english 222 study guideright

7/22/2019 English 222 Study Guideright

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Revolutions started in 1765Modernism- age of Constitutions

governed by institutions set up ourselves Industrial Revolutions etc

Rights of Man written by nationalists in 1789 rules based on reason, not tradition natural right doctrine Social Utility, popular sovereignty Structure

o Organizers of the French People- nationalists We are the people

o Intention of document Reiterate the rights of the people explicitly

o International recognition of legitimacy of governmentRights of a Woman 1791

by Olympe de Gougeso published first in political pamphlet in 1788o executed 1793

Common utility=same rights as meno Deserves to be heard

Point 1- common utility, social distinctionso Something measured logically

Give proof that Women are Equal Article 7- equal in good and bad

o No exception for women in rigorous lawDessalines: Liberty or Death Proclamation 1804

Why Haiti deserves sovereignty Rise out of people to think his position is morally right Rally behind a central idea Want relations with external countries as well

Declaration of Sentiments- Elizabeth Cady Stanton 1848 by a group of 68 women and 32 men at Seneca Falls Women Convention Calls attention to bias of English language- mankind

o Effect of this- Revision to D. of Independence 19th Amendment- 1920 Says how laws in favor of men are unjust

o Women have a right to elected franchise Tone is very serious

o Critiques D of Io Revisionist


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Goethe FAUST 1808 European Playwright

o Researcher in plant biology, optics How they work together

o Natural development of thingso Emphasized feelings over structure of traditional literary forms

Also social injustices, reform of neoclassicism Faust

o Comes from folklore of morality Probably came from Bible in book of Job

o Historical person?o Reflects modernity- not understand all laws but knowledgeo Nature of human strifeo Contemporary usage of Faust

Unswerving in desire to possess knowledgeo Faust- magician who makes compact with the devil

w/o regard to future consequences he thinks he is going to gain a lot Does not know what to do with his new knowledge

Still wants to go beyond human experienceo Themes

Although today many of the classical and Central European themes may be hard for themodern reader to grasp, the work remains a resonant parable on scientific learning andreligion, passion and seduction, independence and love, as well as other subjects. In poetic

terms, Goethe places science and power in the context of a morally interested metaphysicFaust is a scientific empiricist who is forced to confront questions of good and evil, God an

the devil, sexuality and mortality.

Heinrich Faust, a scholar,

Mephistopheles, a Devil

Gretchen, Faust's love (short for Margaret; Goethe uses both forms)

Marthe, Gretchen's neighbor

Valentin, Gretchen's brother

Wagner, Faust's famulus

Faust Part One takes place in multiple settings, the first of which is heaven. Mephistopheles makes a bet with God: he says that he can lure God

favorite human being (Faust), who is striving to learn everything that can be known, away from righteous pursuits. The next scene takes place Faust's study where Faust, despairing at the vanity of scientific, humanitarian and religious learning, turns to magic for the showering of infinit

knowledge. He suspects, however, that his attempts are failing. Frustrated, he ponders suicide, but rejects it as he hears the echo of nearby

Easter celebrations begin. He goes for a walk with his assistant Wagner and is followed home by a stray poodle (the term then meant a medium

to-big-size dog, similar to a sheep dog).

In Faust's study, the poodle transforms into the devil (Mephistopheles). Faust makes an arrangement with the devil: the devil will do everythinthat Faust wants while he is here on Earth, and in exchange Faust will serve the devil in Hell. Faust's arrangement is that if he is pleased enougwith anything the devil gives him that he wants to stay in that moment forever, then he will die in that moment.

When the devil tells Faust to sign the pact with blood, Faust complains that the devil does not trust Faust's word of honor. In the end,

Mephistopheles wins the argument and Faust signs the contract with a drop of his own blood. Faust has a few excursions and then meets

Margaret (also known as Gretchen). He is attracted to her and with jewellery and help from a neighbor, Martha, the devil draws Gretchen into

Faust's arms. With influence from the devil, Faust seduces Gretchen. Gretchen's mother dies from a sleeping potion, administered by Gretchen t

obtain privacy so that Faust could visit her. Gretchen discovers she is pregnant. Gretchen's brother condemns Faust, challenges him and falls

dead at the hands of Faust and Mephistopheles. Gretchen drowns her illegitimate child and is convicted of the murder. Faust tries to saveGretchen from death by attempting to free her from prison. Finding that she refuses to escape, Faust and the devil flee the dungeon, while voice

from Heaven announce that Gretchen shall be saved - "Sie ist gerettet" - this differs from the harsher ending of Urfaust - "Sie ist gerichtet!" - "sh

is condemned." It was reported that members of the first-night audience familiar with the original Urfaust version cheered on hearing the

amendment.


