5र्ण व�क्या �$ modify �रातु� हैं7.

Adverbs used at the beginning of a sentence sometimes modify the meaning of the entire sentence.

oEvidently the facts are correct.oLuckily no one was hurt in the accident.oProbably he is mistaken.

Kind of Adverbs (एडावब �� प्र��रा)

•Adverbs of Time

•Adverbs of Frequency

•Adverbs of Place

•Adverbs of Manner

•Adverbs of Degree or Quanity

•Adverbs of Affirmation or Negation

•Adverbs of Reason

"now" औरा "late" दों$न# हैं� verb द्वा�रा� कि�या� जा� राहैं� ��या �� सीमेंया �� ब�रा� में� जा�न��रा� दों�तु� हैं�.

Adverbs of Time I am going to school now.

I arrived late for work

The adverb of time elaborates on the time of an activity

याहैं adverb प्र�ट �रातु� हैं7 कि� ��में �ब हुआ. .

before, after, daily, never, yesterday जा�सं� adverbs जा� verb द्वार किकेये� जान� वा � केये3 के� संमेंये सं� संम्बोमिधाता जानकेर- दे�ता� है) उन्है� adverbs of time केहैता� है). 

He often comes here.

.

Adverbs of Frequency

.

The adverb of frequency elaborates on how many times (the frequency) of any activity. Adverb of frequency is also sometimes referred to the adverb of number.

.

Adverb of number प्र�ट �रातु� हैं7 कि� ��में कि�तुन� ब�रा हुआ.

I have read the book twice.

."twice" औरा "often" दों$न# हैं� इसी ब�तु �4 जा�न��रा� दों�तु� हैं� कि� कि�तुन� ब�रा verb द्वा�रा� कि�या� जा� राहैं� ��या हैं$ राहैं� हैं�

often, twice, seldom, once जा7सी� adverbs जा$ verb द्वा�रा� कि�या� जा�न� व�ले� ��या �4 सी;ख्या� �� ब�रा� में� दों�तु� हैं� उन्हैं� adverbs of number या� adverb of frequency �हैंतु� हैं�.

इसी Adverb सी� पतु� चालेतु� हैं7 कि� ��में �हैं�T (कि�सी जागहैं) हुआ या� हैं$न� हैं7.When an adverb describes where an activity was done, it is known as the adverb of place

Adverbs of Place

Go there.

Come here.

याहैं�T "here" औरा "there" �� उप्या$ग come तुथ� go �� सी�थ कि�या� गया� हैं7. औरा या� इसी ब�तु �4 जा�न��रा� दों�तु� हैं7 कि� �हैं�T आन� या� जा�न� हैं�.

in, out, here, there, under, above इसी श्रे�र्ण� (adverb of place) में� प्रया�� हैं$न� व�ले� �� छ शब्दों हैं�.

Ram works hard.

Write clearly.

याहैं�T "clearly" औरा "hard" �� उप्या$ग write तुथ� work �� सी�थ कि�या� गया� हैं7. औरा या� इसी ब�तु �4 जा�न��रा� दों�तु� हैं7 कि� ��में �7 सी� �रान� हैं7.

Adverbs of Manner

Adverb of manner सं� केमें किकेसं प्रकेर हुआ, इसं बोता केA जानकेर- मिमें ता- है�.When an adverb describes the quality of an activity being done, it is known as the adverb of manner.

Adverbs of Degree or Quanity

Ant works v

ery hard.

I am fully prepared for the

exam.The adverb of degree

elaborates on the quantity.Adverb of degree ये quantity मेंत्रा केA जानकेर- मिमें ता- है�.

Here fully describes the verb prepared, while very describes another adverb hard. येहैC fully एके verb prepared के� बोर� में� औरvery एके दूसंर� adverb hard के� बोर� में� अकितारिर9 जानकेर- दे�ता है�.

Adverbs of Affirmation or Negation

Not negates the verb know, whilecertainly accepts it.याहैं�T "not" verb know �$ अस्व��& तु �रातु� हैं7, जाब �4 certainly वब �4 स्व��& तु� दों�तु� हैं7.

