nergy Notes SOLs 6.2, 6.9

6.2 The student will investigate and understand basic sources of energy, their origins, transformations, and uses. Key concepts includea)potential and kinetic energy;b)the role of the sun in the formation of most

energy sources on Earth;c)nonrenewable energy sources (fossil fuels

including petroleum, natural gas, and coal);d)renewable energy sources (wood, wind,

hydro, geothermal, tidal, and solar); and e) energy transformations (heat/light to

mechanical, chemical, or electrical energy).6.9 The student will investigate and understand

public policy decisions relating to the environment. Key concepts includea)management of renewable resources (water,

air, soil, plant life, animal life);b)management of nonrenewable resources

(coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear power, mineral resources).

Essential Understandings,Correlation to Textbooks and

Knowledge, and Skills Other Instructional Materials

The students should be able to

comprehend and apply basic terminology related to energy sources and transformations;

compare and contrast potential and kinetic energy through common examples found in the natural environment;

create and interpret a model or diagram of an energy transformation;

analyze and describe the transformations of energy involved with the formation and burning of coal and other fossil fuels;

compare and contrast renewable and nonrenewable energy sources;

design an investigation that demonstrates light energy being transformed into other forms of energy;

design an application of the use of solar and wind energy;

chart and analyze the energy a person uses during a 24-hour

period, and determine the sources;

compare and contrast energy sources in terms of their origins, ways they are utilized, and their availability;

analyze the advantages and disadvantages of using various energy sources;

analyze and describe how energy use in the U.S. has changed over time;

predict the potential impact of unanticipated energy shortages;

differentiate between renewable and nonrenewable resources;

analyze how renewable and nonrenewable resources are used and managed within the home, school, and community.

What are Matter and Energy?matter – is material such as rocks, water, air. energy – is what makes matter move!

Energy is causing things to happen all around us. The sun is giving out light and

heat energy. At night, street lamps are using electrical energy to make light. Cars driving by are being powered by gasoline, which contains stored energy. We eat food, which has energy in it and which our bodies use to play or study. Energy makes everything happen.Energy can be divided into two different types, depending on whether the energy is stored or moving: Potential energy is energy that is stored. Kinetic energy is energy that is moving.

http://citruscollege.com/pic/46/c05_05.jpg http://www.greenscreen.org/articles_sr/energy/images_potential_kinetic_energy/potential_kinetic.jpg

http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/science/formsofenergy.html ****

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ep4L18zOEYI&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1 solar road

KINETIC ENERGYKinetic

energy is motion––of

waves, electrons,

atoms, molecules, substances, and objects. Electrical Energy is the movement of electrical charges. Everything is made of tiny particles

called atoms. Atoms are made of even smaller

particles called electrons, protons, and neutrons.

Applying a force can make some of the electrons

move. Electrical charges moving through a wire is

called electricity. Lightning is another example of

electrical energy.

POTENTIAL ENERGY

Potential energy is stored

energy and the energy of position––gravitational

energy. There are several forms of potential energy.

Chemical Energy is energy

Radiant Energy is electromagnetic energy

that travels in transverse waves. Radiant energy includes visible light, x-

rays, gamma rays and radio waves. Light is one type of

radiant energy. Solar energy is an example of

radiant energy.

Thermal Energy, or heat, is the internal energy in

substances––the vibration and movement of the

atoms and molecules within substances. Geothermal energy is an example of

thermal energy.

Motion Energy is the movement of objects and

substances from one place to another. Objects and

substances move when a force is applied according

to Newton’s Laws of Motion. Wind is an example of

motion energy.

Sound is the movement of energy through substances

in longitudinal (compression/rarefaction) waves. Sound is produced when a force causes an object or substance to vibrate––the energy is

transferred through the substance in a wave.

stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules. It is the energy

that holds these particles together. Biomass, petroleum, natural gas, and propane are examples of stored chemical

energy.

Stored Mechanical Energy is energy stored in objects by

the application of a force. Compressed springs and

stretched rubber bands are examples of stored mechanical

energy.

Nuclear Energy is energy stored in the nucleus of an

atom––the energy that holds the nucleus together. The

energy can be released when the nuclei are combined or split apart. Nuclear power plants split the nuclei of

uranium atoms in a process called fission. The sun combines the nuclei of

hydrogen atoms in a process called fusion. Scientists are working on creating fusion energy on earth, so that

someday there might be fusion power plants.

