engineering guidelines for fixed, - gbv.de filethetelecommunicationshandbook engineering guidelines...

The Telecommunications Handbook

Engineering Guidelines for Fixed, Mobile

and Satellite Systems

Edited by

JYRKIT. J. PENTTINEN

Wiley

Contents

Preface xxv

Acknowledgements xxvii

Abbreviations xxix

List of Contributors xlv

1 Introduction 1

Jyrki T. J. Penttinen

1.1 General 1

1.2 Short History ofTelecommunications 2

1.2.1 The Beginning 2

1.2.2 Analog Telephony Era 4

1.2.3 Wireless Era 4

1.3 The Telecommunications Scene 5

1.3.1 Current Information Sources 5

1.3.2 Telecommunications Market 6

1.3.3 Effect of Video Services 9

1.3.4 Network Scalability 11

1.3.5 How to Handle Increased Smartphone Signaling 13

1.3.6 Effects of Online Video 14

1.4 The Focus of the Book 15

1.5 Instructions for Reading the Book Contents 16

References 20

2 Standardization and Regulation 23


2.1 Introduction 23

2.2 Standardization Bodies 23

2.2.1 ITU 23

2.2.2 ETSI 25

2.2.3 IEEE 28

2.2.4 IETF 28

2.2.5 CEPT 29

2.2.6 Tl 30

2.2.7 ANSI 30

2.2.8 ARIB 31

2.2.9 TTC 31

2.2.10 3GPP 33

2.2.11 3GPP2 35

2.2.12 Broadcast Standardization 37

w Contents

2.3 Industry Forums38

2.3.1 GSM Association 38

2.3.2 UMTS Forum 40

2.3.3 WiMAX Forum 41

2.3.4 BMCO Forum and Open IPTV Forum 41

2.3.5 Global Mobile Suppliers Association 42

2.3.6 CDMA Development Group 42

2.3.7 Other Standardization Bodies 43

2.4 Other Entities 44

2.4.1 UNDP 44

2.4.2 IADB 45

2.5 Frequency Regulation 45

2.5.1 WRC 45

2.6 National Regulators 46

2.7 Guideline for Finding and Interpreting Standards 47

References 47

3 Telecommunications Principles 49


3.1 Introduction 49

3.2 Terminology and Planning Principles 49

3.2.1 Decibel 50

3.2.2 Erlang 52

3.2.3 Noise and Interferences 56

3.2.4 Other Typical Telecommunications Units 57

3.3 Evolution 58

3.3.1 Mobile Networks 58

3.3.2 Mobile Data 60

3.3.3 Demand for Multimedia 62

3.4 Spectrum Allocations 64

3.4.1 ITU Regions and Principles 64

3.4.2 Regional Aspects 64

3.5 Physical Aspects 64

3.5.1 Radio Interface and Radio Links 64

3.5.2 Electrical Wires 65

3.5.3 Copper Lines 65

3.5.4 Fiber Optics 69

References 71

4 Protocols 73


4.1 Introduction 73

4.2 OSI 74

4.2.1 General 74

4.2.2 Physical Layer (1) 78

4.2.3 Data Link Layer (2) 78

4.2.4 Network Layer (3) 79

Contents vii

4.2.5 Transport Layer (4) 79

4.2.6 Session Layer (5) 80

4.2.7 Presentation Layer (6) 80

4.2.8 Application Layer (7) 80

4.2.9 Practice 81

4.3 Fixed Networks 82

4.3.1 SS7 82

4.3.2 SIGTRAN 83

4.4 Mobile Networks 89

4.4.1 SCCP 89

4.4.2 BSSAP 89

4.4.3 MAP 90

4.4.4 TCAP 90

4.4.5 LAPD/LAPDm 90

4.5 Data Networks 90

4.5.1 TCP/IP 90

4.5.2 UDP 91

4.6 Error Recovery 93

4.6.1 Message 93

4.6.2 Error Correction Methods 94

4.7 LAP Protocol Family 96

4.7.1 LAPB 97

4.7.2 LAPD 97

4.7.3 LAPF 97

4.7.4 LAPM 98

4.8 Cross-Layer Protocol Principles 98

References 99

5 Connectivity and Payment 101


5.1 Connectivity 101

5.2 Definitions 101

5.3 IP Connectivity 102

5.3.1 Multilink Dial-Up 102

5.3.2 ISDN 103

5.3.3 Leased Lines 103

