engleska gramtika ukratko

7/26/2019 Engleska Gramtika Ukratko

1/24

Gtammat

sumnma

ts

3ABOA

A

yU6EH]4KE

6EOTPM


2/24

GRAMMAR

UMMARY

S

1

THE

PRESENT

IMPLE

ENSE

I

Form

Positiveand negative

I

We

You

They

help

don't

help

He

She

It

helps

doesn't

help

Interrogative

Do

I

WC

you

they

help.. .?

Does

he

she

it

help...?

o

In

he

present

imple,

e

use he

verb

without

an

ending,

ut

n

the

hird

person

ingular

he verb

ends n

-s

or

-es:

I

enjoy eading

ooks.

He

wants

a

part-time

ob.

o

We

use

do/does

n

negatives

nd

questions:

We

don't

play

music

or

money.

What

does

he

play?

J

Spell ing

ules

o When he verbends n-ch, sh, x, 2, o, s,weadd es:

e.g.

watches,

oes,

woshes

o

When

preceded

y a consonant,

is

changed

o i

before

dding

es:

e.g.corries,

lies,

worries,

ries

I

Use

The

present

simple

ense s

used:

a. for

acts

nd

situations

hatwe

see

as

permanent.

ichael

ives

n

york.

b. for

habits

nd outines.

y ather

buys

a newspaper

very

morning.

c. forgeneralruthsand aws f nature.Water oilsat 100o .

d. in

f-clauses.

f

she nvites

me

o her

party,

'il

buy

her

a nice

present.

e. instead

f future

enses

after:

when,

fter,

before,

ntil,

and

as soon

s.

We'll

ave

inner

as

soonas

heyarrive.

Time

expressions

sed

with

he

present

imple

ense nclude:

o

always/often

usually/sometimes/frequently

rarely

seldom

never

.

every

day

night

week

month

year)

r

in

hemorning

afternoon

evening)


3/24

2

0

cneuMAR

suMMARy

I

Form

Positive

and negative

I

He

She

It

am

amnot

is

isn't

writing

We

You

They

are aren't writing

I

Spelling

changes

n

the

-ing

form

Spell ing

ules:

o

Some erbs

n

the

-ing

form

need

o double

a letter:

e.g. ravel

travelling

o

When

he

verb

ends n

-e,

we

ake

away he

-e

and

hen

add

ing:

e.g.make making

I Use

The

present

continuous

ense s

used

o talk

about something:

a. happening

t he

moment

r around

hemoment

f

speaking.

l'm

studying

iologynow.

We

are

hinking

of

going

on holiday.

b. that

we

have

lready

rranged

o do in

the uture.

l'm

meeting

Marcia

onight.

Time

expressions

sed

with

he

present

ontinuous

ense

nclude:

.

now

at

he

moment

at

present

these ays

today

tonight

Interrogative

Am

ls

I

he

she

it

writing...?

Are

WE

you

they

writing...?


4/24

THE

P

PERFECT

ENSE

ll

Form


X

Use

The

present

perfect

tense

s

used

o

tatk

about:

a'

unfinished

ctions

hat

began

n

the

past

and

are

stit

going

on

now.

l've

ived

here

or

5

years.

b.

things

hat

have

or

havent

appened

n

the

recent

ast.

I

haven,t

orrowed book rom he ibrary .."rfV."'

c. your

or

other

people,s

xperiences.

This

s

he

irst

ime

he

has

isited

erbia.

r,ve

ever

rayed

ricket.

We

often

use

he

present

perfect

with

the

following

words:

o

with

never/ever

Have

ou

ever

een

ghost?

He

has

never

idden

motorbike.

o

with

sincd

o

say

when

an

action

started

I

have

been

ll

since

ast

week.

o

with

or

o say ow onganactionhas asted

He

has

worked

or

his

orpany

for

en years.

o

with

adverbs

hich

show

hat

he period

of

time

s

not

inished

et:

hrs

m

o n

n

g/wee

A m

ont

h

yea ,

tod

ay,

etc.

o

just

(something

happened

few

moments

go)

John

hasjust

one

out.

o

lready

(in

questions

nd

statements)

You

are

oo ate.

hegame

has

already

tarted.

.

y?t

in

negative

tatements

ndquestions)

I

haven,t

ound

a ob yet.o

with

before

Have

ou

been

here

before?

o

with

the

irst

ime,

he

second

ime,

etc.

This

s

he

first

ime

,ve

seen

a

giiaffe.

I

We

You

They

'vg

have

haveh't

written

He

5he

It

's

has

hasn't

worked

written...?

worked...?