Gravitational Energy is the energy of position or place. A rock resting at the top of a hill contains gravitational potential energy. Hydropower, such as water in a reservoir behind a

dam, is an example of gravitational potential energy.

http://www.usoe.k12.ut.us/CURR/Science/sciber00/8th/forces/sciber/potkin.htm

HISTORYIn 1807, Thomas Young was the first to use the term "energy", in its modern sense.

Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described "kinetic energy" in 1829 in its modern sense.

In 1853, William Rankine coined the term "potential energy." It was argued for some years whether energy was a substance (the caloric) or merely a physical quantity, such as momentum.

Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be changed, or transformed, into other forms. Law of Conservation of Energy

Energy is converted from one form to another. This principle, the conservation of energy, was first postulated in the early 19th century.

Although the total energy of a system does not

change with time, its value may depend on the frame of reference. For example, a seated passenger in a moving airplane has zero kinetic energy relative to the airplane, but nonzero kinetic energy relative to the earth.

Energy transformations can be USEFULL or NOT USEFULL/USELESS

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8AptjBylXlQ&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1 nice 3:50 minute video on energy transformation

http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/index.cfm great link for various tracking of energy use over time by type

Nuclear PowerIf reprocessing is undertaken only to reduce the radioactivity level of spent fuel it should be taken into account that spent nuclear fuel

becomes less radioactive over time. After 40 years its radioactivity drops by 99.9%,though it still takes over a

thousand years for the level of radioactivity to approach that of natural uranium.

http://library.thinkquest.org/17940/texts/fission/fission.html

Nuclear FissionAn atom's nucleus can be split apart. When this is done, a tremendous amount of energy is released. The energy is both heat and light energy. Einstein

said that a very small amount of matter contains a very LARGE amount of energy. This energy, when let out slowly, can be harnessed to generate electricity. When it is let out all at once, it can make a tremendous explosion in an atomic bomb.

A nuclear power plant (like Diablo Canyon Nuclear Plant shown on the

right) uses uranium as a "fuel." Uranium is an

element that is dug out of the ground many places around the world. It is processed into tiny pellets that are loaded into very long rods that are put into the power plant's reactor.

The word fission means to split apart. Inside the reactor of an atomic power plant, uranium atoms are split apart in a controlled chain reaction.

In a chain reaction, particles released by the splitting of the atom go off and strike other uranium atoms splitting those. Those particles given off split still other atoms in a chain reaction. In nuclear power plants, control rods are used to keep the splitting regulated so it doesn't go too fast.

If the reaction is not controlled, you could have an atomic bomb. But in atomic bombs, almost pure pieces of the element Uranium-235 or Plutonium, of a precise mass and shape, must be brought together and held together, with great force. These conditions are not present in a nuclear reactor.http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/chapter13.html

Hydrogen fuel cell

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8rofx6Gaz40&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active Honda car currently available

http://www.bydesign.com/fossilfuels/links/html/coal/coal_create.htmlSources of EnergyName: Date: Class:

Energy Source Advantages Disadvantages

Sun

Wind

Water motion: hydro

Water motion: tidal

Earth’s heat

Fossil fuels

Wood

Atomic fuel

http://www.worldcoal.org/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=100

BiomassOne of the greatest technical challenges is to develop ways to convert biomass energy specifically to liquid fuels for transportation. To achieve this, the two most common strategies are:

1. To grow sugar crops (sugar cane, sugar beet, and sweet sorghum [2] ), or starch (corn/maize), and then use yeast fermentation to produce ethanol (ethyl alcohol).

2. To grow plants that (naturally) produce oils, such as oil palm, soybean, algae, or jatropha. When these oils are heated, their viscosity is reduced, and they can be burned directly in a diesel engine, or the oils can be chemically processed to produce fuels such as biodiesel.

Animal waste is a persistent and unavoidable pollutant produced primarily by the animals housed in industrial sized farms. Researchers from Washington University have figured out a way to turn manure into biomass. In April 2008 with the help of imaging technology they noticed that vigorous mixing helps microorganisms turn farm waste into alternative energy, providing farmers with a simple way to treat their waste and convert it into energy.

There are also agricultural products specifically grown for biofuel production include corn, switchgrass, and soybeans, primarily in the United States; rapeseed, wheat and sugar beet primarily in Europe; sugar cane in Brazil; palm oil and miscanthus in South-East Asia; sorghum and cassava in China; and jatropha in India. Hemp has also been proven to work as a biofuel. Biodegradable outputs from industry, agriculture, forestry and households can be used for biofuel production, either using anaerobic digestion to produce biogas, or using second generation biofuels; examples include straw, timber, manure, rice husks, sewage, and food waste. The use of biomass fuels can therefore contribute to waste management as well as fuel security and help to prevent climate change, though alone they are not a comprehensive solution to these problems.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuel

http://www.aboutbioenergy.info/technologies.html (biogas calculator)

Biofuel Generation Plant

Napier grass(elephant grass) for ethanol production

Intro to Energyenergy (from the Greek ενεργός, energos, "active, working”.