5.3.4 El/Tl 103

5.3.5 Cable Modem 104

5.3.6 DSL 104

5.3.7 Power-Line Connectivity 104

5.3.8 ATM 104

5.4 Wired Connectivity 105

5.4.1 USB 105

5.4.2 USB Development 105

5.4.3 General Principles of USB 106

5.4.4 Physical Aspect of USB 107

5.4.5 Cable Length 109

viii Contents

5.4.6 Power 109

5.4.7 Serial Port 114

5.5 Radio Connectivity in the Near Field 114

5.6 NFC and Secure Payment 115

5.6.1 General 115

5.6.2 Readers and Tags 116

5.6.3 Architecture 117

5.6.4 Standardization 118

5.6.5 Products and Use Cases 119

5.7 Secure Payment 120

5.7.1 Softcard 120

5.7.2 Background to Secure Payment Standardization 121

5.7.3 Functionality of Secure Payment 121

5.7.4 EMV 123

5.7.5 Practical Solutions 123

5.7.6 Other Payment Solutions 123

5.8 Bluetooth 125

5.8.1 General 125

5.8.2 Bluetooth RF 126

5.8.3 Bluetooth Profiles 126

5.9 Hearing Aid Compatibility 129

5.9.1 T and M Rating 129

5.9.2 HAC Compatibility Aspects 130

5.9.3 TTY/TDD Compatibility 131

5.10 Other Connectivity Technologies 131

5.10.1 G.V2A 131

5.10.2 MirrorLink 132

References 132

6 Fixed Telecommunications Networks 135


6.1 Introduction 135

6.2 Network Topologies 135

6.2.1 Point-to-Point 136

6.2.2 Bus 136

6.2.3 Star 137

6.2.4 Ring 137

6.3 Redundancy 1386.4 Telephone Network 139

6.5 User Devices 140

6.5.1 Telephones 1406.5.2 Data Equipment 142

6.6 Plain Old Public Telephone System (POTS) 145

6.6.1 General 145

6.6.2 Numbering of Telephony Networks 1466.6.3 The Principle of Telephone Networks 146

Contents ix

6.6A Billing Principles 146

6.6.5 Comparison of Current VoIP Solutions 147

6.7 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) 149

6.7.1 Standardization of ISDN 149

6.7.2 Principles of ISDN 1496.7.3 ISDN Reference Model 150

6.7.4 ISDN Signaling 151

6.7.5 ISDN Services 151

6.8 Intelligent Network (IN) 153

6.8.1 IN Principles 153

6.8.2 IN Elements 153

6.8.3 IN Applications 154

6.9 SIP 155

6.9.1 Background 155

6.9.2 Functionality of SIP 155

6.9.3 SIP Elements 158

6.9.4 Protocol Stack for Internet Multimedia 158

6.9.5 Initiation of Call 158

6.10 Telephony Solutions for Companies 159

6.10.1 Centrex 159

6.11 Transport 161

6.12 Cloud Computing 161

6.12.1 General 161

6.12.2 Principles 162

6.12.3 Benefits 163

References 163

7 Data Networks 165

Jyrki T. J. Penttinen, Tew Jalkanen and Ilkka Keisala


7.2 IPv4 165

7.2.1 General 167

7.2.2 IPv4 Addresses 168

7.2.3 Notation of the Address 169

7.3 IPv6 169


7.3.2 IPv6 Address 170

7.4 Routing 172

7.5 ATM 174

7.6 Frame Relay 176

7.6.1 Definitions 176

7.6.2 Functionality 176

7.7 LAN and MAN 177

7.7.1 IEEE 802.1 (Bridging) 177

7.7.2 IEEE 802.2 (LLC) 177

7.7.3 IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) 177

7.7.4 IEEE 802.4 (Token Bus) 181

x Contents

7.7.5 IEEE 802.5 (Token Ring) 181

7.7.6 IEEE 802.6 (MAN) 182

7.7.7 IEEE 802.7 (Broadband LAN via Coaxial) 182

7.7.8 IEEE 802.8 (Fiber Optic TAG) 182

7.7.9 IEEE 802.9 (ISLAN) 182

7.7.10 IEEE 802.10 (Interoperable LAN Security) 183

7.7.11 IEEE802.il (WLAN) 183

7.7.12 IEEE 802.12 (100BaseVG) 184

