energy from atom….nuclear power

7/30/2019 ENERGY FROM ATOM.NUCLEAR POWER

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 1

URANIUM DEPOSITS 1

GEOLOGYOF

URANIUM

DEPOSITS 1URANIUM RESERVES OF PAKISTAN 2

BAGHALCHUR 2

QABULKHEL 4

MINORU OCCURRENCES 5

PAKISTAN NUCLEAR ENERGY PROFILE 5

THE KARACHINUCLEARPOWERPLANT (KANUPP) 5

CHASHMANUCLEARPOWERPLANT-1(CHASNUPP-1) 6

CHASHMANUCLEARPOWERPLANT-2(CHASNUPP-2) 6

PAKISTAN NUCLEAR ENERGY STATISTICS 7

RADIOACTIVE WASTE DISPOSAL 7

LOW LEVEL WASTES 8

INTERMEDIATE LEVEL WASTES 9HIGH LEVEL WASTES 9

NUCLEAR RELATED FACILITIES IN PAKISTAN 10

CONCLUSION 10

REFRENCE 11

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Pakistan, distribution of Tertiary Siwalik Group sediments and location of

the Baghal Chur and Qabul Khel U deposits (after Moghal 2001) 2

Figure 2: Dera Ghazi Khan U district, Baghal Chur area, NW-SE cross-sections

illustrating a the general litho-stratigraphic position of the U-bearing Baghal Chur

Sand, Dhok Pathan Formation, Middle Siwalik Division; and b the distribution of

U lenses in the Baghal Chur Sand (after Moghal 1974) 3

Figure 3: Bannu Basin, Qabul Khel deposit, NE-SW cross-sections along drill fences

0 (a) and 10 (b) showing the irregular shape of the main ore body in Qabul Khel

Sandstone and its relationship to the Qabul Khel Shale Horizon and the watertable (after a Moghal 2001; b Mansoor et al. 2002) 4

Figure4.(A)Source: CANDU http://www.candu.org/paec.html Image @ digital

Globe,(B) Source: Google Earth Imagery date, February 1, 2005- February 7,

2008 6

Figure 5. (A) Source: CNNC China Zhongyuan Engineering (B) Source: Google

Earth, Image @ Global Eye 6


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INTRODUCTION

The countries with no fossil fuels constructing nuclear power stations presently 125

nuclear power stations are in planning or construction stage. This will result in steady

increase in uranium demand over the coming centuries.

Research continues apace to develop commercial nuclear fusion of hydrogen isotopeswhich can be harness for power generation nuclear fission, no matter the type of

reactor requires supplies of radioactive isotopes 255U which makes up to 0.5% of

natural uranium. If we bring fast breeder reacts on stream install safety procedure that

will restore public confidence in nuclear reactor and develop safe solution for nuclear

waste storage and disposed.

URANIUM DEPOSITS

These are of various types covering metallicferrious deposits.

GEOLOGY OF URANIUM DEPOSITS

Uranium occurs in a number of different igneous, hydrothermal and sedimentary

geological environments.

1. Unconformity related deposits

2. Sandstone related deposits

3. Quartz pebble conglomerate deposits

4. Breccia complex deposits

5. Vein deposits

6. Volcanic and caldera related deposits

7. Surficial deposits

8. Metsomatic deposits

9. Collapse breccia pipe deposit

10. Lignite deposits


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URANIUM RESERVES OF PAKISTAN

Uranium deposits and notable occurrences are reported from the Dera Ghazi Khan

District, Sulaiman Range, Bannu Basin, and Issa Khel, Mianwali District, in

central Pakistan, and from the Kirthar Range in south Pakistan.

A number of radioactive localities associated with alkaline igneous rocks, pegmatites,and schists have been discovered in the mountainous northern part of Pakistan.

Pakistans former U production was essentially concentrated in the Dera Ghazi Khan

District, estimates a cumulative production of 970 t U and discovered in 1959.

Uranium was found in Siwaliksandstone nearRakhi Munh in the Sulaiman Range.

