engineering design: seeking sustainable solutions
TRANSCRIPT
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Engineering Design: Seeking Sustainable
Solutions
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Objectives
By the end of this unit, students will be able to:
1.Broaden design alternatives by brainstorming sustainable alternatives.
2.Use the sustainable design tables to incorporate sustainability into alternatives analysis.
3. Incorporate sustainability into economic analysis by:
• Conducting life cycle cost analysis• Including environmental benefits in cost-benefit analysis
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Engineering Design: Seeking Sustainable Solutions
• Review of sustainability and the engineering design process
• 3 strategies for more sustainable design:
1. Broaden design alternatives
2. Incorporate sustainability into alternatives analysis
3. Incorporate sustainability into economic analysis
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Review of Sustainability Concepts
What is Sustainability?
• Meeting society’s present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. (Brundtland Commission, 1987)
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Review of Sustainability Concepts
Triple Bottom Line Solutions
• Good for the environment
• Good for economics
• Good for society
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Review of Sustainability Concepts
The 3 Pillars• People
– Fair practices for all people and does not exploit interest of separate parties based on money, status or growth.
• Planet– Management of renewable and non renewable
resources while reducing waste.
• Profit– Financial benefit enjoyed by the majority of society.
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Steps in the Engineering Design Process
1. Define the problem– Product or customer requirements, functions and features
2. Brainstorm alternative solutions– Products, structures, or processes
3. Prepare preliminary/conceptual design for each alternative
4. Compare alternatives– Includes establishing criteria and conducting alternatives analysis
– Includes economic analysis
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Steps in the Engineering Design Process
5. Choose an alternative
6. Perform detailed design on chosen alternative
7. Build/test, modify as needed
• Real-world example
• At what steps could you consider sustainability?
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Considering Sustainability in the Engineering Design Process
1. Define the problem– Product or customer requirements, functions and features
2. Brainstorm alternative solutions– Products, structures, or processes
3. Prepare preliminary/conceptual design for each alternative
Sustainability
Sustainability
Sustainability
SustainabilitySteps in bright green will be considered in this lesson.
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Considering Sustainability in the Engineering Design Process
4. Compare alternatives– Includes establishing criteria and conducting alternatives
analysis
– Includes economic analysis
5. Choose an alternative
6. Perform detailed design on chosen alternative
7. Build/test, modify as needed
Sustainability
Sustainability
Sustainability
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3 Strategies for More Sustainable Design
1. Broaden design alternatives
2. Incorporate sustainability into alternatives analysis
3. Incorporate sustainability into economic analysis
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1. Broaden Design Alternatives
• When brainstorming, consider “out of the box” alternatives that may be more sustainable than ordinary ones.
• Sustainable options may or may not be justified in terms of capital cost or other factors.
– Consideration important– More sustainable alternative may turn out to be superior,
especially if sustainability is considered in alternatives analysis and economics analysis
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1. Broaden Design Alternatives
Traditional CE Alternatives
Asphalt Road Concrete Road
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1. Broaden Design Alternatives
More Sustainable CE Alternatives
Recycled Asphalt Road
Recycled Asphalt Road with a Bike
Lane
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1. Broaden Design Alternatives
Traditional CE Alternatives
Concrete channel with a rectangular cross-section Concrete channel
with a trapezoidal cross-section
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1. Broaden Design Alternatives
More Sustainable CE Alternative
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1. Broaden Design Alternatives
Traditional CE Alternative
Customary Site Design
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1. Broaden Design Alternatives
More Sustainable CE Alternative
Implements Non-Structural Runoff Control
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1. Broaden Design Alternatives
Traditional CE Alternatives
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1. Broaden Design Alternatives
More Sustainable CE Alternative
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1. Broaden Design Alternatives
Traditional ME Alternatives
Gasoline Powered Chevy Malibu
Gasoline Powered Nissan Altima Coupe
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1. Broaden Design Alternatives
More Sustainable ME Alternatives
Tesla Electric Car• 220 miles on a charge• 0 to 60 in 3.9 seconds
Smart Fortwo
• 2 passengers
• 3-cylinder engine
• 33 mpg city/41 highway
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1. Broaden Design Alternatives
More Sustainable ME Alternatives
Honda FC Hydrogen Car
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1. Broaden Design Alternatives
Traditional ME/EE Alternatives
Coal-fired power plant
Natural gas-fired power plant
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1. Broaden Design Alternatives
More Sustainable ME/EE Alternatives
Solar power facility Wind farm
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1. Broaden Design Alternatives
More Sustainable ME/EE Alternative
Coal-fired plant with carbon capture and sequestration