7.7.13 IEEE 802.13 (Unused) 184

7.7.14 IEEE 802.14 (Cable Modems) 184

7.7.15 IEEE 802.15 (Wireless PAN) 184

7.7.16 IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) 186

7.7.17 IEEE 802.17 (Resilient Packet Ring) 187

7.7.18 IEEE 802.18 (Radio Regulatory TAG) 187

7.7.19 IEEE 802.19 (Coexistence TAG) 187

7.7.20 IEEE 802.20 (Mobile Broadband Wireless Access) 187

7.7.21 IEEE 802.21 (Media Independent Handoff) 188

7.7.22 IEEE 802.22 (Wireless Regional Area Network) 188

7.7.23 IEEE 802.23 (Emergency Services Working Group) 188

7.7.24 IEEE 802.24 (Smart Grid TAG) 188

7.7.25 IEEE 802.25 (Omni-Range Area Network) 188

7.8 Wi-Fi 189

7.8.1 Standardization 189

7.8.2 Wi-Fi Authentication and Accounting 191

7.8.3 Wi-Fi Offloading 195

7.8.4 Wi-Fi Roaming 198

7.9 Inter-Operator Networks 202

7.9.1 Introduction 202

7.9.2 Overview 202

7.9.3 Different Solutions 203

References 204

8 Telecommunications Network Services and Applications 207



8.2 Voice 207

8.3 Messaging 208

8.4 Audio and Video 210

8.4.1 Streaming 210

8.5 Health Care 212

8.6 Education 212

8.7 CSTA 213

8.8 Advanced Telecommunications Functionalities 214

8.8.1 Email 214

8.8.2 Videoconferencing 216

8.8.3 Telecommuting 217

8.8.4 Advanced Applications 217

Contents xi

8.9 Business Exchange 218

8.10 Public IP Network Develops to NGN 218

8.10.1 IMS Architecture 219

8.10.2 SIP 221

8.11 Voice Service Access Points 222

8.11.1 VoIP as a Solution for Fixed Communications Networks 223

8.11.2 Residential Areas 223

8.11.3 Business Environment 224

8.12 Mobile Services 224

8.12.1 Mobile Exchange 226

8.12.2 The CAPEX and OPEX of Mobile Exchange 234

8.12.3 Deployment of the Mobile Exchange 236

References 236

9 Transmission Networks 237

Jyrki T. J. Penttinen and Juha Kallio


9.2 Physical Transmission Systems 237

9.3 Coding Techniques 238

9.3.1 Unipolar Format 239

9.3.2 Bipolar Format 240

9.3.3 Modified AMI Codes 240

9.3.4 Delta Modulation 241

9.4 PCM 241


9.5 Coding Techniques 243

9.6 PDH 245

9.7 SDH 245

9.8 WDM 246

9.9 Carrier Ethernet Transport 247

9.10 IP Multimedia Subsystem 250

9.10.1 IMS Architecture 250

9.11 Case Example: LTE Transport 257

9.11.1 Ethernet Transport 257

9.12 Cloud Computing and Transport 257

References 259

10 Modulation and Demodulation 261

Patrick Marsch and Jyrki Penttinen


10.2 General 261

10.3 Analog Modulation Methods 262

10.3.1 Amplitude Modulation 262

10.3.2 Frequency Modulation 262

10.3.3 Phase Modulation 263

10.4 Digital Modulation and Demodulation 264

10.4.1 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) 265

xii Contents

10.4.2 Phase Shift Keying (PSK) 266

10.4.3 Combinations of ASK and PSK 267

10.4.4 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) 268

10.4.5 Modulation from a Mathematical Perspective 269

10.4.6 Pulse Shaping and Power Spectral Density of Modulated Signals 269

10.4.7 Typical Transmitter- and Receiver-Side Signal Processing 271

10.4.8 Digital Modulation Schemes Used in Practical Systems 274

10.4.9 Multiplexing, Multiple Access and Duplexing 276

