energy, fuels, coal chemicals, fuel

8/8/2019 Energy, Fuels, Coal Chemicals, Fuel

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ENERGY , FUELS, COAL CHEMICALS,

FUEL GASES

by mujettegodmalin



A chemical engineer is not enough of a

specialist to be capable of adequately

designing plants for power production.

Chemical engineers should be familiar withthe broad technical aspects of energy

production and use because chemical

industries consume more than 50% of the

energy used by all the manufacturing

industries.



According to the American Energy Information

Administration (EIA) and to the International

Energy Agency (IEA), the world-wide energy

consumption will on average continue toincrease by 2% per year.

A yearly increase by 2% leads to a doubling of

the energy consumption every 35 years. Thismeans the world-wide energy consumption ispredicted to be twice as high in the year

2040 compared to today.



Quite alarming, isn¶t it?

How on earth can we address

such kind of demand?

As Chemical Engineers, What Move

Can we Make to be

Ready for IT?

But since we are not chemicalengineers yet,

let¶s be readyfor that role

by studyingENERGY



WHERE CAN WE GET

ENERGY?



Fossil Fuels

Fossil Fuels

PowerGeneration

PowerGeneration

Alternate

Energy Sources

Alternate

Energy Sources

Coal Oil

Natural Gas

Coal Oil

Natural Gas

Steam

Nuclear

Hydroelectric

Steam

Nuclear

Hy

droelectric

Geothermal

Ethanol

others

Geothermal

Ethanol

others



What are Fossil fuels?Fossil fuels are solids, liquids,

and gases. Fossil fuels -including coal, oil, and natural

gas ³are formed from thefossilized remains of prehistoricplants and animals.

FOSSIL

FUELS

CO2



Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas and as such the mostimportant cause for global warming.

The link between global warming and energy demands has

many experts not only encouraging rich, industrializedcountries to cut back demand and change methods of

production and delivery, but also encouraging developingnations to adopt sustainable, renewable sources of power

and efficient technologies.



Natural gas is a gas consisting primarily

of methane (CH4). It is found as raw natural gas in

underground reservoirs.

It is an important fuel source and a major feedstock

for producing ammonia, hydrogen, petrochemicals

and fertilizers.

Natural gas is often informally referred to as fuel gas,

especially when compared to other energy sources

such as electricity.



Raw Material:

Natural Gas

Products:

Purified Sales Gas

Byproducts:Natural gas condensate

Sulfur

Ethane

Natural gas liquids (NGL): propane,

butanes and C5+ (which is the commonlyused term for pentanes plus highermolecular weight hydrocarbons)



Wastes:

Spent Natural Gas Liquid Sweetening Solutions

Lubricating Oil and Filters

Commercial Chemical Products

Spent organic solvents and other miscellaneous spentchemicals

Operating Variables:

Air temperature

Temperature of the combustion gases

Excess air used in combustionIndividual Process Description:

listen to me!

WHY?

HOW?



Applications and Uses:

Power generation

Domestic use

Transportation fuelFertilizer

Hydrogen

Aviation



Electrical energy is the most used form of energy

everywhere. Electrical energy is a result of

conversion from other forms of energy that areabundant in nature. Those other forms of energy areusually generated and utilized at will. Electric power

generating stations are used to provide bulk electric

power economically.



«uses heat energy generated fromburning coal to produce electrical

energy. This type of power station iswidely used around the world.

Because of the abundance of fuel (coal), this kind of power station can be used to produce large amounts of

electrical energy.

Future generations will have to learn to depend less and less onthis type of electricity generating power station, due to a fast

increasing depletion of fuels (coal and oil). As other types of powerstations become more efficient it should be possible to completely

abandon the use of this type of power station.

«steam power stations are slow to startand cannot be used to cater for peak loadsthat generally occur for a short duration



« uses nuclear energy for generatingelectrical energy «

«heavy elements such as Uranium (U 235)or Thorium (Th 232) are subjected to nuclear fission ina reactor to produce steam at high temperatures and

pressure.