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Romantic Poets (1780s-1830s)Romanticism is more concerned with emotion than rationality. It values the individual over society, nature over city.

questions or attacks rules, conventions and social protocol. It sees humanity living IN nature as morally superior tocivilized humanity: glorification of the "noble savage." It conceives of children, essentially innocent by nature, as bein

corrupted by their surroundings. Sort of rejection of science Sort of new poetic forms Highly imaginative and subjective

Focuses on nature, wild and untamed Culture and history at the same time Nature---exotic (time of increased industrialization) Nature as refuge, source of knowledge and/or spirituality Nature/Individualism=Power Focuses on the individual-rustic soul Untainted people Setting often wild/exotic/cray Internal experiences Emotions/dreams Response to time Period

Dominant form in this period---Lyric Poemso which expresses process of thought and emotion and often rejected the traditional style of poetryo Expresses processes of thought and emotiono Truth- innate/realo Often in 1stpersono Rejection of traditional forms- spontaneous emotiono Nature important in of itself

Ie folk tales/fairy tales Nationalism.our history

o England/France/Spain/Russia

Rosalia De Castro (1837-1885) As the Clouds De Castro was from northwestern Spain and spoke with a dialect similar to Portuguese.

o Illegitimate child of priesto Sense of despairo Melancholy

The sky symbolizes how small we are as individuals The Autumn symbolizes her death and how seasons come and go, just as we do.

o Change of seasonsky darkening


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Christina Rossetti(1830-1894) "Goblin Market" (1862)Context

Italian Pre-Raphaelite movement Very religious Known for ballads

o Symbolism/intensity of feelings Sentimental Tradition

o Female poetry- confessional Women who wrote about social/political shit were considered masculine

TEXT

Difficult to be publishedo Girls in fairy tale

But she won over critics Consumptive Text

o Marketplace poetryo Draws you in-seductive

Ie adjectives about fruit Stanza 1 example

STORY

Goblins sell fruit wrong

o Bully customers Laura=EVE

o Thinks about giving in Lizzie= hesitant Catered to adults Laura goes out

o Wants to buy what goblins offero Offers her hair-golden lockso Drops a tear- body has innate value

Trades for fruitso She loved themo Sucked and sucked until lips were soreo In a trance with taste

Lizzie warns hero You are a maiden

Laura becomes obsessed with fruito She gets sicko She wept but also had desireo b/c goblin men gone and refuse to give fruits to her

Lizzie must go and get fruito Goblins tear her clothes, force her to eat-failo She refuses to be corruptedo Not fighting back

But not becoming tainted Covered in sticky mess after all that violence

o Goblins get tired and give her back her money, kick fruit Lizzie triumphant

Lauras Redemptiono Fruit=reinvigoratingturns her back to old self

But now tastes awful Pleasure past

Last Stanzao Bond between sisters becomes strongo Laura redeemed

Learned from mistakes


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two close sisters, Laura and Lizzie, as well as the goblins to whom the title refers.

Although the sisters seem to be quite young, they live by themselves in a house, and are accustomed to draw water every evening

from a stream. As the poem begins, twilight is falling, and as usual, the sisters hear the calls from the goblin merchants, who sell

fruits in fantastic abundance, variety and savour. On this evening, Laura lingers at the stream after her sister has left for home,

intrigued by the goblins' strange manner and appearance. Wanting fruit but having no money, the impulsive Laura offers a lock o

her hair and "a tear more rare than pearl."

Laura gorges on the delicious fruit in a sort of bacchic frenzy, then once she is finished, after picking up one of the seeds, returns

home in an ecstatic trance. Lizzie, waiting at home, and "full of wise upbraidings," reminds Laura about the cautionary tale of

Jeanie, another girl who, having likewise partaken of the goblin being's fruits, died just at the beginning of winter, after a long and

horrible decline, and strangely no grass grows over her grave. Laura dismisses her sister's worries, and says she shall return to

the goblins the next night and return with more fruits for herself and Lizzie.Night has by then fallen, and the sisters go to sleep in their shared bed.

The next day, as Laura and Lizzie go about their work in the house, Laura dreamily longs for the coming evening's meeting with

the goblins. But at the stream that evening, as she strains to hear the usual goblin chants and cries, Laura discovers to her horror

that, although Lizzie still hears the goblins' voices, she no longer can.

Unable to buy more of the forbidden fruit, and sickening for the lack of it, Laura falls into a slow physical deterioration and

depression. As winter approaches, she withers away, ageing at an unnatural rate and no longer does her household work. One da

she remembers the saved seed and plants it, but nothing grows.

Weeks and months pass, and finally Lizzie realizes that Laura is on the verge of death. Lizzie resolves to visit the goblins to buy

some of their fruit, hoping thereby to soothe Laura's pain. Carrying a silver penny, Lizzie goes down to the brook and is greeted in

a friendly way by the goblins, who invite her to sit and eat with them. But their attitudes turn malicious when they realize Lizzie

wants to pay with mere money and that she intends to carry the fruits home with her for another, not eat them herself. Enraged,

the goblins turn vicious and pummel and assault Lizzie, trying to force-feed her the fruits. In the process, they drench the brave

girl in fruit juice and pulp.At last, the goblins give up and Lizzie runs home, hoping that Laura will eat and drink the juice from her body. The dying sister

does so but the taste of the fruit repulses her rather than satisfies her hunger; she then undergoes a violent transformation of suc

intensity that her life seems to hang in the balance.

The next morning, though, Laura has returned to her old self, both physically and mentally. As the last stanza attests, both Laura

and Lizzie live to tell their children of the evils of the goblins' fruits and the incredible powers of sisterly love.