5/24

+

$

cneMMARSuMMARY

I Form


I

You

He

listened

She

It

wrote

We

didn'twrite

You

They

didn't isten

Interrogative

Did

I

you

he

she

it

we

write...?

listen...?

you

they

o

In he

nterrogative,

lways

emembero use he auxiliary

erbdid.

I

Spell ing ules:

The inalconsonantsdoubledf the verbhasonesyllable r f the stress

is

on the second yllable nd

f it ends

n

consonant-vowel-consonanti

e.g.stop stopped,

lan - planned,

mit

-

omitted,

refer

preferred

The inal

y

aftera consonant

s

changed

nto

i

before dding

ed:

e.g.worry:worried

I

Use

The

past

simple ense s used:

a. for an actionwhichhappened t a specificime nthepast.

Wehad

a huge ow ast

night.

b.

to describe habitual ction

n the

past.

I talked o her

on

the

phone

every

aywhile

was

on

holiday.

c.

with

when

o ask

questions

bout

a definite

ast

ime.

When id

youget

his ing?

Time

expressions sedwith the

past

simple ense

nclude:

.

yesterday

the other

day then

lastweek

month/yea

) ...ago in 2009


6/24

a

a

used

o

+

infinitive

I

used

o

run...

Did you

use

o

run?

I didn,tuse o run...

used

o

can

be

used

o

express

abits

or

repeated

ctions

n

the past.

We

use

t

for

a

habit

or

action

hat

is

not

true

now.

He

used

o run

along

he

river,

ut

now

h"'i,

too

Oury.

J

Form

Positive

nd

negative

I

He

She

It

was

wasn't

writing

We

You

They

were

weren't

listening

Interrogative

Was

I

he

she

it

writing?

Were

WE

you

they

l istening?

I Use

The

past

continuous

ense

s

used

or:

a.

an

action

n progress

t

a

stated

ime

n

the past.

He

was

waiting

at

the

corner

of

the

street

at'Z

oitoct


7/24

6

$

cneuMAR

suMMARY

Positive

and negative

I

You

He

had

5he

It

come...

We

You

They

hadn't

I

Use

The

past perfect

s

used:

o

to

describe

past

actionwhichhappened nd inished

efore nother'

event/action

n

the

past.

The

plane

had

aken

off beforewe reached

he airport.

John emembered

e had eft hiskeys

t

home.

Weoften

use he

past

perfect

with

the

following words:

o

before

after

already/forlsince/until

when /

by

bythetime

lnterrogative

I

you

he

she

it

WC

you

they

Had

come...?

I

You

He

She

It

We

You

They

' l l lwi l l

won't

come.

Interrogative

I

you

he'

she

it

WC

you

they

will

come?


8/24

GRAMMAR

SUMMARY

Qt

J

Use

The

uture

simple

ense

s

used:

a.

for

actions

hat

we

decide

o

do now,

at

he

moment

of

speaking.

I ike hisdress.'l lbuy t.

b.

to

talk

about

hings

hat

we

hink

or believe

ill

happen

n

he

uture.

I believe

he

weather

will

change

omorrow.

c. for

promises

nd

offers.

I

promise

'll

keep

n

touch.

We

often

use

he

future

simple

with

the

following

words:

.

tomorrow

soon

next

week

month/summer)

in

a week

month)

o

l th ink/

bel ieve

o possibly

I

Note

In

English,

e

use

several

orms

o

express

he

uture.

o

We

use

be

going

to

for:

a.

a

decision

e

made

earlier.

l 'm

going

o stay

at home

onight.

b.

something

hat

we

expect

o

happen.

It s

cloudy.

t,s

oing

o rain

o

We

use

he

present

continuous

ense:

a.

to

talk

about

hings

we

have

rranged

o do

in

the

uture:

We're

aving

a

party

on

Saturday.

I

Form

Positive

nd

negative

I

You

He

5he

'l l

wi l l

be

I t

| . i l is tening.

We

You

They

won't

be

will

I

you

he

she

it

WC

you

they

be

istening?


9/24

a

$

cneMMAR

SUMMARY

J Use

The

uture

continuous

ense

s used:

.

to

express

n action

which

will

be

n

progresst

some

ime

n

he

uture.

ln 2030

obots

will be

working

n

people's ouses'

Whatwillyoubedoing his imenextyear?