I do not know him

I certainly know him.

The adverb that describes acceptance or rejection is known as the Adverb of Affirmation or Negation.इसं Adverb सं� स्वा-केV ता- ये अस्वा-केV ता- केA प;ष्ट- है�ता- है�.

Here "therefore" points to a reason for

the action passed.

याहैं�T "therefore" pass �रान� �4 वजाहैं �� ब�रा�

में� जा�न��रा� दों�तु� हैं7.

Adverbs of Reason

The governmenttherefore passed the bill.

There was a huge protest

Adverb of

reason

describes the

reason or cause

of the action.

Adverb of

reason सं� केरणी के

बो�धा केरता है�.

Use an Adverb (एडावब �� उपया$ग)

In a sentence, the adverb is placed near the

verb or adjective that it is describing. The

meaning of the sentence is effected by the

position of the adverb .

Adverb जिजासी शब्दों �4 किवष�शतु� �� किववरार्ण �रातु� हैं7 औरा उसी

adverb �$ प�सी सी� प�सी राखन� चा�किहैंए क्या#कि� व�क्या में� adverb

�4 ल्लिंस्थाकितु �� अन�सी�रा व�क्या �� अथ में� परिरावतु न हैं$ जा�तु� हैं7

I have often thought of going to my grandparent's house.

याहैं�T often �� प्रया$ग thought �� सी�थ कि�या� गया� हैं7. Often सी� पतु� चालेतु�

हैं7 कि� में� कि�तुन� ब�रा सी$चातु� हूT.

I have thought of goingoften to my grandparent's house.

याहैं�T often �� प्रया$ग going �� सी�थ कि�या� गया� हैं7. याहैं�T परा पतु� चालेतु� हैं7

कि� में� कि�तुन� ब�रा जा�न� चा�हैंतु� हूT.

When describing an intransitive verb, the adverb is

generally placed after the verb.

Intransitive verb �4 किवश�षतु� प्र�ट �रान� व�ले� adverb सी�में�न्या रूप

सी� उसी verb �� ब�दों आतु� हैं7.

My friend lives here.

She speaks fluently.

The adverbs of time like always, never, ever, often, seldom,

sometimes and irregularly are placed before the verbs they

modify.Adverbs of time, जा7सी� always, never, ever, often, seldom,

sometimes औरा irregularly उन verbs �� पहैंले� आतु� हैं7 जिजान�� व�

अथ सी�P�रातु� हैं�.I always go to school on time.

She never speaks a lie.

या� adverbs �$ to be verb �� ब�दों प्रया�� कि�या� जा�तु� हैं7.

जाबो किकेसं- transitive verb के� बोदे उसंके केमें3 है� ताबो

adverb केमें3 के� प^ता आता है�.He performed his duty carefully

जाब कि�सी� व�क्या में� verb �� सी�थ उसी�� �$ई auxiliary

verb जा�ड़� हैं$ तुब उसी verb �4 किवष�शतु� बया�न �रान� व�ले�

adverb प्र�याj auxiliary verb औरा main verb �� ब�चा

प्रया�� हैं$तु� हैं7.

I have always told him to work hard.

He does not know my address.

Position of adverbs: difference between British and American English.

Mid-position adverbs usually go after auxiliary verbs, after am / are / is / was / were and before other verbs.She has never written to me.The discussion was mainly about politics.When there are two or more auxiliary verbs, the adverb usually goes after the first.You have definitely been working hard.In American English, mid-position adverbs are often put before auxiliary verbs and am / are / is / was / were, even when the verb is not emphasized.You certainly have made him angry. (US)You have certainly made him angry. (GB)In British English, mid-position adverbs can go before auxiliary verbs andam / are / is / was / were when we want to emphasize the auxiliary verbs.I am really sorry. (No emphasis on am.)I really AM sorry. (Emphasis on AM)In negative sentences, mid-position adverbs generally come before not if they emphasize the negative.Compare:I really don’t like her. (Strong dislike)I don’t really like her. (Mild dislike)

Adverb clauses of degree or comparison…..