10.4.10 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex 277

References 280

11 3GPP Mobile Communications: GSM 281



11.2 Development of GSM 281

11.3 Specification of GSM 285

11.4 Architecture of GSM 286

11.4.1 General 286

11.4.2 Area Specifications 287

11.4.3 The Base Station Subsystem (BSS) 288

11.4.4 Network Switching Subsystem (NSS) 291

11.4.5 Operations Subsystem 293

11.5 Functionality of GSM 294

11.5.1 Frequencies 294

11.5.2 Channels 296

11.5.3 Traffic Channels 297

11.5.4 Control Channels 297

11.5.5 Multiframes 300

11.5.6 Channel Configurations 302

11.6 Numbering of GSM 303

11.6.1 Subscriber Numbering 303

11.6.2 Mobile Numbers 30611.6.3 Network Numbering 30711.6.4 Other Numbers 308

11.7 GSM Data 308

11.7.1 Principles 30811.7.2 The Network Architecture 310

11.7.3 GPRS Interfaces 314

11.7.4 Special GSM Solutions 31511.7.5 Machine-to-Machine Communications 31511.7.6 Energy Saving Functionalities 316

11.7.7 Smartphone Signaling Optimization 316

11.8 Dual Half Rate 31711.8.1 The Functionality and Usability of OSC 31811.8.2 Effect of OSC on Capacity 31911.8.3 OSC Radio Performance Analysis 327

Contents xiii

11.8.4 OSC Radio Performance Model 33111.8.5 Complete OSC Model 337

11.9 DFCA 341

11.9.1 Dynamic Frequency and Channel Allocation Principle 341

11.9.2 Joint OSC and DFCA Performance 342

11.10 EDGE 349

11.10.1 Technical Features 35011.10.2 GERAN-Architecture 350

11.10.3 The Functioning of the EDGE 352

11.10.4 Channel Coding 352

11.10.5 Multifunctioning 353

11.11 DLDC 354

11.11.1 Installation Aspects 354

11.11.2 Time Slot Allocation 355

11.11.3 Feature Functionality 355

11.11.4 Case Study of DLDC Performance 358

11.11.5 Test Cases and Results 360

11.11.6 Analysis 366

11.12 EDGE2 366

References 367

12 3GPP Mobile Communications: WCDMA and HSPA 371

Patrick Marsch, Michal Maternia, Michal Panek, Ali Yaver, Ryszard Dokuczaland Rybakowski Marcin

12.1 Network Architecture 371

12.1.1 Node B - Base Station 372

12.1.2 Radio Network Controller 373

12.1.3 UTRAN Interfaces 375

12.2 Physical Layer Aspects 376

12.2.1 Spreading and Scrambling 376

12.2.2 Channel Estimation 378

12.2.3 Equalization 379

12.2.4 Power Control 380

12.2.5 Data Transmission in WCDMA and HSPA 381

12.2.6 Overview on Transport Channels and Physical Channels 386

12.3 Radio Interface Procedures 387

12.3.1 Cell Search Procedure 391

12.3.2 Synchronization 392

12.3.3 Cell Update 393

12.3.4 Paging 395

12.3.5 Call Setup 395

12.3.6 Scheduling 396

12.3.7 Handover and Soft Handover 400

12.4 WCDMA/HSPA Evolution since Release 5 402

12.4.1 Multicarrier 402

12.4.2 MIMO 406

12.4.3 Multiflow 407

xiv Contents

12.4.4 Heterogeneous Networks 408

12.4.5 Self-Organizing Networks 410

12.5 Planning and Dimensioning of WCDMA/HSPA Networks 410

12.5.1 Typical Frequency Usage 410

12.5.2 Capacity and Coverage Optimization 412

12.5.3 Location Areas Size vs Paging Load 415

References 415

13 3GPP Mobile Communications: LTE/SAE and LTE-A 417

Jacek Gora, Krystian Safjan, Jarosiaw Lachowski, Agnieszka Szufarska, Stanislaw Strzyz,