Time

expressions

sed

with

the

future

continuous

nclude:

o

in

2O5O

this

time

next

week

month/yeaO

I

Form

.

vetb

+

ing

I Use

We

can

use

he

gerund:

a.

as he

subject

r

object

of a

sentence'

wimming

s

un '

b.

after

prepositions.

e

ost

weight

by

running

ot '

c.

after

ertain

erbs

nd

phrases.

see'Verb

atterns'below)

I enjoy

inging

n he

bathroom.

Do

you

mind

oPening

he

window?

The

verbs

can,

m.Jst,

ay,

sfiould

nd

would

are

pecial

inds

of

auxiliary

erbs

modalverbs.

Modalverbs:

o

have

he same

orm

n

all

persons:may,

He

may

.

form

he

interrogative

y

changing

placeswith

the

subject

inversion):

I may

MaY

?

1

I

Verbsollowedby

the

gerund

continue, njoy, inish, eep on),ove, ike,dislike, ate,

mind,

miss,

ractise, uggest,

magine,

t's

not

worth

choose,

ecide,

xpect,

ope,

manage,

ffer,

plan,

prepare,

romise, efuse,

ry,

want

Verbs

ollowed

by

the

nfinitive


10/24

a

a

cRAMMAR

uMMAnv

$

s

form

he

negative

y

adding

not

(n't):

ould

not,

couldn,t

are

always

ollowed

y

another

erb

n

he nfinitive

ithout

o:

You

hould

o.

We

use

must

or have

o

to talk

about

obligations.

You

must

be

home

by

10

otlock.

I have

o

go.

My mum

s

waiting

or

me.

we

use

don't

have

o

or needn't

o

say hat

something

s

not

necessary.

We

don't

have

o hurry.

We

needn't

hurry.

The

past

ense

of must/have

o is

had

to and he future swill have o.

I

had

o

go

home

early ast

night.

I

will have

o work

all night

or

tomorrow,s

est.

o

we

usemustn't

o

show

hat

someone

s

not

allowed

o

do something.

You

mustn't

copy

during

a test.

we

use

can

can'ttor

ability

-

to

talkabout

what

people

r

things

are

(not)

able

o do.

o

We

can

use

be able

to instead

f

can.

Can

ou

sing?'=

re

you

able

o

sing?,=,Do

ou

know

how

o

sing?,

o

we

use

couldand

couldn't

o talk

about

what

people

r

things

were

(not)

able

to do in

the

past.

we

can

alsouse

was/were

able

to

with

this

meaning.

Timcouldswimwhenhewas4.=Timwasabreo swimwhenhewas4.

We

use

con/can'tfor permission

and requests

.

to show

hat

you

have

permission.

'l

can

play

oud

music

n

the

eveningsl=,1,m

llowed

o do

it.,

o

to ask

or

permission.

'Can

go

out

onight?'=

m

I allowed

o

go

out

onight?,

.

to

give

permission.'Yes,

f course

ou

can

go

out.,

o

to

express

request

when

you

ask

omebody

o

do

something

or

you.

Can

ou

open

he

window,

lease?

b.

a

*

*'..--..

-,,


11/24

10

$

GRAMMAR

SUMMARY

c.

we

use

can/can'ttor ossibility

to teil

us f

something

s

possible.

You

an

earn

o

drivewhen

you

are1g.

Youcannotplay ootball ere.

',

,

THE

PASSIVE OICE .,,i

.r

We

ormpassive

erbs

with

he

different

enses

f

BE

the

past

participle.

The

past

participle

f regular

erbs

s ormed

by adding

ed

o

the

base

formof theverb:e.g.want+ed wanted

we

often

use

he

passive

hen

we

do

not know

or we

arenot

ntereste

in

knowing

who

or what

does

omething.

Tea

s

grown

n

China.

We

are

not

nterested

n

who

grows

ea.

Peter's

ar

was

stolen

ast

night. we

don't

know

who

stole

he car.

The

present

simple

ense

am,

s,

are+

past

participle

Football

s

played

llover

the world.

The

past

imple

tense

was,

were

+

past

participle

Australia

as

discovered

in

the l

Bth

entury.

The

present

perfect

ense

has,

ave

+

been

+

past

participle

My

money

has

ust

been

stolen.

The

uture

ense

wil l

+

be+

past

articiple

The

lat

will

be

cleaned.

Modalverbs

must/can/should

may

+

be +

past

participle

Flowers

hould

e

watered

wice

a week.

I

Note:

We

use

he

nfinitive

assive

fter

modal

erbs.

This

project

an't

be

done

without

his

help.

