engl220 inferno canto xxvi-xxxiv
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Dante’s Inferno Canto XXVI-XXXIV
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Canto XXVI: Circle 8, Chasm 8
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Dante is ashamed that 5 citizens of his city were such thieves; Florence almost deserves Prato
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Dante sees tongues of flame, every flame concealing a sinner
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Dante asks about a double flame, and Virgil says it is that of Ulysses and Diomedes
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Dante really wants to hear from these guys, but Virgil says only he should ask the questions
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Virgil asks Ulysses about his end; Ulysses explains how he led his men to watery destruction
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Canto XXVII: Circle 8, Chasm 8
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Another flame breaks forth in speech Dante compares to the sound of Perillus’ bull
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It is Guido da MontefeltroThe Lord of Urbino. He became a Franciscan friar in 1296. Boniface VIII summoned him from his retreat in 1297 to consult with him about the razing of Palestrina (Penestrino) twenty-five miles east of Rome, held by the Colonna family, who were in rebellion against the Church. Guido, finding it impregnable, advised Boniface to promise immunity and then break it, inducing the Colonna to surrender (in September 1298), then razing the fortress to the ground. Dante regarded Guido highly for his entering the Franciscan order (see his Convivio iv 28). Guido was born in 1223 and died in 1298. His son Buonconte appears in the Purgatorio.
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At his request, Dante tells Guido the state of affairs in Romagna
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Guido, a former soldier turned Franciscan monk, was promised absolution in advance if he helped Pope Boniface defeat enemies.
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When he died, St. Francis came to collect his soul
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But a demon claimed he must spend eternity in Hell
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Canto XXVIII
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The 9th chasm is littered with body parts
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Mahomet demonstrates how he rips his own body apart
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Running with him is his son Ali
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Mahomet tells Dante to warn Friar Dolcino
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Piero Medicina, who sowed discord in Romagna, addresses Dante
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He tells Dante to warn Guido and Angiolello that Maslatestino plots to murder them
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Pier introduces Curio, who advised Caesar to cross the Rubicon
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Mosca de Lamberti, who encouraged the murder of Buondelmonti, speaks up
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But Dante was especially drawn to a trunk holding up its severed head
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Bertran de Born, a talented poet, fomented discord between King Henry II and his son Henry
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Henry II
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Henry Plantagenet
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Henry II was also known for encouraging his knights to murder Thomas a Becket in Canterbury Cathedral.
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The sowers of discord, who divided others, spend eternity themselves divided
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The poets leave Bertran and move on
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Canto XXIX: Chasm 10
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Dante lagged behind, staring at a relative who sowed discord
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Chasm 10 is that of the falsifiers, stricken with disease, pain and stench
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Dante addresses two scabby sinners who sit together
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Griffolino responds, explaining he was burnt alive as an alchemist for promising to teach Albero of Siena to fly.
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When Dante attacks the Siennese for vanity, the spirit Capocchio speaks up in defense
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A Florentine alchemist, Capocchio was also burnt alive
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Canto XXX: More falsifiers
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Suddenly 2 stinging, biting creatures appear; one stabs Capocchio and carries him off
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Griffolino tells Dante that the attacker is Gianni Schicci
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Schicci disguised himself as a dying man and forged a will
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His story has been made into a comic opera
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The other spirit is Myrrha
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She disguised herself so she could sleep with her father
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She was turned into a tree
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Now she is punished as a falsifier
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Dante sees one shaped like a lute, heavy with dropsy
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It is Master Adam, who counterfeited Florentine coins
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Master Adam curses those who induced him to crime. He can barely move, and is thirsty all the time. He too was burned at the stake.
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Dante asks about nearby sinners; Adam mentions Potiphar’s wife
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She tried to seduce Joseph, and when he refused, accused him of seduction
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The other sinner is Sinon, the liar who convinced the Trojans to accept the wooden
horse
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Adam and Sinon get into a verbal and physical battle
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Virgil scolds Dante for his interest in this scabby pair, and they move on
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Canto XXXI: Pit of Giants
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Dante thinks he sees towers, but Virgil explains these are giants
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Dante compares the size of one giant’s face to that of the bronze pine-cone
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The giant babbles, and Virgil identifies him as Nimrod
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Nimrod, great-grandson of Noah, was ruler of Babylon
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Nimrod is blamed for constructing the tower of Babel
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Next they see Ephialtes
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Dante wants to see Briarius, another giant who challenged Jove.
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Instead, Virgil takes him to Antaeus
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Unchained, Antaeus is a giant who fought with Hercules
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Antaeus picks up the poets
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And gently deposits them in the 9th circle
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Canto XXXII: Circle 9
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Circle 9 is a frozen river, Cocytus
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Embedded in the ice are the traitors
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Virgil leads Dante across the ice
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The outer circle is Caïna, named for Cain, who slew his brother Abel
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The heads of two brothers, Allesandro and Napoleone degli Alberti, embody treachery to kin
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Camiccione Pazzi tells Dante about some of the other sinners
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Such as Mordred, who killed his uncle King Arthur
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Facaccia de’ Cancellieri, who instigated a feud among kinsmen
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And Sassol Mascheroni, who killed a kinsman for an inheritance
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Moving on to Antenora, Dante kicks one head.
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Dante and the head exchange curses; another spirit tells Dante he insults Bocca degli Abati
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The new speaker is Buoso de Duera, who names other political traitors
• Tesauro de’ Beccheria• Gianni de’ Soldanier• Ganelon• Tribaldello
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Dante sees two heads frozen together, one chewing on the other
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The chewer is Count Ugolino
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Canto XXXIII: Circle 9
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Ugolino, a traitor to Pisa, party, and family himself, tells Dante his story
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Archbishop Ruggieri had Ugolino, his two sons and two grandsons, locked in a tower
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The tower entrance was sealed
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They all slowly starved to death, Uggolino last
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Thus he chews on Ruggieri’s head for all eternity
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The poets move on to where the heads barely appear above the ice, and a breeze is felt
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They are in Ptolomea, where those who betrayed guest friends dwell
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Dante promises to remove iced tears if one spirit will talk to him
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Friar Alberigo explains that these sinner are so horrible, that their souls arrive in Hell before
their bodies, inhabited by demons, die
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This is the case with Branca d’ Oria
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Canto XXXIV: Circle 9 Judecca
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Judecca, named after the apostle who betrayed Jesus (Judas Iscariot), is the innermost zone of the ninth and final circle of hell. The term also hints at a manifestation of Christian prejudice--which Dante certainly shares--against Judaism and Jews in the Middle Ages: it alludes to the names--Iudeca, Judaica--for the area within certain cities (e.g., Venice) where Jews were forced to live, apart from the Christian population.
Together with Judas in this region of hell are others who, by betraying their masters or benefactors, committed crimes with great historical and societal consequences. Completely covered by the ice--like "straw in glass"--the shades are locked in various postures with no mobility or sound whatsoever (Inf. 34.10-15).
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Here, traitors to masters are buried completely below the ice
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Virgil tells Dante to gaze at the central figure, giant Lucifer
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Satan’s flapping wings create an icy wind
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Lucifer has three heads
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Each mouth chews a sinner
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The center mouth chews Judas Iscariot
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Judas betrayed Jesus with a kiss
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For 30 pieces of silver
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The other mouths chew Brutus and Cassius
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These men conspired to assassinate Julius Caesar
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Virgil tells Dante it is time to go.
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To exit Hell, they must climb Lucifer’s body.
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The poets climb out of the abyss
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They emerge under the stars
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