energy from waste mass burn technologies operating at extremely high temperatures initially - no...
TRANSCRIPT
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Energy from Waste• Mass burn technologies operating at
extremely high temperatures• Initially - no filtration for hazardous air
emissions • No federal or state regulations• Now advanced technology such as the
bag filtration and monitoring systems • More stringent EPA standards
Based in part on:
Waste to Energy Plants Outweighing the Negative Léokham O’Connor Florida Gulf Coast University
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• Waste Energy plants - a multi-purpose energy solution for municipal solid waste
• Better alternative than landfills
The U.S. burns 14 percent of its trash in waste-to-energy plants. Denmark, burns 54 percent.
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• U.S. - 5% of the world’s population• U.S. - 30% of the world’s garbage • 63,000 garbage trucks daily• 90,000 lbs of waste individual lifetime• Less than 2% is recycled• Every year
• 3.5 billion lbs of carpet• 3.3 trillion lbs of CO2 gas• 19 billion lbs polystyrene foam peanuts• 28 billion lbs of food
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Waste Incinerators
• 1865 - The first waste incinerator was built in Michigan
• 1874 - The “Destructor” was Britain’s attempt to burn waste to produce energy
• 1905 - New York uses waste incinerator to create electricity and light the Williamsburg Bridge
• 1930’s – Incinerators too expensive, making waste dumps a more viable option
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Federal Regulations
• 1970 - Clean Air Act regulates emissions
• 1976 - Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
• Control of hazardous waste generation, transportation, treatment, storage, and disposal
• 1986 – Solid Waste Disposal Act (SWDA)• Strict guidelines for municipalities; landfill design
• 1990 - Emissions defined - MACT standards (maximum allowable emissions)
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2005 EPA Regulations• 2005 - The EPA amends national
emissions standards for hazardous air pollutants (NESHAP) for hazardous waste combustors under section 112 of the Clean Air Act.
• more stringent requirements for the bag leak detection, air pollutants and other material residue from incinerators (EPA, 2009).
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Stimulus Bill 2008
• The Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 takes effect.
• Legislation extends tax credits for landfill gas and trash combustion facilities.
• It also provides new tax credits for those who purchase capital investment bonds in renewable energy facilities.
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Technology
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Operating WTE Plants in the U.S.
• States with Waste-to-Energy plants Have Higher Recycling Rates
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Environmental Concerns• Dioxin a major concern
– Toxic chemical that can cause immune and nervous system damage.
– By-product of manufacture, molding, or burning of Cl-containing organic materials
– Toxicity is comparable to radioactive waste
– Temperatures over 1800 F destroy dioxins (Frederick County Government, 2008).
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Emissions
Facility Type
Carbon Dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide
Nitrogen Oxides
Coal 2,249 13 6
Oil 1,672 12 4
Natural Gas
1,135 0.1 1.7
Waste-To-Energy
837* 0.8 5.4
Air Emissions of Waste-To-Energy and Fossil Fuel Power Plants
(Pounds per Megawatt Hour)
(includes ‘avoided emissions’)
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Cons
• Release of Dioxins• Waste Energy < 1 % Total
• NOx and Sox emissions
• Metal vapor (mercury) emissions
• Perceived reduction in recycling
• Odors, pest attraction
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Pros• Create revenue• Reduce landfill impacts; hauling distances• Constant supply of resources (Trash)• 26 States legally define Waste to Energy as
a renewable resource• Ash can be recycled (construction)• 1500 tons of trash/day produces about
electricity to power around 40,000 homes• ideal co-generation system
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Covanta/OCRRA Facility – Onondaga County
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Landfill methane recoveryMadison County, NY