DIRECT

ND

REPORTED

PEECH

when

we

want

o

say

what

someone

as

aid,

we

can

use'direct

peech,

r

'reported

peechi


12/24

ts

Direct

speech:

Tessa

ays:'l'm

hirsty.,

We

give

her

exact

words.)

Reported

peech:

Tessaays that)

she,s

hirsty.

o

Word

changes

sometimes

he

verb

orm,pronouns,

ossessive

djectives

nd

adverbs

change

n

reported

peech:

eep

--

keeps,

___+

,

my

*

his,

here

___

there.

Peter:'l

eep

my

books

here.,

Peter

ays

hat

he

keeps

his

books

here.

o 'that'

In

reported

peech

we

can

use

haf

after

he

reporting

erb

or reave

t

out.

Michael

ays

fhaf)

here,s

basketball

atch

his

evening.

.

Reporting

verbs

say

and

eil

are

often

used

as

eporting

erbs,

ut

we

must

be

careful

with

he

words

hat

come

after

hem:

.

say

that)...

He

says

hat

he s

eaving.

. s?v+ to someonethat)...Hesays

o

me

hat

he

s

eaving.

o

tell

+

someone

that).

He

elts

me

hat

he s

eaving.

A

reported

qqestion

s

somebody

eiling

us

what

someone

rse

s

asking.

o

we

report

wh-questions

y

using

question

ords

e.g.

hat,

who,

which,

when

and

how)

both n direct peech nd n reportejspeech.

'What

do

you

want?,

Direct

uestion)

He s

asking

me

what

want.

Reported

uestion)

o

when

here

s

no

question

ord

yes/no

uestions),

e

can

use

f

or

whether

o

introduce

reported

uestion.

Are

you

hungry?,(Direct

uestion)

She

s

asking

me

f I

am

hungry.

lndirect

uestion)

She

s

asking

me

whether

am

hungry.

o In reportedquestions,

a.

we

often

use

a reporting

erb

ask

+

an

object:

she

s

asking

me...


13/24

12

I

GRAMMARSUMMARY

c.

the word

order

s

he

same s

n

statements,

nd

we

do

not usea

questionmark ?).

we do not

use he

auxiliary

erb

do

(do,

does, id).

Are

you

a

student?'

--)

He sasking

whether am a student.

Wheredoes

he

play

ootball?

---)

They

want o know

wherehe

plays

ootball.

Did

hey

go

out

ast

night?

---+

She

sasking

f

they

wentout ast

night.

Have

ou

seen

my

bag?

---)

He

wants o know

f I haveseen

his

bag.

Whenwil lyou

go

home?

->

He s

asking

hen

ou

wil lgo

home.

Wereport

positive

rders

with tell

+

object

+ to

+ infinitive.

Direct

peech:

Stay

n

bed

or a

few

days."

lndirect

peech:

hedoctor old

me

o

stay n bed

or a fewdays.

Wereportnegative

rders

with tell

+ object

+ not +

to

+ infinitive.

Direct peech:

Don't orget o buy he

lowers."

Indirect

peech:

he

old me

not

o

forget o

buy he

lowers.

We eport equests ith ask

+

object

+

(not)

to

+ infinitive.

Direct peech:"Will

ou

help

mewith he

project?"

Indirect

peech:

heasked

me o

helpher

with he

project.

b.

l f clause Main lause

lf +

present

imple

Future

will

+ infinitive ithout o)

a

a

o

lf

you

inish

our

classesarly,

e will

go

to the cinema.

This

tructuresoftencalled

he'firstconditionall

It sused

o talkabout hings

hatare

ikely o happen

n

the

future.

The f-clause

ancome

before r

after he

mainclause.

lf the weathersn,iceomorrow, e willplaybasketball.

Wewill

play

basketball

f

the

weather

snice omorrow.

We

put

a

comma

when he

f-clauseomes

irst.

I

I


14/24

140

GRAMMAR

SUMMARY

Nouns an

be countabte

books,

esks,

irrors,

tc.)

r

uncountable

sugar,

lour,

bread,

tc.)

o

The

quantifiers

any

anda

few are

used

with

plural

ountable

ouns.

Did

you

see

manyanimals

t

he

zooT

l

picked

few

lowers.

o

Muchanda

little

are

used

with uncountable

ouns.

I don'tdrinkmuchmilk. | needa ittlehelp.

o

Thecomparatives

esser

nd

ewer

are

used

n the same

way as

ew and

little.

.

A few and

a little have

a

positive

meaning

some.

Hebought

a few books.

| have

ittle ime

would

you

ike

some

help?

o

Fewand

ittle have

negative

meaning

not

manY/not

much.