Szymon Stefanski, Damian Kolmas, Jyrki T. J. Penttinen, Francesco D. Calabrese,

Guillaume Monghal, Mohammad Anas, Luis Maestro, Juha Kallio and Olli Ramula


13.2 Architecture 418

13.3 Elements 419

13.4 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network 422

13.4.1 eNodeB 422

13.4.2 User Equipment 424

13.4.3 S-GW 424

13.4.4 P-GW 425

13.4.5 MME 425

13.4.6 Policy and Charging Resource Function (PCRF) 426

13.4.7 Home Subscription Server (HSS) 427

13.4.8 GSM and UMTS Domain 427

13.4.9 Packet Data Network 427

13.5 Interfaces 428

13.5.1 Uu Interface 428

13.5.2 X2 Interface 428

13.5.3 SI Interface 42913.5.4 S3 Interface 42913.5.5 S4 Interface 429

13.5.6 S5 Interface 429

13.5.7 S6a Interface 429

13.5.8 SI 1 Interface 42913.5.9 SGi 429

13.5.10 Gn/Gp 430

13.6 Protocol Stacks 43013.6.1 User Plane 43013.6.2 Control Plane 43113.6.3 Layer 1 432

13.6.4 Layer 2 43313.6.5 Layer 3 433

13.7 Layer 2 Structure 434

13.8 LTE Radio Network 43513.8.1 Introduction 435

13.9 LTE Spectrum 43613.10 Physical Layer 438

13.10.1 Principles of OFDMA and SC-FDMA 438

Contents xv

13.10.2 OFDM Transceiver Chain 442

13.10.3 Cyclic Prefix 442

13.10.4 Channel Estimation and Equalization 444

13.10.5 Modulation 444

13.10.6 Coding 444

13.10.7 Signal Processing Chain 445

13.11 SC-FDM and SC-FDMA 448

13.11.1 SC-FDM Transceiver Chain 449

13.11.2 PAPR Benefits 449

13.12 Frame Structure and Physical Channels 449

13.12.1 Downlink 451

13.12.2 Uplink 452

13.13 Physical Layer Procedures 453

13.13.1 Random Access 453

13.13.2 Timing Advance 453

13.13.3 Power Control 453

13.13.4 HARQ - Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request 454

13.14 User Mobility 455

13.14.1 Tracking Area Update 455

13.14.2 Handover 455

13.15 Radio Resource Management Procedures 457

13.15.1 Packet Scheduling 457

13.16 Link Adaptation 458

13.17 ICIC 459

13.17.1 Hard Frequency Reuse 459

13.17.2 Fractional Frequency Reuse 460

13.17.3 Soft Frequency Reuse 460

13.17.4 LTE Context 461

13.17.5 TDMelCIC 462

13.18 Reporting 463

13.18.1 CSI 463

13.18.2 CQI 464

13.18.3 RI 464

13.18.4 PMI 465

13.19 LTE Radio Resource Management 466

13.19.1 Introduction 466

13.19.2 QoS and Associated Parameters 466

13.20 RRM Principles and Algorithms Common to UL and DL 467

13.20.1 Connection Mobility Control 467

13.20.2 Admission Control 468

13.20.3 HARQ 471

13.20.4 Link Adaptation 471


13.20.6 Load Balancing 475

13.21 Uplink RRM 477

13.21.1 Packet Scheduling: Specific UL Constraints 477

13.21.2 Link Adaptation 478

13.21.3 Uplink Signaling for Scheduling and Link Adaptation Support 479

xw Contents

13.22

13.23

13.24

13.25

13.26

13.27

13.28

13.29

Downlink RRM 482

13.22.1 Channel Quality, Feedback and Link Adaptation 482


13.22.3 Intercell Interference Control 484

Intra-LTE Handover 485

LTE Release 8/9 Features 487

13.24.1 MIMO 487

13.24.2 Diversity MIMO 488

13.24.3 Spatial Multiplexing 489

13.24.4 Beamforming 491

13.24.5 Self-Organizing Networks 491

13.24.6 Self-Configuration Rel. 8 491

13.24.7 Self-Configuration in Preoperational State 492

13.24.8 Physical Cell Identifier Selection 492

13.24.9 Automatic Neighbor Cell Configuration and X2 Setup 493

13.24.10 Self-Optimization Rel. 9 493

13.24.11 Mobility Robustness Optimization 494

13.24.12 Mobility Load Balancing 494

13.24.13 Energy Savings 494

13.24.14 RACH Optimization 495

13.24.15 Heterogeneous Networks 495

13.24.16 Node Types (LTE Context) 496

LTE-Advanced Features (Rel. 10) 496

13.25.1 Requirements for LTE-Advanced 496

13.25.2 Motivation and Targets 497

13.25.3 Advanced MIMO 497

13.25.4 Carrier Aggregation 498

13.25.5 Relaying 500

13.25.6 Cooperative Multipoint 502