Adverb clauses of degree or comparison answer the question how much, how little or how many. The chief conjunctions used to introduce adverb clauses of degree are as, as…as, so…as and than.She is older than her husband.She is as intelligent as she is beautiful.She is not so intelligent as her sister.The correlative the…the may also be considered as a conjunction introducing adverb clauses of degree.The older you grow the wiser you become.The more he earns the more he spends.NotesIn adverb clauses of degree or comparison, the verb is often understood and not expressed.I earn as much as you (do).I can sing as well as he (does).She is as tall as he (is).Nobody knows her better than I (do).Note that when the verb is not expressed it is more common to use object pronouns after as and than.

Adverb clauses of result and concession…..Adverb clauses of result or consequence are introduced by the

subordinating conjunctions that, so…that, so that and such…that.He is such a good man that all respect him.She was so weak that she could hardly stand. OR She was so weak she could hardly stand.It was so hot we didn’t go out. OR It was so hot that we didn’t go out.Adverb clauses of concessionAdverb clauses of concession are introduced by the subordinating conjunctions though, although, even though, while, whereas and even if.Though I am poor I am honest.I will be able to get in although I have no ticket.Even if it rains I will come.The men managed to survive even though they were three days without water.John is very popular among his friends, whereas his brother is a reclusive.As is sometimes used in the sense of though.Young as he is he occupies an important position in the firm. (=Though he is young, he occupies an important position in the firm.)

PREPOSITION is a word placed before a noun or pronoun. It expresses the relationship of that noun

or pronoun with some other noun or pronoun.

PREPOSITION.

PREPOSITION वाहै शब्दे है� जा� किकेसं- Noun ये Pronoun के� संथ प्रये�ग किकेये जाता है� और जा� उसं Noun ये Pronoun के संम्बोन्ध किकेसं- दूसंर� Noun ये Pronoun सं� प्रदेर्शिशUता केरता है�.

CONJUCTION

Conjunction is

the word that

joins two words

or sentences

ConjunctiOn

वा है श ब्दे है� जा�

दे� श ब्दे$ ये वा क्ये$ के�

जा� ड़ ता है� . .

Fill in the blanks with appropriate conjunctions.1. He is not ………………. clever as his brother.2. He must be punished ………………. he is guilty.3. A fool …………… his money are soon parted.4. He was not punished …………….. he was guilty.5. He worked hard ……………… he might pass the examination.6. Give every man thy ear, ……………… few thy voice.7. I waited for him ………………… the clock struck seven.8. You will not get the prize ……………… you deserve it.9. It has been a year ……………… I saw him.10. Hardly had he reached the platform ……………….. the train arrived.11. No sooner did he see the tiger ………………. he fainted.12. ………………. you do not apologize, I shall punish you.

EXERCISE:

Answers:1. He is not so clever as his brother.2. He must be punished because he is guilty.3. A fool and his money are soon parted.4. He was not punished though he was guilty.5. He worked hard that he might pass the examination.6. Give everyman thy ear, but few thy voice.7. I waited for him until the clock struck seven.8. You will not get the prize unless you deserve it.9. It has been a year since I saw him.10. Hardly had he reached the platform when the train arrived.11. No sooner did he see the tiger than he fainted.12. If you do not apologize, I shall punish you.

