energy/nutrient relations (ch. 7)
DESCRIPTION
Energy/Nutrient Relations (Ch. 7). Lecture Outline. 1) Major methods of gaining energy 2) Limitations on energy gain Plants Animals. Plants. Light curve ….Photosynthetic rate vs. light (photon flux density). Note P max at I sat P max = max. rate - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Energy/NutrientRelations (Ch. 7)
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Lecture Outline• 1) Major methods of gaining energy• 2) Limitations on energy gain
– Plants– Animals
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Plants• Light curve….Photosynthetic rate vs. light (photon flux
density). Note Pmax at Isat
• Pmax = max. rate
• Isat = light amt. when system saturated
Fig. 7.20
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Plants• Adiantum: fern in deep shade
– Sciophyte: shade-adapted plant
• Encelia: desert– Heliophyte: sun-adapted plant
Ps
Lite
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Plants• Sun/shade plant Pmax and Isat values
• Highest Pmax?
• Highest Isat?Fig. 7.21
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Lecture Outline• 1) Major methods of gaining energy• 2) Limitations on energy gain
– Plants– Animals
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What limits animal food intake?• Search time: find prey
• Handling time: subdue & process prey
Prey Density
Food IntakeRate
LoLo Hi
Hi
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Animal Functional Response Curves• Holling: 3 functional
responses (how food intake varies with prey density)
Fig. 7.22
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Animal Functional Response Curves• Type 1: Linear
– Little search or handling time (rare)
– Ex, filter feeders
Feather duster worm Fig. 7.22
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Animal Functional Response Curves• Type 2: Rate increases
faster than density– Partially limited by
search/handling time– Common!
Fig. 7.22
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Animal Functional Response Curves• Ex, moose feeding
Fig. 7.23
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Animal Functional Response Curves• Ex, wolf feeding
Fig. 7.24
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Animal Functional Response Curves• Type 3: S-shaped curve
(rare)– 1) Prey find safe sites at
low density– Or, – 2) Predator needs to learn
to handle prey efficiently
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Optimal Foraging• Principle: organisms cannot simultaneously
maximize all life functions.– Choose prey to maximize energy gain
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Optimal Foraging
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Optimal Foraging Theory• Model:• Ne = number prey encountered per unit time
• Cs = cost to search for prey• H = handling time• E = energy gained by consuming prey• Can calculate energy intake per unit time: E/T• E/T = (Ne1E1-Cs )/(1 + Ne1H1)• 1 refers to prey species 1
E: Energy gain minus CostTime: reflects handling prey
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• What if 2 prey?• E/T = (Ne1E1-Cs ) + (Ne2E2-Cs )
• 1 + Ne1H1 + Ne2H2
Optimal Foraging Theory
Ne = number prey encountered per unit time
Cs = cost to search for preyH = handling timeE = energy gained by consuming prey
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• What if 2 prey?• E/T = (Ne1E1-Cs ) + (Ne2E2-Cs )
• 1 + Ne1H1 + Ne2H2
• If optimal foraging: prey choice maximizes E/T– Ex: if 2 prey, prey #2 eaten if E/T for both prey
> E/T for prey #1 only
Optimal Foraging Theory
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• Does it work?• Ex, bluegill sunfish
Optimal Foraging Theory
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• Values calculated for prey in lab• Daphnia (water fleas), damselfly larvae, midge
larvae
Optimal Foraging Theory
midge
damselfly
water flea
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• Prey abundance documented (top)
• Equation predicts optimal prey size (mid)
• Fish stomachs examined (bottom)
• Does it work?• Yup...
Optimal Foraging Theory
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Optimal Foraging By Plants?
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Optimal Foraging By Plants?• Allocation to leaves, stems & roots
• Principle of Allocation: Energy allocated to obtain resource in shortest supply
– Do plants allocate to resource in shortest supply?– Where we see this before?
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Optimal Foraging By Plants?• Allocation to leaves, stems & roots
• Principle of Allocation: Energy allocated to resource in shortest supply
– Do plants allocate to resource in shortest supply?
• Where we see this before?
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Optimal Foraging By Plants• Ex, N in soil
Fig. 7.26
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THE END (material for knowledge demo #1)
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Population Genetics &Natural Selection (Ch. 4)
Who??
