Energy from Wind – Perspectives and research needs

Herman-Josef Wagner

Ruhr Universität BochumInstitute für Energy Systems and Energy Economics

lee@lee.rub.de

Heraeus-Seminar „A Physics Perspective on Energy Supply and Climate Change – Prediction, Mitigation and Adaptation“ 27 May 2008

Perspectives

Status of wind energy worldwide

Use of wind energy world wide

Status quo31.12.07

[MW]

share of world wide installed power

Germany 22.200 24

USA 16.800 18

Spain 15.100 16

India 8.000 8

China 6.000 6

Danmark 3.100 3

Italy 2.700 3

France 2.500 3

Other 17.600 19

Total 94.000 100,0

Lehre\LEHRE\Vorlesungen\weitere Vorlesungen\CO2 waagerecht.ppt

New technology needs testing :Problems with gear boxes

Windenergy needs back-up power stations and grid extension (Rated power is only 6%, 600 km new high voltage lines are necessary)

Percentage of the installed capacity (28 MW) of an onshore windfield

Source: Measurement of the 250 MW-wind program of the Federal Ministry for Research and Technology, Germany

ResearchNeeds

Research needs

1. Environmental & Social Impacts: Integration in to the landscape,noise impacts, birds flight paths, Life Cycle Analysis, Sustainability

2. Wind Turbine & Component Design Issues: basic research in aerodynamics, structural dynamics, dynamic forces, new materials, Feasibility studies of new systems, generators using permanent magnets, gear boxes

3. Testing, Standardisation, & Certification: common accepted certification procedures

4. Grid Integration: forecast of wind resource, power quality, use of storages

5. Operation & Maintenance: condition monitoring, early failure detection, maintenance of offshore turbines, corrosion

6. Offshore Wind Technology : foundation structures, meteorology, grid connection, transport and erection

ResearchResults of Life Cycle Analysis

Example of ProcessChainAnalysis

Methodology

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA):

Instrument to quantify environmental impacts of the entire energy supply chainStudy throughout the lifetime of a product (cradletograve)

Cumulated Energy Demand (CED):

CED is one part of LCA as far as the depletion of energy resourcesis concerned

Structure of cumulative energy demand of an onshore- plant (1,5 MW)

Source: Enercon MagazinData : LEE

3 %each Rotor

blade

23 %Generator

15 %Housing without

generator

30 %Steeltower

11 %Fundament

12 %Monitoring system and

network access

Structure of cumulative energy demand of an offshore- plant (5 MW)

Source:Picture: REPOWER; Data: LEE

21 %Steeltower

3 %each Rotor

blade

5 %Gearbox

22 %Housing without

gearbox

1 %Network access

42 %Fundament

Structure of Cumulated Energy of two different windmills

0,000

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

90,000

CED

[GJ]

Rotor Blades and Hub Maschinery

Tower Foundation

Service and Maintenance Transportation/Mounting/Dismantling

0,000

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

CED

[GJ]

Rotor Blades Maschinery

Tower Foundation

Service and Maintenance Transportation/Mounting/Dismantling

5 MW Offshore with gear box (REPOWER) 1.5 MW Onshore without gear box (ENERCON)

Energy Payback Time (EPT)

Gai

ned

or s

ubst

itute

d Pr

imar

y en

ergy

equ

ival

ent

Prim

ary

ener

gy d

eman

d (C

ED) f

or

Prod

uctio

n, O

pera

tion,

Dis

posa

l

Start of construction

Start-up

„Time of earning“ EPT

operational phasedisposal

constructionphase

End of operating

Comparison of CED and yearly primary energy output

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

5 MWeloffshore design

1.5 MWelcoastal

Cumulative Energy Demand, Yearly Energy Output

Yearly Energy Output (primary) [1000 GJ/a]

CED [1000 GJ] By share of infrastructure

ResearchCumulated CO2 / kWh

Lignite

Anthracite

Natural Gas

Photovoltaic

Biomass

Hydroelectric

Wind

Nuclear energy

Solar heat

lowerlimit

upperlimit

Legend

CO2 - emission of electricity generation in consideration of the whole chain – Comparison of different studies

Plausibility range

1) Figures of plausibility not possible

ResearchIntegration of Storages

Modelling of an electricity system including wind energy and storages

Demand

time

Offshorewind park

Conventional power plant

Storages

Customer

Grid

time

Wind power

EEX Market

Results for the supply structure with storages during one exemplarily winter week

0

500

1000

1500

2000

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

StoragesEEXWindGasCoal

MW

Courses of the EEX-price and the charging levels of the storages used during one winter week

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

10

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

EEX-PriceLevel CAESLevel Hydro

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

MWh €

ResearchSustainability of Renewables

Sustainability indicators

Cumulated EnergyDemand

According to VDI guideline 4600: totality of energetic expendituresDistinction of sustainable / non-sustainable energy expenditures

Energy Costs Calculation with annuity method according to VDI guideline 2067A 5% discount rate was used.