Some conjunctions and their uses

ThanAs a conjunction than follows an adjective or adverb in the comparative degree.Wisdom is better than riches.He is wiser than I am.I am smarter than you are.LestLest is used as a subordinating conjunction expressing a negative purpose. It has a similar meaning to ‘for fear that’.He fled lest he should be killed.Note that lest is rare in modern English. Also note that the only auxiliary that can follow lest is should.ThatThat is simply a connector. It is used to express a reason or cause.His manners are so bad that nobody invites him to a party. (= Nobody invites him to a party because his manners are so bad.)Bring it to the light so that I can see it better

WhileWhile is used to mean:a) during the time that; as long as; asWhile there is life, there is hope.While they were sleeping, the robbers broke in.b) at the same time thatThe boys sang while the girls danced.While you were playing I was working.c) whereasWhile I have no money to spend, you have nothing to spend on.OnlyAs a conjunction only means ‘except that’ or ‘but’.The book would be helpful to you, only it is expensive. (= The book would be helpful to you, but it is expensive.)Because, for and sinceAll of these words can be used to refer to the reason for something. Sinceclauses often come at the beginning of sentences.Since he had not paid his bill, his electricity was cut off.A because-clause is less formal than a since-clause.Because I was ill, I could not attend the meeting.Since I was ill, I could not attend the meeting.

SinceAs a conjunction since means ‘from the past time when’.Where have you been since I last saw you?It is just a week since we arrived here.I have never seen him since that unfortunate event happened.The conjunction since may also mean as.Since we have no money we can’t buy anything. (= As we have no money we can’t buy anything.)OrThe conjunction or is used to introduce an alternative.Is it green or blue?You can have tea or coffee.Sometimes or is used as an equivalent to and.The troops were not wanting in strength or courage, but they were badly fed. (= The troops were not wanting in strength and courage…)IfThe conjunction if means ‘on condition that’; ‘supposing that’.If you want to go there I will take you.If it rains we shall not go.If can mean ‘when’ or ‘whenever’.If I don’t wear my spectacles, I get a headache.If is also used to express wish or surprise in the structure if only.If only I had known that. (Emphasizing one’s regret that one did not know it.)

Scarcely…whenIt is wrong to use than instead of when in these sentences:Scarcely had I reached the station than the train steamed out. (Incorrect)Scarcely had I reached the station when the train steamed out. (Correct)If scarcely begins the sentence it should be immediately followed by had.Scarcely I had reached the station when the train steamed out. (Incorrect)Scarcely had I reached the station when the train steamed out. (Correct)I had scarcely reached the station when the train steamed out. (Correct)CorrelativesThe correlatives either…or, neither…nor, both…and, not only…but also must be placed immediately before the words they relate to.Neither he would eat nor allow us to eat. (Incorrect)He would neither eat nor allow us to eat. (Correct)Neither I shall follow your instructions nor resign. (Incorrect)I shall neither follow your instructions nor resign. (Correct)He not only visited France but also Germany.He visited not only France but also Germany

Exercise:Fill in the blanks with appropriate conjunctions

1. I would rather be an engineer —————– a doctor.2. I cannot excuse you —————— you apologize.3. Neither a lender —————- a borrower be.4. Work hard —————– you should fail.5. Clever ——————- he was, he could not solve the problem.

Interjection is the word that expresses the strong sudden sentiments sometimes experienced.

Interjection वहैं शब्दों हैं7 जा$ अचा�न� दिदोंले सी� प्र�ट हैं$न� व�ले� भा�वन� �$ दोंश� तु� हैं7INTERJECTION

किवस्मेंया�दिदों ब$P� अव्यया

Hurrah! We have won.

Alas! I miss him

.

Yummy! it’s delicious

uffo!

!! It

’s irr

itatin

g

Hurrah! Alas! इत्या�दिदों जा7सी� शब्दों# �$ interjections �हैंतु�

हैं�. इन�� प्रया$ग प्रबले भा�वन�ओं �$ व्य� �रान� �� क्तिलेए हैं$तु� हैं7.

Grammar �� दृकिl�$र्ण सी� इन शब्दों# �� व�क्या �� अन्या शब्दों# सी�

सीम्बन्ध नहैंY हैं$तु�. Interjections �� प्रया$ग हृदोंया में� ए�दोंमें या�

अचा�न� हैं$न� व�ले� भा�वन�ओं �$ भा� व्य� �रान� क्तिलेए हैं$तु� हैं7.

The words like Hurrah! Alas! etc are called interjections.