Charles Baudelaire (1821-1867) The Flowers of evil the most influential in French lit. Often takes the tone of superiority and has a confession style of writing.

oPrinciples of aesthetics

Takes tone of superior moral insighto Audience to learn from his knowledge

Madonna v. Fallen Woman(Whore) Intense Feelings with modern sensibility

o Urban setting Uses we so readers cannot distance themselves from him

o Shocking style 1857- at the time objectable/improperThe Flowers of Evil-A confession of hopes, dreams, failures, and sins, The Flowers of Evil attempts to extract beauty from the

malignant. Unlike traditional poetry that relied on the serene beauty of the natural world to convey emotions, Baudelaire felt that modern

poetry must evoke the artificial and paradoxical aspects of life. He thought that beauty could evolve on its own, irrespective of nature and evenfueled by sin. The result is a clear opposition between two worlds, "spleen" and the "ideal." Spleen signifies everything that is wrong with the

world: death, despair, solitude, murder, and disease. (The spleen, an organ that removes disease-causing agents from the bloodstream, wastraditionally associated with malaise; "spleen" is a synonym for "ill-temper.") In contrast, the ideal represents a transcendence over the harsh

reality of spleen, where love is possible and the senses are united in ecstasy.

The ideal is primarily an escape of reality through wine, opium, travel, and passion. Dulling the harsh impact of one's failure and

regrets, the ideal is an imagined state of happiness, ecstasy, and voluptuousness where time and death have no place. Baudelaire often uses

erotic imagery to convey the impassioned feeling of the ideal. However, the speaker is consistently disappointed as spleen again takes up itsreign. He is endlessly confronted with the fear of death, the failure of his will, and the suffocation of his spirit. Yet even as the poem's speaker is

thwarted by spleen, Baudelaire himself never desists in his attempt to make the bizarre beautiful, an attempt perfectly expressed by the

juxtaposition of his two worlds. As in the poem "Carrion," the decomposing flesh has not only artistic value but inspires the poet to render it

beautifully.


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Anna Bunina (1774-1829) From the SeashoreConversations Between Me and the Women.

Died breast cancer 1821 Uses gender as a theme

o Interpretations Men-literary critics-panned her works

o So she lost recognition Bunina was a Russian poet and the first women in Russia to support herself solely through her writings.


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Realism 1861- 1914Realism focused on the truthful treatment of the common, average, everyday life. Realism focuses on the immediate,

the here and now, the specific actions and their verifiable consequences. Realism seeks a one-to-one relationshipbetween representation and the subject. Realism aims to interpret the actualities of any aspect of life, free from

subjective prejudice, idealism, or romantic color. Realists are concerned with the effect of the work on their reader

and the reader's life, a pragmatic view.

Coming off of romanticismo Starts in France

Origins in theories of Plato Industrial/ literary revolutionmiddle class, new society, gov, etc Presents in objective measure rather than feelings

o Has offshoot-naturalism The term was invented by Emile Zola. Naturalism is based more on scientific studies. Darwin's

Theory of Evolution is a basis.

Focus on development of charactero how normal people speak

Plots focus on everyday lifeo Day-to-dayo Lacking sentiment

Everyday Language and diction

Less authoritative forms of narration

Henrik Ibsen(1828-1906) Norway- moving towards industrial economy

o Trade by water Literature changing to reflect this 4 periods of writing Lived most of his life in Italy/Germany

o Considered himself Norwegian FATHER OR MODERN DRAMA Radical change of style


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HELDA GABLER(1890) Commentary on different classes

o Hedda does not worryo Tesman has to sell annuity

Hedda: charactero Manipulate w/ hat?

Purposefully putting aunt down?o I dont car about your feelings

Can we sympathize with her?o Shes cruel to get anything accomplished

Plays everyone against each othero Manipulates Ms. Elvsted

Pretending they used to be close Ill even call you by your first name

exertion of higher social standard Hedda: Common Man character?

o She married into lower class But husband is ambitious

o Predicated her own social position, does she care?Hedda Gabler Tesman - The main character, newly married and bored with both her marriage and life, seeking to influence a human fate for

the first time. She is the daughter of General Gabler.George Tesman - Hedda's husband, an academic who is as interested in research and travel as he is in his wife. Despite George's presumed

rivalry with Eilert over Hedda, he remains a congenial and compassionate host, and even plans to return Eilert's manuscript, when Eilert loses

in a drunken stupor.

Juliana Tesman - George's loving aunt who has raised him since early childhood. She is also called Aunt Julle in the play, and Aunt Ju-Ju by

George.

Thea Elvsted - A younger schoolmate of Hedda and a former acquaintance of George. Nervous and shy, Thea is in an unhappy marriage.

Judge Brack- An unscrupulous family friend who is secretly in love with Hedda.

Eilert Lvborg - George's former colleague and now someone with whom George competes to achieve publication and a teaching position.Eilert was once in love with Hedda.

Bertha A servant at the Tesmans.

The entire play takes place in the Tesman's living room and in a smaller room to its side. Jrgen Tesman and Hedda Tesman (nee Hedda Gabler

are newlyweds. They have just returned from a six-month honeymoon. Hedda is aristocratic and hard to please. Throughout the play, it becom

apparent that Hedda is pregnant. At the beginning of Act 1, Tesman wakes to find his Aunt Julle has arrived for a visit. Aunt Julle raised Tesmanand still supports him financially. When Hedda enters, however, she is rather rude to Aunt Julle. Tesman asks her to be kinder, but she clearlyhas little real interest in him either. Soon, Mrs. Elvsted arrives, bringing news that Tesman's old academic rival, Ejlert Lvborg, is back in town.