«steam runs a steam tur ine hich

converts this energ into mechanical energ .he tur ine drives the alternator hich

converts mechanical energ intoelectrical energ .



« uses potential energy of water athigh level for generating electrical

energy «

In most countries, these power stationsare used as peak load power stations unlike

nuclear and steam power plant. This is because they canbe started and stopped easily and fast.



HYDROELECTRIC POWER

Hydroelectric power, or hydro electricity, is basically electrical

energy thats generated by the use of natural forces like gravity

or the natural flow of water.

Its usually produced by dams because dams can be used tostore and move large amounts of water.

Hydroelectric generating stations are in essence factories that

convert the energy of falling water into a flow of electrons

called electricity.



Raw materials:

Water from the river

Products:

ElectricityOperating Variable:

Height of water drop

Individual Process descriptions:

listen to me again!

WHY?



So just how do we get electricityfrom water?



The theory is to build a dam on a large river that has a large drop inelevation



Hydropower systems harness the energy fromrunning water to generate electricity.

Running water powers a turbine whichgenerates the electricity.

The greater the height of the water drop andthe faster the water is flowing, the more

electricity will be generated.



Alternative Energy

Sources

Geothermal

Wave and Tidal

Fuel Cells

Solid Waste

Energy Biogas

Solar Energy

Ethanol from Biomass

Vegetable Oils

Ocean Thermal Pipeline

Hydrogen Fusion

Geothermal energy is the heat fromthe Earth. It's clean and sustainable. Resourcesof geothermal energy range from the shallowground to hot water and hot rock found a few

miles beneath the Earth's surface, and downeven deeper to the extremely hightemperatures of molten rock called magma.

Geothermal power is cost effective,reliable, sustainable, and environmentallyfriendly, but has historically been limited to

areas near tectonic plate boundaries.



Alternative Energy

Sources

Geothermal

Wave and Tidal

Fuel Cells

Solid Waste

Energy Biogas

Solar Energy


Vegetable Oils


Hydrogen Fusion

Also called tidal energy, is a formof hydropower that converts the energyof tides into electricity or other useful forms of power. Although not yet widely used, tidal

power has potential for future electricitygeneration. Tides are more predictablethan wind energy and solar power.

Among sources of renewable energy,tidal power has traditionally suffered fromrelatively high cost and limited availability of

sites with sufficiently high tidal ranges or flowvelocities, thus constricting its total availability.



Alternative Energy

Sources

Geothermal

Wave and Tidal

Fuel Cells

Solid Waste

Energy Biogas

Solar Energy


Vegetable Oils


Hydrogen Fusion

An electrochemical cell that convertsa source fuel into an electrical current. Itgenerates electricity inside a cell throughreactions between a fuel and an oxidant,

triggered in the presence of an electrolyte. Thereactants flow into the cell, and the reactionproducts flow out of it, while the electrolyteremains within it. Fuel cells can operatecontinuously as long as the necessary reactantand oxidant flows are maintained.



Alternative Energy

Sources

Geothermal

Wave and Tidal

Fuel Cells

Solid Waste

Energy Biogas

Solar Energy


Vegetable Oils


Hydrogen Fusion

Electricity can be produced byburning "municipal solid waste" (MSW) as afuel. MSW power plants, also called waste toenergy (WTE) plants, are designed to dispose of MSW and to produce electricity as a byproductof the incinerator operation.

The term MSW describes the stream of solidwaste ("trash" or "garbage") generated byhouseholds and apartments, commercialestablishments, industries and institutions.MSW consists of everyday items such asproduct packaging, grass clippings, furniture,clothing, bottles, food scraps, newspapers,appliances, paint and batteries.

MSW incinerators often produce electricity inWTE plants.