These words are used to express very strong, sudden

sentiments. Grammatically these words have no connection

with the sentences they are used with.

Below are some sentiments that are expressed with

interjections…

Joy /

ख;श-Hurrah! Wow!

Grief / गमें ये दुख Alas! On No!

Surprise / झुंटैके Oh! Ah! What!

Approval / स्वा-केV ता- Bravo!

Contt…

�� छ शब्दों# �� सीमें5हैं �$ भा� interjection �� रूप में� प्रबले

भा�वन�ओं �$ व्य� �रान� �� क्तिलेए प्रया�� �रा ले�तु� हैं�, जा7सी�...

Sometimes some group of words are also

used together to express strong

sentinments, like...

oAh me!

oFor shame!

oWell done!

oGood gracious!

क्तिलेखतु� सीमेंया, Interjection

�� अ;तु में� एक्सीक्लेमें�शन में��

( किवस्मेंया सी5चा� क्तिचान्हैं)

लेग�या� जा�तु� हैं7.

While writing, the exclamation mark (!) is used to mark

the end of an Interjection.

Punctuations - किवरा�में क्तिचान्हैं

किवरा�में क्तिचान्हैं �$ Punctuation (प;क्चा�एशन) �हैंतु� हैं�. इन�� �� उप्या$ग क्तिलेखतु� सीमेंया कि�या� जा�तु� हैं7. इसी सी� ले�ख� व�क्या �� प्र��रा व सीहैं� ठींहैंरा�व �4 जा�न��रा� दों� प�तु� हैं7. इसीसी� याहैं भा� पतु� चालेतु� हैं7 कि� ठींहैंरा�व कि�सी प्र��रा �� हैं$ग� - प्रश्न प5छतु� सीमेंया ठींहैंरा�व अलेग हैं$तु� हैं7 औरा हैंरा�न� �� इज़हैं�रा अलेग हैं$तु� हैं7.

Punctuations are deployed at the time of writing. They indicate the type of sentences and the places where of the pauses and stops are intended by the writer and their nature. The punctuation also indicates what type of pause is intended - the pause is different for questions and different for exclamations

commonly used punctuations are...

Full Stop . (फे� ले स्टoप) - प5र्ण किवरा�में

Question Mark ? (क्वशन में�� ) - प्रश्न क्तिचान्हैं

Exclamation Mark ! (एक्सीक्लेमें�शन में�� ) - किवस्मेंया�दिदों ब$P� क्तिचान्हैं

Comma , (�_में�) - अल्प किवरा�में

Semi Colon ; (सी�में� �$लेन) - अP किवरा�में

Colon : (�$लेन) – किवसीग

Some other used punctuations are...

Inverted Comma ' (इ;वटpडा �_में�) -

Hyphen - (हैं�इफेन)

Parentheses () (प7रान्थी�क्तिसीसी)

Apostrophe ' (अपoस्ट्रॉoफे4)

Comma (�_में�) - अल्प किवरा�मेंThe comma (,) is the short pause and is always used within sentences. It is used in cases wherever the writer wants to indicate a small separation, like...This is Ram, Sahib, Kiran and Mahesh.Get up, freshen up, have breakfast and rush off to school.

Semi Colon (सी�में� �$लेन) - अP किवरा�मेंThe semi colon (;) is used to connect two loosely connected clauses.

Colon (�$लेन) - अप5र्ण किवरा�मेंThe colon (:) is optionally used to mark the beginning of a quotation or at the beginning of an enumeration.

Question Mark (क्वशन में�� ) –

प्रश्न क्तिचान्हैं

The question mark (?) is used to

mark the end of a direct question.

Exclamation Mark (एक्सीक्लेमें�शन में�� ) -

किवस्मेंया सी5चा� क्तिचान्हैं

The exclamation mark (!) is used

to mark the end of an interjection.