Lvborg had been an alcoholic and a failure, but now he has reformed. Eventually, Hedda gets Tesman to leave, and she convinces Mrs. Elvsted

to confide in her. She learns that Mrs. Elvsted is scared Ejlert will start drinking again and also that she has come to look for him without her

husband's permission. Mrs. Elvsted leaves and Judge Brack arrives. Judge Brack brings gossip from town, most notably that Ejlert is quite a

success and may be poised to take the position at the university that Tesman is counting on getting himself. He leaves, and Tesman tells Hedda

that they will have to cut back on their expenses.When Brack returns later that day, in Act 2, he finds Hedda playing with her pistols, out of boredom. They talk privately for a while and agree

that they should form a close, personal bond. Hedda tells Brack how bored she was on her honeymoon and how she has no special feeling for t

house Tesman has gone to great lengths to buy for her, under the false impression that she desperately wanted to live there. Soon, Tesmanarrives and talk turns to the stag party that Brack is throwing later that night. Ejlert Lvborg arrives and talks in earnest with Hedda while

Tesman and Brack drink in the other room. Then, Mrs. Elvsted arrives. Hedda plays Ejlert and Mrs. Elvsted against each other, making Ejlert

think the other was worried he would begin drinking again. At this hint, he begins to drink and decides to join Tesman and Br ack as they leave

for the party. Mrs. Elvsted is very upset, but Ejlert promises to return in a few hours to escort her home.

Act 3 begins just before dawn, with Mrs. Elvsted sitting up, still waiting for Ejlert to return. Hedda is asleep on the couch. Soon, she awakes andsends Mrs. Elvsted in to sleep on her bed. Tesman arrives and tells his wife that he has possession of Ejlert's fabulous manuscript, which Ejlert

dropped while walking home drunk. Tesman plans to return it to him but is called away, hearing that his Aunt Rina is dying. Brack arrives and

tells Hedda that Tesman left before Ejlert got into real trouble, that indeed he has been arrested. Brack leaves, and Ejlert arrives. He tells a

shocked Mrs. Elvsted that he has destroyed his manuscript. She is crushed and leaves immediately. Then, Ejlert confesses to Hedda that he has,

in fact, lost the manuscript and that he wants to kill himself. Hedda does not tell him she has the manuscript; she simply gives him one of herpistols and tells him to have a beautiful death. He leaves, and she burns the manuscript, referring to it as the child of Ejlert and Mrs. Elvsted.

Act 4 begins with the living room in darkness. Aunt Julle arrives. Everyone is wearing black as a sign of mourning. We soon learn through

dialogue, however, that it is Aunt Rina whose death they mourn: Aunt Julle announces that she must find another invalid to take care of now. Sleaves. Mrs. Elvsted arrives, reporting to have heard that Ejlert is in the hospital. Brack arrives and confirms this but reports to the company th

Ejlert is, in fact, already dead, having wounded himself in the chest. Tesman and Mrs. Elvsted immediately sit down to try to reconstruct his

manuscript in honor of his death, based on notes Mrs. Elvsted has kept. In private, Brack tells Hedda that it was actually an ugly death, that thepistol went off accidentally, and that scandal might ensue for Hedda. Hedda leaves the room and, after playing the piano for some moments,

shoots herself.


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Leo Tolstoy- Death of Ivan Ilyich 1886o not romantic text at all

Context

1885- succession of Tsars and many governmental changes Hope for Russia to be more European than Slavic 1861 Tsar emancipated serfs

o backed off from further reformsassassinated Alexander III arose

o More totalitariano Censored books and writingso Tolstoy asked Alexander III to pardon his fathers murderers

Pissed him off, so he censored a lot of his worksMain Ideas of Tolstoy

Brotherhood, Love Judeo-Christian outlook on Life Believed basic tenets

o Kindness, charityo Even of other faiths

Questioned meaning of life- philosophicalo Rejected Faith with dogmaso

Turned to Russian peasants

Found they achieved inner-peace through faitho Saw religion with rites and dogmas too superstitious

At this time period, realism ----modernismo Can start to see this in DOII

Technically realist, Tolstoy didnt like modernist writersTEXT

What is the significance of CH 1?o Showing death @ fore front of peoples minds

Inescapableo Suspense v. Surpriseo His life begins at his acceptance of death

Sympathy?o Sort of alienates reader from thiso All he wanted was control and power

Loses it allo Parents power- reject him- ambition exceeds reality

Relatable?o Expectations by society

His coldness and forces acceptance of mistakes b/c of the inevitable endo Superficiality- deception

Speaks of Social classeso Elites non-acceptance of death

Birth of his own childo Ivan thinking like Hedda

Objects---less emotion Black bag, medallion

Caius 1444o Marriage in abstract

Connotation- Jesus/3 days?o Why is this happening

What is the right thing Ivan=miserable Tolstoy is mocking Romanticism

o Objective- no one is that special


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Ivan Ilych Golovin - official of the Court of Justice

nondescript, unexceptional man. admires those with high social standing, conforms his values and behavior to their rules. penchant for formalizing every human relationship. careful to remove all personal concerns from consideration. In his private life, he adopts a fixed attitude toward his family.

Gerasim - Ivan's sick nurse and the butler's assistant.

Only person to comfort I serves as a foil to Ivan: healthy, vigorous, direct,

he is everything that Ivan is not. Unlike the other characters, Ivan understands that unpleasantness and unpredictability are a paof life.