Subsequent exploration led to the discovery of about a dozen small U deposits in the

Dera Ghazi Khan District in the early 1970s. Taunsa, discovered in 2000/2001 in this

district, was the latest success.

Figure 1: Pakistan, distribution of Tertiary Siwalik Group sediments and

location of the Baghal Chur and Qabul Khel U deposits (after Moghal 2001)

BAGHAL CHUR

The blanket sandstone-type Baghal Chur deposit lies about 40 km NW of Dera Ghazi

Khan. Original resources are not published but are assumed to have been on the order

of a few hundred tonnes U at grades of 0.05% U. The deposit was mined from 1971 to

1999 by conventional methods and is depleted.

Geological Setting

Baghal Chur is situated in the asymmetrical Baghal Chur syncline; that hosts all U

deposit. Host rocks are fluvial lacustrine sediments of the Dhok Pathan Formation,

Mineralization


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Uranium(-vanadium) mineralization occurs above and below the groundwater table,

respectively, in oxidized and non-oxidized greywacke in which schist fragments,

biotite and feldspar predominate. In both environments, mineralization is out of

equilibrium

Non-oxidized mineralization: Pitchblende and coffinite are the principal Uminerals in the non-oxidized zone. In addition, uranium is adsorbed by goethite,

hematite, martite, biotite, clay minerals, and plant remains. Appreciable uranium

content is also bound in zeolite (clinoptilolite, heulandite) that occurs as discrete

diagenetic crystals in pore cavities.

Oxidized mineralization: Tyuyamunite is the principal U mineral but some

carnotite occurs occasionally. These minerals, in the form of a greenish-yellow

amorphous powder, coat grains, pebbles, and clay pellets, impregnate the interstices

between clasts, and locally also associate with crossbeds of heavy minerals. In the

latter case, bands of yellow U minerals about 1 cm thick follow above or below, or on

both sides 510 mm thick black, primarily magnetite, heavy mineral bands and cross

beds.

Shape and Dimension of Deposits

The deposit consists of a group of overlapping ore bodies distributed from surface to

depths of 150200 m. Ore bodies are of strata peneconcordant, elongated to

amoeba shape.

Figure 2: Dera Ghazi Khan U district, Baghal Chur area, NW-SE cross-sections

illustrating a the general litho-stratigraphic position of the U-bearing Baghal Chur

Sand, Dhok Pathan Formation, Middle Siwalik Division; and b the distribution of U

lenses in the Baghal Chur Sand (after Moghal 1974)

BANU BASIN SURGHAR RANGE, NW PAKISTAN

The Bannu Basin is located in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. It

contains the small Qabul Khel, Eagle Hill, and Shanawah sandstone U deposits in

the Surghar Range, an eastern marginal hill range of the basin. U showings hosted by

Middle Siwalik molasse also occur intermittently over a strike length of 30 km


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between Kundal and Baggi Qammar in the Khisor Range, a continuation of the

Surghar Range, south of the Kurram River.

QABUL KHEL

Qabul Khel (Kubul Khel), named aft er a small nearby village, is located in the

southern Surghar Range.. Grades are about 0.05% U. A number of small ore bodies

were explored in the early 1980s. An experimental underground mining operation was

carried out initially but ISL mining was finally adopted and a semi-commercial scale

ISL operation began in mid-1995 on one ore body. Conventional and ISL mining,

respectively, are hampered by the shape of the ore body, high dip of strata, structural

complications, poorly cemented rocks, poor solution confinement, influx of a high

quantity of water, absence of bottom shale at places, high calcium content in water,

and a water table cover of only 3 m.

Geological Setting

The Qabul Khel deposit is located in the plunging, southern part of the Surgharanticline at the eastern margin of the structural Bannu Basin. This basin consists of

folded molasse of the Siwalik Group. Ore bodies are hosted by the Dhok Pathan

Formation that forms the upper unit of the Middle Siwalik Division. The Dhok Pathan

Formation is a cyclic alternating sand-shale sequence that is variably inclined,

between 20 and 45 SW, in the Qabul Khel area.

