engaging with positive psychology: possibilities for …1 engaging with positive psychology:...
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Engaging with Positive
Psychology: Possibilities
for sports coaches and
coach developers
Dr Abbe Brady
Bridget Grenville Cleave
Professor Tony Ghaye
Aim: using selected concepts to illustrate how PP
may be valuable for coaches & coach developers
Introduce Positive Psychology
Café Activity
Applying Positive Psychology
Sharing ideas Q&A
QUIZ - What human characteristic is causally linked with all of
the following?
• Greater progress towards important personal goals (Emmons & McCullough,
2008)
• Employing productive coping strategies (Wood, Joseph & Linley, 2007)
• Having more positive and beneficial social relationships (Bono et al., 2004)
• Better sleep duration and quality (Wood et al.,2009)
• Fewer symptoms of physical dysfunction (Emmons & McCullough, 2003),
• Being less materialistic (Polak & McCullough, 2006)
• Higher levels of positive emotions, vitality, hope, self-esteem, optimism
and life satisfaction (McCullough et al., 2004)
• Predicts psychological well-being above the Big Five facets of personality
(Woods, Joseph & Maltby, 2009)
• Fewer symptoms of depression, anxiety and negative affect (Kashdan
Uswatte & Julian, 2006)
What is ‘Positive Psychology’ (PP)?
An umbrella term - study of positive emotions, positive characteristics and enabling institutions
Research and theory in PP are intended to supplement, not to replace, what is known about human suffering, weakness and disorder.
‘A complete science and a complete practice of psychology should include an understanding of suffering and happiness, as well as their interaction, and validated interventions that both relieve suffering and increase happiness - two separable endeavours’.
(Seligman, Steen, Park and Peterson, 2005:410)
Deficit Abundance Ratio
Negative
emotions
Positive
emotions14:1
Anger Forgiveness 20:1
Fear Courage 28:1
Crime Virtue 13:1
Deficit and Abundance concepts in psychology
publications 1887-2000 (adapted from Myers, 2001)
The purpose of positive psychology
‘to begin to catalyze a change in
the focus of psychology from preoccupation only with repairing the worst things in life to also building positive qualities’
(Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000; 5)
http://www.estatevaults.com/bol/archives/integrating_mind_body_spirit/
2
+ 10
0
- 10
Conceptual boundaries in the functional location
of clinical psychology and positive psychology
Optimal
functioning
Neutral
function
Severe
dysfunction
Positive
psychology
Clinical
psychology
Aim: Review the prevalence of abundance
and deficit concepts in sport psychology
publications
Abundance concepts
refer to experiences,
qualities or behaviours
that are considered
worthy of increasing,
optimising, maintaining
and/or promoting.
Deficit concepts refer
to experiences,
qualities or behaviours
that are considered
worthy of reducing,
minimising, managing
and/or avoiding.