Peter Ivanovich - Ivan's closest friend and fellow judge. only appears in chapter I

o serves as a representative of Ivan's social milieu. tends to view his relationships with people as instrumental to the achievement of his ends, and he goes to great lengths to avoid

what is discomforting.

somehow more open to the truth than the other characters.Praskovya Fedorovna Golovina - Ivan's wife and the mother of his children.

behavior toward others is artificial and self-interested.o While feigning sympathy and concern for Ivan during his illness, her real attitude is one of hostility and impatience for his

death.

Schwartz - Ivan's colleague and friend.

well-dressed, playful, thoroughly proper man. ignores life's unpleasantness. At Ivan's funeral, he is immune to all depressing influences and maintains his jovial and lighthearted demeanor. Ivan mentions that Schwartz reminds him very much of his former self,

o clear that Schwartz is a kind of double for Ivan. The fact that "Schwartz" is German for "black," hints at Tolstoy's belief in the emptiness and ultimate demise of such an attitude towa

life.

Vladimir Ivanich - Ivan's son

the youngest member of the Golovin household. Sensitive and quiet has not yet been corrupted by the beliefs and values of his parents' social world capable of forming empathetic bonds with other people he is the only other person besides Gerasim who truly understands Ivan and his condition.

Lisa - Ivan's daughter.

very much like her mother. Selfish and easily annoyed, resents any influence that distracts her from her own contentment. Ivan inconveniences her more than anything else.

Fedor Petrovich - Lisa's fianc.

Fedor is a typical member of his society. There is nothing remarkable or noteworthy about his character

begins at the chronological end of the story. A group of judges are gathered together in a private room of the courthouse when Peter Ivanovich,

judge and close friend of Ivan Ilych, announces that Ivan has died. Consoled by the thought that it is Ivan who has died and not them, the men inthe room cannot help but think of the promotions and transfers that Ivan's death will occasion. That evening, Peter drives to Ivan's house to

attend his funeral. But while looking at Ivan's corpse, Peter is bothered by an expression of disapproval and warning on Ivan's face. Ivan's wife

Praskovya quizzes Peter about possible strategies to maximize her dead husband's government pension. On his way out, Peter encounters

Gerasim, Ivan's sick nurse. Peter mentions that Ivan's death and funeral are a sad affair, and Gerasim surprises Peter with the observation that

everyone dies some day.

The story then shifts more than thirty years into the past and picks up with a description of Ivan's life. Ivan is the second of three sons, and in al

respects is an average and commonplace person. Around the age of thirteen he attends the School of Law where he assimilates the values andbehavior of those with high social standing. Ivan becomes an examining magistrate in the reformed judicial institutions and moves to a new

province. Ivan marries and things progress smoothly until Praskovya becomes pregnant. As Praskovya's behavior begins to disrupt the proper

and decorous lifestyle cherished by Ivan and approved by society, Ivan increasingly absorbs himself in his official work and distances himself

from his family. At work he prides himself on removing all personal concerns from his consideration, and at home he adopts a formal attitude

toward his family. Time passes and Ivan moves up in the ranks. He expects to be awarded the post of presiding judge in a University town, but ipassed over for promotion. Infuriated and struck by a keen sense of injustice, Ivan obtains a leave of absence and moves with his family to hisbrother-in-law's house in the country. Conscious that his salary cannot cover his family's living expenses, Ivan travels to St. Petersburg to look

for a higher paying job. He learns that due to a change in the administration of the Ministry of Justice, a close friend has landed a position of grea

authority. Ivan is awarded a higher paying position in the city, and informing his family of the good news, Ivan departs alone to buy and furnish

house in preparation for the family's arrival. One day as he is mounting a step-ladder to hang some drapes, he makes a false step and slips,

banging his side against the window frame. The injury is not serious, however, and Ivan is quite pleased with the final appearance of the house

He settles into his new life and acquires a love of bridge.


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Ivan begins to experience some discomfort in his left side and an unusual taste in his mouth. The discomfort gradually increases and soon Ivan

both irritable and quarrelsome. The doctors Ivan visits all disagree on the nature of the illness, and Ivan becomes depressed and fearful. Even

cards lose their appeal. Ivan's physical condition degenerates rapidly. One night while lying alone in the dark, he is visited by his first thoughts mortality, and they terrify him. He realizes that his illness is not a question of health or disease, but of life or death. Praskovya does not

understand nor wish to understand her husband's plight, and Ivan can barely suppress his hatred for her. Ivan knows that he is dying, but he is

unable to grasp the full implications of his mortality. He tries to erect screens to block the thought of death from his mind, but death haunts him

ceaselessly. In the midst of this suffering, Gerasim, Ivan's peasant servant, enters the scene. Assigned the task of helping Ivan with his excretionGerasim soon begins passing the entire night with the dying man. To ease his pain, Gerasim supports Ivan's legs on his shoulders. More than an

other living person, Gerasim provides Ivan with the compassion and honesty that he needs. Ivan's daily routine is monotonous and maddening