Figure 3: Bannu Basin, Qabul Khel deposit, NE-SW cross-sections along drill fences

0 (a) and 10 (b) showing the irregular shape of the main ore body in Qabul Khel

Sandstone and its relationship to the Qabul Khel Shale Horizon and the water table

(after a Moghal 2001; b Mansoor et al. 2002)

Mineralization

Coffinite and pitchblende are the principal U minerals in the unoxidized

environment below the water table; they occur as pore fillings whereas pitchblende

also occurs as micro fine globules. Uranophane is typical for the oxidized zone. The

ore minerals are contained in an assemblage of predominant amphibole, calcite,


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quartz, mica, and clay minerals. The ore is poorly cemented, largely unconsolidated,

and fragile

Shape and Dimensions of Deposits

The ore body is of irregular tape-like configuration; it has a NW-SE length of some

200 m, a thickness commonly from 2 to 15 m averaging 6.5 m, persists over a depthinterval from 68 to 118 m below the surface, and averages 0.053% U. The ore

follows, in NW-SE direction, the trace of the water table at the contact of the Qabul

Khel Sandstone with underlying\ shale.

Minor U occurrences

Kirthar Range, Sind Province, south Pakistan, Shanawah near Karak, KPK, Kallar

Kahar, Salt Range, central-north Pakistan, Maraghzar Area, north Pakistan.

PAKISTAN NUCLEAR ENERGY PROFILE

Pakistans interest in nuclear energy dates back to 1956 when Pakistan AtomicEnergy Commission (PAEC) was established to promote peaceful use of nuclear

energy in the country.17 Currently, there are two nuclear plants operating under the

IAEA safeguards, one nuclear reactor is under construction and several reactors are

proposed to be constructed in the country.

As of 2012, nuclear powerin Pakistan is provided by 3 licensed-commercial nuclear

power plants. Pakistan is the first Muslim country in the world to construct and

operate civil nuclear power plants. The Pakistan Atomic Energy

Commission (PAEC), the scientific and nucleargovernmental agency, is solely

responsible for operating these power plants. As of 2012, the electricity generated bycommercial nuclear power plants constitutes roughly ~3.6% of electricity generated in

Pakistan, compared to ~62% from fossil fuel, ~33% from hydroelectric powerand

~0.3% from Coal electricity. Pakistan is one of the fournuclear armed states (along

with India, Israel, and North Korea) that is not a party to the Nuclear Non-

Proliferation Treatybut is a member in good standing of the International Atomic

Energy Agency.

The Karachi Nuclear Power Plant (KANUPP)

The Karachi Nuclear Power Plant (KANUPP) is one of the oldest single unit Canada

Deuterium Uranium (CANDU) Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR) with a

gross capacity of 137 MW, and is owned and operated by PAEC. KANUUP started it

operation in 1972, and after the completion of its 30 years design life, the Pakistan

Nuclear Regulatory Authority (PNRA) extended the operational life of this plant at

reduced capacity. Over the years the safety records of KANUPP have been extremely

satisfactory as average personal radiation exposures, and release of radioactive

material are well within the prescribed international limits and standards.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Atomic_Energy_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Atomic_Energy_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_nuclear_weaponshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Non-Proliferation_Treatyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Non-Proliferation_Treatyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Non-Proliferation_Treatyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Non-Proliferation_Treatyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_nuclear_weaponshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Atomic_Energy_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Atomic_Energy_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power


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Figure4.(A)Source: CANDU http://www.candu.org/paec.html Image @ digital Globe,(B) Source:Google Earth Imagery date, February 1, 2005- February 7, 2008

Chashma Nuclear Power Plant-1 (CHASNUPP-1)Chashma Nuclear Power Plant-1 (CHASNUPP-1) is a Pressurized Water Reactor

(PWR) with a gross capacity of 325 MW (net output of 300 MW) and with a life span

of 40 years. The construction of CHASNUPP-1 started in 1992 with the help of China

National Nuclear Cooperation (CNNC). The CHASNUPP is owned and operated by

PAEC, Safety and security was the most important consideration during its design and

construction and it became operational in September 2000.22 The PNRA regulates the

plant by ensuring quality and safety of its operation.