Several different forms of energy, including kinetic, potential, thermal, gravitational, elastic, electromagnetic, chemical, nuclear, and mass have been defined to explain all known natural phenomena.

Throughout the history of science, energy has been expressed in several different units such as ergs and calories. At present, the accepted unit of measurement for energy is the SI unit of energy, the joule.

Energy is measured in many different units.The metric unit of energy used by scientists is:Joule4,184 joules = 1 calorie

Seismic Map for possible drilling

Pros and Cons of Oil Drillinghttp://www.usnews.com/blogs/peter-roff/2010/03/31/obama-offshore-oil-drilling-plan-nothing-new.htmlhttp://townhall.com/columnists/CharlesKrauthammer/2008/06/20/critical_thinking_on_energyFRACKING Youtube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qm7e553S7fg&feature=related&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active

1&safe=activeThree Basic Types of Energy•kinetic–energy of motion•potential

–stored energy •radiative– energy transported by light Energy can change from one form to another.

Kinetic Energy•Amount of kinetic energy of a moving object

= 1/2 mv2

[if mass (m) is in kg & velocity (v) is in m/s, energy is in joules]

• On the microscopic level– the average kinetic energy of the particles within a substance is called the temperature.

– it is dominated by the velocities of the particles.

Temperature Scales

Potential Energy•gravitational potential energy (GPE) is the energy which an object stores due to its ability to fall

•It depends on: m –the object’s mass (m) g –the strength of gravity (g)–the distance which it falls (d) d

Conservation of Energy•Energy can be neither created nor destroyed.

•It merely changes its form or is exchanged between objects.•This principle (or law) is fundamental to science.•The total energy content of the Universe was determined in the Big Bang and remains the same today.

•power: the rate at which energy is used/emitted•It is measured in units called watts. 1 watt = 1 joule per second•A 100 watt light bulb radiates 100 joules of energy every second.

•Models indicate the Sun’s luminosity has increased 30% since it formed 4.6 billion years ago.•it has gone from 2.9 x 1026 watts to today’s 3.8 x 1026 watts

•How long ago did fusion generate the energy we now receive as sunlight? •Fusion created the energy we receive today about a million years ago. This is the time it takes for photons and then convection to transport energy through the solar interior to the photosphere. Once sunlight emerges from the photosphere, it takes only about 8 minutes to reach Earth.

Sources of electricity. http://www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/energy/renewable/electricitygeneration/ and

http://www.tva.gov/power/fossil.htm, both of which provide excellent graphics.

VIRGINIA'S 5 LARGEST POWER PLANTS BY CAPACITY*

Bath County, Hydropower Plant2100 megawatts

North Anna Nuclear Power Stn.1790 megawatts

Chesterfield Power Station,Coal Fired & Gas Fired1776 megawatts

Surry Nuclear Power Station1602 megawatts

Possum Point Power Station,Coal Fired & Oil Fired1329 megawatts

NOTE: one megawatt = 1,000 kilowatts, or 1 million watts

*All are owned by Virginia Power and, together, account for over 65 percent of generating capacity in the state. Net summer capability shown.

http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/byclass.htm MILES PER GALLON SITEhttp://www.seriouswheels.com/cars/top-vw-1-liter-car.htm100 km on 1 litre of gasoline (equivalent to 235 miles per U.S. gallon

http://video.google.com/videosearch?q=rube+goldberg+honda&hl=en&emb=0&aq=3&oq=rube+goldber#q=egg+contraption+by+rube+goldberg&hl=en&emb=0

RENEWABLE ENERGY

Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

http://qualityjunkyard.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/worlds-largest-wind-turbine-1.jpg

http://news.yahoo.com/s/yblog_technews/20110531/tc_yblog_technews/county-pays-citizens-for-horizon-dotted-with-wind-turbines People get a check for having to live with wind farms on horizon.