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1. Broaden Design Alternatives
More Sustainable IE Alternative
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More Sustainable IE Alternative
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Practice Brainstorming Sustainable Design Alternatives
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2. Incorporate Sustainability into Alternatives Analysis
Traditional Engineering Design Criteria:
• Function• Cost (capital and operating/maintenance)• Safety• Constructability• Durability• Aesthetic appeal
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2. Incorporate Sustainability into Alternatives Analysis
Sustainable Engineering Design Criteria:
The previous list plus:• Impact on people (society)• Impact on the planet (environment)
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2. Incorporate Sustainability into Alternatives Analysis
Sustainability Aspects to Consider in Engineering Design
Life Cycle Stage →Sustainability Aspect ↓
1. Materials Acquisition
2. Construc-
tion
3. Use 4. Demolition
a. Material use
b. Energy use
c. Water use
d. Solid waste generation
e. Emissions generation
f. Toxic releases
g. Land impact
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2. Incorporate Sustainability into Alternatives Analysis
Sustainable Design Tables
• Handout
• Exercise
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3. Incorporate Sustainability into Economic Analysis
Methods of Comparing Alternatives
• Present worth, annual payments, future worth analysis
• Break-even comparisons
• Rate of return (ROR), incremental rate of return (IROR) analysis
• Cost-benefit analysis
Life cycle cost analysis
Quantify environmental benefits
Use a lower discount rate
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3. Incorporate Sustainability into Economic Analysis
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
• In choosing among engineering project/product alternatives, consider life cycle costs, or the total cost of ownership over the life of the project/product.
• Also called “cradle to grave" or "womb to tomb" costs.
• Useful in present worth, annual payments, future worth analysis (methods that compare costs of alternatives), and in break-even comparisons if benefits are not included
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3. Incorporate Sustainability into Economic Analysis
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
• Phases of project/product life to consider:– Planning – Design – Construction/production– Operations – Maintenance, renewal/rehabilitation – Replacement or disposal
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3. Incorporate Sustainability into Economic Analysis
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
• What phases of project/product life cycle are traditionally considered in alternatives analysis?
• Why might using full life cycle cost analysis benefit the environment?
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3. Incorporate Sustainability into Economic Analysis
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Example problem
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3. Incorporate Sustainability into Economic Analysis
Quantify Environmental Benefits
Methods of comparing alternatives that include benefits:
• Rate of return (ROR), incremental rate of return (IROR) analysis
• Cost-benefit analysis
In evaluating benefits, be sure to quantify environmental benefits so they are not excluded.
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3. Incorporate Sustainability into Economic Analysis
Quantify Environmental Benefits
• Suppose that a city is doing a cost-benefit analysis for how to use a piece of land. Two alternatives include:
1. Allowing a developer to construct a shopping mall, and
2. The “do nothing” alternative – leave the land as a forest.
• How would you quantify the costs associated with each alternative?
• How would you quantify the benefits associated with each alternative?
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3. Incorporate Sustainability into Economic Analysis
Quantify Environmental Benefits
• Quantifying environmental benefits is typically difficult, so environmental benefits historically have often been left out.
Ways to quantify environmental benefits:• Surrogate markets• Surveys
– Willingness to pay to visit a park– Willingness to pay to use an HOV lane–
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3. Incorporate Sustainability into Economic Analysis
Quantify Environmental Benefits
Ways to quantify environmental benefits:
• Health benefits
– Air pollution caused by an industry may cause people to miss work. A dollar value can be assigned to missed work using salaries. Installing an air pollution control device would have a quantifiable health benefit of fewer people missing work.
– Health care costs attributable to air quality
–
• Other
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3. Incorporate Sustainability into Economic Analysis
Quantify Environmental Benefits
• Cost-benefit analysis: Used to choose among engineering project/product alternatives
• For each project alternative, calculate the ratio of benefits to costs, with all benefits and costs adjusted for the time value of money (typically everything is adjusted to present).
• Choose the option with the highest benefit-cost ratio or net benefit
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3. Incorporate Sustainability into Economic Analysis
Quantify Environmental Benefits
• PVB (present value of benefits)
• PVC (present value of costs)
• BCR (benefit cost ratio) = PVB / PVC
• Net benefit = PVB - PVC
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3. Incorporate Sustainability into Economic Analysis
Quantify Environmental Benefits
Example problem – Cost-benefit analysis
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3. Incorporate Sustainability into Economic Analysis
Use a Lower Discount Rate
• Another way to consider sustainability in all types of economic analysis: use a lower discount rate
• A high discount rate implies a very low value on the welfare of future generations
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Summary