Petersunhappy

ecause

ehas

ew

riends.

I have ittlemilk, o

can't

make

cake.

r

some,

any andno

areused

with both

countable

nduncountable

nouns. omeandno areusedwith positive erbs. ny sused n

questions

ndwith

a negative

erb.

lcan end

ou

some

money.

Are here

any rees

n

your

garden?

I have

no dea.

Singular

Plural

-s

With

most ouns,

e

add

s

o

make

them

lural

book

dog

books

dogs

-es

With

nouns hat end n

-s,

ss,

sh,

-ch, x,we add

-es

dress

brush

church

box

dresses

brushes

churches

boxes

-f, -fe

---+

ves

Fornouns hatend n-f, fe,we

change

f,

fe

o

-ves

leaf

wife

half knife

thief

life

loaf

calf

leaves

wives

halves knives

thieves

lives

loaves

calves


15/24

cRAMMARSUMMAnv

rs

Singular

Plural

For

nouns hat

end

with

a consonant

+y,

we change

he

-y

o

-ies

library

factory

l ibraries

factories

lrregular

ouns

child

man

woman

person

mouse

goose

tooth

foot

children

men

women

people

mice

9eese

teeth

feet

I

Form

After

a singular oun,we add

s.

Nick'soom

After

plural

ounendingn

-s,

we

addonly':

my wo brothers'room

=

he roomof my wo brothers)

Aftera

plural

noun

not ending n

-s,

we add's:

he

children's

oys

J

Use

We

often add the

possessive's

o:

a.

personal

ouns:Tania's

ag

b.

personal

ndefinite

ronouns:

omeone'sook

c.

animals:

hecat'smilk

d.

peiiods

f time:

a week's oliday, wo months'work

I

Note

Time

expressions

anbe used scompound djectives:

umber

noun

ol

number+

noun+ adjective.

e.g.a ten-man eam,a

three-day

ob,

a fifty-year-old

ctor

Such

onstructionsre ingularn orm

and akea singular

erb:

e.g.

A

twenty-minutewalk s

good

or

health.

Wenormally

se ..of...with hings.

the

endof the road

the

ront

of the

house

a

o


16/24

16

$

GRAMMARSUMMARY

...of...+possessives pronoun

Marcia

s

a friend

of

Nick's.

One

of Nick,s

riends)

we usean /en/ beforewordsbeginningwith vowelsounds. e usea /o/ before

all

other

words.

Give

me

an

egg.

She,s

doctor.

We

use

a

/an:

.

only

with

singular

ountable

ouns:

tabte

anapple

o

totalkaboutpeople'sjobs:

heisa

hotographer.

.

to describe

hings

or

people:

peter

isa

talt

boy.

We

use

6i:/ before

words

beginning

with

vowel

sounds

and

6e/ before

all

other

words.

We

use

he:

o

with

singular

ountable

ouns,

lural

ountable

ouns,

nd

uncountable

nouns.

the

door

the

mountains

the water

o

when

t

is

clear

which

person

r

thingwe

are alking

about.

l'mgoing o thebank. mybank,where keepmy money)

r

to talk

about

people

nd

hings

hat

we have

lready

mentioned.

I

bought

a

dress

nd a

skirt.The

dresswas

very

expensive,

ut the

skirt

was

cheap.

o

when

here

s

only

one

of

something.

the

sun

the

moon

the

sky

the

earth

the"wodd

the

president

o

when

we

alk

about

omething

n

part icular

The

books

bought

yesterday

ere

expensive.

o

with

musical

nstrdments.

can

play

he

guitar.

o withsuperlatives.his s he mostbeautifullower nthegarden.

o

with

ordinal

umbers.

ewas

he irst

o

come.

o

with

plural

amily

4ames.

he

Gills

recoming

omorrow.

o

with

nationalities.

he

French

ike

o

drink

wine.


17/24

GRAMMARSUMMARY

$

Tz

r

with

he names

f oceans,eas,ivers,

roups

f mountains,

inemas,

theatresndmuseums.

the Atlantic

Ocean

the Sava the Alps

the

NationalTheatre

the

Brit ish

useum

o

before ames

ith

of: he Houses

f Parliament

the

Statue

f Liberty

NO ARTICLE

We

don't

usean articlewith:

o

plural

ountable

ouns ndwith

uncountableouns

when

we

alk

about

omethingn

general.

Mobile hones reuseful. | eatbread very ay.

o

the names

f continents,

ountries,owns, illages,

ndividual

mountains,akes,

treets nd

parks.