Concept (as noted in article title
with sport psychology as a
key search term)
Frequency of citation per time period
1980-85 1990-95 2000-05
Abundance
concepts
Confidence 10 14 24
Satisfaction 5 6 19
Flow 3 5 17
Self-esteem 9 8 10
Enjoyment 7 6 5
Well-being 0 3 9
Mental toughness 0 0 8
Fun 0 1 3
Pride 0 0 1
Happiness 1 0 0
Hardiness 0 1 0
Excitement 0 0 0
Deficit
concepts
Anxiety 68 71 66
Stress 36 82 71
Injury 9 24 38
Mood* 3 25 30
Abuse 5 19 25
Aggression 15 7 15
Fear 13 5 8
Eating disorder 0 4 17
Burnout 4 13 7
Depression 7 7 8
Violence 9 8 7
Pain 3 3 9
Table 1. Citation frequency data for deficit and abundance concepts in sport psychology
using the SPORTDiscus, socINDEX, psycARTICLES, and psycINFO databases Figure 3. Total database citations in sport psychology for
abundance and deficit concepts across 3 time periods
Developments in Positive Psychology
New knowledge landscape
Empirical research Theory development
Methodology Funding Publications
Associations Conferences EducationPositive
Psychology
PositiveEmotions
Gratitude
Relationships
Positive Education
Positive Therapy
AppreciativeInquiry
Strengths Savoring
Hope &Optimism
Growth Mindset
Creativity
Positive Health
Flow
Positive Business
Resilience
EmotionalIntelligence
Positive Communities
Self-efficacy
Meaning &Purpose
Motivation & Goals
Mindfulness
Time Perspectives
Autonomy
Psychological Capital
Positive Design
Positive Computing
Positive Ageing
Positive Leadership
Positive Traumatic
Growth
Sport & Exercise
Psychology
Positive Development
Positive Coaching
HumilityPassion
PositivePedagogy
PositiveCoping
Examples of
positive psychology
topics and applications (Brady & Grenville Cleave, in press)
Accomplish-ment
Love
Forgiveness
Kindness
Enjoyment
Excitement
Self-esteem
Confidence
Compassion
Empathy
Spirituality
Touch
Cooperation
Altruism
Awe
3
PositivePsychology
PositiveEmotions
Gratitude
Relationships
Positive Education
Positive Therapy
AppreciativeInquiry
Strengths Savoring
Hope &Optimism
Growth Mindset
Creativity
Positive Health
Flow
Positive Business
Resilience
EmotionalIntelligence
Positive Communities
Self-efficacy
Meaning &Purpose
Motivation & Goals
Mindfulness
Time Perspectives
Autonomy
Psychological Capital
Positive Design
Positive Computing
Positive Ageing
Positive Leadership
Positive Traumatic
Growth
Sport & Exercise
Psychology
Positive Development
Positive Coaching
HumilityPassion
PositivePedagogy
PositiveCoping
Examples of
positive psychology
topics and applications (Brady & Grenville Cleave, in press)
Accomplish-ment
Love
Forgiveness
Kindness
Enjoyment
Excitement
Self-esteem
Confidence
Compassion
Empathy
Spirituality
Touch
Cooperation
Altruism
Awe
Well-beingEudaimonic
SWB PWB
• Life satisfaction
• Positive affect
• Negative affect
• Autonomy
• Environmental
mastery
• Personal growth
• Positive relations
• Purpose in life• Self-acceptance
Hedonic
Coach well-being is a multidimensional,
positive and sustainable state that allows the
coach to thrive and flourish
Social engagement
Performance
Low SWB High SWB
Desirable conditions and SWB Broaden and Build Theory of Positive Emotions
(Fredrickson, 2001)
Sociability & activity
Positive construal of self & others
Prosocial behaviour
Physical health
benefits
Buffers stress & supports
coping
Healthy behaviours
Creativity &
problem-solving
Superior conflict
resolution skills
High PA short & long term
Antecedents via which affective well-being
impacts on performance directly and indirectly
Teri McKeever: Gratitude & Strengths
4
Activities
Character Strengths
Gratitude
Applications
Psychological Capital &
Strengths-based Leadership
Appreciative Reflection & Appreciative
Inquiry
Applications
Psychological Capital &
Strengths-based Leadership
Appreciative Reflection & Appreciative
Inquiry
• Positive psychological capital and strengths-based leadership in NGOs (USA Football)
• Appreciative Inquiry/Reflection British Triathlon & UKCC Level 4 coaches (Rowing & Equestrian)
How could
I use this
information?
Benefits of engaging with PP in coaching / coach development
• Rebalances problem-focus on development
• Supports holistic/human approach
• Relates to positive experiences close to the heart of why people engage in sport, coaching, coach dev.
• Well-being is increasingly recognised as significant for learning, development and performance
• Broadens view and extends vocabulary with which to think about supporting people’s development
5 Ways to Well-Being (NEF, 2008)
In addition to those listed, identify 3 different activities you enjoy and then for each activity tick which of the 5 ways the activity contributes to your well-being
Coaching Coach Development
Session
Walk in Nature
Be Active
Connect (with others)
Take Notice
Keep Learning
Give