Alternative Energy

Sources

Geothermal

Wave and Tidal

Fuel Cells

Solid Waste

Energy Biogas

Solar Energy


Vegetable Oils


Hydrogen Fusion

Biogas typically refers toa gas produced by the biological breakdownof organic matter in the absence of oxygen.Biogas originates from biogenic material and isa type of biofuel. Biogas can be utilized forelectricity production on sewage works, ina CHP gas engine, where the waste heat fromthe engine is conveniently used for heating thedigester; cooking; space heating; water heating;and process heating.

If compressed, it can replace compressednatural gas for use in vehicles, where it can fuelan internal combustion engine or fuel cells andis a much more effective displacer of carbondioxide than the normal use in on-site CHPplants.



Alternative Energy

Sources

Geothermal

Wave and Tidal

Fuel Cells

Solid Waste

Energy Biogas

Solar Energy


Vegetable Oils


Hydrogen Fusion

Solar energy, radiant light and heat fromthe sun, has been harnessed by humanssince ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies. Solar radiation, alongwith secondary solar-powered resources aswind and wave power, hydroelectricity andbiomass, account for most of the availablerenewable energy on earth.



Alternative Energy

Sources

Geothermal

Wave and Tidal

Fuel Cells

Solid Waste

Energy Biogas

Solar Energy


Vegetable Oils


Hydrogen Fusion

Ethanol is an environmentally friendlyand renewable transportation fuel producedfrom a wide array of feedstocks.



Alternative Energy

Sources

Geothermal

Wave and Tidal

Fuel Cells

Solid Waste

Energy Biogas

Solar Energy


VegetableOils


Hydrogen Fusion

Vegetable oil is an alternativefuel for diesel engines and for heatingoil burners. For engines designed to burn dieselfuel, the viscosity of vegetable oil must belowered to allow for proper atomization of thefuel; otherwise incomplete combustion andcarbon build up will ultimately damage theengine.

Many enthusiasts refer to vegetableoil used as fuel as waste vegetable oil (WVO) if it is oil that was discarded from a restaurant

or straight vegetable oil (SVO) or pure plantoil (PPO) to distinguish it from biodiesel.



Alternative Energy

Sources

Geothermal

Wave and Tidal

Fuel Cells

Solid Waste

Energy Biogas

Solar Energy


Vegetable Oils


Hydrogen Fusion

Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) usesthe difference in temperature between the

warm surface of the ocean and the cold oceandepths. As with any heat engine, the greatest

efficiency and power is produced with thelargest temperature difference.

This temperature difference generally increaseswith decreasing latitude, i.e. near the equator,

in the tropics.



Alternative Energy

Sources

Geothermal

Wave and Tidal

Fuel Cells

Solid Waste

Energy Biogas

Solar Energy


Vegetable Oils


Hydrogen Fusion

Fusion power is the power generatedby nuclear fusion reactions. In this kind of

reaction, two light atomic nuclei fuse togetherto form a heavier nucleus and in doing so,

release a large amount of energy. In a moregeneral sense, the term can also refer to the

production of net usable power from a fusionsource, similar to the usage of the term "steam

power."



ETHANOL PRODUCTION

Cellulosic ethanol is a biofuel produced from wood, grasses, or the non-edible

parts of plants. It is a type of biofuel produced from lignocellulose, a structural

material that comprises much of the mass of plants. Lignocellulose is composed

mainly of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin. Corn stover,

switchgrass, miscanthus, woodchips and the byproducts of lawn and treemaintenance are some of the more popular cellulosic materials for ethanol

production. Production of ethanol from lignocellulose has the advantage of

abundant and diverse raw material compared to sources like corn and cane

sugars, but requires a greater amount of processing to make the sugar

monomers available to the microorganisms that are typically used to produce

ethanol by fermentation.



Raw Materials:Biomass feedstock

Make up water

Enzymes

Products:

Ethanol

Byproducts:

Lignin

Waste:

Wastewater

Operating Variable:

TemperatureFermentation time

Individual Process Description:



How to make

Ethanol?