Europe

Spain

BelgradeMountEverest Lake

Michigan

Broadway

HydePark

o

before

he names

f

meals

breakfast,lunch,

inner,

upper)

hen

hey

are

used n a

general

ense.

usually avebreakfast

t

B.

o

with

he names

f sports nd

games.

ricketshis avourite

port.

e

in some

expressions,

sually ftera

prepositiongo

oschool

stay n

bed

/

be

n hospital

at school/at sea at work

I

go

to

school

by

bus.

PRONOUNS

5ubject

pronouns

Object

pronouns

Reflexive

pronouns

Possessive

pronouns

Indefinite

pronouns

something/

anything

somebody/

anybody

someone/anyone

nothing

nobody

no

one/no-one

none

me myself

mtne

you

(sing.)

you

yourself

yours

he

him himsel f

his

she

her

herself hers

it

it

itself

its

we

us

ourselves

ours

you

(plural)

you

yourselves yours

they them themselves theirs


18/24

18

$

GRAMMARSUMMARY

I

Note:

Possessive

djectives:

my,

your,

his,her, ts,

our,

your,

heir

Indefi

nite

adverbs:

somewhere,nywhere,

owhere

lndefinite

pronouns:

o

We

usually

se

omethingsomebody,

omeone ndsomewhere

n

positive

entences.

I have

omething

o tell

you.

Somebody

as

brokenmy

glasses.

She ives

omewhere

earmy

grandparents.

o

We

usually

se

anything anybody,

anyoneandanywhere

n negative

sentences

nd n

questions.

I didn't

know

anybody

n the irstdayat school.

Did

you

understand

nythinghat our eacher as

saying?"

I

don'twant

o

go

anywhere n holiday.

o

We

usenothing

nobody,no

one and nowherewith

positive

erbs,

ut

with a negative

meaning.

There

snobody

outside.

Nothing

anmake

herhappy.

Relative

lauses

egin

with a relative

ronoun.

We

use:

a. who/whom

oi

that

for

people.

She poke

o

the womanwho shernewneighbour.

b. which

or that

for

hingsandanimals.

Did

you

see he

keyswhichwereon

the able?

c. whose

or

possession.

hat s he singerwhose

CDs collect.

d. where or

places.

hehotelwherewe stayedwasveryold.

singular plural

personal

pronoun

reflexive

ronoun

personal

pronoun

reflexive

ronoun

myself

we

ourselves

you

yourself

you yourselves

he

himself

they

themselves

she

herself

it

itself


19/24

Y

cRAMMARSUMMAnv

rs

I

Use

o

We

use

eflexive

pronouns

when

he subjectof the

sentence

s

somebody r

somethinghat salso he

objectof the

sentence.

Johncuthimself.

Here

are some

examplesof how the

comparativeand superlative

orms

of

adjectives

are

made:

I Note

o

The orms

lder,heeldest

reused nly ormembers

f he amily:

e.g.my

elder ister; y

eldest rother.

Adjective

Comparative

Superlative

short

shorter the

shortest

big

bigger

the biggest

easy

easrer the easiest

beautiful

morebeautiful

the

mostbeautiful

lrregularcomparison

good

better

the best

bad

worse

the worst

little

less

the east

much,

many

more the

most

far

farther

further

the arthest

the urthest


20/24

20

O

GRAMMAR

SUMMARY

Weuse

as +

adjective

+

as o say hat wo things

or

people

re he

same

in some

way.

Jim

s

as

allashis

brother.

We

usenot

as + adjective+

as

o

talk abouta difference

etween wo

things

r

people.

l'mnot

as

clever sher.

We

canalso

use

as

+ adverb+

as.

I

can

un

as

quickly

sMary.

Adjectives

nding n -ed

describe omeone'seelings.

I was

excited

hile wasvisiting he sland.

Adjectives

nding n

-ing

describehe hingsor

people

hatcausehat

feeling.

he

book

was

ascinating.

ADVERBS

An

adverbs

a

word

hat ellsusmore

abouta

verb.An

adverb an

ell uswhen,

where

or how.

tr

Adverbs

f manner

ay

how

something appens.

Form

I

Most

adverbs

f manner

remadeby adding

ly

to anadjective:

e.g.quick quickly beautiful beautifully

-

Exceptions:

adjectives

adverbs

hard

hard

fast

fast

good

well

Spelling hanges:

adjectives adverbs

happy

easy

happily

easily

comfortable comfortably

tr Adverbs

f

place

aywheresomething appens:

e.g.here,here, omewhere,verywhere,pstairs, ownstairs,nside, utside,n

the

park.

tr Adverbs

f

time

saywhen something appens:

e.g.

yesterday,

oday,

nowadays,omorrow

onight,soon,early, hen,now later,

doi y,

weekly,month

y.