Figure 5. (A) Source: CNNC China Zhongyuan Engineering (B) Source: Google Earth, Image @Global Eye

Chashma Nuclear Power Plant-2 (CHASNUPP-2)

Chashma Nuclear Power Plant-2 (CHASNUPP-2); In December 2005, Pakistan-

China collaboration undertook the construction of PWR CHASNUPP-2 with a net

capacity of 300MW. It is reported to cost PKR 51.46 billion (US $ 860 million, with

$350 million of this financed by China). A safeguard agreement with the IAEA was

signed in 2006 and grid connection is expected in 2011. Although the total share of

nuclear energy is very small, but it proves that Pakistan has over 38 years of safe

operational experience in the field of nuclear power generation. The total installedcapacity of nuclear power plants, as on June 30, 2010, in the country was 462 MW as


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against the total installed electricity generation capacity of 21593 MW, which

constitutes a share of nuclear power plant to the total installed generation capacity as

2.14%.24 The electricity generated through nuclear power plant was increased by

79.48% during 2009-10. The share of electricity generated through nuclear power

plants in the country, during 2009-10, was recorded as 2667 GWh (2.68%) as against1486 GWh (1.57%) in the preceding year.

PAKISTAN NUCLEAR ENERGY STATISTICS

RADIOACTIVE WASTE DISPOSAL

The problem arises because radioactive waste convert be neutralized. Other chemicals

waste or disposal. They are greatly harmful to human. The general public because

their harmful indeed some time poisonous effects are invisible and cannot be detected

by human scene.

CATEGORIES OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES

There are many different jurisdictions that classify radioactive wastes in

different categories and to control these different types of wastes by different ways.

Mostly the radioactive wastes are of such type, which are combination of many

isotopes. These types contain both short lived and long lived isotopes. On the basis ofwhat the radioactive wastes are differentiated is the amount o radioactive material


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present not on the basis of time after which the radioactivity is expected to decay

away to background value. Radionuclide with half lives longer than 30 years are

regarded as long live wastes and those with half lives less than 30 years are termed as

short live wastes. The intermediate wastes, those contains significant amount of

radioactive material relative to low level wastes. On the basis of amount ofradioactive isotopes present, the radioactive wastes are divided into three main

categories are:

1. Low level wastes have radioactivity up to 1000 time which is acceptable inenvironment.

2. Intermediate level wastes have radioactivity between 1000 and 1000000.3. High level wastes have even greater radioactivity.

Mostly -these wastes emit alpha particles, beta particles and gamma rays. All

these particles and rays can damage human tissues. All these particles and rays have

great speed and energy, so to stop these particles and rays many thin sheets of air and

other materials are required, for alpha particles a few meter of air is required ,for beta

particle a thin sheet of metal or a few meter of air, to obsorb the gamma rays , a lead

shielding of several centimeter is required.

The solid wastes generated by different power plants are always the bulk of

low level wastes, not much contains by high level wastes. Low level wastes generates

2000 cubic meter, intermediate generates 100 cubic meter and high level wastes 2

cubic meter. When a power plant of 1MW operates for one year continuously. A very

approximate indication of the relative volumes of the major classes of waste from the

commercial nuclear cycle. Only the High Level fraction of these wastes may require

consideration for very long-term management.

Low level wastes

Those types of wastes which generally contain short lived radioactive

materials which are hazardous for humans and others. These sources of these wastes

are various nuclear and industrial activities that use the isotopes to get radiations.