As those around him continue to pretend that he is only sick and not dying, Ivan feels that he is surrounded by artificiality. No one wants toconfront the fact of Ivan's imminent death. Ivan becomes silently enraged, and seeing his little son Vasya, Ivan realizes that Vasya is the only on

besides Gerasim who understands him. That night Ivan dreams of a deep black sack. He is being violently pushed into the sack, but cannot fallthrough. And he both fears and desires to fall into it. Awaking from his dream, Ivan sends Gerasim away, and for the first time he hears the inne

voice of his soul speaking to him. Twelve more days pass, and Ivan is no longer able to leave the sofa. He lies pondering death and questioning

the rationale behind his suffering. As he examines his life, Ivan realizes that the further back he looks, the more joy there is. He finds that just athe pain grew worse and worse, so too did his life. He knows that an explanation for the suffering would be possible if he had not lived rightly,

but recalling the propriety of his life, he resigns himself to the senselessness of death. Then, one night while looking at Gerasim's face, Ivan

begins to doubt whether he has lived his life correctly. He imagines the black sack again, and the immense agony he experiences stems partly

from his being thrust into the sack, and partly from not being able to get right into it. The conviction that his life was a good one prevents him

from entering the sack, but for some reason he is unwilling to relinquish that belief. Suddenly, "some force" strikes Ivan in the chest and side. It

pushes him through the sack and into the presence of a bright light. At that very moment his hand falls on his sons head and he feels sorry forhim. His wife approaches his bed, her face wet with tears, and he feels sorry for her too. He realizes that his official life and his family and social

relations were all artificial. And he experiences a sense of extreme joy. In the middle of a sigh, Ivan stretches out and dies.

Anton Chekov(1860-1904)- The Cherry Orchard 1903Context

Chekovo Born in South Russiao Purchased freedom

Maybe part of text-historyo Writer and Medical Doctor

Prolific-supported his family wello Scholarshipo Went to Prison Colony to write a book

The prison got reformedo Takes over old estateo First play- The Seagull

Changes the world stage of dramao Close attention to detailso Theme

loss of an orchard sadness because of inability to communicate

o Sort of foreplay to modernism BUT REALISM

o Characters seem helpless Improbable dreams-Pathos

o Is the play representing of his own life? Own family?


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THE TEXT

No real struggle to prevent its saleo The news of Lopakhins purchase is a surprise as he had no intention of buying it but did so only

when during the auction sale a rival seemed to have a chance of acquiring it

Subplots crisscross each othero Shy and awkward love affair of student trofimov and the daughter Anyao Love triangle among Yepihodov(the unlucky clerk), Dunyasha(the chambermaid), and Yasha(the

conceited and insolent footman)

Varya, the predicate stepdaughter, has her troubles with Lopakhin, and Simeonov-Pishchik has the samefinancial problems as owners of Orchard

o Rescued by discovery of white clay on his estate German governess Charlotte drifts around alluding to her obscure origins and past Underdeveloped references to events preceding

o Drowned boy Grisha But no revelation of the past, as in Ibsen, no mystery, no intrigue Events on stage follow naturally, but not in logical order,

o In Act II after a pause, suddenly a distant sound is heard, coming from the sky as it were, thesound of a snapping string, mournfully dying away.

It occurs again at the end of the play, followed byo the strokes of an ax against a tree far away in the orchard.o Establishes ominous mood and symbol throughout play

Even the orchard carries more than its obvious meaningo It is white, with blossoms when the party arrives in Springo It is bare and desolate in the autumn when the axes are heard cutting it downo Trofimov, his feeling for the orchard as symbol of repression and serfdom:

the old bark on the trees gleams faintly, and the cherry trees seem to be dreaming ofthings that happened a hundred, two hundred years ago and to be tormented by painfulvisions

o For Lubov Ranevskaya it is an image of her lost innocence and of the happier pasto Lopakhin only sees it as an investmento It seems to draw together the meaning of the play

But what is its meaning? Tragedy or Comedy?o

Commonly seen as tragedy of the downfall of Russian aristocracy victimized by the newly rich,upstart peasantry

o One could see it depicting the defeat of a group at the hands of a ruthless developer who destroynature and natural beauty for profit

o Or one could see it as prophesizing, through the mouth of the student Trofimov, the approachingend of feudal Russia and the coming of a happier future

Soviet thought thisMrs. Lyuba Ranevsky - Mrs. Ranevksy is a middle-aged Russian woman,

the owner of the estate and the cherry orchard around which the story revolves. She has faced tragedy many times in her life, or rather has tried to escape from it. Her first name, "Lyuba," means "love" in Russia

and she seems to exemplify love with her generosity, kindness and physical beauty, and sexual nature; she is the only character i

the play with a lover.

But her feelings of love often cloud her judgment, and she is also unable to control her spending, a sign of her disconnection fromher present status as an impoverished aristocrat.

Yermolay Lopakhin - A businessman, and the son of peasants on Ranevsky's estate.

He is middle-aged, but somewhat younger than Ranevsky. igrandparents were owned by the Ranevsky family before freedom Lopakhin is extremely self-conscious, especially in the presence of Ranevsky,

o Complain-- lack of education and refinement, he sys bc of upbringing as a peasant on Ranevsky's estate.o His memories of the brutality of a peasant child's life on the estate contrast with Ranevsky's idyllic memories as a child o

the landowning class.

Leonid Gayev - Gayev is Ranevsky's brother.

He has several intriguing verbal habits;o describes tricky billiards shots at odd and inappropriate times.o launch into overly sentimental and rhetorical speeches before his niece Anya stops him, after which he always mutters

am silent" at least once.


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Gayev is a kind and concerned uncle and brother,o but he behaves very differently around people not of his own social class.

51, but as he notes, this is "difficult to believe", because he is in many ways an infant. He constantly pops sweets into his mouth, insults people (such as Lopakhin) with whom he disagrees, has to be reminded to put on his jacket by Firs.