21/24

r+-

cRAMMAR

uMMARv

$

zr

ve.rb+object

adverb

or verb+adverb

Then

he ire

died

slowly own.

She

put

he

bookcarefully

nto

herbag.

o

lf

there s

more

hanone

adverb,he

usual

rder

s:

manner+place+

ime

(how)

(where) when)

They

will

drive

quickly

hrough he Park

n her ather's

ar.

She

worked

hard

at home

allday

yesterday.

o

Adverbs

ftime

and ongerexpressions

ike

now

and hen,from

imeto

time,

once week,

very ummer

an

comeat the

beginning

r the

end

of a

sentence:

astwinter

we went

o

the mountains.

o

Often,

sometimes,

lways,usually,

ver,never

are

placed

before

a main verb,

butafterbeor anauxiliaryerb:

We

have

ust

inished

urdinner.

He

s eally

appy.

o

Adverbslike

airly,

quite,

pretty,

ather, ery

can

be used

before

adjectives

r

adverbs

o

give

hemstronger

meanings.

It's

a

pretty

stupid

dea. l'm

rather

ntidy.

The

ilm was

quite

good.

o

Quite

and ather

analsomodify

verbs.

I

quite

agree. I

rather ike

his.

o

The

comparative

f most

adverbs

s ormed

with more

and

he

superlative

with

most

Shedrives

more

carefully

hanherhusband.

e

sings

most

beautifully.

o

The

comparative

f short

adverbs

only

onesyllable

nd

also

he

adverb

early)

s ormed

by adding

er,

and

he superlative

y adding

est.

I

workharder

hanmy riends.

The ollowing adverbsarecompared rregularly:

well-

better-

best

badly-worse-worst

l i t t le- less- least

much-more-most

far-further-furthest

or farther

farthest

t

E.


22/24

22

E GRAMMARSUMMARY

VERBS, OUNSAND

ADJECTIVES

FOLLOWED Y PREPOSITIONS

Verb

+preposition

apologizeor

apply

o

argue

with

arriven / at

believen

belong o

care

or

/

abost

consist f

depend n

die

rom

disagree bout

dreamof

labout

give

birth

o

hear

about

involve n

laughat

listen o

lookat

/

for

rely

on

search

or

speak

talk o

stick

o

suffer rom

wait or

Noun

+

preposition

an

answer

o

an entrance

o

an

nvitation

o

a keyto

a

reply o

a

solution

o

an effect

on

a

guarantee

n

a demand

or

a reason

or

a need

or

a

relationship

ith

(someone)

anadvantage

disadvantage

f

a

picture

photograph

of

anexample

f

an

ncrease

n

Adjective

+

preposition

afraid

scared

ashamed

/

proud

jealous

capable f

(someone

something)

angry annoyed ith

someone

or something

crowded

with

desperate

or

different

rom

famous or

/

ood/k ind/pat ient

:r'"no'u.:.

interested

n

keen n

(something)

marriedo

(someone)

similar

o

(something)

(be)