These wastes are generally generated during mining. The low level radioactive waste

includes protective shoe covers and clothing, wiping rags, mops, filters, reactor water

treatment residues, equipment and tools, luminous dials, medical tubes, swabs,

injection needles, syringes, and laboratory animal carcasses and tissues. The danger of

exposure to radiation in low-level radioactive waste varies widely according to thetypes and concentration of radioactive material contained in the waste. Low level

waste containing some radioactive materials used in medical research, processing

water at a reactor, on the other hand, could lead to death or an increased risk of

cancer. If possible, they are usually compacted into as low a volume as possible, as

disposal costs of these wastes are mostly influenced by volume.

These may be discarded into normal waste streams after a short period of

storage time sufficient to allow 'complete' radioactive decay. Longer-term storage

beyond a few decades, where required, is often into controlled shallow-burial sites

and enclosed concrete vaults, or even into deep geological disposal locations. For


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example, the short lived radioactive waste Zr-95, may require management for as little

as about 30 years. Some elements half life and hazard life is:

Tritium, half-life of 12 years, hazardous life of 120-240 years.

Strontium-90, half life of 28 years, hazardous life of 280-560 years.

Iodine-131, half-life of 8 days, hazardous life of 80-160 days.Technetium-99m, half-life of 6 hours, hazardous life of 2.5-5 days.

Intermediate level wastes

The waste level which cannot be easily distinguished from the low level and

high level wastes but differ in their activities and radioactivity. The Intermediate level

wastes are generated from the used industrial and medical devices and related

isotopes. Intermediate-level waste contains higher amounts of radioactivity and

requires shielding. Intermediate-level wastes includes resins, chemical

sludge and metal reactor nuclear fuel cladding, as well as contaminated materialsfrom reactor decommissioning. When intermediate level wastes are disposed off,

some enter to high level wastes and other goes into low level wastes. These types of

wastes are generally stored in special type of containers for disposal at nuclear plant.

These types of wastes are generally stored in steel drums to prevent leakage before

being placed into surface storage or shallow or deep burial. It may be solidified

in concrete orbitumen for disposal.

High level wastes

High level wastes contain both short lived and long lived radionuclide. In high

level wastes, those radioactive materials are present which have sufficientradioactivity and can generates higher amount of heat. To minimize their exposure

and heating effects over some defined period of time, which depends upon their half

lives and security, they require sufficient shielding, isolation and specific management

to control them. They mostly contains spent nuclear fuels and separated fission wastes

and medical and industrial devices. In the case of spent nuclear fuel, at the initial

stage they require water for cooling up to about 10 years to remove the heating effects

caused by the radioactivity. These consist of the small tonnage of spent fuel

discharged from the reactor. They contain all of the fission products (about 3 percent

of the wastes) and un-fission actinides (about 97 percent). When uranium fuel hasbeen used in a reactor for a while, it is no longer as efficient in splitting its atoms and

producing heat to make electricity. It is then called spent nuclear fuel. About one-

fourth to one-third of the total fuel load is spent and is removed from the reactor every

12 to 18 months and replaced with fresh fuel.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_sludgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_sludgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metal_reactor&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_decommissioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitumenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitumenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_decommissioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metal_reactor&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_sludgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_sludgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resin


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Figure 6. Map showing nuclear facilities in Pakistan

CONCLUSION

The arguments clearly establish nuclear power is one of the efficient sources of

energy; and for a developing country like Pakistan, the decision to generate electricity

through nuclear power will continue to play a dominant role .


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REFRENCES

An Introduction to Economic Geology and Its Environmental Impact byAnthony M.

EvansAzhar et al. 2003; Baig 1990; Basham 1980; Basham and Rice 1974; Mansoor et al.

2002; Moghal 1974a,b; 1992, 2001; OECD-NEA/IAEA 1997, 1999;

OECDNEA/ IAEA/IUREP 1978.

McKay, A., and Miezitis, Y. (2001) Australias Uranium Resources, Geology And

Development Of Deposits, Geoscience Austrlai

Nuclear Energy: Prospects for Pakistan by Malik Qasim Mustafa

energy from atom….nuclear power

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