Cape Cod AreaThe world’s largest wind turbine is now the Enercon E-126. This turbine has a rotor blade length of 126 meters (413 feet). The E-126 is a more sophisticated version of the E-112, formerly the world’s largest wind turbine and rated at 6 megawatts. This new turbine is officially rated at 6 megawatts too, but will most likely produce 7+ megawatts (or 20 million kilowatt hours per year). That’s enough to power about 5,000 households of four in Europe. A quick US calculation would be 938 kwh per home per month, 12 months, that’s 11,256 kwh per year per house. That’s 1776 American homes on one wind turbine.http://www.petervaldivia.com/technology/energy/wind-

energy.php *****

http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20110513/ap_on_re_eu/eu_switzerland_solar_planehttp://news.yahoo.com/middle-east-beginning-embrace-solar-energy-063409749--finance.html

photovoltaic electricity

Solar

GeothermalGeothermal heating

http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2008/11/geothermal-energy-leaves-the-window-open-for-icelands-economy-54131

Iceland geothermal http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kWN5yXCYeXc&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active

Geothermal heating is the direct use of geothermal power for heating applications. Humans have taken advantage of geothermal heat this way since the paleolithic era. Approximately seventy countries made direct use of a total of 270 PJ of geothermal heating in 2004. As of 2007, 28 GW of geothermal

heating capacity is installed around the world, satisfying 0.07% of global primary energy consumption. Thermal efficiency is high since no energy conversion is needed, but capacity factors tend to be low (around 20%) since the heat is mostly needed in the winter.

Geothermal energy originates from the heat retained within the Earth's core since the original formation of the planet, from radioactive decay of minerals, and from solar energy absorbed at the surface. Most geothermal heat is harvested in regions close to tectonic plate boundaries where volcanic activity rises close to the surface of the Earth. In these areas, ground and groundwater can be found with temperatures higher than the target temperature of the application. However, even cold ground contains heat, and it may be extracted with a geothermal heat pump. Due to recent advances in heat pump performance, this is now a rapidly growing market.

Geothermal Lake Technology

Top countries using the most geothermal heating in 2005[3]

Country ProductionPJ/yr

CapacityGW

CapacityFactor

Dominantapplications

China 45.38 3.69 39% bathing

Sweden 43.2 4.2 33% heat pumps

USA 31.24 7.82 13% heat pumps

Turkey 24.84 1.5 53% district heating

Iceland 24.5 1.84 42% district heating

Japan 10.3 0.82 40% bathing (onsens)

Hungary 7.94 0.69 36% spas/greenhouses

Italy 7.55 0.61 39% spas/space heating

New Zealand 7.09 0.31 73% industrial uses

63 others 71 6.8

Total 273 28 31% space heating

Tidal Energy

The largest tidal power station in the world (and the only one in Europe) is in the Rance estuary in northern France, near St. Malo. It was built in 1966.A major drawback of tidal power stations is that they can only generate when the tide is flowing in or out - in other words, only for 10 hours each day. However, tides are totally predictable, so we can plan to have other power stations generating at those times when the tidal station is out of action.

http://home.clara.net/darvill/altenerg/tidal.htm

Hydrogen Fuel Cell TechnologyA fuel cell is a device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen or another oxidizing agent.[1] Hydrogen is the most common fuel, but hydrocarbons such as natural gas and alcohols like methanol are sometimes used. Fuel cells

are different from batteries in that they require a constant source of fuel and oxygen to run, but they can produce electricity continually for as long as these inputs are supplied.

Welsh Physicist William Grove developed the first crude fuel cells in 1839. The first commercial use of fuel cells was in NASA space programs to generate power for probes, satellites and space capsules. Since then, fuel cells have been used in many other applications. Fuel cells are used for primary and backup power for commercial, industrial and residential buildings and in remote or inaccessible areas. They are used to power fuel cell vehicles, including automobiles, buses, forklifts, airplanes, boats, motorcycles and submarines.

There are many types of fuel cells, but they all consist of an anode (negative side), a cathode (positive side) and an electrolyte that allows charges to move between the two sides of the fuel cell. Electrons are drawn from the anode to the cathode through an external circuit, producing direct current electricity. As the main difference among fuel cell types is the electrolyte, fuel cells are classified by the type of electrolyte they use. Fuel cells come in a variety of sizes. Individual fuel cells produce very small amounts of electricity, about 0.7 volts, so cells are "stacked", or placed in series or parallel circuits, to increase the voltage and current output to meet an application’s power generation requirements.[2] In addition to electricity, fuel cells produce water, heat and, depending on the fuel source, very small amounts of nitrogen dioxide and other emissions. The energy efficiency of a fuel cell is generally between 40-60%, or up to 85% efficient if waste heat is captured for use.