orry

or


23/24

Lrsr

oF TRREGUTAR

ERBS

S

zg

Infinitive

be

/bi:/

become/br'k^m/

begin

/bi'gin/

bite

lbart/

blow

/bleo/

break

/brelk/

bring

/bng/

build

/bild

/

burn

/bs:n/

buy lbarl

catch

/kret/

choose

t[u:z/

come

/kt'.m/

cut

ktyt/

cost

/kost/

do

/du:/

dtaw

/drc:/

drink

/dnrJk/

eat

/i:t/

feed

/fi:d/

feel

fi:l/

\

\

find

/faind/

fly

/flai/

forget

/fe'get/

freeze/fri.z/

get

/get/

give

/givl

go

/geul

grow

/greu,/

have

/hav/

hear

fttie/

h,t lhit/

hurt

/ht:t/

keep

/ki:p/

PastTense

was/were

/woz, ws:/

became/br'kerm/

began

b1'gnn/

bit

/bfi/

blew

/blu:/

broke

/break/

brought

/brc:t/

built

/bilt/

burnt

/bs:nt/

bought /bc:t/

caught

/kc:t/

chose

'tletz/

came

keim/

cut

lktrt/

cost

/kost/

did

ldtd/

drew

/dru:l

drank

/drnqk/

ate

/et/

fed

/fed/

felt

lfelt/

found

/faund/

flew

/flu:/

forgot

/fe'got/

froze /freuz/

got

lgotl

gave

geivl

went

/went/

grew

/gru:/

had

/hnd/

heard

/hz:d/

hit /hit/

hurt

/hs:t/

kept

/kept/

Past

Participle

been

bi:n/

become

br'ktm/

begun

bi'gz'n/

bitten

/bftn/

blown

lblaan/

broken

/breakn/

brought

/brc:t/

built

/bilt/

burnt

/bs:nt/

bought /bc:t/

caught

/kc:t/

chosen

'tleuzn/

come

/krrm/

cut

ktyt/

cost

/kost/

done

/dzrn/

drawn /drc:n/

drunk

drqk/

eaten

'i:tn/

led

/fed/

felt

lfelt/

found

/faund/

flown

/flettn/

forgotten

/fe'gotn/

frozen

lfreuzn/

got

lgot/

given

/givn/

gone

/gon/

grown

/greun/

had

lha,d/

heard

/hs:d/

hit ltlit/

hurt

/hs:t/

kept

/kept/

6nrn

NOCTATil

noqeTrl

3arpncTn

AyBaril

nonoMrTn

AOHeTyl

fpaAurn

roperu

KynnTu

yxBaTVTn

wza6parn

Aohra

cehyr

KOUTATN

qvHnTtA,paqnTn

qprarn,syhn

nnrn

jecrm

xpaHrTrl

oceharyr

nahra

NETCTil

aa6opaenrn

3aMp3Hyr14

4o6wn

Aarn

nhn

pacrn

NMATN

rlyrt/i

yAapnrvr

noBpeAnryl

Apxarn


24/24

24

i

rrsT

oF

TRREGUIAR

ERBS

lnfinitive

know/neo/

leave li:v/

lend

/lend/

lose

/llu.,z/

make

melk/

meet

/mi:t/

pay

/pei/

put

/put/

read

/id/

ride

lraid/

rise

lraiz/

run

/rttn/

say

sei/

see

si:/

sell/sel/

send

send/

shoot

/Ju:t/

shut

{rtl

sing

sig/

sit

/sit/

speak/spi:k/

spend spend/

stand

/stnnd/

swim

/swim/

take

/teiV

tell

ltel/

think

/0ir1k/

throw

/Qreu/

understand

/nnde'staend/

wear

/wee/

win

/win/

write

lruit/

PastTense

knew/nju:/

left /left/

lent

/lent/

lost

/lost/

made

meid/

met

/met/

paid

/peid/

put/put/

read

/red/

rode

/reud/

tose

lreuz/

rcn

lrnn/

said

sed/

saw

gt:/

sold/seuld/

sent

/sent/

shot

{otl

shut

{rtl

sang

sreg/

sat

sat/

spoke

/speuk/

spent /spent/

stood

/stnd/

swam

swpm/

took

/tuk/

told

iteuldl

thought

/0c:t/

threw

/9rt:/

understood

/zrnde'stud/

wore

/wc:/

won

/wln/

wrote

lreut/

Past

Participle

known

lnean/

leftAeft/

lent

/lent/

lost

/lost/

made/meid/

met

/met/

paid

/peid/

put/put/

read

red/

ridden

/ridn/

rlsen

lrizn/

run

/un/

said

sed/

seen

si:n/

iiolil lseuld/

sent

/sent/

shot

{otl

shut

{rtl

sung

slr1/

sat

snt/

spoken

/speukn/

:.Pggl/spent/

stood

lstud/

swum

/swzrm/

taken

lterkn/

told

/teuld/

thouqht /0c:t/

thrown

/Qreun/

understood

hnds'stud/

worn

/wc:n/

won

/wrrn/

written

/ritnl

3HaTvl

ocTaBnTr

noaajunrn

HeKoMe

wry6wttt

HanpaBnTn

cpecTn

NNATVTN

CTABNTN

qNTATil

jaxarvr

no4rhn

ce

rpqaTh

-a

pehn

"7

Bn.qeTr

npoAarn

nocraTr

6a4wtn, nyllarvr

3aTBOp14Tl4

neBaTr

ceAervl

roBopl4T14

noTpolx14T14

crajaru

NNNBATV

y3ern

pehra

MncnnTn

6aqn-rvi

pa3yMervl

HOC|/ITVI

no6egnrr

nncaTn

engleska gramtika ukratko

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