Full Stop - प5र्ण किवरा�में

To end a sentenceThe full stop (.) is the greatest pause and indicates the end of an imperative or a declarative sentence.प%णी3 किवारमें संबोसं� बोड़ किवारमें है�ता है�. इसं के� उपये�ग सं� imperative और declarative

वाक्ये$ के� अ�ता के सं�के� ता मिमें ता है�.  To mark abbreviationsThe full stop has also been traditionally used in abbreviations, but now-a-days this use of the full stop has become optional.

परमेंपरिरके ताSर पर प%णी3 किवारमें के उपये�ग सं�भिक्षप्ता शब्दे$ के� बोदे भा- किकेये जाता रहै है�, पर आजा के इसं उपये�ग के� अकिनवाये3 नहै_ मेंन जाता. B. Sc. or BSc

DETERMINERS.....Determiners are words such as this, those, my, their,which. They are special adjectives that are used beforenouns.

A AN THEARTICLE

S

The words a and an are called indefinite articles. Youcan use them with singular nouns to talk about anysingle person or thing.

ARTICLES

USE OF ARTICLES

The articles precede the noun and are generally the first adjective for that noun. ie if more than one adjective is used describe a noun, the article is used before any of other

वाक्ये में� उपये�ग केरता� संमेंये, article के� सं�ज्ञा के� पहै � गये जाता है�. येटिदे एके सं� अमिधाके किवाश�षाणी मेंSजा%दे है$ ता� article संबोसं� पहै � आता है�.

As a general rule - An article is used before every singular common nounexcept when the noun is used in a general sense.

याहैं ए� आमें किनयामें हैं7 कि� व�क्या में� ए�वचान जा�कितुव�चा� सी;ज्ञा� �� आग� ए� article �� उपया$ग कि�या� जा�तु� हैं7. आर्टिटM�ले �� उपया$ग �� वले उन सी;ज्ञा# �� आग� नहैंY कि�या� जा�तु� जिजान्हैं� ए� आमें-अथ में� कि�या� गया� हैं$.

EXAMP

LES

She is a girl. girl के� पहै � a इसं- तारहै आर्टिटैUके प्रये;9 है�ता� है).

Man is mortal.येहैC mortal के प्रये�ग एके आमें अथ3 में� किकेये गये है� इसंलि ये� आर्टिटैUके के उपये�ग नहै_ किकेये गये है�.

TENSE (��ले). 

सीमेंया चाA �� सीम्ब;P में� verb (किAया�) �� बदोंलेतु� रूप �$ Tense (��ले) �हैंतु� हैं�.

Future Tense

(भाकिवष्या ��ले)

Past Tense (भा5तु ��ले)

Present Tense

(वतु में�न ��ले)

TYPES OF TENSE

Four sub-classes of each of the three tenses

PRESENT TENSEPresent Simple or Indefinite

सी�P�रार्ण

Present Continuous अप%णी3

Present Perfect – प5र्ण

Present Perfect Continuous - सीतुतुt अप5र्ण

FUTURE TENSE

Future Simple or Indefinite

सी�P�रार्ण

Future Continuous अप5र्ण

Future Perfect –

प5र्ण

Future Perfect

Continuous - सीतुतुt अप5र्ण

• The form of verb that indicates a underway or just currently completed action is known as the present tense.

(वाता3मेंन के )

• The form of verb that indicates to an action that had occured in the past is known as the past tense.

(भा%ता के )

• the form of verb that indicates an action that will occur after some time (in the future) is known as the future tense

(भाकिवाष्ये के )

Verb �� जा$ रूप आन� व�ले� सीमेंया �$

सी5क्तिचातु �रातु� हैं7 Future Tense

�हैंले�तु� हैं7

Verb �� जा$ रूप ब�तु� सीमेंया �$ सी5क्तिचातु �रातु� हैं7 Past Tense �हैंले�तु� हैं7.

Verb �� जा$ रूप वतु में�न सीमेंया �$ सी5क्तिचातु �रातु� हैं7 Present Tense �हैंले�तु� हैं7.

Present Indefinite Tense

I walk. में� च ता हूँC.