Dry mill, corn receiving, storage and milling



Saccharification



Fermentation



Distillation



Product Storage System



When coal is thermally pyrolyzed or distilled by heating withoutcontact with air, it is converted into a variety of solid, liquid, and

gaseous products. The nature and amount of each productdepends upon the temperature used in the pyrolysis and the

variety of coal used. The products of carbonization other than cokeare collectively known as coal chemicals, or byproducts.

Coking of coal

The two main types of coking procedures for coal are the beehive andthe by-product. Beehive coking is obsolete, primitive method.



By-pr t pr r .



Fuel

Utilized for roads and roofs

Impregnate felt and paper for water proofingmaterials

Uses of Coal Tar



Fuel gas can refer to any of several gases burned toproduce thermal energy

TYPES OF FUEL G ASES

Natural Gas

Coke-Oven Gas

Producer Gas

Water Gas (Blue Gas)Synthesis Gas

Liquefied Petroleum Gas



Coke-Oven Gas

The coke-oven gas is separated from the ammoniasulfate by bubbling through sulfuric acid. Coal tar

products as benzene, toluene, and somenaphthalene are scrubbed by straw oil in a packedlight oil tower or scrubber.



Producer Gas

Producer Gas is made by passing air and steamthrough a bed of hot coal or coke. The primary

purpose of the steam is to use up, as much aspossible, the exothermic energy from the reactionbetween carbon and oxygen to supply the

endothermic reaction between the carbon and thesteam.



Water Gas

Often called Blue Gas because of the color of theflame when it is burned. It is produced by the

reaction of stem on incandescent coal or coke attemperatures above 1000°C.

C + H2O CO + H2



Synthesis Gas

Often called Blue Gas because of the color of theflame when it is burned. It is produced by the

reaction of stem on incandescent coal or coke attemperatures above 1000°C.

C + H2O CO + H2



LPG

Mixture of gases, chiefly propane and butane, producedcommercially from petroleum and stored under pressure to keep it in

a liquid state.

The boiling point of liquefied petroleum gas varies from about 44°Cto 0°C (47°F to 32°F), so that the pressure required to liquefy it is

considerable and the containers for it must be of heavy steel.

When prepared as fuel, LPG is largely propane; common uses are forpowering automotive vehicles, for cooking and heating, and

sometimes for lighting in rural areas.

LPG is an attractive fuel for internal-combustion engines; because it

burns with little air pollution and little solid residue, it does notdilute lubricants, and it has a high octane rating.



There is not so amazing when you know the

secret«

It is observed that the heat produced decreases asthe combustion gases temperature increases, it

increases as the air temperature increases, and that it

decreases as the excess air increases at a constanttemperature of the air and of the combustion gases.

So What is the favorable Condition?



Here·s how«

Reuse of Spent Natural Gas Liquid Sweetening Solutions

Recycling Lubricating Oil and Filters

Paint Solvent Reuse

Spent organic solvents and other miscellaneous spent chemicals

Replacement of soda ash solution in aSO2scrubber

Recycling will be based upon requestUsed for cleaning painting equipmentReclaimed for reuse or blended to make fuels for

energy recovery



the energy extracted from the water dependson the volume and on the difference in heightbetween the source and the water's outflow.

This height difference is called the head.

The amount of potential energy in water isproportional to the head.



Koppers-becker underjet low-differential combination coke withwaste-gas recirculation



Flow chart of coal ±tar continuous distillation



References

http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/chemicals/fuel_consumption.html

http://timeforchange.org/prediction-of-energy-consumption

http://science.howstuffworks.com/world-power-consumption1.htm

http://hdconsultingcorp.com/naturalgas.html

http://www.umich.edu/~gs265/society/fossilfuels.htm

http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S071807642008000400008&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en

http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Power_Generation-Steam_Power

http://www.mikebrownsolutions.com/stmpwr.htm

http://library.thinkquest.org/26366/text/alternative/hydro.html

http://www.che.cemr.wvu.edu/publications/projects/index.php

G. T. Austin. Shreves Chemical Process Industires 5th Ed. McGraw-Hill Inc.

energy, fuels, coal chemicals, fuel

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