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Darwin• Proposed most important mechanism
evolution: natural selection
• Key points? (BIOL 1020)
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• Organisms over-reproduce (competition).• Offspring vary.
– Some differences heritable (transmitted between generations).
• Higher chance survival/reproduction: pass favorable traits to offspring
Natural Selection (BIOL 1020)
Define adaptation
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• Organisms over-reproduce (competition).• Offspring vary.
– Some differences heritable (transmitted between generations).
• Higher chance survival/reproduction: pass favorable traits to offspring
• Adaptation: Genetically determined trait with survival and/or reproductive advantages (improves “fitness”)
• Key: Trait heritable
Natural Selection (BIOL 1020)
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Gregor Mendel• Discovered genes (heritable units).
– Alternate forms: alleles.– Some (dominant alleles) prevent
expression others (recessive alleles)
Define….
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Evolution by Natural Selection• Adaptation: Genetically determined trait with
survival/reproductive advantages (improves “fitness”)– Genotype: Alleles for trait
– Phenotype: Expression of trait. May be affected by environment.
• Phenotypic plasticity: ability phenotype to change based on environment
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Evolution by Natural Selection• Adaptation: Genetically determined trait with survival
and/or reproductive advantages (improves “fitness”)• Depends on heritability (h2) trait (how “well”
transmitted)
h2 = VG / VP
• VG: Variability due to genetic effect
• VP: Total variability phenotype
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Evolution by Natural Selection• Heritability: h2 = VG / VP
• VG: Variability due to genetic effect
• VP: Total variability phenotype
• Phenotype influenced by both genes and environment
• Or, VP = VG + VE
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Evolution by Natural Selection
• Modified equation: h2 = VG / (VG + VE)
• h2 ranges 0-1 • If VG small, little heritability
• If VE large (lots phenotypic plasticity), little heritability
How measure?
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Measuring heritability• Linear Regression: Fits line to points
– Equation line: Y = m X + b
– m = slope (regression coefficient)
– b = Y intercept
– Regression coefficient: measures h2
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Variation Within Species• Many species’ populations differ
• How much variation due VG vs. VE?– Clausen, Keck, Hiesey (CA plants)
How test VG vs. VE?
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Variation Within Species• Common garden experiment: Grow same
location.
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Variation Within Species– Differences remain: genetic variation (VG)
– Differences disappear: phenotypic plasticity (VE)
Result?
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Variation Within Species• Found differences. • Populations form ecotypes: locally adapted to
environment– Same species (can interbreed)
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Variation Within Species• Do animal populations vary locally?• Chuckwalla (Sauromalus obesus)
– Herbivorous lizard (desert SW).
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Variation Within SpeciesFound at different elevationsRainfall amount & variation changes
Lizards biggerwhere more rain
Due to better environment (VE)or genetic (VG)? How test?
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Variation Within Species• Chuckwalla “Common garden” expt.• Genetic differences!
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Variation Within Species• Genetic differences suggest adaptations• Experiments: can show natural selection in populations?
Experiments: who am I?
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Adaptive Change in Lizards• Genus Anolis (anoles)
• Hundreds species New World
• Length hind leg reflects use vegetation
• Perch diameter
Anolis carolinensis
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Adaptive Change in Lizards• Experiment: lizards from 1 island (Staniel Cay) put on
islands with different vegetation• Do they evolve (limb size changes)?
Staniel Cay
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Adaptive Change in Lizards• Positive correlation (after 10-14 yr) between
vegetation and change morphology• Is this natural selection in action?
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Adaptive Change in Lizards• Positive correlation (after 10-14 yr) between
vegetation and change morphology• Is this natural selection in action? Probably. But
genetic change not shown
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Adaptation by Soapberry Bugs• Soapberry Bug (Jadera haematoloma) feeds on seeds• Beak pierces fruit walls
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Soapberry Bugs• Feeds on native or introduced plants
(fruit size varies)• Feed on bigger fruits: longer beaks• How test if differences genetic?
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Soapberry Bugs
• Raise bugs on common foods--beak length differences persisted
• Bugs adapted to different hosts: natural selection