Varya - Ranevksy's adopted daughter, who is 24.

in love with Lopakhin, but she doubts that he will ever propose to her. hard-working and responsible and has a similar work ethic to Lopakhin. cry-baby, often in tears; but this may reflect her sense of powerlessness, as she is the one character in the play who may be most

affected by the loss of the estate.

She is the estate's manager, so she will lose her job if Ranevsky loses the estate,o lacking money or a husband, she has no control over its fate or her own.

Anya - Ranevksy's biological daughter

17 sheltered life. She greatly enjoys the company of Trofimov and his lofty idealism, quick to comfort her mother after the loss of her orchard. Anya and Trofimov become so close

o Varya fears they may become romantically involved.Peter Trofimov - A student at the local university,

he knows Ranevsky from tutoring her son Grisha before he died. Lopakhin refers to Trofimov as the "eternal student," for he has been in university most of his adult life. He serves as a foil for both Lopakhin and Ranevsky

o Trofimov's ugliness, belief that he is "above love", and forward-looking nature contrasts with: Ranevsky's beauty, her idealistic vision of love, and her obsession with the past

o Trofimovs utopian idealism contrasts with Lopakhin's practicality and materialism.

Boris Simeonov-Pischik- A nobleman, and fellow landowner,

like Ranevsky, in financial difficulties. boundless optimism

o he is always certain he will find the money somehow to pay for the mortgages that are due but also by his continual borrowing money from Ranevsky.

caricature; his name, in Russian, means "squealer," someone who never stops talking.Charlotte - Anya's governess.

traveled from town-to-town performing tricks such as "the dive of death" when she was very young, before her Father and Mothboth died.

clown, performing tricks for the amusement of the elite around hero such as Yasha, Ranevsky, and Yopakhin, while, at the same time, subtly mocking their pre-occupations.

Firs - Ranevsky's 87yo manservant.

always talking about how things were in the past when the estate was prosperous, and the master went to Paris by carriage,instead of by train

o most importantly, he frequently talks about how life was before the serfs were freed. possibly senile

o constantly mumbling. only surviving link to the estate's glorious past, and he comes to symbolize that past.

Simon Yephikodov - clerk at the Ranevsky estate.

a source of amusement for all the other workerso who refer to him as "Simple Simon".

provides comic relief, with his self-conscious pose as the hopeless lover and romantic, often contemplating suicide. He loves Dunyasha, to whom he has proposed.

Yasha - young manservant who has been traveling with Ranevsky ever since she left for France.

always complaining about how uncivilized Russia is when compared to France exploits Dunyasha's love for him for physical pleasure openly tells Firs that he is so old he should die. Most of the characters besides Ranevsky regard him as repulsive and obnoxious. strong taste for acrid-smelling cigars.

Dunyasha - A maid on the Ranevsky estate.

functions mainly as a foil to Yasha,o her innocent navet and love for him emphasizing and making clear

his cynicism and selfishness. also the object of Yephikodov's affections

a status about which she is very confused.


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THE CHERRY ORCHARDThe play begins in the pre-dawn hours of a May morning in Russia. We learn that the cherry trees are in bloom even though it is frosty outside.

Yermolay Lopakhin, a friend of the family, and Dunyasha a maid on the Ranevsky estate, wait for the estate's owner Ranevsky at the estate's

main house, in a room called "the nursery". Lopakhin reveals that Ranevsky has been in Paris for the last five years. Lopakhin is a local

businessman in his mid- thirties, dressed in a fine white suit (with gaudy yellow shoes), whose feelings towards Ranevsky are mixed between

affectionate gratitude for past kindnesses, and resentment at her condescension toward him because of his humble, peasant origins. Also on the

estate is Simon Yephikodov, a hapless youth nicknamed "Simple Simon" because of his frequent and ridiculous accidents.

Soon, Ranevsky arrives from Paris, along with her daughter Anya, who has been with her there since Easter of that year; Yasha, a young

manservant who has accompanied her on her travels; and Charlotte, Anya's governess, who brings along her dog. Also accompanying her are

Firs, her 87-year old manservant; her elder, yet still infantile, brother Leonid Gayev; and her adopted daughter Varya; these last three havestayed in Russia but went to the station to greet Ranevsky on her return

Ranevksy expresses her joy and amazement to be home again, while Anya reveals to Varya the relative poverty in which she found her motherwhen she arrived in Paris and the way in which she continues to spend money. Varya reveals that the family's estate is to be sold at auction onthe 22nd of August, in order to pay their debts. Anya reveals that Ranevsky's departure for Paris was caused by her grief over two deaths: that o

her husband six years before and that of her son, Grisha, who drowned a month thereafter.

Soon, Anya departs for bed, and Lopakhin brings up the issue of the imminent sale. He proposes a solution; Ranevksy should parcel out the land

on her estate, build cottages on the parcels, and lease them out to summer cottage-holders, who are becoming increasingly numerous. Gayev an

Ranevsky dismiss the idea, because it would necessitate cutting down the family's beloved (and gigantic) cherry orchard. Before he leaves,Lopakhin offers them a loan of 50,000 rubles to buy their property at auction if they change their minds, and predicts there will be no other wa

of saving the orchard. Ranevsky then lends some money to a fellow impoverished landowner, Boris Simeonov-Pischik. Peter Trofimov arrives;

he was Grisha's tutor before the drowning, and thus he brings back painful memories for Ranevsky. Before the end of the act, after complaining

about Ranevksy's inability to curb her spending, Gayev outlines three alternatives to Lopakhin's plan: a financing scheme involving some bank

friends of his, Ranevsky borrowing some money from Lopakhin (without the condition that they then cut down the orchard), and a wealthy au

in Yaroslavl who might provide a loan.