LTE Transport and Core Network 504

13.26.1 Functionality ofTransport Elements 504

13.26.2 Transport Modules 504

13.26.3 LTE Transport Protocol Stack 505

13.26.4 Ethernet Transport 505

13.26.5 IP Address Differentiation 505

13.26.6 Traffic Prioritization on IP Layer 505

13.26.7 Traffic Prioritization on Ethernet Layer 505

13.26.8 VLAN Based Traffic Differentiation 505

13.26.9 IPSec 505

13.26.10 Synchronization 506

13.26.11 Timing Over Packet 50613.26.12 Synchronous Ethernet 506

Transport Network 506

13.27.1 Carrier Ethernet Transport 50813.27.2 Transport for SI-U Interface 509Core Network 509

Charging 510

Contents xvii

13.29.1 Offline Charging 510

13.29.2 Charging Data Record 512

13.29.3 Online Charging 512

References 513

14 Wireless LAN and Evolution 515



14.2 WLAN Standards 515

14.3 IEEE802.il (Wi-Fi) 515

14.3.1 Wi-Fi Variants 516

14.3.2 Wi-Fi and Other Wireless Networks 522

14.3.3 Security Aspects 523

14.4 IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) 524

14.4.1 WiMAX Standardization 525

14.4.2 WiMAX Frequencies 525

14.4.3 Technology for WiMAX Deployments 525

14.4.4 Architecture of WiMAX 526

14.4.5 Marketing Aspects 527

14.4.6 Applications 528

14.5 Evolved IEEE 802.16 (4G) 529

14.5.1 General 529

14.5.2 Impacts of IEEE 802.16m on Network Planning 531

14.5.3 Applications and Key Functionalities 533

14.6 Comparison of Wireless Technologies 534

14.6.1 Other Connectivity Methods 534

14.6.2 The Future 534

References 536

15 Terrestrial Broadcast Networks 537



15.2 Analog Systems 537

15.2.1 Radio 537

15.2.2 Television 538

15.3 Digital Radio 539

15.3.1 Principle 539

15.4 Digital Television 540

15.4.1 DVB 540

15.4.2 DVB-T 540

15.4.3 DVB-H 541

15.4.4 ISDB-T 548

15.4.5 ATSC 548

15.4.6 MBMS/eMBMS 548

15.4.7 CMAS 551

References ^52

xviii Contents

16 Satellite Systems: Communications 555



16.2 Principles of Satellite Systems 556

16.2.1 General 556

16.2.2 Orbits 556

16.2.3 Frequencies 558

16.2.4 Characteristics of Satellite Systems 559


16.2.6 Equipment 560

16.2.7 System Architecture 561

16.2.8 Satellite Antennas 561

16.2.9 Challenges in Satellite Communications 565

16.3 Voice and Data Services 569

16.4 Broadcast Satellite Systems 571


16.4.2 Formats 571

16.4.3 Satellite TV 573

16.4.4 Satellite Audio and Radio 573

16.5 Standardization 574

16.6 Commercial Satellite Systems 577

16.6.1 ACeS 577

16.6.2 Telstar 578

16.6.3 Globalstar 579

16.6.4 ORBCOMM 581

16.6.5 Mars Odyssey 582

16.6.6 SkyBridge 582

16.6.7 Iridium 585

16.6.8 Molniya 589

16.6.9 Teledesic 590

16.6.10 ICO/Pendrell 590

16.6.11 Inmarsat 590

16.6.12 Thuraya 593

16.6.13 MSAT/SkyTerra 593

16.6.14 TerreStar 594

16.6.15 VSAT 594

16.7 Radio Link Budget 595

16.7.1 Principle of the Link Budget 59516.7.2 Link Budget Forming 59616.7.3 Example of the Link Budget 597

References 601

17 Satellite Systems: Location Services and Telemetry 603


17.1 General 603

17.2 GPS 60417.2.1 Background 604

Contents xix

17.2.2 System Architecture 60517.2.3 Frequencies 60717.2.4 Functionality 607

17.3 GALILEO 608

17.3.1 General 608

17.3.2 European Variant 60917.4 Positioning Systems: Other Initiatives 614

17.4.1 GLONASS 61417.4.2 BeiDou/COMPASS 615

17.4.3 QZSS 615

17.4.4 IRNSS 615

17.5 Space Research 61617.6 Weather and Meteorological Satellites 616

17.6.1 Geostationary Satellites 616

17.6.2 Polar Orbiting Satellites 617

17.7 Military Systems 617

17.7.1 Orbits 618

References 619

18 Other and Special Networks 621

Pertti Virtanen and Jyrki T. J. Penttinen

18.1 IS-95 621

18.1.1 General 621

18.1.2 Standards 621

18.1.3 CDMA Principles 622

18.1.4 Network Architecture 623

18.2 CDMA2000 624