Present Continuous Tense

I am walking. में) च रहै हूँC.

Present Perfect Tense I have walked. में) च हूँC.

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

I have been walking.

में) च ता रहै हूँC.

PRESENT TENSE.

Past Indefinite Tense I walked. में) च ता थ.

Past Continuous Tense I was walking. में) च रहै थ.

Past Perfect Tense I had walked. में) च थ.

Past Perfect Continous Tense

I had been walking.

में) च ता रहै थ.

PAST TENSE.

Future Indefinite Tense I shall walk. में� चाले5;ग�.

Future Continuous Tense.

I shall be walking.

में� चालेतु� राहू;ग�.

Future Perfect Tense I shall have walked.

में� चाले� हैं$उ;ग�.

Future Perfect Continuous Tense

I shall have been walking.

में� चाले�तु� राहैं� हैं$उ;ग�.

FUTURE TENSE.

Present Tense (SIMPLE):

With singular- verb + (s)With Plural- Verb onlyI /They/ we/you work, He /she/ it (object, plan etc) works (1st form of verb)Affirmative/Negative/QuestionA: He speaks.N: He does not speak.Q: Does he speak?

(CONTINUOUS tense: + ING)

Verb Stem + रहै / रहै� / रहै- (raha/rahe/rahi) + Present Tense of "Hona" (to be)For those who don't like grammatical terms and don't know for sure what's "continuous tense", I'll tell that it's the same as the English verbs, ending in "-ing". So if you want to say that you "read" a book in the moment of speaking, you have to say "I am reading a book", not simply "I read a book", because the last could mean that you read a book in general, i.e. you're not reading it in the moment of speaking. So let's clear all that out with some examples.में) किकेताबो पढ रहै हु�. (mai~ kitab padh raha hu~) = I'm reading a book. में) पन- प- रहै हु�. (mai~ pani pi raha hu~) = I'm drinking water. में) र�टैl ख रहै- हु�. (mai~ roti kha rahi hu~) = I'm eating bread. (a girl speaking!)The verbs stem and raha/rahe/rahi are pronounced almost as one (at once), although they're written separately. Sometimes in colloquial speech all is even shortened more. The "raha hu~" for example is pronounced "rahu~", "raha hai" as "rahai", "raha hai~" -> "rahai~"... we/they/you are working, and he/she/it is working or it is being doneI /they/we/you do, He/she /it does.I /we/they/you don’t, He/she/It doesn’t (NEGATION)Do I/they/we/you? ……… Does he/she/it? (QUESTION)A: He is speaking.N: He is not speaking.Q: Is he speaking?

PRESENT PERFECT

I/we/ they/you- have/haven’t for e.g-I have done (3rd form of verb)He/she/it- has/hasn’t for e.g-he has done (3rd form of verb)A: He has spoken.N: He has not spoken.Q: Has he spoken?

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

I/we/ they/you- have / haven’t been …verb + ingHe/she/it- has/ hasn’t been…verb + ingIt has been done (3rd form of verb)‘Have had’ and ‘has had’ are used when something/work is carried on from past in to the present.A: He has spoken.N: He has not spoken.Q: Has he spoken?

PAST TENSE

For verbs, whose stem end in a vowel you have to add या�/या�/या� (ya/ye/yi) E.g. खन -> ख -> खये(Khana -> Kha (stem) -> Khaya)(simple present)Isà Was (simple past)I /he/she/ità was/ wasn’t I saw, ate, drank etc (2nd form of verb)(simple present)Areà were (simple past)We/you/theyà were/ weren’t We saw, ate, drank etc (2nd form of verb)For question in simple past- Did you…..+ 1st form of verb?e.g- Did Mary dance in a musical? A: He had spoken.N: He had not spoken.Q: Had he spoken?