There are many types of fuel cells, but they all consist of an anode (negative side), a cathode (positive side) and an electrolyte that allows charges to move between the two sides of the fuel cell. Electrons are drawn from the anode to the cathode through an external circuit, producing direct current electricity. As the main difference among fuel cell types is the electrolyte, fuel cells are classified by the type of

electrolyte they use. Fuel cells come in a variety of sizes. Individual fuel cells produce very small amounts of electricity, about 0.7 volts, so cells are "stacked", or placed in series or parallel circuits, to increase the voltage and current output to meet an application’s power generation requirements.[2] In addition to electricity, fuel cells produce water, heat and, depending on the fuel source, very small amounts of nitrogen dioxide and other emissions. The energy efficiency of a fuel cell is generally between 40-60%, or up to 85% efficient if waste heat is captured for use.

There are many types of fuel cells, but they all consist of an anode (negative side), a cathode (positive side) and an electrolyte that allows charges to move between the two sides of the fuel cell. Electrons are drawn from the anode to the cathode through an external circuit, producing direct current electricity. As the main difference among fuel cell types is the electrolyte, fuel cells are classified by the type of electrolyte they use. Fuel cells come in a variety of sizes. Individual fuel cells produce very small amounts of electricity, about 0.7 volts, so cells are "stacked", or placed in series or parallel circuits, to increase the voltage and current output to meet an application’s power generation requirements.[2] In addition to electricity, fuel cells produce water, heat and, depending on the fuel source, very small amounts of nitrogen dioxide and other emissions. The energy efficiency of a fuel cell is generally between 40-60%, or up to 85% efficient if waste heat is captured for use.

3 minute video on fuel cell technologyhttp://auto.howstuffworks.com/fuel-efficiency/alternative-fuels/fuel-cell.htm

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/pdfs/fct_h2_fuelcell_factsheet.pdfFUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM Fuel Cells Hydrogen is a versatile energy carrier that can be used to power nearly every end-use energy need. The fuel cell — an energy conversion device that can efficiently capture and use the power of hydrogen — is the key to making it happen. Stationary fuel cells can be used for backup power, power for remote locations, distributed power generation, and cogeneration (in which excess heat released during electricity generation is used for other applications).

Fuel cells can power almost any portable application that typically uses batteries, from hand-held devices to portable generators. Fuel cells can also power our transportation, including personal vehicles, trucks, buses, marine vessels, and other specialty vehicles such as lift trucks and ground support equipment, as well as provide auxiliary power to traditional transportation technologies. Hydrogen can play a particularly important role in the future by re-placing the imported petroleum we currently use in our cars and trucks. Why Fuel Cells? Fuel cells directly convert the chemical energy in hydrogen to electricity, with pure water and potentially useful heat as the only byproducts. Hydrogen-powered fuel cells are not only pollution-free, but they can also have more than two times the efficiency of traditional combustion technologies. A conventional combustion-based power plant typically generates electricity at efficiencies of 33-35%, while fuel cell systems can generate electricity at efficiencies up to 60% (and even higher with cogeneration). The gasoline engine in a conventional car is less than 20% efficient in converting the chemical energy in gasoline into power that moves the vehicle, under normal driving conditions. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, which use electric motors, are much more energy efficient and use 40-60% of the fuel’s energy — corresponding to more than a 50% reduction in fuel consumption, compared to a conventional vehicle with a gasoline internal combustion engine. In addition, fuel cells operate quietly, have fewer moving parts, and are well suited to a variety of applications. How Do Fuel Cells Work? A single fuel cell consists of an electrolyte sandwiched between two electrodes, an anode and a cathode. Bipolar plates on either side of the cell help distribute gases and serve as current collectors. In a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cell, which is widely regarded as the most promising for light-duty transportation, hydrogen gas flows through channels to the anode, where a catalyst causes the hydrogen molecules to separate into protons and electrons. The membrane allows only the protons to pass through it. While the protons are conducted through the membrane to the other side of the cell, the stream of negatively-charged electrons follows an external circuit to the cathode. This flow of electrons is electricity that can be used to do work, such as power a motor. On the other side of the cell, air flows through channels to the cathode. When the electrons return from doing work, they react with oxygen in the air and the hydrogen protons (which have moved through the membrane) at the cathode to form water. This union is an exothermic reaction, generating heat that can be used outside the fuel cell.Fuel cells directly convert the chemical energy in hydrogen to electricity, with pure water and potentially useful heat as the only byproducts. Hydrogen-powered fuel cells are not only pollution-free, but also can have more than two times the efficiency of traditional combustion technologies.