18.2.1 General 624

18.3 TETRA 625

18.3.1 TETRA I 626

18.3.2 TETRA II 629

18.3.3 Security 632

18.3.4 Benefits 632

18.3.5 Key Services 635


References 640

19 Security Aspects ofTelecommunications: 3GPP Mobile Networks 641



19.2 Basic Principles of Protection 641

19.3 GSM Security 642

19.3.1 SIM 643

19.3.2 Authentication and Authorization 643

19.3.3 Encryption of the Radio Interface 644

19.3.4 Encryption of IMSI 646

xx Contents

19.3.5 Other GSM Security Aspects 646

19.3.6 Potential Security Weaknesses of GSM 647

19.4 UMTS Security 647

19.5 LTE Security 649

19.5.1 Security Process 649

19.5.2 Network Attack Types in LTE/SAE 649

19.5.3 Preparation for the Attacks 650

19.5.4 Certificates 653

19.5.5 LTE Transport Security 654

19.5.6 Traffic Filtering 655

19.5.7 Radio Interface Security 655

19.6 LTE/SAE Service Security: Case Example 659

19.6.1 General 659

19.6.2 IPSec 660

19.6.3 IPSec Processing and Security Gateway 661

19.6.4 Single Tunnel with Dedicated Tunnel Interfaces 66319.6.5 Single Tunnel with Shared Tunnel Interfaces 663

19.6.6 Multiple Tunnels with Dedicated Tunnel Interfaces 663

19.6.7 Multiple Tunnels with Shared Tunnel Interfaces 663

19.6.8 Summary 663

19.7 Authentication and Authorization 663

19.8 Customer Data Safety 66519.9 Lawful Interception 665

References 668

20 Planning of 2G Networks 669


20.1 General Planning Guidelines for Fixed Networks 669

20.1.1 General 66920.1.2 Planning of the Networks 670

20.2 Capacity Planning 67220.3 Coverage Planning 675

20.3.1 Link Budget 67520.3.2 Radio Wave Propagation Models 677

20.4 Frequency Planning 67920.4.1 C/I Ratio 679

20.5 Parameter Planning 68120.6 Network Measurements 68320.7 Effects of Data Services on GSM Planning 684

20.7.1 Capacity Planning 68420.7.2 Coverage Area Planning 70020.7.3 Frequency Planning 71020.7.4 Parameter Planning 712

20.8 Other Planning Considerations 71420.8.1 Multilayer Networks 71420.8.2 Variation of the Load

71520.8.3 Vegetation and Weather Conditions 715

Contents xxi

20.8.4 Quality of Service Levels 71620.8.5 Transmission 716

20.8.6 The Effect of the Applications 717

20.8.7 The Usability of GPRS Data 718

20.9 GSM/GPRS Measurement and Simulation Techniques 722

20.9.1 GPRS Measurement Devices 722

20.9.2 The C/I Measured from the Network 72220.9.3 Conclusions 726

20.10 Simulations 729

20.10.1 Interference Level Simulator 729

20.10.2 Simulation Considerations 729

20.10.3 Simulations: Example 731

20.10.4 Results 734

References 741

21 Planning of Advanced 3G Networks 743



21.2 Radio Network Planning Process 743

21.3 Nominal Network Planning 746

21.3.1 Quality of Service 746

21.4 Capacity Planning 749

21.5 Coverage Planning 750

21.5.1 Radio Link Budget 751

21.5.2 Radio Propagation Models 754

21.5.3 Frequency Planning 757

21.5.4 Other Planning Aspects 757

21.6 Self-Optimizing Network 757

21.7 Parameter Planning 759

21.7.1 eNodeB Transmitter Power 763

21.7.2 Calculation of Downlink Interference Margin 771

21.7.3 Path Loss Prediction 773

21.7.4 Frequency Planning 776

References 776

22 Planning of Mobile TV Networks 777



22.2 High-Level Network Dimensioning Process 777

22.2.1 Capacity Planning 778

22.2.2 Coverage and QoS Planning 782

22.2.3 Propagation Models 788

22.2.4 Safety Distance 791

22.2.5 Cost Prediction 791

22.3 Detailed Radio Network Design 795

22.3.1 Identifying the Planning Items 795

22.3.2 Detailed Network Planning Process 796

xxii Contents

22.3.3 Capacity Planning

22.3.4 Coverage Planning

22.3.5 Local Measurements

22.3.6 Effect of SFN

22.4 Radiation Limitations

22.5 Cost Prediction and Optimization22.5.1 Cost Optimization in Noninterfered Network