Energy Costs Calculation with annuity method according to VDI guideline 2067A 5% discount rate was used.

GrossEmployment Effects

Induced by installation of 1.000 MW capacity of a specific technologyComparison of two scenarios: „business as usual“ vs. „installation“Software: MARESforte

GrossEmployment Effects

Induced by installation of 1.000 MW capacity of a specific technologyComparison of two scenarios: „business as usual“ vs. „installation“Software: MARESforte

Usage of AirResources

Critical air volume that is necessary to attenuate emissionsaccurate to limits that are defined and regulated by law

Usage of AirResources

Critical air volume that is necessary to attenuate emissionsaccurate to limits that are defined and regulated by law

Usage of WaterResources

Critical water volume that is necessary to attenuate water basedpollutants accurate to limits that are defined and regulated by law

Usage of WaterResources

Critical water volume that is necessary to attenuate water basedpollutants accurate to limits that are defined and regulated by law

Land Use Direct land use by energy system and infrastructureIndirect land use due to visual disturbance of the environment(= buffer area trading off the visual impact)

Land Use Direct land use by energy system and infrastructureIndirect land use due to visual disturbance of the environment(= buffer area trading off the visual impact)

Energy securityrelated risks

Covering supply, technical and economical related risksAggregation via measure for concentration tendencies(Hirschman-Herfindahl index)

Description of reference systems

PV System field unit

System efficiency [%]

Installed capacity [MW] 0.5Expected lifetime: System (IS*) [a] 20 / (40)

13.2

Solar irradiation [W/m2] 1,000

Capacity factor [%] 8.8

Investment costs (IVC) [€/kW]

0.50Operational costs p. a. [% of IVC]

5,110

-Wind speed [m/s]

Wind energy converters onshore offshore

1.5 5.020 / (40)20 / (40)

6.5 9.0

25.1 47.9

6.0 8.0

- -

53.6 47.7

1,250 1,700

GCC plant NG fired

353.030 / (40)

58.0

79.9

3.3

-

-

1,330

Reference System Specification

Results for energy systems with backup

f) Water UsagePV-1 Wind-1 Wind-2 GCC

[m3 /G

Wh]

100

80

60

-0

40

20

Ref. BU Ref. BU Ref. BU

0.7 2.53.2

71.7

55.3

33.7

Ref.

80.6

f) Water UsagePV-1 Wind-1 Wind-2 GCC

[m3 /G

Wh]

100

80

60

-0

40

20

Ref. BU Ref. BU Ref. BU

0.7 2.53.2

71.7

55.3

33.7

Ref.

80.6

e) Air usagePV-1 Wind-1 Wind-2 GCC

Ref. BU Ref. BU Ref. BU

[m3 /k

Wh]

40

30

20

10

0

19

3 3

1712

8

Ref.

16

e) Air usagePV-1 Wind-1 Wind-2 GCC

Ref. BU Ref. BU Ref. BU

[m3 /k

Wh]

40

30

20

10

0

19

3 3

1712

8

Ref.

16

g) Land UsePV-1 Wind-1 Wind-2 GCC

Ref. BU Ref. BU Ref. BU

[103

m2 ·a

/MW

h]

4

3

2

1

0

0.09(40)

2.88(99.9)

0.0(0)

0.09(88)

0.96(99.5)

0.05(95)

Ref.

0.07(94)

visual (%)direct

g) Land UsePV-1 Wind-1 Wind-2 GCC

Ref. BU Ref. BU Ref. BU

[103

m2 ·a

/MW

h]

4

3

2

1

0

0.09(40)

2.88(99.9)

0.0(0)

0.09(88)

0.96(99.5)

0.05(95)

Ref.

0.07(94)

visual (%)directvisual (%)direct

Thank you for your attention