In the Second Act, we are introduced more closely to the young servants on the estate, Dunyasha, Yasha, and Yephikodov, who are involved in alove triangle: Yephikodov loves Dunyasha, Dunyasha loves Yasha, and Yasha is very much in love with himself. Soon, Lopakhin, Ranevsky, Gaye

Anya and Varya appear, and they are again debating over Lopakhin's plan to turn the orchard into cottage country. Lopakhin becomes frustratewith Ranevsky's reluctance; she, in turn, thinks his plan is vulgar, and says that if they plan to sell the cherry orchard, she wants to be sold alon

with it. Ranevsky reveals that she has a lover in Paris who has been sending her telegrams, asking her to return, and who robbed her, left her,

and as a result drove her to a suicide attempt.

Soon, Trofimov appears, and gives several speeches about the importance of work and the laziness and stupidity of Russian intellectuals. In aquiet moment, the sound of a snapping string is heard, and no one can identify its source. A drunkard appears, asking for directions, and then

money; Ranevsky ends up giving him several gold pieces. Disturbed, most of the group leave, except for Anya and Trofimov. They discuss Varya

growing suspicion that Anya and Trofimov are having an affair, which they are not; Trofimov declares that they are "above love". The act ends

with Yephikodov sadly playing his guitar and Varya calling out, in vain, for Anya.

In the Third Act, Ranevsky throws a party on the day of the auction. The guests consist of several local bureaucratic officials such as thestationmaster and a post-office clerk. Charlotte entertains the guests with a series of magic tricks. Ranevsky worries anxiously about why Gaye

and Lopakhin have not yet returned. Ranevsky fears that the orchard has been lost, that the aunt in Yaroslavl has apparently not given themenough money to buy it, and that Gayev's other sources have failed to come through. She and Trofimov get into an argument; Trofimov accusesher of not being able to face the truth, and she accuses him of being unusual for never having fallen in love. Lopakhin and Gayev soon return

from the auction. Lopakhin reveals to everyone that he has bought the estate and intends to carry out his plans for the orchard's destruction.

Anya tries, in vain, to comfort her mother.

In the last act, it is October, and the trees in the cherry orchard are already being cut down. All the characters are in the process of leaving;

Lopakhin will depart to Kharkov for the winter, Varya to the Ragulins', another family that lives fifty miles away. Gayev plans to live in the town

working at a bank, Anya will go off to school, and Ranevksy will leave for Paris with Yasha, to rejoin her lover. Charlotte has no idea what she

will do, but Lopakhin assures her he will help her find something. Trofimov and Lopakhin exchange an affectionate if contentious farewell;

Yasha leaves Dunyasha, weeping, without a second thought; and Anya tearfully says goodbye to her mother. Anya worries that Firs, who hastaken ill, has not been sent to the hospital as he was supposed to be, but Yasha indignantly assures Anya that he has. Ranevsky encourages

Lopakhin to propose to Varya; but the proposal is never madeLopakhin leaves Varya alone, and in tears. Finally, Gayev and Ranevsky bid a

tearful farewell to their house. Everyone leaves, locking the doors behind them.

But Firs is, in fact, accidentally left behind, having fallen ill and being forgotten in the rush of the departure. He walks onstage after everyone elhas left, quietly muttering about how life has left him by. He lies on the couch, and silently expires as two sounds are heard; again, the sound of a

string snapping, and the sound of an axe cutting down a cherry tree in the orchard.


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EmpireTalks about the spread of ideas, technology

Requires more raw materialso Countries go to other countries for this

Britain and Indiao Spread morals and shit

1804-1858 British East India Companyo brought Indian culture back to Britaino ten started feeling superioro Indias economy got screwed up

Caste System at the time

Pandita Ramabai (1858-1922)-The Married Life Legal Rights

1883 decided to train as a teacher in England, and join Episcopalian Church. At their invitation, she went America in 1886, and it was there that an association was formed to fund her school for child widows. By

April 1889 she had started a home-cum-school in Bombay, which she named as Sharda Sadan

Everyone in family died of cholera a feminist speaker, writer, and advocate for womens rights in India. born into a Brahman family(top of the caste system) was very well respected. Her parents were by result of child marriage which fuels most of her writings. had a very different style for every language she writes in. The Married Life- in The High-Caste Hindu Woman

o talks about childhood marriage and womens inability to pick a husband for their own.o About her own place-Indiao Very logically she points out that women by being unwilling to learn and giving in to slavery will i

no way be capable of producing children who will do the nation proud. Legal Rights-

o womens suffrage movement, compares and contrasts American laws with Indian lawso It contains a pointed comparison of the status of women in the U.S.A. and India, and suggests that

India should follow the path of reform, but is not without criticisms of American society,particularly its race problem. The work was almost immediately acclaimed as one of the greatest

books of the time and was soon used as a textbook at the University of Bombay.

1885 Indian National Conference Ghandi after 1928 Nehru- plans for free India 1947 Indian Independence

english 222 study guideright

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