22.5.2 Cost Optimization in Interfered SFN Network

References

23 Planning of Core Networks

Jyrki T. J. Penttinen and Jukka Hongisto

23.1 Introduction

23.2 General Planning Guidelines for Fixed Networks

23.3 Planning of the Networks

23.4 Capacity Planning23.5 Network Evolution from 2G/3G PS Core to EPC

23.5.1 3GPP R8 Requirements for LTE Support in Packet Core Network 840

23.5.2 Introducing LTE in Operator Network 841

23.6 Entering Commercial Phase: Support for Multimode LTE/3G/2G Terminals with

Pre-Release 8 SGSN 841

23.6.1 Support for Multimode LTE/3G/2G Terminals with Release 8 Network 842

23.6.2 Optimal Solution for 2G/3G SGSN and MME from Architecture Point of View 843

23.7 SGSN/MME Evolution 845

23.7.1 Requirements to MME Functionality in LTE Networks 845

23.8 Case Example: Commercial SGSN/MME Offering 846

23.8.1 Nokia Siemens Networks Flexi Network Server 846

23.8.2 Aspects to Consider in SGSN/MME Evolution Planning 846

23.9 Mobile Gateway Evolution 847

23.9.1 Requirements to Mobile Gateway in Mobile Broadband Networks 847

23.10 Case Example: Commercial GGSN/S-GW/P-GW Offering 847

23.10.1 Nokia Siemens Networks Flexi Network Gateway 847

23.10.2 Aspects to Consider in GGSN/S-GW/P-GW Evolution Planning 848

23.11 EPC Network Deployment and Topology Considerations 848

23.11.1 EPC Topology Options 848

23.11.2 EPC Topology Evolution 849

23.12 LTE Access Dimensioning 850

Reference 851

24 EMF - Radiation Safety and Health Aspects 853

Jouko Rautio and Jyrki T. J. Penttinen


24.2 The EMF Question 856

24.3 The Scientific Principle and Process: The Precautionary Principle 856

24.4 The Expert Organizations and Regulation 858

24.5 Some Topics of the EMF Debate 860

24.5.1 Cancer 860

796

797

799

806

818

819

819

822

830

835

835

835

836

838

840

Contents xxiii

24.5.2 Electro Hypersensitivity 861

24.5.3 The Children's Issue 862

24.5.4 So-Called Funding Bias 863

24.5.5 Ana-Digi 864

24.6 SAR 864

24.7 The Safety Distance and Installation 866

24.8 Summing Up 869

24.9 High-Power Network Planning 870

24.9.1 Introduction of DVB-H Interference Estimation 871

24.9.2 Safety Aspects 872

24.9.3 EMC Limits 877

24.9.4 Conclusions 880

References 880

25 Deployment and Transition of Telecommunication Systems 883

Michat Maternia


25.2 Why to Deploy Wireless Systems 883

25.3 Transition of Telecommunication Systems 885

25.4 Network Deployments 886

25.4.1 1G Systems 886

25.4.2 2G Systems 887

25.4.3 2G Evolution from GSM to EDGE 889

25.4.4 3G Systems 891

25.4.5 Evolution of 3G Networks 893

25.4.6 4G Systems Considerations 895

25.4.7 Can HSPA+ Become a 4G System? 897

25.4.8 4G Systems 897

25.5 Spectrum Considerations for Network Transition 900

25.6 Terminals Support for the Network Transition 904

25.7 Evolution of Macro Sites and Deployment of Small Cells 906

25.8 Beyond 4G Systems: 5G 910

25.9 Challenges and Possibilities 911

References 913

26 Wireless Network Measurements 915



26.2 Principles of Radio Interface Measurements 915

26.3 GSM/GPRS 915

26.3.1 GSM/GPRS Measurement Devices 915

26.3.2 The C/I Measured from the Network 916

26.4 LTE 921

26.4.1 Principle 921

26.4.2 LTE Traffic Simulators 923

26.4.3 Typical LTE Measurements 925

26.4.4 Type Approval Measurements 926

xxiv Contents

26.4.5 Modulation Error Measurements 927

26.4.6 LTE Performance Simulations 927

26.5 LTE Field Measurements 928

26.5.1 Typical Field Test Environment 929

26.5.2 Test Network Setup 930

26.5.3 Test Case Selection 933

26.5.4 Items to Assure 933

References 934

Index 935

engineering guidelines for fixed, - gbv.de filethetelecommunicationshandbook engineering guidelines...

Documents