Past continuous

I /he/she/it-- was/ wasn’t …verb+ ingWe/you/they-- were/ weren’t… verb + ingWell, no need to help you much here. It's the same as the present continous except that it's used the past tense of Hona:Verb Stem + रहै / रहै� / रहै- (raha/rahe/rahi) + Past Tense of "Hona" (to be) = Past Continuous Tenseमें) किकेताबो पढ रहै थ. (mai~ kitab padh raha tha) = I was reading a book. में) पन- प- रहै थ. (mai~ pani pi raha tha) = I was drinking water. में) र�टैl ख रहै- थ-. (mai~ roti kha rahi thi) = I was eating bread. (a girl speaking!)

A: He was speaking.N: He was not speaking.Q: Was he speaking?

Past Perfect

when something/work started and ended in past tense onlyI/we/you/they/he/she/it- had + 3rd form of verbe.g I had done my homework yesterday. Sometimes we use “had had” when we are too sure about the happening.A: He had spoken.N: He had not spoken.Q: Had he spoken?

Past Perfect Continuous

when something / work got started and went on in past tense but not ended.I/we/you/they/he/she/it- Had been… verb+ ing.For question- had you completed/ been completing your work……..?A: He has been speaking.N: He has not been speaking.Q: Has he been speaking?

FUTURE TENSE

Please study the will/shall & going to usage to know when and how we use these words.I/we/you/they/he/she/it- will + 1st form of verbThey will do……I/we shall do (1st form of verb)‘It’ will be done (3rd form of verb with IT)The Future tense it a bit more complicated than the past for it has more verb-endings for person than those by the past tense.Future Imperfect Tense:Let us conjugate a verb in the future tense, then I'll give the endings:Future Imperfect of "Pina" (प�न� = to drink)में) प-उ�ग (mai~ piunga) = I will drink ता; प-एग (tu piega) = You will drink ता;में प-ओग� (tum pioge) = You will drink वाहै प-एग (voh piega) = He/She/It will drink.हैमें प-ए�ग� (ham pienge) = We will drink आप प-ए�ग� (aap pienge) = You will drink. वा� प-ए�ग� (ve pienge) = They will drink.For "I" use -unga, for "Tu" use "ega", for "Tum" use "oge", for "voh" use "ega" and for "ham/aap/ve" the plural form "enge".A: He will speak.N: He will not speak. Q: Will he speak?

FUTURE CONTINUOUS

I/we/you/they/he/she/it- will be & verb+ ingTo build that tense use these endings: रहूँ�ग रहै�ग रहै�ग� रहै�ग� (rahunga/rahega/rahenge/rahoge) similarly as the forms for Future Imperfect together with the "conjugated" verb.Verb Stem + TA / TE / TI + rahunga/rahega/rahenge/rahoge = Future Continuous TenseLet's make the future continuous of the verb "pina" to make things clear:Future Continuous of "Pina" (प-न = to drink)में) प-ता रहु�ग. (mai~ pita rahunga) = I will be drinking. ता; प-ता रहै�ग. (tu pita rahega) = You will be drinking. ता;में प-ता� रहै�ग�. (tum pite rahoge) = You will be drinking. वाहै प-ता रहै�ग. (voh pita rahega) = He/She/It will be drinking.हैमें प-ता� रहै�ग�. (hum pite rahenge) = We will be drinking. आप प-ता� रहै�ग�. (aap pite rahenge) = You will be drinking. वा� प-ता� रहै�ग�. (ve pite rahenge) = They will be drinking.A: He will be speaking.N: He will not be speaking.Q: Will he be speaking?

FUTURE PERFECTNote – we rarely use future perfect tense only when we are confident about future.I/we- shall have + 3rd form of verbYou/they/he/she/it- Will have + 3rd form of verbA: He will have spoken.N: He will not have spoken.Q: Will he have spoken?

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

will/ shall have been & verb + ingA: He will have been speaking.N: He will not have been speaking.Q: Will he have been speaking?

Grammar is a very old field of study. Did you know that thesentence was first divided into subject and verb by Plato,the famed philosopher from ancient Greece? That wasabout 2,400 years ago!

Thanks To Abhay Sir. Who Make Me Able To Do This..